TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (THANLYIN)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Heat Transfer
ME – 42033

Dr. Sandar
Hlaing
sandarhlaing516@gmail.com
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 Chapter - 5
Heat Exchangers

The main objectives in this chapter are

 to introduce performance parameters for assessing the
efficacy of a heat exchanger
 to develop methodologies for designing a heat exchanger or
for predicting the performance of an existing exchanger
operating under prescribed conditions

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 Introduction to Heat Exchanger

What is a heat exchanger?

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between
two or more fluids. The fluids can be single or two phase and,
depending on the exchanger type, may be separated or in direct
contact.

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5.1 Heat Exchanger Types

Figure 5.1 Concentric tube heat exchangers. (a) Parallel flow. (b) Counterflow

Figure 5.2 Cross-flow heat exchangers. (a) Finned with both fluids unmixed. (b)
Unfinned with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed.
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Continue;

Figure 5.3 Shell-and-tube heat exchanger

with one shell pass and one tube pass
(cross-counterflow mode of operation)

Figure 5.4 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers.

(a) One shell pass and two tube passes. (b)
Two shell passes and four tube passes 5
Continue;

Figure 5.5 Compact heat exchanger cores. (a) Fin–tube (flat tubes, continuous plate
fins). (b) Fin–tube (circular tubes, continuous plate fins). (c) Fin–tube (circular tubes,
circular fins). (d) Plate–fin (single pass). (e) Plate–fin (multipass).
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5.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
For a wall separating two fluid streams, the overall heat transfer coefficient is

inclusion of surface fouling and fin (extended surface) effects, the overall heat
transfer coefficient is modified as follows:

fouling factors Rfʺ are listed in Table(5.1)

For the hot or cold surface without fouling, the heat transfer rate is

the overall surface efficiency or temperature effectiveness of a finned surface

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Continue;
the efficiency of a single fin,

where m = (2h/kt)1/2 and t is the fin thickness

Representative values of the overall coefficient are summarized in Table 5.2

For the unfinned, tubular heat exchangers,

where subscripts i and o refer to inner and outer tube surfaces

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Continue;

Table 5.1 Representative Fouling Factors

Table 5.2 Representative Values of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

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5.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
 to relate the total heat transfer rate such as the inlet and outlet fluid
temperatures, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the total surface area
the total rate of heat transfer between the hot and cold fluids and there is
negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings,

where i is the fluid enthalpy. The subscripts hand c refer to the hot and cold
fluids, whereas the subscripts i and o designate the fluid inlet and outlet
conditions

If the fluids are not undergoing a phase change and constant specific heats
are assumed,

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Continue;

temperature difference ∆T
between the hot and cold fluids,

 ∆Tm is mean temperature difference

Figure 5.6 Overall energy balances

for the hot and cold fluids of a
two-fluid heat exchanger
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5.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger
 the outlet temperature of the cold fluid never exceeds that of the hot fluid

For parallel flow, Th,i = Th,1, Th,o = Th,2, Tc,i = Tc,1, and Tc,o = Tc,2

Figure 5.7 Temperature distributions

for a parallel-flow heat exchanger

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Continue;

by applying an energy balance to each of the differential elements,

where Ch and Cc are the hot and cold fluid heat capacity rates

heat transfer across the surface area dA, (*)

where ∆T = Th - Tc
To determine the integrated form of Equation (*),

(or)
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Continue;
Substituting for Ch and Cc ,

for the parallel-flow heat exchanger

where

∆Tlm is log mean temperature difference

note that, for the parallel flow exchanger ,

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5.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger
 the outlet temperature of the cold fluid may now exceed the outlet
temperature of the hot fluid

for the counterflow exchanger,

∆T = Th - Tc

for the same inlet and outlet

temperatures, the log mean temperature
difference for counterflow exceeds that
for parallel flow,

Figure 5.8 Temperature distributions

for a counterflow heat exchange
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5.3.3 Special Operating Conditions

Figure 5.9 Special heat exchanger conditions. (a) C h Cc or a condensing vapor.

(b) An evaporating liquid or ChCc. (c) A counterflow heat exchanger with
equivalent fluid heat capacities (Ch = Cc)
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 Next Lecture

Lecture Note part (II)

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 Chapter - 5
Heat Exchangers

Lecture Note part (II)

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5.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness–NTU Method
 a simple matter to use the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method
of heat exchanger analysis when the fluid inlet temperatures are known
 if only the inlet temperatures are known, requires a cumbersome iterative
procedure, it is to employ an alternative approach termed the effectiveness–
NTU (or NTU) method

5.4.1 Definitions
 To define the effectiveness of a heat exchanger, we must first determine the
maximum possible heat transfer rate, qmax, for the exchanger

if (Tc,o = Th,i)

if (Th,o = Tc,i)

the general expression,

where Cmin is equal to Cc or Ch 22

Continue;

actual
the effectiveness,
max:

(or)

where Cmin/Cmax is equal to Cc/Ch or Ch/Cc

The number of transfer units (NTU),

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5.4.2 Effectiveness–NTU Relations

consider a parallel-flow heat exchanger for which Cmin = Ch

(or)

Rearranging the left-hand side of this expression as

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substituting for Tc,o ,

(or)

solving for effectiveness

of a parallel flow heat
exchanger

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Table 5.3 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relations

effectiveness–NTU relation, 26
Continue;

Table 5.4 Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

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Figure 5.10 Effectiveness of a parallel Figure 5.11 Effectiveness of a

flow heat exchanger counterflow heat exchanger

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Figure 5.12 Effectiveness of a shell-and Figure 5.13 Effectiveness of a shell-and

tube heat exchanger with one shell and tube heat exchanger with two shell passes
any multiple of two tube passes (two, four, and any multiple of four tube passes (four,
etc. tube passes) eight, etc. tube passes) 29
Continue;

Figure 5.14 Effectiveness of a single Figure 5.15 Effectiveness of a single

pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with
both fluids unmixed one fluid mixed and the other unmixed30
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5.5 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Calculations

For a heat exchanger design problem,

 its size, the heat transfer surface area A require to achieve
the desired outlet temperature
 to calculate and (Cmin/Cmax) by using NTU method

 to obtain the NTU value with appropriate equation (or chart)

and then to determine A
For a heat exchanger performance calculation,
 an existing heat exchanger will be analyzed to determine the
heat transfer rate and the fluid outlet temperatures for
prescribed flow rates and inlet temperatures

5.6 Additional Considerations

 To discuss with participants 34

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5.7 Summary
 In this chapter, we have developed tools that will allow you to perform
approximate heat exchanger calculations.
 involving separation of hot and cold fluids by a stationary wall and then
evaporative heat exchangers enable direct contact between a liquid and a gas
(there is no separating wall)
 for gas-to-gas heat exchange case is often used regenerators
 In a fixed regenerator such as a packed bed, the hot and cold gases alternately
enter a stationary, porous solid
 In a rotary regenerator, the porous solid is a rotating wheel, which alternately
exposes its surfaces to the continuously flowing hot and cold gases
 More detailed considerations of the subject are available in the literature,
including treatment of the uncertainties associated with heat exchanger analysis.
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TO STUDY PROBLEMS

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 REFERENCES

Main References:
1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, FRANK P. INCROPERA,
DAVID P. DEWITT, THEODORE L. BERGMAN & ADRIENNE S.
LAVINE
Additional References:
1. Schneider, P.J. Conduction Interface Resistance, Handbook of Heat
Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973.
2. Schneider, P.J. Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley, Reading,
MA, 1955.
3. www.thermopedia.com 42
THE END

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