VIRTUAL REALITY

A Seminar Report submitted for the partial

fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree in
Bachelor of Technology
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
submitted by
B.ADHI NARAYANA(18525A0502)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr. N P Patnaik M
Assistance Professor Dept. of CSE
Mr. N P Patnaik M
Professor & HOD, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

VISWANADHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
Mindivanipalem (V), Anandapuram (M), Visakhapatnam
(D) Approved by A.I.C.T.E., affiliated to J.N.T.U.K., Kakinada 2021
ABSTRACT

Virtual Reality (VR), sometimes called Virtual Environments (VE) has drawn
much attention in the last few years. The Virtual Reality uses a huge number of
technologies to produce a Virtual world so that a user can interact and manipulate with
the virtual objects in the so produced Virtual Worlds. With the aid of some specially
developed gadgets like a Head Mounted Display, Electronic Glove and Mechanical
armatures that fit the human organs we can immerse the human into the Virtual world.
The simulation technique is combined with the motion of the human to produce the
output that what human expects for. For example the person in a Virtual world looks at a
particular object then he has to get the feeling that he is actually looking at that object and
he should also get the feeling of the sounds that come from that object. In this paper a
historical overview of virtual reality is presented, types, architecture of VR systems are
listed, followed by applications of this technology in science, work, and entertainment
areas. Finally, the future of VR is considered.

INTRODUCTION
“Virtual Reality is a way for humans to visualize, manipulate and interact with
computers and extremely complex data”.
Here the word visualization refers to the computer-generated outputs such as computer
graphics, simulations, and other such as the CAD models. Here the outputs may be
animations that can be controlled easily by scripts. Here the human can directly interact and
manipulate with these animations.
The most difficult thing in the Virtual Reality is to produce the interaction
between Virtual world and the human but not the production of the Virtual world. The
type of Virtual Reality in which the human is actually immersed into the Virtual world is
called the immersive Virtual Reality. In such a type of Virtual Reality the human is
completely isolated from the outside world and he is placed an entirely computer
generated world.
The applications being developed for Virtual Reality are wide range
utilities. Among them the real time applications occupy the prominent place.
History OF VR :
Nowadays computer graphics is used in many domains of our life. The thought of
virtual reality has been around since 1965, when Ivan Sutherland expressed his ideas of
creating virtual or imaginary worlds. At MIT, he conducted experiments with three
dimensional displays. In 1969, he developed the first system to surround people in three
dimensional displays of information. Between the '70's and late '80's, the concept of
virtual reality was mainly used by the United States. The military used it as flight
simulators to train pilots. The other countries in the world did not show any interest in
this technology until the late 1980's. Since then, virtual reality has developed in many
ways to become an emerging technology of our time.

Types of Virtual Reality Systems

There are different types of Virtual Reality systems are:
(a) Immersive Systems
The highest priority is being given to the immersive systems. As we have already
mentioned the immersive systems rules out the entire real world and places the human in
a completely computer generated animation world.
(b) Window on World (WoW)
It is a normal Virtual world that has been developed on a desktop PC. The most
common form of the WoW are computer games that uses 3d simulation of the real
worlds. Here the user has to peep into the Virtual world using a monitor placed on his
desktop.
(c) Video Mapping
This is a technique used to map the motion of a human using special electronic
device like cameras. Here the input to the computer is the motion of the human and the
output is the 2d graphical image of the human showing his human.
(d) Tele presence
This is another technique in Virtual Reality where we use some remote sensors
placed some where in the Virtual world that maps the human actions and correlates them
to the actions that has to be done by the objects in the Virtual world. This type of Virtual
Reality is being used by the fire fighters in some critical conditions. Special Robots fixed
with this type of sensors help them a lot.

(e) Mixed Reality

This is a technique combining the Virtual Reality systems and the telepresence. Here
the inputs to both the telepresence and Virtual Reality systems are fed as inputs. The
fighters see the maps generated by the computers and correlate them with the data
available with them. The surgeons correlate the images taken by the CAT scans and the
ones taken by the computers.

Technologies of VR :
After a deep study of this emerging technology, we have classified Virtual Reality into
three types. They are as follows:
1. Virtual Reality using Hardware
 There is a number of hardware developed for the usage by Virtual Reality.
Among them some are explained below.
1.1 Head Mounted Display
The Head mounted display consists of two miniature display screens that produce
the stereo scopic images and an optical position tracking system that tracks the
orientation of the humans head in the Virtual world and that produces the impulse to the
image generating computer. The image-generating computer produces the respective
view corresponding to the orientation of the user head in the Virtual world. This is the
basic device used in the IVR. As a result the user can see in the direction that he wants
and he can walk through the Virtual world.

1.2 Boom and Cave

To overcome the intrusiveness with the HMD the Boom and Cave are used. These
are also extensively used in the IVR.
Screens and stereo scopic image generating apparatus are fixed in a box, which is
attached to a multi link arm. The user peeps into the Virtual world through two holes, and
controls his motions with the arms.
 The Cave is an interesting topic in IVR. A cave consists of a cube shaped room.
The stereo scopic images are projected on to the walls and the floor of the room with the
help of a number of projectors. The head tracking system worn by the leading user
controls the view of the Virtual world. Several users may sit on the Virtual world at a
time.
In the figure we can see the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)
2. Virtual Reality using software
The most commonly used tools for developing 3d worlds are VRML v1.0,
VRML97, VRML v2.0, 3d Studio max, Rhino3d, Amapi3d, ALICE99, BLENDER and
other such software. The VRMLv1.0 is the child language developed from the XML
family. There aren’t many differences between the later versions of VRML (VRML97
and VRML v2.0). The programming paradigms are entirely different from VRMLv1.0 to
VRMLv2.0. There are many companies dedicated to develop the tools for creating virtual
worlds, such as Parallel Graphics Co., and Trapezium Co.,.
Also there are many concepts of developing the virtual worlds using the software.
They are:
2.1 Rendering
In this we are conscious about the rendering techniques. Here we use the
technique of wire framing. A sample output and its wire frame model are shown below.
After developing the wire frame model what we have to do is simply to apply the texture
to it. This is called texturing. The texture applied can be a photograph or any predefined
textures such as metal, rock, wood and cement flooring.
2.2 Programming
The other tool available for developing the virtual worlds is by programming. There
are many programming languages by which we can develop the virtual worlds. The best
one we prefer is by using VRML v2.0. Prior to this language, people used to develop the
virtual worlds using the traditional programming language, JAVA. As we have
mentioned earlier VRML is a language born from the family of XML. VRML is Virtual
Reality Modeling Language. VRML v2.0 is more advanced compared to the version 2.0.
ARCHITECTURE OF VR SYSTEM

Components of VR System :
(a) Input Processor,
(b) Simulation Processor,
(c) Rendering Processor and
(d) World Database
(a) Input Processor
-Control the devices used to input information to the computer. The object is to get the
coordinate data to the rest of the system with minimal lag time.
-Keyboard, mouse, 3D position trackers, a voice recognition system, etc.
(b) Simulation Processor
-Core of a VR system.
-Takes the user inputs along with any tasks programmed into the world and determine the
actions that will take place in the virtual world.
(c) Rendering Processor inhabit the world,
-Create the sensations that scripts that describe
are output to the user.
-Separate rendering
processes are used for
visual, auditory, haptic and
other sensory systems.
Each renderer take a
description of the world
stat from the simulation
process or derive it directly
from the World Database
for each time step. actions of those

(d) World Database: objects.

Store the objects that

APPLICATIONS
Real Time Applications of Virtual Reality:

The applications being developed for Virtual Reality run over

a wide spectrum from 3d games to architectural planning of
buildings. The applications may be scientific and technical
that can not be viewed in actual life. The flexibility of the
Virtual Reality makes it use in the scientific applications like
architectural planning, rocket launching, war strategies,
cockpit simulation, robotics and medical related applications.
1. Virtual Reality in war strategies
SIMNET is the first war related Virtual Reality
application. This project is standardization being pushed by
the USA Defense Department to enable diverse simulators to
be interconnected into a vast network. The soldiers can be
trained to the war by developing a Virtual world that looks
exactly the war field. This helps them in knowing how to deal
in war fields. Distributed Interactive System (DIS) protocol
has been developed by the Orlando Institute of Training and
Simulation, which is the future of Virtual Reality in war
strategies.

2. Virtual Reality doctors located at a distinct

in medical place guide the robots.
Virtual Reality is They guide the robots with
now being used to train
physicians to carry out
intricate surgical
procedures such as
laparoscopies,
arthroscopies, endoscopies
and other minimally
invasive surgeries.
Nano surgery is
another medical
application, where the the help of multi-link arms
that we have already seen in the case of booms.

3. Virtual Reality cars are being designed to

in designing study new ideas. Most of
aspects these designs are never
Virtual Reality built. Virtual reality
helps in designing the provides a tool for
virtual models of the
certain objects. By
building the virtual models
we can see how the model
works, what the defects
may be and how we can
overcome the previous
defects. These all can not
be seen by actually
developing the model as it
includes a lot of cost and
laborious time. This
concept of Virtual Reality
evaluating such designs in
is being is mostly used in
full scale without building
the designing of
time consuming and costly
conceptual cars. Concept
physical prototypes.

4. Virtual Reality in amusement parks

Virtual Reality is also playing a vital role in the
amusement parks. The conceptual cars that we have discussed
above and the racing games are being developed to attract
people. With the help of electronic gloves, head-mounted
displays and stereo scopic vision racing games attract the
people.
 5. Virtual Reality in web development.
6. Virtual Reality in cockpit simulation
7. Virtual Reality and Cryptography
Future of Virtual Reality
Yesterday Virtual Reality was a science fiction
fantasy. Today it is a research topic in laboratories and
amusement parks. Tomorrow it will certainly replace our
televisions and computers. There are already a lot of
organizations deemed towards the development of the Virtual
Reality. Many researches are being done to find more and
more applications of Virtual Reality. In the forth coming days
the web sites developed using Virtual Reality will replace the
entire present web industry. Even a virtual Jurassic Park may
be developed in USA in a short span of days. Let’s hope for a
bright future of this emerging technology.

CONCLUSION:
The technology is being developed rapidly and shows
considerable potential. The ability of Virtual Reality to
produce realistic worlds of data, objects and environments,
with which the users can interact and manipulate in a realistic
and an intuitive manner, opens up a vast wealth of
possibilities for work-related applications. The concept of
Virtual Reality provides an innovative mix of entertainment,
education and State-of-Art. Virtual reality technology will
transport guests to different worlds. From waterbeds to
gyroscopes and hydraulic units, a variety of platforms will
provide a new kind of travel; into Cyberspace; into virtual
worlds where one can swim with the dolphins and experience
intense sensory stimulation. As movement of people is
becoming more and more costly with time, the scope of
Virtual Reality is growing. Working in many fields like
medicine, rocket launching, massive constructions, it is very
important to be more precise and accurate and here Virtual
Reality provides a solution by providing a platform which
makes it possible by using the applications of Virtual Reality.

Reference
 VIRTUAL REALITY -
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Tate.VR.html
 Evolution of Virtual Reality - http://www-
ec.njit.edu/~gdb1498/Portfolio/CIS350TermPa
per2.html
 History of VR -
http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~cohen/VW2000/Lectu
res/History.color.pdf
 Virtual Reality – History -
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/VETopLe
vels/VR.History.html
The Virtual Reality System works on
the following principle - It tracks the
physical movements in the real
world, then a rendering computer
redraws the virtual world to reflects
those movements.
The updated virtual world is sent to
the output (to the user in the real
world).
In this case, the output is sent back to
a head mounted display.
Hence, The user feels "immersed" in
the virtual world - as if she was in
the virtual world itself as all she can
see is her rendered movements in the
virtual world.

 Reality engines are based

largely on the same components
that make up a personal
computer (PC), although much
more computing power is
required for the reality engine
than is available in a standard
PC.
 Virtual reality images are made
with tiny dot like segments of a
picture known as pixels, or
picture elements.
 Each pixel itself is made up of
hundreds of thousands of dots.
Realistic images can be either
opaque, in which all the viewer
sees is the virtual world, or see-
through, in which the virtual
image is projected or
superimposed onto the outer
world
  Head-mounted display (HMD)
units use a small screen or
screens (one for each eye) that
are worn in a helmet or a pair
glasses. Unlike a movie, where
the director controls what the
viewer sees, the HMD allows
viewers to look at an image
from various angles or change
their field of view by simply
moving their heads. HMD units
usually employ cathode-ray tube
(CRT) or liquid crystal display
(LCD) technology.
CRTs incorporate optic systems that
reflect an image onto the viewer's
eye. Although more bulky and heavy
than LCD displays, CRT systems
create images that have extremely
high resolutions, making a scene
seem that much more realistic.

civilian/commercial (medicine, video

gaming, sports, etc.)

 Gloves in virtual reality allow

the user to interact with the
virtual world. For example, the
user may pick up a virtual block,
turn it over in a virtual hand, and
set it on a virtual table.
 Wired with thin fiberoptic
cables, some gloves use light-
emitting diodes (LEDs) to detect
the amount of light passing
through the cable in relation to
the movement of the hand or
joint.
 The computer then analyzes the
corresponding information and
projects this moving hand into
the virtual reality. Magnetic
tracking systems also are used to
determine where the hand is in
space in relation to the virtual
scene.
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