TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL

WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

THE TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA (TCN),

OSOGBO SUB-REGION, POWERLINE, IKIRUN ROAD
OSOGBO,
OSUN STATE

WRITTEN BY

KOLAWOLE JOSHUA AYOMIDE

MATRIC NO: 168540043

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ADO - EKITI, EKITI STATE.

DATE: AUGUST, 2021.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents ii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Report overview vii -viii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction to SIWES 8
1.1 Objectives of SIWES 9

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Brief Description of The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) 10
2.1 Historical Background Of Electricity Generation 10
2.2 Company Profile And Organogram of TCN 11
2.3 Various department /units and their job functions 12
2.4 Objectives of Osogbo TCN
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Handshake with the Safety department and brief Orientation of the work space and 17
Environs anchored by the Human Resources (HR) unit.
3.1 SAFTEY 17
3.2.0 Protection, Control and Metering (PC&M) Department 26
3.2.1 Relay
3.2.2 Annual Preventive maintenance on 4T3 60MVA 132/33KV transformer, with series of
test. 26
3.2.3 Routine Carrier Protection Signaling Test 30
3.2.4 Routine maintenance of 110VDC and 50VDC Battery Chargers
3.2.5 Testing and installation of Ejigbo Energy meter 35

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1.0 Description of various Testing Equipment and their uses 50
4.1.1 Highlight of the Experience gained while using the various test Equipment 55

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0. Summary, conclusion and recommendations 59
5.1.0 Summary 59
5.1.1 Conclusion 60
5.1.2 Recommendations
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this report has been read and approved as it has met the requirement for the
award of Bachelor Degree of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in the School of Engineering,
Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti.

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STUDENT’S SIGNATURE DATE

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SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE DATE

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COORDINATOR’S SIGNATURE DATE

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SIWES COORDINATOR DATE
 DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to God, the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. For His mercy, provision, and
protection over me and all mine colleagues. Particularly for the privilege to study at EKSU. May
He reigns forever and ever in my life and affair. Thank you the lover of mine soul.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely appreciate the Almighty God, for the privilege to be among the living soul today.
I acknowledge the support and prayers of my parents Mr and Mrs Kolawole May God continue
to strengthen you the more, and you will eat the fruit of your labor in Jesus name.
Special thanks to my colleagues, who were so supportive in the course of this SIWES
Programme.
My fellow IT Students from EKSU. My Lecturers and special thanks to our Coordinators Dr
Engr Folorunsho , Engr Alade, Engr Jegede,…..to mention a few.
To you all who are not mentioned I say thank you. This wouldn’t have been possible without
you.

JOSHUA AYOMIDE KOLAWOLE

 REPORT OVERVIEW
This Report gives an account of students’ Industrial Works Experience Scheme (SIWES)
description of the work done and experience gained in the Transmission Company of Nigeria
(TCN), Osogbo sub- region, Power line area, Ikinrun road Osogbo, Osun State.
These include: Operations, Repair, Preventive Maintenance, Routine Maintenance, Breakdown
Maintenance, Testing, Installation, Commissioning and Modification of various protection
control and metering schemes. It also highlight the series of challenges faced during the course
of this Scheme and their possible solutions.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES

Definition of SIWES
The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills
training programme which forms part of the approved minimum academic standard in the
various degree programmes for all the Nigerian Universities and Polytechnics. It is an effort to
bridge the gap between theoretical (Academic) and practical (Work/Field Environment)
knowledge of Engineering, Technology Science, Agriculture, Medical, Management and other
professional educational programmes offered In the Nigeria tertiary institutions. it is aimed at
exposing students to machines and equipment, professional work methods and ways of safe
guarding the work areas, workers in industries and other organizations. The minimum duration
for the SIWES should normally be 16 weeks except for engineering and technology programme
where the programme runs for up to 20-24 weeks. It is founded by the Federal Government of
Nigeria and jointly coordinated by Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F) and the National Universities
Commission (NUC).
Background

The 1988 SIWES/ITF National Conference in Jos, mandates all collaborating agencies (NUC,
NBTE and JCCE) to draw up job specification for all degree programmes, including the
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). The job specification would guide the
industrialist and institutional supervisor in the placements of the students such that they would
meet the expected minimum requirement of industrial exposure before the completion of 4-5
years programme in the University.

Preparatory to employment

The National University Commission (NUC), recognizing the importance of job specification in
SIWES deployed the necessary machineries in motion soon after the resolution was taken in
1988. However, it was until January 1996, at a 3 day national workshop in Jos, job
specifications were drawn for all those who had industrial attachments components in their
minimum academic standards documents.
Participants were drawn from senior academic from the Universities across the country,
SIWES Coordinators, Officials of ITF Headquarters and NUC Academic Planning Officers. In
all, nine panelists headed by a Senior Academician was constituted for all the forty programmes.
The panel drew-up the Job specification, however a one day meeting was held at which five
invitees presented papers on the procedure, content and format for presentation of the job
specification documents were decided.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Specially, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme are to:
i. Provide an avenue for students in the Nigeria Universities to acquire industrial skills and
cognitive experience in their course of study.
ii. Prepare students for the work situation/challenges they are likely to meet after
graduation.
iii. Expose student to work methods, techniques and technical knowhow in handling plants,
equipment and machineries that may not be available in the Universities/Academic
geographical space.
iv. Since Science, Technology and Engineering keep evolving every day, the state-of- the-
art (multimillion dollars) equipment in the multinational companies post challenges,
hence SIWES is designed to bridge this gap such that Nigeria Universities end up
producing breed of graduates that are reliable at these highly professionalized and
specialized work spaces as technocrats in training. (highly trainable man power)

v. Provides the students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work and
actual practice.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN NIGERIA

Electricity was first generated in Lagos, Nigeria around the year 1896. The Nigerian
Electricity Supply Company (NESCO) commenced operation as an electric utility company in
Nigeria in 1959 with the construction of hydro-electric power station at Kura water fall near the
city of Jos. The Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) was established in1956 while the first
132KV line was constructed in 1962, linking Ijora power station to Ibadan power station.
The Niger Dams Authority (NDA) was established in 1962 with a mandate to develop the
hydropower potentials of the country. However ECN and NDA were merged in 1972 to form the
National Electric Power Authority (NEPA). This authority is responsible for the generation,
transmission, distribution and sales of electricity to customers at tariff rate approved by the
Federal Government of Nigeria. In 1998, NEPA ceased to have an exclusive monopoly over
electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and sales because of the following; supply,
demand imbalances and need for reformation.
Furthermore, in 2004, National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) with privatization and
commercialization in-view was renamed Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) as a
transition name. This was meant to be part of the processes necessary for the outright unbundling
and privatisation of the various sub-units of the original umbrella body- NEPA and emergence of
18 subsidiaries viz: 11-Distribution companies (DISCOs) 1- Transmission Company
(TRANSYSCO) and 6-Power Generating Companies (GENCOs). This transition was meant to
address the ineffective, inefficient, and unreliable and instability problems of power supply in the
country. The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) is one of the successor companies of
Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) charged with the responsibility of wheeling
electricity power from the various power stations to the load centers across the country and
beyond.
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) was incorporated in November 2005. TCN
emerged from the defunct National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) as a product of merger of
transmission operation sector on April, 2004. Being one of the eighteen unbundled business
unitsunder PHCN, the company was issued a transmission licensed on first July2006. TCN
licensed activities include: electricity transmission, system operation and electricity trading
which is ring fenced.
2.2 COMPANY PROFILE AND ORGANOGRAM
The Osogbo Transmission Sub-Region is a Division of the Transmission, Engineering
Sector. This Region is unique in the entire TCN Grid System in that, it is the only one having
the National Control Centre (NCC) function and also Synchronizes the Hydro with the Thermal
into one solid Grid in addition to the general Transmission functions.

Transmission functions include the operation and maintenance of the 330kV, 132kV switchgears
and transmission lines in Osogbo Sub-Region. NCC function involves operation of the whole
Grid System, in liaison with other Transmission and Generation Regions.

Main entrance into the complex.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 1 TCN OSOGBO SUB REGION AT A GLANCE

 Figure 1 Main entrance into the company.

2.3 VARIOUS DEPARTMENT AND THEIR JOB FUNCTIONS

The station is made up of nine (9) sections listed here under
TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA (TCN) ORGANOGRAM
/LAGOS/OSOGBO/BAUCHI/KADUNA/SHIRORO
BENIN/ENUGU/PORTHARCOURT

CENTRE SNCC SHIRORO

SUPPLEMENTARY NATIONAL CONTROL
REGIONAL OPERATIONS COODINATING

BENIN

REGIONAL CONTROL CENTRES (RCCS)

RCC

NATIONAL CONTROL CENTRE (NCC)

MD/CEO CHQ ABUJA
330KV SUBSTATIONS/132KV

HEAD ISO CHQ,

HEAD ISO CHQ, ABUJA

ABUJA
TRANSMISSION
SUBSTATIONS

UNITS (ROCS)
SUBSTATION

RCC IKEJA

NATIONAL CONTROL CENTRE

OSOGBO
WEST

(NCC) OSOGBO
SUPPLEMENTARY NATIONAL
CONTROL CENTRE SNCC SHIRORO GENERAL MANAGERS CHQ
REGIONAL CONTROL CENTRES ABUJA
RCC (RCC
RCC S)
IKEJA RCC
SHIRORO

MD/CEO CHQ ABUJA

RCC

BENIN WEST SHIRORO

REGIONAL OPERATIONS
COODINATING UNITS (ROCS)
BENIN/ENUGU/PORTHARCOURT
/LAGOS/OSOGBO/BAUCHI/KADUNA/SHIRO GENERAL MANAGER REGIONS
OPERATIONS EMD PC&M

RO OSOGBO
REGIONS LAGOS KADUNA
F&A

OSOGBO AYEDE

TRANSMISSION BAUCHI SHIRORO ENUGU

HUMAN RESOURCES

BENIN ABUJA port Harcourt

FIELD SERVICES

330KV SUBSTATIONS
SUBSTATIONS/132KV
ADO T/S

HEAD TSP CHQ, ABUJA

SAFETY

SUBSTATION
330KV SUB - REGIONS/ WORK
CENTRES
STORES

OFFA T/S
ILESHA T/S

GANINO WC
LMD

A
F/

132KV SUB -STATIONS

COMMS

ILE-IFE T/S

SE
H
HR

DIT
AU

fig 2. Organization Organogram

2.3 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS AND THEIR JOB FUNCTIONS
DEPARTMENTS
1. Systems Operation (S.O)
2. Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD)
3. Protection, Control and Metering (PC & M)
4. Lines Maintenance
5. Mechanical Department
6. Communications Department
7. Human Resources
8. Finance and Accounts
9. Stores
10. Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)
The departments I worked with during my Student’s industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES are;
 Protection, Control and Metering Section (PC&M):- As the name implies, protection
is the action taken for safe operation of equipment within permissible tolerance as a demacate for
unhealthy or fault condition from normal condition.
Control is a sequence of action to facilitate safe operation of devices and equipment
within operational limit. It is a view to facilitating or promoting safety of personel or equipment.
Metering is a scheme that monitors and document power system quantity wheeled out or
exported, and it also deals with measuring of the equipment used.
 Electrical Section:- As the name implies it is the department that takes care of all
electrical installation in the station. This includes both installation and repairing of faulty ones,
majorly they prevent, maintain and correct all electrical devices.
 Systems Operation:- This section keeps the daily record of all power received from
transmitting station, power willed out to the consumers and power consumed by the station.
These records are taken on the energy metres. Aim of the systems operation is to provide
accurate data of power being generated and consumed for proper planning and allocation
purposes.

Human Resources Management

The following are some of the activities and status report in respect of the Human
Resources Management at Osogbo Works Centre.
Osogbo Works Centre was carved out of National Control Centre, sometime in 2002 and
was initially made up of stations across five states namely Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Kwara and Kogi.
Until Ganmo and Omotosho became Works Centre in year 2008. Presently it is one of the Work
Centres under Osogbo Transmission Region headed by Engr. L.K. Bello who is the Principal
Manager.
Osogbo Transmission Company of Nigeria (Osogbo works centre) which is one of the
Transmission Companies of Nigeria (TCN) is located at Power Line area Osogbo in the State of
Osun. Their primary responsility is to step down the generated electric power coming from
generating companies and wheeling it to distribution companies.
There are seven major power plants namely;
1) Jebba (hydro)
2) Kanji (hydro)
3) Shiroro (hydro)
4) Afam (thermal)
5) Delta (thermal)
6) Egbin(thermal)
7) Sapele (thermal).

TCN is comprised of eight trasmission regions and National Communication and Control
(NCC). Each headed by a General Manager (Transmission), who is responsible for the running
and maintenance of transmission and transformation facilities in their area of operation as shown
in the following map of Nigeria.

Fig.3: Geographicallocation of the Transmission Region

2.4 OBJECTIVES OF OSOGBO TCN

The company’s major objectives is the construction of transmission lines and sub-stations
project.
The transmission system is currently characterized by limited capacity, it is therefore
technologically weak and sensitive to minor disturbances. In order to cope with the anticipated
increase in generation, the company’s targets are as follows:
 Explanation and upgrade of transmission facilities.
 Improve the network maintenance performance of the transmission company.
 Ensure completion of targeted projects.
 Improve the pace of construction of all on going projects to ensure early completion.
 Maximize transmission companys revenue through system opimization.
 Ensure that safety and environment issues are managed to meet international standards
 Standardization of procurement procedure to reflect international standards.
 Facilitate the impending transition.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SAFETY DEPARTMENT IN ACCRUEMENT WITH BRIEF ORIENTATION IN

PC&M DEPARTMENT.
After the departmental introductions, I was introduced to the safety department where I was
given the orientation on the hazard involved in the job and all the necessary precautions I
needed to take during the course of the Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES). It was enlightened that I should be properly kitted with all the safety wares every
time I am working in the switchyard.
The safety ware include:
 Hard hat
 Overall
 Safety boots
 Hand gloves
And some other specialized ones

3.1 SAFETY:

Safety is the first and most substantial thing anyone should be conscious of in any technical

operation. The following should be noted in carrying out performing any maintenance operation.

1. Safety boot always be worn while in the company.

2. Hard hat should be worn when working in the switchyard.

3. Correct tools should be used for a particular job.

4. Liquid spillage should be avoided.

6. Accessible means of isolation should be provided near piece of apparatus.

7. Equipment must be isolated from supply before any circuit conductor is touched.

8. Works on conductors/equipment should be carried out while the circuit is open.

9. After moving the handle of an isolated switch to the off position the cover should be

tested to confirm it has no contact with the tongue.

10. In the absence of isolated switch, the circuit fuses should be remove and placed in a safe

position.

11. The conductor of large or high voltage apparatus should be efficiently earthed to dissipate

any charge before they are touched.

12. Firefighting equipment e.g. portable fire extinguishers should be made available in

accessible positions. These appliances should be examined periodically, kept in order and

fully charged for immediate use.

13. Water and foam are usually unsuitable for firefighting involving electrical appliances. It

may be used after current has been cut off.

14. It oil or other inflammable liquids are involved foam should be used instead of water

after isolated the source of power.

15. In case of electrical shock, artificial respiration should be given to the victim as first

before been taken to the hospital.

16. when carrying any ironic object or equipment in the switchyard it must not be lifted up to

avoid shocking.

Experience gained at the end of my interaction with the safety department

I learnt that safety should not only be taken as a job but compulsorily as a way of life.
3.2.0 PROTECTION, CONTROL AND METERING (PC&M) DEPARTMENT

In PC&M department, I was introduced to various types of relays and how important they are in
the protection of the transmission lines.

3.2.1 Introduction to Relaying Protection schemes

RELAY

A relay is an electronics device which monitors the current, voltage, frequency, or any other type
of electric power measurement either from a generating source or to a load for the purpose of
triggering a circuit breaker to open in the event of an abnormal condition. A relay is an
electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current. The current flowing in one
circuit cause the opening or closing of another circuit. Relays are like remote control switches
and are used in many applications because of their relative simplicity, long life, and proven high
reliability. Relay is also know as a sensor that sense any fault and send signal to circuit breaker
to trip off out of service.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS

Relays can be classified:-

 According to the function which they carry out

 According to their construction,
 According to the incoming signal and
 According to the protection

CLASSIFICATIION OF RELAY ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

Relays can be classified on the basis of their function into five broad categories. They are:-
  Protective
 Regulating
 Monitoring
 Auxiliary.

Protection Relays
Protection relays are used in generators, transformers, feeders, transmission lines, etc. The
primary function of these relays is to continually monitor a specific parameter such as current,
voltage or power and to generate alarm/isolate the system or device in the situation of deviation
from set limits for the parameter or a fault. For instance, an overcurrent relay may be
programmed to operate when the current in a feeder exceeds a certain predetermined limit. These
relays generally obtain their feedback from current or voltage transformers.

Regulating Relays
These relays are used to regulate a specific parameter such as the output voltage of a transformer.
These relays operate a control equipment such as the tap changer of a transformer. These relays
are not designed to respond to fault conditions.

Reclosing Relays.
These relays are used to put the system into operation. These relays are used to synchronize lines
and feeders. These relays usually are used in connecting different components of an electrical
distribution system such as generators, feeders, transformers, etc. They also come into play when
restoring the system after a fault.

Monitoring relays
These relays are used to monitor conditions in a system such as the direction of power flow and
generate alarms when there are deviations. Examples include the low forward power relay which
generates an alarm when the power in a direction falls below the minimum set points. They are
also used to monitor the continuity of systems such as pilot wires.

Auxilliary Relays
These relays are used generally for contact multiplication. The single contact available in a relay
is used to trip a number of breakers. Besides, these relays are also to isolate the relay from other
equipments such as breakers.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAY ACCORDING TO THEIR CONSTRUCTION

Relays can be classified on the basis of their construction into five broad categories. They are:-

 Electromagnetic
 Solid state
 Microprocessor
 Computerized
 Nonelectric (thermal, pressure ......etc.).

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAY ACCORDING TO THEIR INCOMING SIGNAL

Relays can be classified on the basis of their construction into the following categories. They
are:-

 Current
 Voltage
 Frequency
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Velocity
 Others.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAY ACCORDING TO THE PROTECTION

Relays can be classified on the basis of their construction into the following categories. They
are:-

 Over current
 Directional over current
 Distance
 Over voltage
 Differential
 Reverse power
 Other.

The P122 MICOM Relay

The MICOM P122 is a typical example of a relay which according to fuction, is a protective
relay; according to construction, is a digital relay; according to incoming signal, receives
current, voltage, temperature and pressure signal; and according to protection, it is a relay
which is suitable for all the applications where overcurrent and earth fault protection are
required.
The P122 relay can be used for a wide range of overcurrent applications from single
phase/earth fault applications.
It provides a comprehensive suit of overcurrent protection and automation features for
easy and flexible adaptation under different operation conditions
Fig. 8 The P122 MiCOM Relay

3.2.2 Preventive maintenance and calibration of Protective Relays

RELAY TEST

Relay protection constitutes a major part of any power system that provides for continuous
control of the main operation modes of power system elements and generates tripping commands
for the failed parts or elements of the system. Faulty operation of relay protection owing to
internal malfunctions can lead to the development of massive failures and even to the collapse of
the power system with huge attendant financial losses. For this reason the performance of the
relay protection has to be periodically tested. The main test carried out during the period of my
industrial training are:-

3.2.3 CARRIER PROTECTION SIGNAL TEST

This is a routine test we carried out once in a week. This test was carried out to ensure
that the carrier signals (communication link) between two adjacent relays are intact. That is,
 there should be no interruption in the communication link between two adjacent relays. It is an
engineering methodology for the isolation of faults, if a fault is detected by a relay in a
transmission station on a line it will send a carrier signal to the other transmission station at the
other end for its relay to trip at the same time and this is achieved by the constant action of
relays. Carrier signals can be referred to as a communicational link and it is carried out to
prevent cascading trip.

3.2.4 Routine maintenance of 110VDC and 50VDC Battery chargers

DC BATTERY This made up of two system working together: battery charger and battery bank
as power supply equipments. It’s also serving as the power supply for telecommunication system.
NEPA NCC TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY ROUTE.

BARTTERY CHARGER CIRCUIT ELEMENTS.

1. Protecting fuse cuts on over currents, over voltages or surges.

2. Transformer (delta- delta connected, 415v to 50v.)

3. Rectifier circuits consisting power diodes and power thyristors.

4. Filtering circuits consisting of capacitors and resistors.

5. Control circuit controls ON and OFF state of the thyristors by controlling the gate current
either above or below the holding current.

6. metering circuit is connected to the charging current and voltage analogue meter.

7. Distribution board.

The 50V output of the battery charger feeds into the load connected to it and also into the
50V battery bank. The two are connected in parallel for standby in case of A/C failure at
the input of the charge.

Control
Circuit
415 3-Ø Feeder Back
mains loop L
Filt
Prot Transf Rectifie eri Met o
ecti ormer r, erin Ba
a
Power ng
ng g tte
d
(delta Diodes Cir ry
Circ
 Conn Power, t nk
ection thyristo
cap
r
) acit
ors

Fig. 8A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A 50V, 3 PHASE BATTERY CHARGER.

BATTERY CHARGER OPERATION.

The charge supplies the maximum sustained current (variable from 50 to 100%). The load currents
required to feed the load units connected reduce the charging current of the battery.Once the battery
reaches the floating charging voltage (normally 2,3V per cell), this is kept constant with increasing
charge, the charging falls to the charge maintaining current. The charge now supplies the load
current in addition to the charge maintain current.
 Fig. 9 50V/ 110V DC Battery Charger

BATTERY CHARGER MAINTAINANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING

1. The fuses protecting the DC circuits must first be checked for any cut out with a buzzer or
ohmmeter.

2. Phase sequence must be maintained when exchanging the control unit.

3. If there is no charging current, then primary fuses need to be checked

4. If a phase is lacking, mains line fuses need to be checked

5. If secondary voltage at main transformer is too low, the control should be tested with
oscilloscope for firing pulses. If trigger pulses are non- existent, then the control card needs
replacement.

6. In case of semiconductor failure, they should be disconnected and tested with the buzzer.

7. The battery charger must be placed where battery gases cannot penetrate into it.
  Overcurrent relay test and earth fault
 Protection trip test

OVERCURRENT RELAY TEST AND EARTHFAULT

Overcurrent relay test and earth fault is carried out on electromechanical types of relay to
calibrate the metallic disc producing the tripping effect. This is carried out periodically to make
sure the metallic disc producing the tripping effect is in condition good and the speed at which
the metallic disc produce the tripping effect is in accordance with the plug settings of the relay.
The overcurrent test and earth fault is also carried out on digital relay periodically to compare the
plug settings of the relay with the pick up time of the relay. When performing the overcurrent
relay test and earth fault, the connector connecting the relay to the tripping circuit which may be
the circuit breaker is disconnected.

The overcurrent relay test is carried out by means of Secondary Current Injection Test
Set(SCITS). The test set is connected in phase to phase because phase to phase connection
causes overcurrent. This test set is capable of injecting both current and voltage(AC AND DC).
The idea is to use a known value to check for unknown value by injecting current higher than the
plug settings of the relay. Both the pick-up time and current is then compare with the plug
settings of the relay. The test is carried out for both the instantaneous time overcurrent and
definite time overcurrent.

The earth fault relay test is also carried out with the Secondary Current Injection Test set.
The test set is connected in phase to ground because phase to ground connection causes earth
fault. The test is also carried out for both instantaneous time earth fault and definite time
overcurrent.

The table below show the result of overcurrent and earthfault relay test carried out on Osogbo
township feeder relay, both the definite time and instanteneous overcurrent and earthfault.
 Phas Ps(A) T(ms Pu(A Pu(ms)
e ) )
R 0.80 0.10 0.82 0.10
Y 0.80 0.10 0.79 0.21
B 0.80 0.10 0.82 0.20
E/F 0.15 0.10 0.17 0.10

Phas Ps(A) T(ms Pu(A Pu(ms)

e ) )
R 3.00 0.025 3.10 0.02
Y 3.00 0.025 3.11 0.03
B 3.00 0.025 3.15 0.03
E/F 3.0 0,025 3.10 0.03

PROTECTION TRIP TEST

Protection trip test is carried out immediately after the overcurrent and earthfault relay
test. The aim is to check whether the relay is capable of sending a tripping signal to the tripping
circuit (circuit breaker) and is capable of either opening the circuit breaker or closing it. It is
carried out by injecting current higher than the relay plug settings to the relay using the
Secondary Current Injection Test Set (SCITS) while the relay is connected to the tripping circuit.

3.2.5 Testing and Installation of Energy meter

CIRCUIT BREAKERS.

A circuit breaker is an electromechanical device that makes or breaks electrical contact (that
interrupt flow of current) under normal or abnormal conditions. The normal condition involves
maintenance while abnormal condition is when the device trip upon sensing fault. The most
familiar circuit breaker protects circuits against overload or overheating to prevent fire out break
and eclectic shock. Circuit breakers also provide protection against short circuit. A short circuit
is caused by a contact between the neutral or grounded side of the electrical line and the terminal.
During operation of power system, it’s often desirable and necessary to switch on or off the
various circuits (e.g., transmission lines, distributors, generating plants etc) under normaland
abnormal conditions. This function used to be performed by switch or fusses placed in series
with the circuit in earlier days.

With the advancement of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltages and carry large currents. The arrangement of switches along with fuse cannot serve the
desired function of switch gear in such high capacity circuits. This makes it necessary to employ
a more dependable means of control such as is obtained by use of CIRCUIT BREAKERS. A
circuit breaker can make or break a circuit either manually or automatically under all conditions
viz: no-load, full load and short circuit conditions. This characteristic of the circuit breaker has
made it a useful equipment for switching and protection of various parts of the power system.

A circuit breaker is a piece of electrical equipment which can make or break a circuit either
manually or automatically, break a circuit automatically under fault conditions, and make a
circuit either manually or remotely under fault conditions. Thus a circuit breaker incorporates
manual (or remove control) as well as automatic control for switching functions. The latter
control employs relays and operate only under fault conditions.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moveable contacts, called electrodes. Under
normal operation conditions, these contacts remain and will not open automatically until and
unless the system becomes faulty. Of course the contacts can be open automatically or by
remotely control whenever desired. When a fault occur moving contacts are pulled apart by some
mechanism, thus opening the circuit.

When the contacts of a circuit breaker are separated under fault condition, an arc is struck
between them. The current is thus able to continue until the discharge ceases. The production of
arc not only delays the current interruption process but it also generates enormous heat which
may cause damage to the system or to the circuit breaker itself. Therefore the main problem in a
circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that the heat generated
by it may not reach a dangerous value.

ARC PHENOMENON

When short circuits occurs, a heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker
before they are opened by the protective system. At the instant when the contacts begin to
separate the contact area decrease rapidly and large fault current causes increased current density
and hence rise in temperature. The heat produced in the medium between contact (usually the
medium is oil or air) is sufficient to ionize the air or vapor and ionize the oil. The ionized oil air
act as a conductor and an arc is strucked between the contacts. The potential difference between
the contacts is quite small and is just sufficient to maintain arc. The arc produces a low resistance
path and consequently the current in the circuit remains uninterrupted so long as the arc persists.

PRINCIPLE OF ARC EXTINCTION

Following are the factors responsible for the maintenance of the between the contacts

1. The p.d between the contacts- When the contacts have a small separation, the p.d
between them is sufficient to maintain the arc. One way to extinguish the arc is to
separates the contacts to such a distance that the p.d becomes inadequate to maintain the
arc. However this method is impracticable in high voltage system where a separation of
many meters may be required.

2. Ionized particles between contacts- This tend to maintain the arc. If the arc path is de-
ionized, the arc extinction will be facilitated. This may be achieved by cooling the arc
or by bodily removing the ionized particles from the space between the contacts.

METHODS OF ARC EXTINCTION

There are two methods of extinguishing the arc in a circuit breaker.

A. high resistance method

B. low resistance or current zero method

High resistance method

The principal disadvantage of this method is that enormous energy dissipated in the arc. In this
method, arc resistance is made to increase with time so that the current is reduced to a value
insufficient to maintain the arc. Consequently, the arc is extinguished. This is employed only in
D.C circuit breakers and low capacity A.C circuit breakers.

The resistance of the arc may be increased by lengthen the arc, cooling the arc reducing X –
section of the arc, and splitting arc

Low resistance or current zero method

This method is employed for arc extinction in a.c circuit only. In this method, arc resistance is
kept low unit current is zero where the arc extinguishes naturally and is prevented from re-
striking in spite of the rising voltage across the contacts. All modern high power a.c circuit
breaker employ this method for arc quenching.

CIRCUIT BREAKER CLASSIFICATION

The most general way of classification circuit breakers in on the basis of medium used for arc
quenching. The medium used for arc extinction is usually oil, air, suplhur hexafluoride (sf6) or
vacuum. According to those above mentioned medium, circuit breaker may be classified as

1. Oil circuit breakers which employs some insulating oil (transformer oil) for arc
extinction.

2. Air-blast circuit breakers in which high pressure air blast is used for arch quenching

3. Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers in which sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) gas is used for
arc extinction.

4. Vacuum circuit breakers. In which vacuum is used for arc extinction

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

In such circuit breaker, some insulating oil (e.g., transformer oil) is used as an arc
quenching medium. The contacts are opened under oil and arc is struck between them.
The heat of the arc evaporates the surrounding oil and dissociates it into a substantial
volume of gaseous hydrogen at high pressure. The hydrogen gas occupied a volume
about one thousand times that the oil decomposed. The oil is therefore, pushed away from
the arc and an expanding hydrogen gas bubble surrounds the arc region and adjacent
portions of the contacts.

The hydrogen gas has high conductivity and cools the arc, thus aiding the deionization of
the medium between the contacts, the eliminating the arcing products from the path. The
result is that arc is extinguished and circuit current interrupted.

Advantages

(1) It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases which have excellent
cooling properties.

(2) It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and earthed
components.

(3) The surrounding oil present cooling surface in closing proximity to the arc.

Disadvantage

(1) It is inflammable and there is a risk of fire

(2) It may form an explosive mixture with air.
 (3) The arcing products (e.g., carbon) remain in the oil and its quality deteriorates with
successive operation. This necessitates periodic checking and replacement of oil.

Types of oil circuit beakers

The oil circuit breakers find extensive use in power system. These can be classified into the
following types.

(1) Bulk oil circuit breakers which use a large quantity of oil. The oil has to serve two
purposes. Firstly, it extinguishes the arc during opening of contacts and secondly, it insulates the
current conducting parts from one another and from the earthed tank such circuit breaker can be
classified into two.

a. plain break oil circuit breakers

b. Arc control oil circuit breakers.

In the latter type, special arc control devices are employed to get the beneficial action of the arc
as efficiently as possible while in the former type, no special means is available for controlling
the arc and the contacts are directly exposed to the whole of the oil tank.

(2) Low oil circuit breakers which use minimum amount of oil. In such circuit breakers, oil is
used only for arc extinction; the current conducting parts are insulated by air or porcelain or
organic insulating material.

MAINTENANCE OF OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

The maintenance of oil circuit breaker is generally concerned with the checking of contact and
dielectric strength of oil. After a circuit breaker has interrupted fault current a few time and load
current several times, its contacts may get burnt by arcing and the oil may lose some of its
dielectric strength due to carbonization.This results in the reduced rupturing capacity of the
breaker. Therefore, it is a good practice to inspect the circuit breaker at regular intervals of 3 or 6
months. During inspection of the breaker, the following point should be kept in view.
1. Check the current carrying parts arcing contacts. If the burning is severe, the contact
should be replaced.

2. Check the dielectric strength of the oil. If the sulphur hexafluoride dis - coloured, it
should be changed or reconditioned. The oil in good condition should withstand 30KV
for one minute in a standard oil testing cup with 4mm gap between electrodes.

 Check the insulation for possible damage. Clean the surface and remove carbon deposit
with a strong and dry fabric.
 Check the oil level.
 Check the closing and tripping mechanism

Fig. 4.1.3a: The Mechanism of Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker

Fig. 10 Conceptual view of Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Air Circuit Breaker as the name implies, is a type of circuit breaker which operates in air at
atmospheric pressure.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 The working principle of this breaker is rather different from those in any other types of
circuit breakers. The main aim of all kind of circuit breaker is to prevent the reestablishment of
arcing after current zero by creating a situation where in the contact gap will withstand the
system recovery voltage. The air circuit breaker does the same but in different manner. For
interrupting arc it creates an arc voltage in excess of the supply voltage. Arc voltage is defined as
the minimum voltage required maintaining the arc. This circuit breaker increases the arc voltage
by mainly three different ways;
a) It may increase the arc voltage by cooling the arc plasma. As the temperature of arc
plasma is decreased, the mobility of the particle in arc plasma is reduced; hence more
voltage gradient is required to maintain the arc.
b) It may increase the arc voltage by lengthening the arc path. As the length of arc path is
increased, the resistance of the path is increased, and hence to maintain the same arc
current more voltage is required to be applied across the arc path. That means arc voltage
is increased.
c) Splitting up the arc into a number of series arcs also increases the arc voltage.

TYPES OF AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER

There are mainly two types of ACB are available.
1) Plain air circuit breaker
2) Air blast Circuit Breaker.

SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER

In such circuit breakers, sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The

SF6 gas has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contact of the breaker are opened in a

high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. The conducing free electrons in

the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of

conducting electrons in the arc quickly built up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.

The sf6 circuit breaker has found to be very effective for high power and high voltage service.
CONSTRUCTION

It consists of fixed and moving contact enclosed in a chamber (called arc interruption chamber)
containing sf6 gas. This chamber is connected to sf6 gas reservoir. When the contacts of breakers are
opened, the valve mechanism permits a high pressure sf6 gas from the reservoir to flow toward the
arc interruption chamber. The fixed contact hollow cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with
an arc horn. The fixed contact is also a hollow cylinder with rectangular holes in the side to permit
the sf6 gas to let out through these holes after flowing alone and across the arc. The tips of fixed
contact, moving contact and arcing horn are coated with copper-tungsten arc resistant material.
Since sf6 gas is costly, it is reconditioned and reclaimed by suitable auxiliary system after each
operation of the breaker.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by sf 6 gas at a pressure of
about 2.8kg/cm2 . When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck
between the contacts. The movement of the moving contact is synchronized with the operating of
the valve which permit sf6 gas at 14kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc interrupted
chamber. The high pressure flow of sf 6 rapidly absorbs the free electron in the arc part to form an
immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is that the medium
between the contact builds up high dielectric strength and caused the extinction of the arc after the
breaker operation (i.e., after arc extinction), the valve is closed by the action of set of springs.

Application

A typical sf6 circuit breaker consist of interrupter unit each capable of dealing with current up to
60kAand voltage in the range of 50 – 80kV. The numberof units are connected in series according
to the system voltage. Sf6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltages 115kv to 23kv, power
ratings 10MVA to 20MVA and interrupting time less than 3 cycles.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
Vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening
and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place in a vacuum
chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter.

WORKING OPERATION OF A VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

The main aim of any circuit breaker is to quench arc during current zero crossing, by
establishing high dielectric strength in between the contacts so that reestablishment of arc after
current zero becomes impossible. The dielectric strength of vacuum is eight times greater than
that of air and four times greater than that of SF 6 gas. This high dielectric strength makes it
possible to quench a vacuum arc within very small contact gap. For short contact gap, low
contact mass and no compression of medium the drive energy required in vacuum circuit breaker
is minimum. When two face to face contact areas are just being separated to each other, they do
not be separated instantly, contact area on the contact face is being reduced and ultimately comes
to a point and then they are finally de-touched. Although this happens in a fraction of micro
second but it is the fact. At this instant of de-touching of contacts in a vacuum, the current
through the contacts concentrated on that last contact point on the contact surface and makes a
hot spot. As it is vacuum, the metal on the contact surface is easily vaporized due to that hot spot
and create a conducting media for arc path. Then the arc will be initiated and continued until the
next current zero. At current zero this vacuum arc is extinguished and the conducting metal
vapour is re-condensed on the contact surface. At this point, the contacts are already separated
hence there is no question of re-vaporization of contact surface, for next cycle of current. That
means, the arc cannot be re-established again. In this way vacuum circuit breaker prevents the
reestablishment of arc by producing high dielectric strength in the contdact gap after current
zero.
EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE PC&M DEPARTMENT

 How to use relays clearing of faults.

 How to test for communication between two adjacent relay..

 How to test for faults on relays.

 How to maintain battery charger.

 How to detect fault in battery charger.

 How to troubleshoot battery charger.

 How circuit breaker operates.

 How to detect faults in circuit breakers.

 How to set timing in circuit breakers.

 Clear faults in circuit breakers.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device that contains winding which electrically combine and magnetically
separates. It is also a device which transfers energy in form of electrical current and voltage
through electromagnetic induction at the same frequency.
Fig. 11 Some of the transformers in the station

INSALLATION OF THE NEW LINE ISOLATION 1 HORSE POWER IN CAPACITY.

. SAFETY PRECAUTION TAKEN DURING INSTALLATION

Before decommissioning the faulty line isolator on ikeja west H1W 1hose power, an

application for protection Guarantee was made and approval was granted. Work and Test

permit was issued and made effective to the safety supervisor. Steps were taken to ensure

safety which includes the following:

I. Order to operate from detailing apparatus to open, isolators; in their correct order

of operations.

II. Work and test permit form was issued and made effective to workmen stating the

guarantee items which were properly tagged by “DO NOT OPERATE TAG”

and no switching operation must be made without the consent of the workmen.

III. Operating rods, 110Vd.c control and relaying fuses were tagged and kept in the

control room to avoid switching by a third party.

IV. Temporary ground/earthing was applied on the switchgear and a 132KV

conductors from both ends.

V. Power tools, safety devices – hardhat, safety boots, were provided for the

workmen.

VI. First – Aids kit was made available.

VII. Switching on the breaker was done only when the permit holder had surrendered

the work and test permit issued by the authority.

After all necessary safety precautions was observed, the total decommissioning of the old

defective breaker begins as follows:

a. The electrical wiring of the defective circuit breaker was decommissioned, in order to

pave way for the removal of the circuit breaker from the plinth, and the wiring was

well master for the new wiring of the circuit breaker.

b. The defective circuit breaker was removed from the plinth with the help of crane

c. Erection of plinth for the new breaker was done with assistance of bricklayers and

labor under close supervision of civil engineers

d. Supporting structure was mounted on the foundation bolt on the plinthsInstallation of

the new 3 pole mechanism circuit breaker was successfully achieved and the

marshalling kiosk for wiring connections was properly positioned with the aid of the

crane

e. The 3 pole circuit breaker was tested, as the tests result conform with international

standard.

f. Laying of cables from marshalling kiosk to each pole of the breakers.

g. Electrical wiring of the 3 pole circuit breaker was done successfully

h. Final commissioning tests and checks gave satisfactory results as the circuit breaker

was finally commissioned to service

i. Post restoration checks was done as the circuit breaker was monitored to be working

perfectly.
INSTALLATION OF THE NEW CT (CURRENT TRANSFORMER) 600V TO
REPLACE THE DEFECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMER ON EDE 33KV LINE.
. SAFETY PRECAUTION TAKEN DURING INSTALLATION

Before decommissioning the faulty current transformer, an application for protection

Guarantee was made and approval was granted. Work and Test permit was issued and

made effective to the safety supervisor. Steps were taken to ensure safety which includes

the following:

VIII. Order to operate from detailing apparatus to open, isolators; in their correct order

of operations.

IX. Work and test permit form was issued and made effective to workmen stating the

guarantee items which were properly tagged by “DO NOT OPERATE TAG”

and no switching operation must be made without the consent of the workmen.

X. Operating rods, 110Vd.c control and relaying fuses were tagged and kept in the

control room to avoid switching by a third party.

XI. Temporary ground/earthing was applied on the switchgear and a 132KV

conductors from both ends.

XII. Power tools, safety devices – hardhat, safety boots, were provided for the

workmen.

XIII. First – Aids kit was made available.

XIV. Switching on the breaker was done only when the permit holder had surrendered

the work and test permit issued by the authority.

After all necessary safety precautions was observed, the total decommissioning of the old

defective breaker begins as follows:

a. The electrical wiring of the defective circuit breaker was decommissioned, in

order to pave way for the removal of the current transformer from the plinth,

and the wiring was well master for the new wiring of the current transformer.

b. The defective current transformer was removed from the plinth with the help

of crane

c. Installation of the new current transformer was successfully achieved and the

marshalling kiosk for wiring connections was properly positioned with the aid

of the crane

d. The new current transformer was tested, as the tests result conform with

international standard.

e. Electrical wiring of the current transformer was done successfully

f. Final commissioning tests and checks gave satisfactory results as the current

transformer was finally commissioned to service

Post restoration checks was done as the current transformer was monitored to be working

perfectly.

MY INVOLVEMENT IN THIS PROJECT

As a protection control and metering officer in TCN company

1. I joined the crew of Engineer’s in laying cables

a. Control cables
 b. DC cables

c. AC cables

2. I took part in installation of the GCBs (3-pole breaker)

3. I worked in the termination of the cables, glanding and ferruling of the cables

4. I worked in testing of the circuit breakers

5. I joined the crew of engineers in carrying out earthing resistance test on the

new breakers earth pit and bay

6. Calibration of the protective relays viz the distance protective relay and the

backup relay protecting the circuit(Osogbo/Akure-Ado)

7. I participated in the final commissioning tests and checks and successful

commissioning of the new breakers to service

8. I also participated in the civil work and mounting of gantries on the

foundation bolts

9. I joined the crew of engineers in the mounting of the mechanical

steels(Breaker supporting structures)

10. I participated in post restoration checks and monitoring, hence the breakers

was restored okay and in good operational condition.

DETAILS OF ENGINEERING WORK EXPERIENCE

PREAMBLE

Following the total failure of 132kV gas circuit breaker which is use to supply Akure, Ado

station as a result of the faulty breaker mechanism on September 13th 2019, in this case there is a
need for the new installation of the gas circuit breaker using three pole for the three phase in

order to ensure continuous supply to the feeder at the accepted voltage and frequency in safe and

economic way, a new gas circuit breaker (GCB) was provided for its replacement, and between

September 16th to November 30th 2019 the work was in progress in which the old GCB single

pole was decommission and remove from the bay, the new one was installed with three pole

mechanism which pave a way for modification of the plinth and the control circuit.

A circuit breaker is essential piece of equipment which can:

 Make or break a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal or abnormal

condition

 Break a circuit automatically under fault conditions

 Make a circuit either manually or by remote control under fault condition

Thus a circuit breakers incorporates manually [or remote control] as well as automatic control for

switching functions. Under fault conditions a protective relay is used in isolating fault.

Main parts of a circuit breaker include;

i. poles with interrupter, support porcelain

ii. Arc quenching medium

iii. Operating mechanism

iv. Support structure

v Electrical control circuit

Types of high voltage circuit breaker.

A circuit breaker is named according to is arc quenching medium, the most commonly used

circuit breaker are as follows:

I. Air circuit-breaker [ACB]

II. Oil circuit breaker tank type or bulk oil [OCB]

III. Gas circuit breaker (GCB)

IV. Vacuum circuit breaker (VCB)

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is a switching and current interrupting device which consists essentially of

fixed and moving contacts, which are touching each other and carry current under normal

condition i.e. when the circuit is closed. When circuit breaker is closed the current carrying

contacts, called the electrodes engage each other under the pressure of a spring.

During the normal operating condition the breaker can be opened or closed by a station operator

(control engineer) for the purpose of switching and maintenance. To open the circuit breaker,

only a small pressure is required to be applied on a trigger. Whenever a fault occurs on any part

of the power system that the breaker is protecting, the trip coil of the breaker get energized and

moving contact are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuits. The separation of

current caring contact produces an arc. The production of the arc not only delays the current

interruption process but also generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or

the breaker itself.

Therefore the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest

possible time so that heat generated by it does not reach a dangerous value.

The circuit breakers are rated in terms of maximum voltage, number of poles, frequency,

maximum continuous current carrying capacity, and maximum interrupting capacity. The

interrupting or rupturing capacity of a circuit breaker is the maximum value of current, which

can be interrupting by it without any damage.

The basic construction of the circuit breaker requires the separation of contacts in an insulating

fluid which serve two functions.

1. Extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker opens.

Provides insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth.

COMMISSIONING TESTS AND RESULTS:

The following test were carried out on the newly installed breaker, the test result gave good and

satisfactory result as test results conform with international standard. The test carried out include:

1 Insulation Rresistance Ttest

2 Contact Resistance Test

3 Coil Resistance Test

4 Operation Test

5 Ready For Charging

6 Earth Resistance Test

7 Breaker Continuity Test

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

- INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

This project is one of the paramount, crucial and major project that if not being attended to on

time, it can cause blackout in two major state in Nigeria; namely Ekiti state and Ondo state.

Osogbo/Akure Ado 132kV line GCB is one of the four, 132kV line breakers in Osogbo sub

region, hence it is a major 132kV line breaker with the capacity of 80MW.

OBJECTIVE

1. The line breaker is responsible for transmitting of electricity from Osogbo Osun state

to Akure, Ondo state and also to Ado – Ekiti.

2. Through this breaker 50MW of energy is being transfer to Akure Ondo state, and also

30MW of energy is being transfer to Ado – Ekiti state.

3. The new breaker (3pole) is of high quality than the defective single mechanism.

4. The circuit is being monitor by a digital protective relay in the control room

5. The transmission line tower from Osogbo to Akure is 1 – 325 with the length of

113.75KM, and also from Akure to Ado Ekiti the tower is between 1 – 148 with the

length of 51.8KM.

System Operation
The System Operation is a sector of the Transmission Company of Nigeria under the Independent
System Operator. The aim of system operators in the Nigerian Electricity Industry is to manage
generation, transmission and distribution resources with the goal of supplying electrical energy to all
customers as reliably and economically possible while maintaining the frequency and voltage within
permissible limits. The Personnel saddled with these responsibilities are called System Operators and
the equipment they managed includes;
Generators Distribution lines

Transformers Circuit Breakers

Transmission lines Earthling switch

Bus-bars Isolators
Wave Traps Instrument Transformer

BRIEF INSIGTH ABOUT THE EQUIPMENT

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electromagnetic coupled circuit, which transforms power from one level of

voltage and current to another. It is a vital link in a power system, which has made it possible for

the power generated at lower voltage to be transmitted over long distances at higher voltages and

also be stepped down.

Wave Trap

The function of this trap is that it traps communication waves for communication purposes. Its

shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can separate

communication signals from the power signals. 

 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Current Transformer

Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the

substation and produce a fraction of it. This is done because we have no instrument for

measuring of such a large current. The main use of this transformer is

a. Distance Protection

b. Backup Protection

c. Measurement

The basic principle induced in designing of current transformers is

Primary ampere turns = Secondary ampere turns

Ip * Np = Is * Ns

Where, Ip =Primary current, Np =Primary Winding Turns

Is =Secondary Current; Ns = Secondary Winding Turns

Voltage or Potential Transformer

The main use of this transformer is to measure the line voltage for measurement and protection

purposes. These transformers make the ordinary low voltage instruments suitable for

measurement of high voltage and isolate them from high voltage. The primary winding of the

potential transformer is connected to the main bus bars of the switchgear installation and to the

secondary winding, various indicating and metering instrument and relays are connected.

When the rated high voltage is applied to the primary of a PT, the voltage of 110 volts appear

across the secondary windings. The ratio of the primary voltage to the rated secondary voltage is
known as the transformation ratio. The basic principle involved in the designing of Voltage

Transformer is Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio

VP NP
= ………(a)
VS NS

Thus NS * VP = NP * VS ..……..(b)

Current and voltage transformers are called instrument transformers. Instrument transformers

are used to step down the current or voltage to measurable values. They provide standardized,

useable levels of current or voltage in a variety of power monitoring and measurement

applications.

Earthing or Grounding Switch

Grounding switch are installed in stations because of its vital use for de-energizing electrical

equipment such as Circuit breakers, transformer and transmission lines after they have been

isolated.

Bus Bar

A bus bar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or aluminum that

conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical

apparatus where incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or

step down.

Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is defined as an electromechanical switching device capable of making,

carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying and

breaking for a specified time, and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions

such as a short circuit.

Circuit breakers are equipped with arc quenching devices.

Breakers are classified according to the following categories.

 Rated voltage

 Medium of arc extinction

 Type of operating mechanism

ISOLATOR

Isolator as the name implies, isolator isolates a certain part of circuit from one point to another and it is
not intended to be opened while current flows. They are designed to open a circuit under no load
condition.
Isolated are not equipped with arc quenching devices and therefore, not used to open circuits carrying
current. It is use as station guarantee to isolate line.

Isolators must not be opened until the circuit is interrupted by some other means (circuit breaker). If an
isolator is opened carelessly when carrying a heavy current, the resulting arc could easily cause a flash
over to earth. This may shatter the insulators ad may cause a fatal accident to the operator, particularly
in high voltage condition like 330kV.
While closing a circuit, the isolator is close first, then the circuit breaker in order to ensure isolation of
the circuit breaker from the live parts for the purpose of maintenance.

The System Operator roles include the following:

a) Maintenance of constant qualitative uninterrupted power supply to the
customers while continually meeting change in load demand and maintain
economics loading of generating plants to minimize production cost. (NCC)
b) Coordination of daily operational activities within the region.

c) Management of Planned and forced outages for minimum down time.

d) Proper coordination of load shedding at 132KV substations.

e) Ensure full compliance with load allocation.

f) Interface with Distribution Company with regard to load allocation.

g) Routine inspection of all station equipment.

 h) Preparation of monthly report on load and energy consumption within
the RCC for NCC & market operation use.
i) Liaising with NCC on outage request on 330KV.
j) Monitoring System Protection Relay Operation and call for review of
relays upon certain relay operations.
k) Prepare monthly report of under frequency relay operations within the
RCC for NCC.
l) Obtain and distribute operating reports for Management and Planning
sections.
m) Ensure substation equipment are in proper working conditions.

n) Take appropriate actions when these conditions are not met by filing
trouble and repair reports to appropriate maintenance section for immediate
correction.
o) Ensures all switching operations are carried out safely in accordance
with Standard Protection Code (SPC) while bearing in mind, system stability and
security.
p) Receive application for protection guarantee, process and relay to NCC
while noting implications of taking out such equipment on the system or
keeping the equipment in service in its abnormal conditions.
q) Report events properly, accurately and timely to appropriate quarters,
if possible advice why such action should be taken quickly.
r) Informs NCC on the implication of removing or otherwise leaving
equipment in service in its present state.

National Control Center

The National Control Centre (NCC), Osogbo under the Nigeria Electricity System Operator (NESO) is
responsible for all TCN Grid Operations, Monitoring and Control within the Transmission network. It is
equipped with state of the art Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)/ Energy Management
System, Tele-control Interfaces, Human Machine Interfaces, Communication Equipment, System
Planning tools etc. Functionally, NCC supervises all the Regional Control Centers in the grid network.
The NCC monitor and control grid operations in all the 330kv and 132kv transmission Station and
Substation.
There are also:
i. Supplementary National Control Centre – supplementing National Control Centre in
its responsibilities of Grid Operations, Monitoring, Control and Network Analysis,
this is located in shiroro.
ii. Regional Control Centre – Monitoring grid operations in all the 330kV and 132kV
Transmission Substations under the Regional Operations Coordinating Units (ROC)
of the particular region. The RCC are Shiroro, Ikeja West and Benin.

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
Operational Procedure is an established way of doing something. Operational procedure can be define
in a standard way as an established or prescribed methods to be followed routinely for the
performance of designated operations.
Operational procedures (OPs) outline certain steps the ISO takes to control and manage the high
voltage power system.
 APPLICATION FOR PROTECTION GUARANTEE.
Application for protection guarantee simply means to ask for permission from the NCC before
embarking on the work for them to open the close circuit. And during this process their will not
be supply in the affected circuits.

TYPES OF OUTAGES
PLANNED: This type of outages gives room for planning by the system planning department of the NCC
and re allocation of load as a result of impending outage request and this type of outage request should
be submitted to NCC two weeks before the scheduled date.
EMERGENCY: This type of outage may not need to inform NCC before action is taken especially when
the line involved or circuit involved is very important to the security of the Grid.
FORCED: This type of outage involves the sudden removal or unavailability of equipment due to
unanticipated failure,
OPERATIONAL FORMS
These are standard forms contained in the standard protection code used in carrying out operation
safely and also protection of men at work and equipment. The following are examples of operation
form used by system operator in TCN. Samples are shown in Appendix II
OF1: Application for Protection Guaranty
OF2: Work Permit
OF3: Work and Test Permit
OF4: Station Guaranty
OF6: Work Permit Tag
OF11: Self Protection
OF12: Hold Off
OF13: Caution Tag
OF14: Operation under a Work and Test Permit
OF15: Danger Sign for work and test Permit
OF16: Limit for safe Working Space
OF17: Order to Operate
OF19: Trouble and Repair report
OF53: Interruption and Outage Report
Health, Safety and Environmental Standards
As a matter of fact the rule of safety in electrical job is very important because any slight error can
always lead to a serious consequence and injury or death. Particular attention was taken to ensure
application of safety throughout the work. Measures adopted in accordance with Company Safety Rules
and Standard Protection Codes, Nigerian Electricity Health and Safety Standards Manual of NERC, were
as follows:
1. Work and test permit approval through an application for protection guarantee was
obtained by permit holder from the system operator in other to de-energize and isolate
the feeder bay for work.
2. Danger warning tags were placed within the limits of safe working space to ensure
personnel do not go beyond the work area.
3. Personnel protective equipment (PPE) including helmet, safety belts & boots, overall, and
hand gloves were worn by workmen before entering the switch yard.
4. Temporary grounding sticks were applied within the working space to discharge residual
charges on the line and equipment.
5. Proper positioning of wooden ladder before climbing with someone holding it on the
ground level for additional support.
6. First Aid Kit was made available in an event of emergency.

3.1.8 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTION

CHALLENGE ENCOUNTERED

 After the installation we noticed that the breaker was operating locally but not remote

electrically, with several troubleshooting we found out that the control cable laid from

the control room was observed damaged due to insulation breakdown.

 The SF6 gas leakage was observed as monitored on the pressure gauge.

 The problem of adaptation, since the new circuit breaker was adapted (married) to the

old one. Some modification was made.

 Blue phase breaker (One of the three pole breaker) did not respond to closing

impulse, therefore it caused pole discrepancy.

SOLUTION PROFFERED:

 New control cable of higher rating was tested and laid for termination

 Leakage points were identified and sealed with appropriate sealant.

 The blue phase mechanism was well lubricated and serviced.

 After proper maintenance the breaker eventually closed together with other two

phases

3.1.9 EXPERIENCE GAINED :

Exposure to the adaptation of an old panel to a new one.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER TRANSMISION STATION

 Power transformer

 Instrument transformer (i.e. Voltage transformer, Current transformer)

 3.3.6PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND TESTING OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

POWER TRANSFORMER

Power transformer is the transformer in the transmission station, Injection substation. It is a

transformer that step-down voltage and current in the transmission station, examples 330kv/132kv,
132kv/33kv transformer and so on.

There are six power transformer in the station, i.e. three 330/132kv transformer and 132/33kv
transformers and there are other 330/132kv transformer in the sub-stations.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
It is having fundamentally the same principle as that of the power transformer, it reduces current
and voltage to the protection scheme and it can be classified into two

 Current transformer
 Voltage transformer

Current transformer: it regulate or step –down current on the power transformer to

certain level using the current transformer ration at which it will not damage the relay signaling

the reading of the current on the power transformer.

Voltage transformer: it step-down voltage on the power transformer to a level using

the voltage transformer ratio to read the voltage on the power transformer.
Fig. 12 Pole mounted Voltage Transformer

COMPONENTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER AND THEIR FUNCTION

1. Main tank: it is the tank to which oil is poured oil in this tank flows conventionally in the
transformer; the oil is used for the expansion and the contraction of the transformer.
2. Oil: it isused to insulate the windings in a transformer and also it is used in cooling the
transformer.
3. OIL GUAGE: it is used to detect the oil level in a conservator tank.
4. Conservation tank: it is the which oil is stored in. It is usually located at the top of the
transformer. It supplies oil to the main tank and the tap changer in case there is leakage.

fig 13 Conservation Tank

5. Winding Buchholz: it is used to detect moisture, air bubble present in the conservation tank
and the tap changer. If there is moisture gas or air in the buchholz, it will be bleed and this
involve opening of a pipe to allow the gas escape.
6. Cooling fan and cooling fins: it cools the transformer. Heated oil from the transformer main
tank moves to the conservator tank and the cold oil from the conservator tank moves to the
main tank and this is done conventionally, the heated oil then moves to the cooling fins
thereby making the oil To cool and flow back to replace the new heated if the oil gets heated
above normal temperature which can be controlled by the cooling fins the fan begins to
operate automatically and if the temperature is cooled the fan will switch of automatically.
The cooling system of a transformer can be AIR FORCE, OIL NATURAL or AIR FORCED,
OIL FORCED.
7. Manhole: it is a channel or passage into a transformer
8. Tap changer: this is equipment, mounted directly beside the transformer. It is used to vary
the length of winding in a transformer i.e. it is used to either increase the voltage on the
secondary side of the transformer or reduce the voltage.
9. Windings: these are coil like materials which step-up or step down the transformer’s voltage.
10. Bushing: it is used to shield the cable at the point of entering the transformer and it prevents
if from touching the body part of the transformer.

Fig. 14 conservator tank

11. Silica gel breather: Due to change in load transformer oil volume changes and transformer
starts to enter the transformer which absorb the moisture and dirt. The crystal changes color
from dark blue to light red when is use and then to white when no longer to be used again.
Fig 15 Silica Gel (Breeder)
12. Buchholz Relay: it is also called a gas relay. A safety device used when air escapes into a
transformer, when it is opened the air trapped is released to escape into the atmosphere

fig. 16 Buchholz Relay

13. Pressure Relief: a device that trip when there it too much pressure in transformer.
14.
. 17 pressure relief valve
15. Isolator: an electromechanical device used in physical separation of an electrical device
from receiving current.In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator is used to make
sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energised for service or maintenance.
Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where
machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. It is use
as a station guarantee equipment, if the circuit is open it will be seeing Clearly unlike circuit
breaker.

Fig. 18 A Gang of 132kV Isolators

Upriser: a conductor used in transferring electrical current to transmission line from a
transformer

BUSBAR
In electrical power distribution, a busbar (also spelled bus bar, buss bar or busbar, with the
term bus being a contraction of the Latin omnibus - meaning for all) is a strip or bar
of copper, brass or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct
electricity, not to function as a structural member.
The cross-sectional size of the busbar determines the maximum amount of current that can be
safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm2 but electrical
substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (20 cm2) or more as busbars.
An aluminium smelter will have very large busbars used to carry tens of thousands
of amperes to the electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from molten salts.
 BUS COUPLER
Bus Couplers are used in power distribution system to provide better isolation and
protection from electrical arcs. They are used on transformers to connect it to the distribution
system. It has its advantage over direct coupling with respect to arc supression as they
provide greater impedance to the path of the load. So they provide better arc protection
especially during the transient or switching period.

THE ELECTRICAL WAVETRAP

These are installed on two or three of the 330KV lines and they are used to separate the
power frequency from the communication frequency on the line. Any frequency around
50Hz is reserved for power transmission while those frequencies far above 50Hz is meant for
communication (carrier) purpose. It is usually located on top of the voltage transformer (VT)
because the communication frequency needs certain voltage to operate which is taken from
the VT.

MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS A TRANSFORMER

Maintenance means actions that are taken in order to prolong the life span or increase that usage

values of in a transmission station.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE OPERATION

Preventive maintenance: in power where transformers or electrical equipment work

continuously for like months or years, preventive maintenance has to be set in place on order to

prevent part or even the whole engine from faulty.

Routine maintenance: This is the kind of maintenance that are scheduled or being put in place

after a certain number of days, months, or even annually for the main purpose of increasing the

life span of such transformers or any equipment.

Predictive maintenance: Sue to the occurrence of uncommon suggested and the act of

predictive maintenance is set in place.

Breakdown Maintenance: When fault or there is a breakdown on a transformer, breakdown

maintenance is put in place in order to restore and serve a solution to restore the fault Safety

TRANSFORMER OIL OR INSULATING OIL

Insulating oil in an electrical power transformer is commonly known as transformer oil. It is

normally obtained by fractional distillation and subsequent treatment of crude petroleum. That is
why this oil is also known as mineral insulating oil. Transformer oil serves mainly two purposes
one it is liquid insulation in electrical power transformer and two it dissipates heat of the
transformer i.e. acts as coolant. In addition to these, this oil serves other two purposes, it helps to
preserve the core and winding as these are fully immersed inside oil and another important
purpose of this oil is, it prevents direct contact of atmospheric oxygen with cellulose made paper
insulation of windings, which is susceptible to oxidation.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER OIL

Generally there are two types of transformer Oil used in transformer,

1. Paraffin based transformer oil

2. Naphtha based transformer oil

Naphtha oil is more easily oxidized than Paraffin oil. But oxidation product i.e. sludge in the
naphtha oil is more soluble than Paraffin oil. Thus sludge of naphtha based oil is not precipitated
in bottom of the transformer. Hence it does not obstruct convection circulation of the oil, means
it does not disturb the transformer cooling system. But in the case of Paraffin oil although
oxidation rate is lower than that of Naphtha oil but the oxidation product or sludge is insoluble
and precipitated at bottom of the tank and obstruct the transformer cooling system. Although
Paraffin based oil has above mentioned disadvantage but still in our country it is generally used
because of its easy availability. Another problem with paraffin based oil is its high pour point
due to the wax content, but this does not affect its use due to warm climate condition of Nigeria.
PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER INSULATING OIL

Some specific parameters of insulating oil should be considered to determine the serviceability
of that oil.

PARAMETERS OF TRANSFORMER OIL

The parameters of transformer oil are categorized as,

1. Electrical parameters: – Dielectric strength, specific resistance, dielectric dissipation

factor.
2. Chemical parameters: - Water content, acidity, sludge content.
3. Physical parameters: - Inter facial tension, viscosity, flash point, pour point.

TRANSFORMER OIL TEST

The fault free operation of power transformers is a factor of major economic importance and
safety in power supply utilities and industrial consumers of electricity. In the current economic
climate, Industries/Supply Utilites tighten their control on capital spending and make cutbacks in
maintenance, an increased awareness is placed on the reliability of the existing electric power
supply. Down time is at a premium. Often, the loading is increase on present units, as this will
defer purchasing additional plant capacity. Thus the stress on the transformer increases. The net
total effect of the thermal, electrical and mechanical stress brought on by increased service needs
to be monitored to ensure reliability. Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from
transformers is a valuable technique in a preventative maintenance program. If a proactive
approach is adopted based on the condition of the transformer oil, the life of the transformer can
be extended.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER OIL TEST

The different type of test carried out on a transformer oil are:-

1. Interfacial tension, it measures the presence of soluble contaminants and oxidation products.
2. Acid number, it measures the amount of acid materials present in the oil.
3. Oil moisture, it is also called the Karl Fischer moisture test and it measures the water ppm
(part per million unit) within the transformer oil.
4. Power factor, it measures the dielectric losses of the oil.
5. Dielectric breakdown voltage, it measures the ability of the oil to withstand electric stress
without failure.
6. Dissolved gas analysis, it measures the gas ppm levels that are present.
7. Oil color, the color test is a simple test that indicates oil quality.

During the course of my industrial training, the transformer oil test perform are

 Dielectric breakdown voltage

 Dissolved gas analysis

DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE

It is also called dielectric strength test. The dielectric strength of an insulating oil is a measure of
the oils ability to withstand electrical stress without failure. The test involves applying a ac
voltage at a controlled rate to two electrodes immersed in the insulating fluid. The gap is a
specified distance. When the current arcs across this gap the voltage recorded at that instant is
the dielectric strength breakdown strength of the insulating liquid. Contaminants such as water,
sediment and conducting particles reduce the dielectric strength of an insulating oil. Combination
of these tend to reduce the dielectric strength to a greater degree. Clean dry oil has an inherently
high dielectric strength but this does not necessarily indicates the absence of all contaminates, it
may merely indicate that the amount of contaminants present between the electrodes is not large
enough to affect the average breakdown voltage of the liquid.

For measuring breakdown voltage of transformer oil, portable breakdown voltage measuring kit
is generally available at site. In this kit, oil is kept in a pot in which one pair of electrodes are
fixed with a gap of 2.5 mm (in some kit it 4mm) between them. Now slowly rising voltage is
applied between the electrodes. Rate of rise of voltage is generally controlled at 2 KV/s and
observe the voltage at which sparking starts between the electrodes. That means at which voltage
dielectric strength of transformer oil between the electrodes has been broken down.
Generally this measurement is taken 3 to 6 times in same sample of oil and the average value of
these reading is taken. BDV is important and popular test of transformer oil, as it is primary
indication of health of oil and it can be easily carried out at site. Dry and clean oil gives BDV
results, better than the oil with moisture content and other conducting impurities. Minimum
breakdown voltage of transformer oil or dielectric strength of transformer oil at which this oil
can safely be used in transformer, is considered as 30 KV.

EXPERIENCE GATHERED AT THE END OF TRANSFORMER INSTALLATION,

MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

 How to carry out routine maintenance on transformers.

 How to carry out preventive maintenance on the transformers
 How to carry out breakdown maintenance on transformers
 The functional difference between power transformer and auxiliary transformers
 The importance of transformer oil is which is for cooling and insulating the transformer.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Introduction
There are various testing equipment used in the various department I worked with during my
SIWES in the TCN
These equipment includes:
Megger Insulation tester

4.1.0 Description of various Testing Equipment and Their Uses

4.1.2 Highlight of Experience gained while using the various test Equipment

4.1.0 Description of various Testing Equipment and Their Uses

4.1.1 SOME TEST EQUIPMENT

TABLE 4.1.1

TEST (SETS) EQUIPMENT HOLDING IN OSOGBO SUB-REGION

S/NO DESCRIPTION MAKE CURRENT REMARK
OF STATUS
EQUIPMENT
1 5KV & 10KV MEGGER OKAY INSULATION
INSULATION MIT1020/2 RESISTANCE
TESTER TEST SET
2 CPTD1 OMICRON OKAY TAN-DELTA &
CPC 100 UNIVERSAL
CP CB2 CPC TEST SET
BOOSTER
INTERFACE
3 CT ANALYZER OMICRON OKAY CURRENT
TRANSFOMER
TEST SET
4 CB ANALZER VANGURDCT- OKAY HV CIRCUIT
6500/2 BREAKER TEST
 SET
5 80KV PRESSURE HIPOTRONICS OKAY HV PRESSURE
TESTER CE 800PL TESTER FOR
SERIES INSULATION
FAILURE
6 SECONDARY MEGGER GOOD FOR RELAYS
INJECTION TEST
SET SCITS100
7 CMC 356 OMICRON OKAY DISTANCE
SECONDARY /DIGITAL
INJECTION TEST RELAY TEST
SET SET
8 PCITS 2000/2 MEGGER BAD HV CURRENT
PRIMARY TEST SET
CURRENT
INJECTION TEST
SET
9 EPS 1000A EPS BAD INSULATION
ELECTRONIC HIPOTRONICS TEST SET
PHASE SHIFTER
10 MEGGER MEGGER OKAY EARTHING
EARTH TESTER DET4TC2 RESISTANCE
TEST SET
11 CLAMP-ON MEGGER OKAY REAL TIME
AMMETER DCM 300E CURRENT TEST
SET
12 PHASE KYORITSU OKAY PHASE
ROTATION 8031 SEQUENCE
METER TES SET
13 MEGGER OIL 60KV TYPE OKAY OIL BREAKD
TESTER VOLTAGE TEST
SET
14 DISSOLVED GAS KALMAN OKAY OIL IMPURITY
ANALYZER TRANSPORT TEST SET
X
PICTURES OF VARIOUS TEST SETS
Fig. A Secondary Current Injection Test Set Fig.B SCITS MEGGER

CMC 356 (Distance/Digital Relays)

Fig. C DGA Test Set Fig. D Earth Resistance Tester

Fig. E. 80KV Hipotronic Test Set Fig F. CT Analyzer Test Set

Fig

Fig G. CPC 100 Universal Test set Fig H. Pry Current Injection Test Set
PCITS
Fig I. Tan-Delta Test Set Fig J. Earthing Resistance Tester
 Fig K. Secondary Injection Test Set
Fig L. Circuit Breaker analyzer CT
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, conclusion and recommendation

5.1.0 Summary

at the end of the six month Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) undertaken at
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Osogbo Sub-Region Osogbo, I have learnt the basic
practical application of my profession in the field of electrical and electronics engineering. It
afforded me the opportunity to see those equipment we were taught theoretically but have not
seen them working practically.

The Scheme (SIWES) had given me the opportunity of meeting, relating ,working as a team with
other students in the same field from different institutions, and I could categorically conclude
that the scheme affords university students technical, professional and vocational skills and
hereby the nature and contribution of my chosen field of study to the society.

The scheme exposes the student to working environment Experience before finally going into the
labour market or industry to start working.

5.1.1 Conclusion

The Scheme had finally widened my knowledge about the extent to which electrical and
electronics engineering have improved or developed in making things simple to the benefit of
mankind

5.1.2 Recommendations

Based on my observation throughout the six month of this SIWES, I hereby give the following
recommendations.

 The Industrial Training Fund should make transportation allowance available to the
students before starting the training as most students suffer setbacks as a result of
financial incapacitation of going to and from their place of industrial training.
 Students should on their part be humble and take up the scheme (SIWES) seriously so as
to enhance their productivity peradventure they are called for employment in the same
organization.
 The Industrial Training Fund should find a way of motivating the organization training
the student so that they can be committed in their course of training the students.
 The Government should see to it that the allowances that are meant for the payment of
the students get to them because some of the students don’t even get the allowance even
up to the end of graduation.
PHOTOS
 FIG. 9 FIG. 10

FIG. 11 FIG. 12