A

TECHNICAL
REPORT
OF
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)
HELD AT
TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA(TCN) AKURE WORK
CENTER OWO-ROAD, OBA ILE, AKURE ONDO STATE.
BY:
ABIOLA AKEEM OLAWALE
MATRIC NO: EEE/18/6689
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY ,
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,
ONDO STATE.
IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING).
JANUARY 2024

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this is the report of four-month Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) undertaken at Transmission Company of Nigeria, Akure Work Centre by

ABIOLA AKEEM OLAWALE with matriculation number EEE/18/6689 under my

supervision. This is also to certify that this report is a fair reflection of the student’s input and

that it meets the requirements of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure,

for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

…………………… …….………………………
Engr. I.A. Olajide Date
Department SIWES Supervisor

……………………… ………………………………
Prof. P.B. Mogaji Date
SEET SIWES Supervisor

………………………. …. .………………………
Dr M.R. Adu Date
Head of Deparment
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to the one who deserves all the thanks, Almighty God for his divine

protection and grace from the start to the end of my industrial Training. I dedicate this report to

my brother for his support both financially and mental encouragement.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to God Almighty, who played a crucial role in

my successful completion of the 16-weeks Industrial Training Program. The strength, grace,

tenacity, and understanding I gained during my SIWES experience are truly remarkable and

could not have originated from any other source.

Furthermore, I want to extend my gratitude to my family, particularly my parents, Mr and Mrs

Abiola, for their unwavering emotional, financial, and moral support throughout the duration of

this training. Their presence and assistance were invaluable to my achievements.

Lastly, my time at Transmission Company of Nigeria, Akure Work Centre was a success owing

to the support and guidance of the caring staff at the company. I want to this medium to

appreciate all the workers of the Transmission Company of Nigeria for their friendly attitude

toward IT students and of each HODs of the department I participated in. Special thanks to the

system operations crew in general, ENGR Emiola, ENGR Ambrose, ENGR Gabriel, ENGR

Yemi and ENGR Sola for their knowledgeable contributions throughout my industrial training in

the company. I would like to acknowledge the commendable efforts of the Industrial Training

Unit at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, for implementing such a brilliant program

that provides students with firsthand exposure to the practical working environment in their

respective fields of study. Undoubtedly, this scheme has had a positive impact on my personal

and professional growth.

 ABSTRACT

This report is based on Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) undertaken at the

132/33KV substation of the Transmission Company of Nigeria, located at Akure work Centre,

Ondo state which is to help in providing an opportunity for students in institution to

acquire industrial skills and experience in their approved course of study. The comprehensive

content of this report encompasses the technical exposure and workplace experience acquired

across various core departments within the station, including the Lines Department, Electrical

Maintenance Department, System Operation Department, and Protection Control & Metering.

Furthermore, the report provides insights into fundamental maintenance and safety procedures,

particularly within the switchyard. It delves into activities at the Transmission stage of electricity

generation and distribution, emphasizing its pivotal position in the overall cycle. The report also

addresses the challenges encountered throughout the program and offers recommendations for

enhancing the effectiveness of the scheme.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................2

DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................4

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................8

1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................8

1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES...........................................................................................................8

1.1.1 VISION STATEMENT.................................................................................................9

1.1.2 MISSION STATEMENT..............................................................................................9

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES.....................................................................................................9

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES.................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................11

2.1 TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA.................................................................11

2.2 HISTORY OF TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA, AKURE WORKCENTRE

....................................................................................................................................................11

2.2.1 VISION AND MISSION.............................................................................................12

2.3 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF TCN AKURE SUBSTATION.............................12

2.4 The department at the transmission company of Nigeria (TCN), Akure works centre and
their functions;...........................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................16

3.0 THE WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED.........................................................16

3.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND MEASURES..................................................................16

3.2 THE SYSTEM OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT............................................................17

 3.2.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED.....................................................................17

3.2.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED UNDER THE SYSTEM

OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT........................................................................................18

3.2.3 THE EQUIPMENT AT THE STATION YARD................................................20

3.3 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT...........................................................26

3.3.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED...........................................................................27

3.3.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN EMD DEPARTMENT..........27

3.3.3 EXPERIENCED GAINED.........................................................................................32

3.4 PROTECTION CONTROL AND METERING PC&M DEPARTMENT.........................33

3.4.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED................................................................33

3.4.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN PC&M DEPARTMENT.......34

3.4.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED............................................................................................37

3.5 LINE DEPARTMENT.........................................................................................................38

3.5.1 MATERIAL AND TOOLS USED.............................................................................39

3.5.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN PC&M DEPARTMENT.......39

3.5.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED............................................................................................40

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................42

4.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................42

4.1 SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................42

4.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SIWES......................................................42

4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................42
LISTS OF FIGURES

Figure 3. 1: Transformer T3A and T4A........................................................................................22

Figure 3. 2: CT, VT, CVT respectively.........................................................................................23
Figure 3. 3: Line Isolator…………………………………………………………………...……25
Figure 3. 4: Bus Isolator................................................................................................................25
Figure 3. 5: Gas cylinder...............................................................................................................26
Figure 3. 6: Circuit breaker............................................................................................................26
Figure 3. 7: Lightning Arresters....................................................................................................27

Plate 3.1: Taking readings from energy meter…………………………………………

Plate 3.2: Morning Inspection at the yard……………………………………………...………
Plate 3.3: GT4A…………………………………………...…………………………………
Plate 3.4: Maintenance of transformer T1A

Plate 3.5: Construction of Owenna bay

Plate 3.6: Installation of new current transformer for T1A secondary

Plate 3.7: Testing of the new current transformer

Plate 3.8: Installation of Owena circuit breaker

Plate 3.9: Short circuit and open circuit test on transformer T1A
Plate 3.10: Installation of stranded conductor bus bar
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), also known as Industrial Training

(IT) is a compulsory skills training program designed to expose and prepare students of the

Nigerian universities, polytechnics, colleges of education, colleges of technology and colleges of

agriculture for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

The scheme also affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the

needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their

institutions. Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing need or concern among

industrialists, that graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate practical

background studies preparatory for employment in industries. Therefore, employers were of the

opinion that the theoretical education in higher institutions was not responsive to the needs of the

employers of labour.

1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES

The introduction, initiation and design of the SIWES were done by the Industrial Training Fund

(ITF) in 1973, to acquaint students with the skills of handling employers’ equipment and

machinery. It was solely funded by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) during its formative years.

However, due to financial constraints, the fund withdrew from the scheme in 1978.

The federal government noting the significance of the skills training which the SIWES is, handed

the management of the scheme to both the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the

National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) in 1979. The management and implementation

of the scheme was however reverted to the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) by the Federal

government in November, 1984 and the administration was effectively taken over by the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in July, 1985, with funding solely borne by the Federal

Government.

1.1.1 VISION STATEMENT

To be the foremost skills training development organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the

world.

1.1.2 MISSION STATEMENT

To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and commercial

skills training and development, using a corps of highly competent professional staff, modern

techniques and technology.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Arising from the need of founding the organization or scheme, its (SIWES) objectives as an

organization are as listed below:

 To expose students to work techniques and methods in handling equipment, materials and

machinery they might not have had access to in their institutions of learning.

 To enhance student’s contact with potential employers while on training and help

students appreciate the role their profession plays in society

 It provides students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation

thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice

 Preparing the students for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after their

graduation.

 Making the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students

contact for later job placement.

  Enlisting and strengthening of employer’s involvement in the entire educational process

and prepare students for employment after graduation.

 Provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to effective interpersonal

relationships towards the job.

 Ernest placement and strengthen employee’s involvement in the educational process of

preparing students for employment in industries.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

 It also prepares the students for the labour market after graduation.

 It makes students aware and familiar with the industrial set up, thereby allowing them to

know their roles in industrial and national development process.

 It provides opportunity for the industry to evaluate the prospective employees and give

healthy feedback to the institution.

 It exposes students to more practical work methods and techniques.

 It reduces the importation of expatiate engineers, technologies and other professional

personnel.

 It establishes a relatively uniform national vocation and apprenticeship training scheme in

the country.

 It provides students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real life

situations.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA

Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) was incorporated in November 2005. TCN emerged

from the defunct National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) as a product of the merger of the

Transmission and Operations sectors on April 1, 2004. Being one of the Eighteen (18) unbundled

Business Units under the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), the company was issued

a License transmission to generate power of 330/132kV on 1st July, 2006. Transmission

Company of Nigeria licensed activities include: Electricity Transmission, System Operation and

Electricity Trading which is ring fenced. TCN operations cover the whole country and

administratively it is divided into Eight (8) Transmission Regions: Bauchi, Benin, Enugu, Port-

Harcourt, Kaduna, Shiroro, Osogbo and Lagos that contain various Work Centers amongst

which are as follows: Akure work centre, Ganmo work centre, Shiroro work centre, Akangba

work centre, Ikeja west Work Centre, Egbim work centre.

2.2 HISTORY OF TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA, AKURE

WORKCENTRE

The Akure Works Centre was commissioned with three power transformers 30MVA known as

T1A,66MAV known as T3A and 60MAV known as T4A. The Akure substation of the

Transmission Company of Nigeria operates at 132/33kV, receiving High Voltage Alternating

Current (HVAC) of 132kV from the Oshogbo National Grid station. The Akure Works Centre

also supplies Ado with 132kV from this station. Additionally, the Akure substation has nine

33kV feeders that distribute power to various areas. These feeders are as follows: Owena feeder,

Akure feeder, Iju feeder, Owo feeder, FMPI feeder, Igbara-oke feeder, FUTA feeder, Elizade

feeder, and Oba-ile feeder.

 There is no feeder on TIA power transformer while, Akure feeder, Iju feeder, Owo feeder, FMPI

feeder operate with T3A power transformer and Igbara-oke feeder, Futa feeder, Elizade feeder,

Owena feeder and Oba-ile feeder operate with T4A power transformer.

2.2.1 VISION AND MISSION

The vision of the company is to establish itself as a premier electricity transmission entity

globally, renowned for providing dependable and economically efficient electric power to end-

users in Nigeria and the West-African substation. The mission involves the cost-effective

construction, planning, provision, operation, and maintenance of essential assets and equipment,

coupled with the establishment of a reliable and efficient transmission grid network. This

network is dedicated to evacuating and dispatching high-quality electricity with minimal losses.

2.3 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF TCN AKURE SUBSTATION

Organizational Structure of TCN Akure work center

PRINCIPAL MANAGER

SECRETARY CLERK

HUMAN PROTECTION ELECTRICAL LINES SYSTEM

RESOURCE CONTROL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS
DEPARTMENT AND METERING DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT
2.4 The department at the transmission company of Nigeria (TCN), Akure works centre
and their functions;
The main departments in TCN Akure substation are as follows:

 System Operation Department, SOD

 Electrical Maintenance Department, EMD

 Protection Control and Metering Department, PC&M

 Lines Maintenance Department, LMD

SYSTEM OPERATION DEPARTMENT

The primary role of the System Operator encompasses tasks such as implementing load

shedding, issuing outage permits for maintenance crews, recording load and energy data, and

operating the transmission system. Additionally, the System Operator ensures the safe and

reliable functioning of the transmission system by overseeing and managing switching devices,

including breakers, isolators, and others.

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

The Electrical Maintenance Department as a maintenance department is concern with

Installation, Repair and Maintenance of the various electrical devices like Transformer, circuit

breaker, isolator, etc. The department is responsible for the maintenance of all the electrical

equipment in the station.

PROTECTION CONTROL AND METERING DEPARTMENT

This specialized department is tasked with ensuring the accurate and effective protection of

components and devices within the transmission station. To achieve this, the department engages

in precise circuit connections, fault resolution, installation programming, and the wiring of
protective and metering devices, including Circuit Breakers, Current Transformers, Relays, and

more. The complete installation of various protective equipment is carried out, guided by the

manufacturer's Circuit Diagram. Additionally, the department regularly performs scheduled

maintenance and tests on power equipment to uphold operational efficiency.

LINES MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

This department is concerned with monitoring and maintaining the transmission lines from the

station to the designated substation. Patrol carries out their duties in a way of avoiding earth 7

tripping from the feeder’s relay, maintaining the transmission lines poles, cutting the elongated

trees that is disturbing the spaces between the transmission lines wire that cause the feeder to trip

on earth fault. The department carries out its duty by conducting scheduled inspection and also

responsible for the tightening the lines conductors on the switch yards and repairing the hotspots

identified by the operators on duties.

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the tasks undertaken and experiences

acquired during my four-month Industrial Training course, encompassing training in various

departments. The foremost lesson learned underscores the paramount importance of safety, given

that any error in the switchyard could result in immediate and fatal electrocution. At the

Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), where High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) is

handled, there is no room for mistakes. The subsequent sections will delve into the specific scope

of work and insights gained in each visited department, including;

 System Operation Department

 Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD)

 Protection, Control, and Metering Department (PC&M)

 Lines Maintenance Department (LMD).

3.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND MEASURES

Before I was moved into the above departments, I was taught the basic safety precautions and

measures that engineers need to take into place at the workplace and on the field. The three

safety issues prevalent in the electricity environment are:

 Protection of life, involving site conditions, adequate equipment, tools and clothing,

work rules or operational ethics.

 Protection of equipment or property involves operating instructions, adequate system

protection, planned inspection, testing and maintenance.

  Protection against interruption and power quality.

I learnt that before taking any task as an engineer, it is necessary to recognize potential electrical

hazards, the nature of the hazards and procedures for averting or containing the hazards. To

protect the worker’s body from injury, electrical hazards, and safety risks in general, it is

important for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to be worn at the workplace. Some PPE been

deployed include: Hard hat, Coverall, Safety belt, Safety boot, Rubber gloves.

3.2 THE SYSTEM OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT

The System Operations also known as the Independent System Operators (ISO) department. The

System Operation Department at TCN is responsible for the real-time monitoring and control of

the transmission grid. The System Operation Department ensures that the grid is operating safely

and efficiently, and that electricity is delivered to the distribution companies without any

disruptions. The department is led by the principal manager named ENGR. Adeyemi as the

HOD. The department is responsible for the functioning and monitoring the systems of the whole

station and protecting the equipment of the station by monitoring and operates the whole system.

3.2.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

The following are the basic tools that are mostly used by the department

 A Computer System: this is a normal PC with normal windows operating system used

for data collections and cataloguing of data acquired from the SCADA system for

recording purposes and some other utilities of the use of PC computer e.g. Load Flow.

 Operating Forms: these are booklets that are used during the course of operation.

Examples are the log book, (OF1) trouble and repair report, (OF4) application for station

guarantee, hourly reading sheet, transformers and feeders daily load flow, (OF2) work

permit, work and test permit.

  Isolating Rod: this is used to carry out isolation manually; some isolators can be

operated remotely (mostly for high voltage levels-132KV and 330KV).

 Frequency Monitor: this helps to read the frequency of the system at a particular

instance. It fluctuates with increase or decrease in system frequency due to variations in

generation and consumption energy values at that time.

 Log Book: this is a book in which activities taking place in the system are recorded, for

proper system control and stability, and also for reference purposes. Activities such as

when a feeder is out for any reason, application and issuance of station guarantee, when

reports are received from sub-stations under the area control, when reports are passed to

the regional control centre, raising of a trouble report et cetera are recorded in the log

book.

 Hourly Reading Sheet: this is used for taking hourly readings, which include

transformer voltage and current levels, transformer winding temperature, system

frequency at that hour, load on every available feeder in the station.

3.2.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED UNDER THE SYSTEM

OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT
During my time in the System Operation Department, I had the opportunity to learn about a

variety of topics, including:

ROUTINE INSPECTATION AND DAILY CHECKS: This involves a walk around the

switchyard by the operator, inspecting and checking the working conditions of the equipment,

ensuring the pressure in the gas circuit breakers are normal, taking readings of the temperature of

the windings and oil of the transformers in the station, the checking of 110V and 50V DC
batteries and checking the electrolyte level in the batteries (for batteries that use electrolyte) so it

does nothing get below the minimum, also inspecting the terminals for corrosion.

LOAD CONTROL: Load control by a system operator in TCN involves managing electrical

load to maintain grid stability, frequency regulation, and prevent blackouts. It optimizes resource

usage, facilitates demand response, and ensures a balance between generation and consumption

for a reliable and efficient power grid.

HOURLY TAKING OF METER READINGS: In the control room, hourly and daily readings

of various types are taken, including transformer voltage and current levels, transformer winding

temperature, system frequency, and load on available feeders, using the Akure T/S Hourly Meter

Reading Sheet.

Plate 3.1: Taking readings from energy meter Plate 3.2: Morning Inspection at the yard

ISSUANCE OF STATION PERMIT: The issuance of station permit by the System Operation

Department in a Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) typically involves granting

authorization for maintenance or other activities at a power station. This permit ensures that the
work can be carried out safely without compromising the reliability of the power system. Some

of the operation permit issued by the System Operation Department may include:

 Maintenance Permits: Authorizing maintenance activities at power stations to ensure

equipment reliability and performance.

 Testing Permits: Allowing for the testing of equipment and systems to verify their

functionality without affecting the overall operation.

 Isolation Permits: Granting permission to isolate specific components or sections for

maintenance or troubleshooting purposes.

 Emergency Operation Permits: Issued in critical situations, allowing for immediate

actions to address unforeseen issues or emergencies.

 Commissioning Permits: Authorizing the commissioning of new equipment or systems

after installation.

3.2.3 THE EQUIPMENT AT THE STATION YARD

 Power Transformer

 Instrument transformers

 Grounding transformer

 Wave trap

 Switchgear

 Isolator

 Circuit breaker

 Lightning arrester

 The insulation resistance tester (Megga)

POWER TRANSFORMER: are needed to fulfill the main duty of substations; step-up and

step-down voltage transformation. In TCN, Akure, as of the time of writing this report, there are

three (3) power transformers which are used in stepping down the 132Kv lines namely:

Transformer T3A: PAUWELS TRAFO, BEL-GIUM, 2000. 60MVA 132/33kV(step down)

Transformer T4A: JSHP, PR-CHINA, 2017. 60MVA 132/33kV(step down)

Transformer T1A: ABB, SWITZ.ERLAND, 1999. 30MVA 132/33kV(step down)

Figure 3. 1: Transformer T3A and T4A

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: are devices that are used to measure electrical quantities

in power systems such as voltage and current. Instrument transformers work by transforming

high voltage or high current levels to a lower, more manageable level, which can then be safely

measured by instruments such as voltmeters and ammeters. At TCN Akure, there are various

instrument transformers such as current transformers (CT), voltage transformers (VT) and

capacitive voltage transformers (CVT)

 Figure 3. 2: CT, VT, CVT respectively

GROUNDING TRANFORMER: provides a path to ground for the fault current in the power

system. In the event of a ground fault, the fault current flows through the grounding transformer,

which limits the fault current and provides a safe path to ground. This helps to protect the power

system's equipment from damage and ensures the safety of personnel working on the system.

And also acts as an auxiliary support to the station.

All the three power transformers in the TCN, Akure switchyard have their individual grounding

transformers

GT3A: 500KVA 33/.415kV (VON ROLL, 2012)

GT4A: 300KVA 33/.415kV (JSHP, PR-CHINA, 2017)

GT1A 300kVA 33/.415kV (FPE (FED. PI-ONEER, N/A)

Plate 3.3: GT4A

WAVE TRAP: A wave trap, also known as a high-frequency stopper, is an electronic device

installed in power substations, particularly in power stations that use power lines for

communication signals. Its main function is to block or trap high-frequency waves, preventing

them from interfering with the power transmission and communication signals. In the context of

TCN (Transmission Company of Nigeria), wave traps are crucial components used to maintain

the integrity and efficiency of the power transmission system by managing and controlling high-

frequency signals in the substations. They contribute to the smooth operation of communication

systems over power lines within the station.

SWITCHGEARS: Is a broad term that describes a wide variety of switching devices that all

fulfil a common need: controlling, protecting, and isolating power systems.

ISOLATORS: An isolator, also known as a disconnect switch or isolating switch, is refers to a

device used in electrical substations to physically disconnect a part of the electrical circuit for

maintenance or safety purposes. Also known as a disconnect switch, it plays a crucial role in

ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment during maintenance or when there is a need to
isolate a specific section of the power system. Isolators are commonly employed in substations to

allow for the isolation of equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers, or other components

without shutting down the entire power system.

Figure 3. 3: Line Isolator Figure 3. 4: Bus Isolator

CIRCUIT BREAKER: A circuit breaker is an electrical device designed to protect power

transformers and other critical components of the power transmission network. It functions by

interrupting the flow of electric current in the event of a fault or abnormal conditions, such as a

short circuit. The TCN employs circuit breakers strategically in its power transmission

infrastructure to safeguard equipment and maintain the reliability of the electrical network. These

devices play a pivotal role in preventing disruptions and ensuring the overall stability of the

power transmission system. There are several types of Circuit breakers base on their arc

quenching mechanism:

i. Oil Circuit breaker

ii. Vacuum circuit breaker

iii. Air blast circuit breaker

iv. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)/ Gas circuit breaker

Gas circuit breakers are the types employed at the TCN, Akure.

Figure 3. 6: Circuit breaker Figure 3. 5: Gas cylinder

LIGHTNING ARRESTER: are typically used in high-voltage power systems, they are

designed to provide a low-resistance path for the high-voltage surges generated by lightning

strikes, diverting the surges away from sensitive equipment and into the ground.

Figure 3. 7: Lightning Arresters

INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGGER): An insulation resistance tester is an

essential electrical testing device used to measure the insulation resistance of equipment and

cables within the power transmission network. This tester assesses the integrity of insulation

materials by applying a high voltage and measuring the resistance. It helps identify potential

faults, such as insulation breakdowns or leaks, which could compromise the efficiency and safety

of the electrical infrastructure. Regular testing with insulation resistance testers is crucial for

preventive maintenance, ensuring the reliability of TCN's equipment and minimizing the risk of

electrical failures.

3.3 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

Electrical Maintenance Department which was actually my second posting department in the

station, the activities of the department comprises installation, maintenance and repair of

electrical devices within the area control.

Installation is a process whereby a system with parts and accessories are assembled (connected)

to make the system ready for operation, such installation includes installation of miniature circuit

breaker, battery banks.

Maintenance is a process carried out on the equipment to ensure proper functioning and to avoid

breakdown or shut down of the system. Some of the equipments that require maintenance are as

follows refilling of gas(SF6) in a circuit breaker, changing of transformer silica gel, Transformer

oil filtration, electrolyte topping in lead acid batteries.

Repairs are type of maintenance that is carried out to correct a problem or something. Such

includes bleeding of the transformer, clearing of hotspot, changing of leaking gasket, changing of

lightning bulbs, changing of circuit breakers.

3.3.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

 Tools Box: This is a box that contains the tools used in carrying out the job to be done,

such tools includes Allen keys, File, Grounding Switch, spanners, screw drivers, hack

saw, punch, chisels and so on.

 Gas kit: This contains the gas pipes and nozzles, for the purpose of gas filling like the

SF6 gas type Circuit Breaker.

 Insulation resistance tester: a testing tool/meter for detecting the states and conditions

of equipment and bushings. iv. Distilled Water: used during maintenance of batteries.

 Oil dielectric strength tester: as the name suggests, it is used to test the dielectric

strength of transformer oil.

3.3.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN EMD DEPARTMENT

Electrical maintenance department was actually an interesting department, because a lot of things

were been gained in this particular section. I have been able to understand some fundamental 11
concept about how to properly handle tools when a work is to be done. The following are some

of the highlights of the work done and the experience gained.

a) Annual preventive maintenance on transformer T1A: I had the opportunity to

participate in the annual preventive maintenance of transformer T1A 60MVA

Transformer 132/33kV at Akure. The transformer, which had been out of service for an

extended period, was disconnected and in need of a comprehensive overhaul to bring it

back into operation. On the course of maintenance:

 The temporal grounding lead was used to ground the secondary side of the transformer

to discharge the residual flux/field in the Transformer and to prevent any back feed from

the secondary line in other not to harm the maintenance crew.

 The curb-web was cleaned and dust off the dust on the transformer in other to prevent

tripping because too much accumulated dust conduct electricity and can always cause

tripping of the protective Circuit Breaker.

 The loosen Bolts and Nuts on top of the Transformer was retightened in order to stopped

the oil splashing and leaking of the oil on the transformer.

 Taking of oil sample for Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) and Oil Dielectric Strength

tests. In the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), the Dissolved Gas Analysis

(DGA) and Oil Dielectric Strength tests are crucial diagnostic tools for evaluating the

health of power transformer oil samples:

Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)

 Purpose: DGA is used to identify and quantify gases dissolved in transformer oil,

providing insight into potential faults or abnormalities within the transformer.

  Method: By analyzing the type and concentration of gases, such as methane,

ethane, and acetylene, DGA helps detect issues like overheating, partial discharge,

or incipient faults.

 Significance: Changes in gas levels can indicate developing problems, allowing

for proactive maintenance and minimizing the risk of transformer failure.

Oil Dielectric Strength Test

 Purpose: This test assesses the ability of the transformer oil to withstand

electrical stress without breaking down.

 Method: It involves applying a voltage across the oil sample and measuring the

point at which electrical breakdown occurs.

 Significance: The dielectric strength indicates the insulation properties of the oil.

Lower dielectric strength may suggest contamination or degradation, necessitating

corrective actions to maintain transformer reliability.

Plate 3.4: Maintenance of transformer T1A

b) Insulation Resistance Test on 60MVA power transformer T1A: This was performed on

each of the porcelain Insulator of the transformer (i.e. the both the primary and secondary

bushing). The Insulation Resistance (IR) Test performed was to be sure if the Transformer was

probably insulated either from the ground or body of the transformer. If the IR meter reads

thousands of ohms, the test shows that it is probably insulated but if the test read zeros or very

lower values of hundreds, the transformer is not probably insulated. All the Insulation Resistance

test performed on the transformer are all okay and very well insulated. This is also known as a

Megga Test.

c) Construction of new Owena bay: The relocation of the old Owena Bay to a new area within

the switchyard was necessitated by the outdated configuration of the former bay compared to

others in the yard. The move aimed to integrate modern equipment, ensure standardized
operations, enhance operational efficiency and safety, and position the switchyard for future

expansion plans. The entire construction process is delineated as follows:

 Excavation of the designated area to lay the concrete foundation for the gantries.

 Ensuring proper leveling and compaction of the ground to provide a stable base.

 Assembly of the gantries for the current transformer, voltage transformer, and

circuit breaker.

 Coupling the gantries together and adding necessary structural members.

 Erecting the assembled gantries onto the prepared concrete bases with precision.

 Afterward, the equipment installation proceeded in a structured sequence, starting

with the line isolator and progressing through the bus isolator, voltage

transformer, and circuit breaker. The final step was the installation of the line

current transformer, marking the successful conclusion of the Owena Bay

construction projects.
Plate 3.5: Construction of Owenna bay

d) Installation of a new current transformer for transformer T1A secondary: The project

involved installing a new current transformer at the secondary side of Transformer T1A to

enhance operational efficiency and monitoring capabilities. Current transformers are essential for

scaling down high currents, enabling accurate measurement for instrumentation, metering, and

protection. They play a critical role in ensuring the safety of the transformer by facilitating rapid

detection of abnormal conditions such as overcurrent or short circuits.

Plate 3.6: Installation of new current transformer for T1A secondary

3.3.3 EXPERIENCED GAINED

My hands-on experience encompasses active involvement in the annual preventive maintenance

of the 60MVA Transformer T1A at Akure. Engaging in tasks like grounding, meticulous

cleaning, and the crucial Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) and Oil Dielectric Strength tests

provided valuable insights into transformer health. Additionally, conducting the Insulation

Resistance Test on porcelain insulators ensured robust insulation. Participating in the

construction of the Owena Bay was a significant aspect of my journey. From the initial

excavation and precise gantry assembly to sequential equipment installation, I contributed to the

successful and modernized conclusion of the Owena Bay construction projects. This immersive

experience has enriched my understanding of power transformer maintenance, diagnostic testing,

and infrastructure construction within the dynamic field of electrical engineering.

3.4 PROTECTION CONTROL AND METERING PC&M DEPARTMENT
The Protection, Control and Metering department is responsible for the monitoring of equipment

and system activities and providing safety to life and equipment. They make use of relays and

instrument transformers majorly to perform its responsibilities. And they mostly do maintenance

of the Circuit Breaker, instrument Transformers and their respective control panels, they detect a

fault, troubleshoot the fault and then correct the fault.

3.4.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED

The materials and equipment that are used in the department for carrying out there works include

the following:

 Tools Box: this contains a lot of tools used for work which include: spanners of various

size sand types (flat, ring, ball and socket), pliers, screw drivers, hack saw, Allen key,

file, punch, chisels of various sizes.

 Multimeter: They are of various types for different works such includes ( Digital Meter,

Clamp on Ammeter, Omicron Multimeter). All this are used for measuring and testing of

voltage, current, or resistance during work.

 Cable Belt is used to hold cables together or to the wall of the panel, they come in

different sizes. Cable Ferro is a small ring-like material on which numbers or alphabets

are written; used for cable identification.

 Cable Gland is used to hold the cable firmly, usually at the entrance of the cable from

the bottom of the panel from the trench.

 Cable Lug is used to terminate a cable neatly and safely; also come in various sizes

depending on the size of the cable.

  Manufacturer drawings: these are the drawings that were used during the installation of

equipment in the station and serve as reference during work on such equipment.

 Secondary Injector and Primary Injector: This equipment is used for simulation of

faults by injecting a known value of signal into the circuit under investigation.

3.4.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN PC&M DEPARTMENT

a) Testing of the new current transformer for transformer T1A: The testing of the new

current transformer for Transformer T1A involved three crucial assessments: CT ratio test,

insulation resistance test, and short-circuit (SC) test. The CT ratio test ensures that the

transformer accurately scales down primary currents to the desired secondary output, validating

its measurement precision. The insulation resistance test assesses the transformer's insulation

integrity, ensuring it can withstand operational stresses and prevent electrical breakdowns. The

short-circuit test evaluates the CT's response under extreme conditions, confirming its ability to

operate safely during fault scenarios. Conducting these tests is imperative to guarantee the

reliability, accuracy, and safety of the current transformer in its intended operational

environment.
Plate 3.7: Testing of the new current transformer

b) Installation of owena bay and transformer T1A circuit breaker: A circuit breaker

acts as a protective device, interrupting the flow of electrical current in the event of a

fault to prevent damage to equipment and ensure system safety. During termination, the

circuit breaker is securely connected to the electrical system, and cable marking becomes

crucial. Proper cable marking ensures accurate identification and tracing of circuits,

reducing the risk of errors during maintenance or troubleshooting.

Plate 3.8: Installation of Owena circuit breaker

c) Testing of 60MVA 132/33KV transformer T1A: The testing of the 60MVA 132/33KV

Transformer T1A is imperative due to its prolonged period of being out of service. With

only Power Transformers T3A and T4A currently serving the nine feeders in the station

yard, there's a plan to redistribute the load by bringing some feeders back to Transformer

T1A after testing. The Short-Circuit (SC) test, Open-Circuit (OC) test, and Ratio test are

essential to assess the transformer's health and reliability. The SC test evaluates its

response under fault conditions, the OC test examines its no-load characteristics, and the

Ratio test ensures accurate voltage transformation. These tests are crucial in verifying the

transformer's capability to handle load after an extended period of inactivity and ensure

the safe and efficient redistribution of feeders.

Plate 3.9: Short circuit and open circuit test on transformer T1A

3.4.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED

During my time in PC&M department, I gained valuable experience in projects such as testing a

new current transformer for Transformer T1A. This involved crucial assessments like CT ratio,

insulation resistance, and short-circuit tests, ensuring precision and safety.

Additionally, participating in the installation of the Owena Bay and Transformer T1A circuit

breaker provided insights into the vital role of circuit breakers in safeguarding the electrical

system. Emphasizing cable marking underscored its importance for accurate circuit identification

during maintenance.

Engaging in the testing of the 60MVA 132/33KV Transformer T1A, I learned about the

necessity of SC, OC, and Ratio tests. These assessments were crucial for verifying the

transformer's reliability after a prolonged period of inactivity, facilitating the planned

redistribution of feeders for enhanced system safety and efficiency.

3.5 LINE DEPARTMENT
The Line Department is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and operation of high-

voltage transmission lines and associated infrastructure. This department plays a crucial role in

ensuring the reliable and efficient transmission of electricity across the grid. This department is

under the leadership of Engineer Akeju, who serves as the Head of Department (HOD).

Angle Tower and Suspension Tower:

 Angle Tower:

o An angle tower, also known as a corner tower or dead-end tower, is a type of

transmission tower used at points where the direction of the power line changes. It

provides support and maintains the alignment of the transmission line at angles or

corners.

o Angle towers are designed with a specific configuration to bear the mechanical

loads and tensions associated with changes in the direction of the transmission

line.

 Suspension Tower:

o A suspension tower is a type of transmission tower used to support long spans of

transmission lines between two angle towers or other suspension towers. These

towers are designed to carry the weight of the conductors and maintain the

required clearances.

o Suspension towers typically feature crossarms and insulator strings, allowing the

conductors to be suspended below the tower structure.

3.5.1 MATERIAL AND TOOLS USED
The following are some of the materials and tools used in the department:

 Lines Tools Box: This is a storage to hold and keep tools

 Safety Wears: This are the boots, over all, head hat, hand gloves and belts.

 Chain Saw: This is a portable power saw that has teeth linked together to form an

endless chain. It is used to cut big trees.

 Tyfor: This is used to draw and to control any tree touching the conductor with

the aid of wire swing to direct the tree to the opposite direction of the line.

 Ground Leads with stick: This used to de-energise (removing the residual

charges) to the ground before working on the lines.

 Clamps: This can be either Straight or T Clamps. They are a fastening device

used to hold or secure objects tightly together to prevent movement or separation

through the application of inward pressure.

 Pulley: is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and

change of direction of a taut cable or belt. It is used to guide the cable or exert a

force.

3.5.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN PC&M DEPARTMENT

a) Installation of transformer T1A 33KV stranded conductor bus bar: The installation

of the Transformer T1A 33KV stranded conductor bus bar involved a meticulous process to

ensure precision and safety. The stranded conductor was carefully tightened to the snake clamp,

securing it in place. Subsequently, a rope was strategically attached to lift the conductor from the

ground. Employing a pull lift mechanism, the conductor was then methodically guided to the

other end of the busbar gantry.

Plate 3.10: Installation of stranded conductor bus bar

b) Installation of owena bay equipments 33KV conductors: The installation of 33KV

conductors for Owena Bay equipment followed a precise wiring sequence, connecting from the

hollow pipe bus bar to the bus isolator, circuit breaker, current transformer, and finally, the line

isolator. The process prioritized secure connections, insulation, and careful conductor alignment

to avoid overlaps and ensure a tidy layout. Stringent safety measures were adhered to throughout,

with regular checks to confirm the integrity of the wiring arrangement. This meticulous approach

aimed at guaranteeing the reliability and effectiveness of the power distribution system.

3.5.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED

The training I passed through during my duration at the Line department has really been so

helpful to me, as I have being able to know the usefulness of Grounding leads with stick that is

use to deenergize to the ground before working on the lines. The reason for this, is to remove the
residual charge to the ground because the conductors are capacitive in nature. I also learnt about

the things and causes of faults/tripping on Transmission Lines. Some of the reasons are listed

below:

 If trees are allowed to grow beyond the normal height than the conductor, faults occur

 We should not allow the Transmission span to be bushy

 Tripping do occur at times due to ageing of the conductors.

I also gained hands-on experience in using a tyfor and a pull lift.

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 SUMMARY

Transmission Company of Nigeria, Akure has given me the opportunity to have an experience in

general, considering my level of involvement in some technical work and being able to witness

the various application of the theoretical aspect of education which I am conversant with. It has

given me the opportunity to relate with typical situations relating to the Electrical Energy

Transmission to understand the process of generating, transmitting and distributing electricity

which is a nucleus of most of our activities during this program.

4.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SIWES

 The problems of securing a place of attachment as some of the organizations don’t want

to accept SIWES students.

 The Finance department of the company did not make proper provisions to pay SIWES

students nor did they draft any allowances or packages to ease the expenses for the four-

month program.

 Difficulty to understand some technical explanations as limited time is met for work

done.

4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
 The SIWES letter should be given to students early enough so as to avoid attachment

in irrelevant organization.

 I recommend that substantial percent of the National budget should go into the

development, improvement and sustenance of the power sector. Doing this would
 help improve Electricity production and in turn improve development and

industrialization and subsequently, the income the country generates.

 Adequate safety wears for staff and ensuring their usage; putting in mind that the health

of the staff influences its efficiency and delivery, and subsequently profit output.
 REFERENCE

P. O. Akerejola, “Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” Information and

Guidelines for Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, no. 04-04-2012, pp. 5-6, 2012.

A.A. Olayinka, “Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” held at Transmission

Company of Nigeria, November, 2015.

Nsong.org, “The Nigeria Electricity System Operator,” Nsong.org, 2018, [Online]. Available:

http://www.nsong.org/Pages/ContentPageLink1.aspx. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]

Nercng.org, “Transmission”, Nercng.org, 2018, [Online]. Available:

http://www.nercng.org/index.php/home/nesi/404-transmission. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]

Transmission Company of Nigeria, “About Transmission Company of Nigeria”, Tcnorg.com,

2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.tcnorg.com/index.php/find-tickets/258-about-

transmissioncompany-of-nigeria. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]