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Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology
p-ISSN: 2349-8404; e-ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 3, Issue 6; April-June, 2016, pp. 523-528
© Krishi Sanskriti Publications
http://www.krishisanskriti.org/Publication.html

A Review on Short Column Seismic Behavior and

Their Prevention on Sloping Ground
Sristi Gupta1 and Chandra Pal Gautam2
1
Post Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, JUIT, Solan, India
2
Civil Engineering Department, JUIT, Solan, India
E-mail: 1sristi077@gmail.com, 2cpal3012@gmail.com

Abstract—The various earthquake damages investigation of past sloping ground on building performance during earthquake in
and recent earthquakes has illustrated that the building structures various zones. Plane land in hill is scare and therefore sloping
are vulnerable to severe damage and/or collapse during moderate to land is being increasingly used for buildings. The unequal
strong ground motion. The aim of this paper is to represent a general height of the columns causes twisting and damage to the short
study on the short column seismic behavior originated from the level
difference on sloping lots especially in hilly areas. Reinforced
columns of the building. It is because shear force is
concrete (RC) frame buildings that have columns of different heights concentrated in the relatively stiff short columns which fail
within one storey tend to suffer more damage in the shorter columns before the long columns.
as compared to taller columns in the same storey. The great stiffness
of the short columns enables them to absorb large amount of energy. 2. REVIEW OF PAPERS ON SHORT COLUMN
The seismic analysis of RCC building on varying slope angles is FAILURE AND ITS RETROFIT
studied and compared with the same on the flat ground. The study of
short column behavior is needed to further improve their behavior Keyvan Ramin and Foroud Mehrabpour1 (2014) studied
during earthquake therefore short column are required to have more seismic performance of buildings resting on sloping ground
resistant sections. It has been observed that the footing columns of using STAAD Pro V8i. Also Sap2000 software had been used
shorter height attract more forces, because of a considerable to show displacement of floors is greater for a flat lot building
increase in their stiffness, which in turn increases the horizontal than a sloping lot building. Seismic behavior of buildings
force and bending moment significantly. In addition more steel
constructed on slopes. The chief role of this column is to
should be used as stirrups than as longitudinal bars, bracings and
shear walls can be provided. Also for existing structures, shear transfer the inertia force originated from earthquake to
capacity of short columns should be retrofitted by FRP, steel jacket columns. The main part of these forces is exerted on the short
or other materials. column since the stiffness varies from column to column.
Thus, the short column shows an enormous potential for
Keywords: Earthquake, short columns, reinforced concrete serious damage by earthquake in the case of an inappropriate
structures, level difference, slope, Retrofit design. Poor behavior of short columns is due to the fact that
in an earthquake, a tall column and short column of same
1. INTRODUCTION cross section move horizontally by same of building on a
sloping ground (inclination say 7‫ ﹾ‬and 15‫ )ﹾ‬under earthquake
North and northeastern parts of India have large scale of hilly
regions, which are categorized under seismic zone IV and V. forces. The comparison of sloping ground and plane ground
building is done for G+5 storey building and load is applied.
The building built on an area where there is level difference of
sloping lot, the short column failure is seen to be significant The response of the building frames is studied for useful
and is one of the major vertical irregularities. Short column interpretation of the results.
effect is cause to failure of columns which may result in Various steps involved in the comparison of horizontal
severe damages or even collapse during earthquakes. Short forces
columns are originated when the effective length by the least
lateral dimension is less than 12. In the present study Step 1: Selection of building geometry and seismic zone. So,
differently configured R.C framed building are described and they have taken seismic zone IV as per IS code 1893 (Part-
studied from structural seismic safety point of view under the 1):2002 for which zone factor Z is 0.24. Step 2: Load
action of dead, live and earthquake loads. The structural combinations are formed: The structural systems are subjected
analysis software STAAD Pro V8i, Response Spectrum to Primary Load Cases as per IS 875:1987 and IS 1893: 2002.
Method, Pushover Analysis, Equivalent Static Method and Six Primary load cases and thirteen load combinations are
non-linear Time History Analysis is used to study the effect of used for analysis. Step 3: Modeling of building frames using
524 Sristi Gupta and Chandra Pal Gautam

STAAD Pro Software .Step 4: Study of structural behavior in slope and plane lots. The torsional response is due to irregular
terms of bending moments and horizontal footings, axial force variation of stiffness and mass in vertical as well as horizontal
and bending moments in columns. They compared two four- directions, results in center of mass and center of stiffness of a
storey reinforced concrete moment resisting frame (MRF) storey not coinciding and not being on a vertical line for
buildings with medium deformability, one of which is located different floors. The buildings having step back and set back
on a flat lot and the other one is on a lot sloped by 20 degrees . step back studied for their behavior during earthquake. The
Flexural frame for building on slope and plane ground is buildings were classified as Type S-I and Type S-II. Type S- I
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. building, ground columns height varied from 1m to 3m also
the shear wall is introduced to see the change in responses.

(a) (b)
Fig. 3: (a) Step back building with shear wall and
(b) Step back building with bracing
Fig. 1: The plan considered for both structures, Plans
(along X- coordinate) of the studied structures The shear wall position was changed to various positions and
results were noticed. In Type S-I building torsion is observed
in all the storeys, whereas in Type S-II building torsion is
observed in top three storeys (above road level) only. He has
said that by providing bracings, ground supported columns in
Type S-I building, and was relieved from excessive shear.
However, the building were relieved from excessive shear but
could not be torsionally balanced. Whereas increasing the
height of ground supported columns to 2.5 m and placing the
shear wall on the downhill side of Type S-I and Type S-II
building resulted in torsionally balanced configuration and
Fig. 2: The flexural frame for the structure on shear force in ground supported columns reduced to
flat lot and on sloping lot reasonable level.
Dinesh J. Sabu and Dr. P.S. Pajgade3, 2012 studied Seismic
Sandeep Vissamaneni2 (2014) studied seismic performance of
Evaluation of Existing Reinforced concrete building and
buildings on hill slope. A parametric study is carried out on
applied Response Spectrum analysis procedure for the
buildings considered, by using ground motion records for IDA
evaluation of existing design of a reinforced concrete bare
(Incremental Dynamic Analysis). The short column is stiffer
frame, frame with infill and frame with infill and soil effect.
compared to the tall column. Stiffness of a column means
Retrofitting material requirement is checked through amount
resistance to deformation, the larger is the stiffness, larger is
of reinforcement required in elements. After performing the
the force required to deform it. A study is carried out by
analysis reinforcement required in each format is determined
changing the position of shear wall and varying column height
and retrofitting is suggested accordingly. He gave concrete
of ground storey columns. He has carried out an experiment,
jacketing as a method of retrofitting. Analysis is done using
by trial and error sizes placing shear wall on flexible side
software STAAD Pro, it is concluded that the frame with infill
(bottom of hill across slope direction) achieved balanced
gave much better result in terms of maximum displacement of
stiffness of flexible side with rigid side to avoid torsion, or to
the building and stiffness. Also, if actual reinforcement is
make (Δmax/Δavg minimum). By placing the shear wall at top
more than reinforcement required in the brick infill and soil
of the hill or bottom of the hill along the slope direction or
interaction effect than there is no need to retrofit the actual
providing by bracings reduce column forces that resting on
section, it is sufficient to carry the seismic forces. The bare
sloping ground. Remedies for such buildings are given, by
frame requires more steel in its detailing as compare to the
providing shear wall and bracings in step back buildings on
infill. He has said that the infill wall behave like a diagonal
slopes as shown in Fig. 3 (a), (b). He concluded that during
frame- strut system action and proves to be more stiff then
earthquake when buildings are subjected to earthquake loads
bare frame. Hence, the infill frames takes the earthquake
and lateral loads, they result in torsional response. He has
forces more safely then the bare frame.
compared the dynamic characteristics of hill buildings on

Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology

p-ISSN: 2349-8404; e-ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 3, Issue 6; April-June, 2016
A Review on Short Column Seismic Behavior and Their Prevention on Sloping Ground 525

A.B.M.A Kaish4 et al. (2012) studied improved ferrocement columns with low shear ratio had a brittle failure and as a
jacketing for restrengthening of square RC short column, they remedial measure bi- diagonal reinforcement is provided in
have proposed improved techniques over conventional short columns for improved hysteresis behavior and energy
jacketing . Three new square ferrocement jacketing techniques characteristics. Specimens with shear ratio αs =1 failed in
were used, square jacketing with single layer wire mesh and brittle manner along the main diagonals. The longitudinal
rounded column corners (RSL); square jacketing using single reinforcement did not yield at the max. shear force, Vmax, as is
layer wire mesh with shear keys at the center of each face of usually the case of columns with αs < 2, with the exception of
column (SKSL) and square jacketing with single layer wire specimen 2 (high axial load ratio µ= .60) in which the
mesh and two extra layers mesh at each corner (SLTL) are longitudinal reinforcement yielded in compression. Specimens
considered for this purpose. The specimens were tested under 7, 8 with αs = 2 and αs = 3 failed relatively in more ductile
three categories firstly the not jacketed columns secondly with manner despite the shear crack near the end sections.
conventional technique and in third category columns were Specimen 8, with αs = 3 is characterized as normal ‘long’
constructed with new ferro-cement technique jacketing. The column, because as compared to other columns, the onset of
tests were done under eccentric and concentric loadings. Test cracking along the diagonals (V = Vd,cr) of column with αs =1
results and crack patterns of tested specimens showed that induced non-linearity in distribution of strains along the
confinement with the ferro-cment encasement improves the longitudinal reinforcement. Large bars and high percentage of
ultimate load carrying capacity and the axial and lateral longitudinal reinforcement ought to be avoided. To some
deflections of square RC column. SKSL was not tested for extent higher transverse reinforcement improves ductility.
eccentric loading as the test results of SKSL did not give
K. Galal7 et al. (2005), studied Retrofit of RC square short
appropriate results in phase 1 when tested for concentric
columns. They analysed the performance of seven reinforced
loading. Type SLTL jacketing shows highest load carrying
concrete short columns under lateral cyclic loading and
capacity as well as good ductility properties over all other
constant axial load. Carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymers
improved types of jacketing as well as non- jacketed
were used to strengthen the short columns. It is demonstrated
specimens under concrete mode of loading whereas type RSL
experimentally that it is possible to strengthen the shear
jacketing shows best performance under eccentric mode of
resistance of short columns such that a flexural ductile failure
loading.
occurs by developing plastic hinges at both ends of the
Xuhong Zhou and Jiepeng Liu5, (2010) studied seismic column. Anchoring of the fiber wraps to the columns was
behavior and strength of tubed steel reinforced concrete SRC found to be effective in increasing the shear resistance and
short columns. They tested eight specimens subjected to energy dissipation capacities of the columns. Low shear
combined constant axial compression and lateral cyclic load. span/depth ratio makes a brittle column failure. The
Out of which three were circular tube SRC and three were unstrenghtened columns failed in shear were rehabilitated and
square tube SRC and two common SRC columns were taken later exhibited ductile behavior and enhanced shear resistance.
for comparison. On comparison, they found that the steel The seven specimens had the same column overall
prevented the shear failure of the concrete more effectively in dimensions. The specimens were divided into two groups:
the circular columns from that in the square ones. They also Group 1 includes SC 1 which is unstrengthened, SC2, SC1R,
mentioned that shear connector studs should be used in SC2R and SC1U and are strengthened with high content of
CTSRC and STSRC short columns to prevent bond failure transverse reinforcement. In Group 2 includes SC3 and SC3R
between concrete and flanges of the steel section. Tubed SRC has low content of transverse reinforcement. The column SC2
short columns exhibit higher lateral load strength, was strengthened using 3 layers of CFRP. SC1R included 4
displacement ductility, more stable hysteresis loops and layers of unidirectional glass FRP. SC1U was strengthened by
greater energy dissipation ability than common SRC short 3 layers of CFRP similar to specimen SC2 but without
columns in respect of the effective confinement of the thin anchors. In Group 2 (SC 3 and SC3R) had low transverse
tube to the core concrete. reinforcement ratio according to 1968 ACI design practice.
SC3 was strengthened using 3 layers of CFRP. SC3R was
M. Moretti and T.P. Tassios6, (2006) studied behavior of short
retrofitted using 6 and 3 layers that provided by the 3 CFRP
columns subjected to cyclic shear displacements: experimental
layers of SC3. Using anchored carbon fibre sheets rather than
results, they studied eight reinforced concrete columns
anchored glass fibre sheets for strengthening RC short
subjected to constant axial load and reversed statically
columns increases both the shear force and the energy
imposed displacement. The parameters tested were; (a) the
dissipating capacity. It also decreases the strains in the steel
shear ratio αs (b) the amount of longitudinal reinforcement (c)
ties and the FRP along the column height.
the amount of transverse reinforcement (d) the axial load ratio
(e) two different main reinforcement layouts (conventional Hugo Rodrigues8 et al. (2015) studied Seismic rehabilitation of
and a combination of conventional and bi- diagonal RC columns under biaxial loading, he has done an
reinforcement from all the parameters above, they measured experimental characterization is done in order to improve the
the strains of reinforcement (longitudinal and transverse) and ductility and / or strength characteristics and it was obtained
of concrete along inclined force paths and concluded , the through concrete ductility with efficient jacketing or

Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology

p-ISSN: 2349-8404; e-ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 3, Issue 6; April-June, 2016
526 Sristi Gupta and Chandra Pal Gautam

increasing the amount of longitudinal or transverse steel . The V.Varalakshmi10 et al. (2014) studied Analysis and Design of
results are presented in terms of shear-drift, stiffness G+5 Residential building, which was constructed at
degradation, ductility and energy dissipation. The retrofitted Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India is designed (Slabs, Beams,
results are comprised with the original ones, in terms of shear Columns and Footings) using Auto CAD software. The loads
drift, degradation, ductility and energy dissipation. This are calculated namely the dead loads, which depend on unit
campaign composed of 6 RC columns that were tested under weight of materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads,
different loading histories, in order to evaluate the influence of which according to the code IS: 456-2000 and HYSD BARS
the biaxial loading in the cyclic response of the columns. After FE415 as per IS: 1786 -1985. Safe bearing capacity of the soil
that, four of the tested columns were repaired and submitted to is adopted as 350 kN/m2 at a depth of 6 ft. and same soil
different retrofit strategies in order to replace the original should extent 1.5 times the width of footing below the base of
characteristics, and mainly to provide the columns a good footing. Footings are designed based on the safe bearing
ductility capacity to respond well under cyclic loads. The capacity of soil. For designing of columns and beams, it is
retrofit techniques used in the present work were: increasing necessary to know the moments they are subjected to. For this
the number of stirrups, steel packet jacketing and carbon fiber purpose frame analysis is done by LSM. Designing of the slab
reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and plate jacketing. After depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two- way slab, the
the retrofit these columns were biaxial tested. The results are end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads are
presented in terms of shear- drift, shear drift envelopes, transferred to the beam. Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear)
ductility, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation and are from the beams are taken by the columns. Finally, the section
compared with the results of the original one. The must be checked for all the floor components with regard to
experimental results on the column retrofitting show that the strength and serviceability.
initial stiffness is typically lower and softening starts for
A. Kheyroddin and A. Kargaran11 (2009) studied seismic
higher drift demands. Also retrofitted columns tend to have an
behavior of short columns in RC structures, they studied the
increase of the maximum strength around 20% maximum. The
short column phenomenon on duplex structures, storey floors
damage in original column is more pronounced when
with level difference relative to each other. In this research,
compared to the retrofitted for the same drift demand.
nonlinear behavior of RC short columns in 4, 8 and 10 storey
Hugo Rodrigues9 et al. (2015) studied seismic behavior of structures with storey level difference is investigated. Short
strengthened RC columns under biaxial loading and concluded columns and mentioned structures are analysed under the
that the performance of 9 strengthened columns including one earthquake record of Elcentro with different peak ground
unstrengthened, it is kept original for the comparison of result. acceleration with IDARC software which is nonlinear
The column specimens were subjected to several loading dynamic analysis program. In this investigation, the results of
condition. Cyclic displacements were imposed at the top of the maximum response, base shear, global damage index and
column with steadily increasing displacement levels. The displacement time history and effect of short column in
columns were retrofitted using CFRP plates and steel plates structural failure is evaluated. In this research, seismic
bonded with epoxy resin, retrofitted results are comprised with behavior of short column in 3 duplex structures has been
the original ones which were not retrofitted, in terms of shear surveyed that have height level difference 1.6 meter. Plan of
drift, degradation, ductility and energy dissipation and the all 3 structures is same and have variable height and include 4,
adopted load paths were diagonal and diamond. The 8 and 10 storey. In results of Elcentro earthquake, they
experimental campaign was carried out on 9 RC columns with concluded that the seismic degree damage of short column in
same geometries and reinforcement subjected to similar floor building in all structures increase with structures height
biaxial horizontal displacement paths with equal constant axial especially in upper storeys damage index of short column has
load. Their focus was on the influence of different been increased. Out of all the other structures, in 8th storey
strengthening strategies on the behavior of columns under structure there is lowest failure in short column. Displacement
certain load conditions. They found that the initial stiffness time history of first and medium short column in 4 storey
was not significantly affected. The strengthened columns structures and last short column in 10 storey Structures is high
present higher strength capacity of about 12% (in particular in relative to other structures. Investigation of Shear force history
columns under diamond biaxial horizontal load path). The concluded that the average of shear force history in first short
strength degradation in strengthened columns starts for higher column in 4 storey structures and medium short column in 8
levels of drift demand. The strengthened columns tend to have storey structures and last short column in 10 storey structures
lower levels of cumulative dissipated energy when compared has the most amount than other column. Damage index
with the original solution for the same drift levels. This fact is concluded that the part of last short column and down part of
related with the concentration of damage in the base of first short column in 8 and 10 storey structures has more
columns. The columns submitted to the diamond horizontal damage.
load path, and also with the CFRP strengthening show higher
Mahmoud F. Belal12 et al. (2015) studied Behavior of
energy dissipation capacity when compared with the diagonal
reinforced concrete columns strengthened by steel jacket, he
load path.
has performed an experimental and analytical method to show

Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology

p-ISSN: 2349-8404; e-ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 3, Issue 6; April-June, 2016
A Review on Short Column Seismic Behavior and Their Prevention on Sloping Ground 527

the appropriate results, RC columns often need strengthening 2. In short columns, because of their shorter height, a
to increase their capacity to sustain the applied load. This considerable increase in stiffness of their section is
research investigates the behavior of 7 RC columns observed while the percentage of shear force absorption
strengthened using steel jacket having dimension of 200x200 and bending moment rises. Thus, the section of these
mm in cross-section with 1200mm height. The specimens columns is required to contain more steel to provide a
were divided into two groups: the first group includes two greater resistance.
control specimens without strengthening and second group
3. Results indicate more ductility of common structure and
includes five specimens strengthened with different steel
although more initial stiffness of sloping lot structure.
jacket configurations. Vertical steel elements (angles, channel
and plates) were chosen to have the same total horizontal cross 4. Shear wall and bracings can be of great use in increasing
sectional area. The specimens were placed in the testing the columns stiffness and column can be relieved from
machine between the jack head and the steel frame. The strain excessive shear.
gages, load cell and linear voltage displacement transducer
(LVDT) were all connected to the data acquisition system 5. Infill panels have a large effect on the behavior of frames
attached to the computer. The load was monitored by a load under earthquake excitation as it increases stiffness of the
structure. Deflection is very large in bare frame compared
cell of 5000 KN capacity and transmitted to the reinforced
concrete column through steel plates to provide uniform to in-filled frame.
bearing surfaces. Behavior and failure load of the strengthened 6. SLTL jacketing shows best performance under concentric
columns were experimentally investigated on seven specimens loading and RSL jacketing shows best performance under
divided into two un-strengthened specimen and five eccentric loading.
strengthened ones. A finite element model was developed to
study the behavior of these columns. The model was verified 7. A circular tube prevents the shear failure of concrete more
and tuned using the experimental results. The research effectively than a square tube in a tubed SRC column.
demonstrated that the different strengthening schemes have a 8. Columns with shear ratio values less than 2 behave in a
major impact on the column capacity. The size of the batten particularly brittle manner when subjected to cyclic
plates had significant effect on the failure load for specimens displacements.
strengthened with angles, whereas the number of batten plates
was more effective for specimens strengthened with C- 9. Brittle shear failure reduces the energy dissipating
channels. Then by using finite element (F.E) package ANSYS capacity of the column.
12.0 their behavior was investigated analyzed and verified. 10. Anchoring of the FRP jacket to the concrete cross section
Experimental results stated that modes of failure and failure of short column subjected to lateral cyclic displacements
loads varied depending on the configuration of steel jacket as increases the column’s shear force and energy dissipation
well as its arrangement. Because the strengthening elements capacities.
covered most of specimen, it was not possible to observe
either the initial cracks or the cracking load for specimens. So, 11. Increasing the number of FRP layers in short column
only failure load was recorded. Failure load is considered the strengthening decreases the strains in both the transverse
maximum recorded load during testing and at which specimen steel members and fiber materials.
could not carry any extra load. The results showed 20% of the 12. The most appropriate strengthening technique for short
minimum increase in the column capacity, also the failure columns was found to be the use of anchored CFRP
turned from brittle to ductile with steel jacket. Specimens jackets over the height of the column.
strengthened with angles or channel sections with batten plates
recorded a higher failure load than that with strengthened 13. The retrofitted columns tend to concentrate the damage in
plates. And the simulation of strengthened RC columns using the base of the column, thus affecting stiffness
F.E analysis in ANSYS 12.0 program is quite well since mode degradation.
of failure, failure loads and displacements predicted were very
close to those measured during experimental testing, for
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
strengthened models, F.E package ANSYS 12.0 overestimated We take upon this opportunity endowed upon us by grace of
failure loads compared to experimental results. the almighty, to thank all those who have been part of this
3. CONCLUSION endeavor.
REFERENCES
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Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 2014, 23-34.

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p-ISSN: 2349-8404; e-ISSN: 2349-879X; Volume 3, Issue 6; April-June, 2016
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[2] Sabu, D.J., and Pajgade, P.S., (2012). “Seismic evaluation of

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