CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE

Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing schedule and resource data
to top management in the military and construction industries.

One attribute that helps define a project is that a project has a unique purpose.

Projects should go on indefinitely: they do not have a definite

beginning, middle, or end.

A program is a group of projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available
from managing them individually.

A project never involves uncertainty.

Questions about how long a project’s schedule should be are

related to the issue of the project’s scope.

Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals
for a project

Much of the knowledge needed to manage projects is not

unique to the discipline of project management

Project managers must understand general management concepts such as organizational

behavior, financial analysis, and planning techniques

The role of project manager is different from the role of a corporate manager or executive.

It would be very easy for someone with little or no

background in information technology to become the project
manager for a large information technology project.

Project management is the silver bullet that guarantees

success on all projects
 Determining the relationships among tasks is not essential in
helping to improve project scheduling.

The project manager’s challenge is to understand the concepts of project management and
determine what tools and techniques should be applied on specific projects and in specific
organizations.

No matter what industry you work in, you need to understand the problems at hand if you are to
manage projects successfully.

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

The U.S. spends $2.3 trillion on projects every year, an amount equal to one-tenth of the FALSE -> quarter
nation’s gross domestic product.

Resources include people, hardware, software, or other assets.

A good project officer is crucial to a project’s success because he or she works with the project FALSE -> manager
sponsors, the project team, and the other people involved in a project to meet project goals.

The limitations of scope, time, and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the triple bind. FALSE -> constraint

Because of the uncertain nature of projects and competition for resources, it is rare to complete
many projects according to the exact scope, time, and cost plans originally predicted.

The 2001 Standish Group report showed decided decline in information technology project FALSE -> increase
management compared to the 1995 study

The 2001 Standish Group report showed that time overruns significantly increased compared to
the 1995 study.

The 2001 Standish Group report showed that the average cost of a project has been more than
cut in half.

Since projects are unique, permanent, and involve various resources, project managers must FALSE -> temporary
focus on integrating all the various activities required to complete the project successfully.
The Manhattan Project cost almost $2 billion in 1966. FALSE -> 1939

Today’s project managers still use the Gantt chart as the primary tool to communicate project
schedule information, but with the aid of computers, it is no longer necessary to draw the charts
by hand.

New software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive, easy
to create, and available for anyone to update.

Summary charts made with enterprise project management software often show status as green FALSE -> red
to indicate things are going well, yellow to indicate that there are some problems, and blue to
indicate major problems

PMI developed a PMP code of professional conduct that all applicants must agree to in order to
become certified project management professionals (PMPs).

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Many organizations claim that one of the advantages of using project management is ___. Advantage => rõ ràng là Lower costs
a. Lower profit margins - lợi nhuận thấp hơn
b. Lower costs - chi phí thấp hơn
c. Lower quality - chất lượng thấp hơn
d. Lower worker morale - tinh thần công nhân thấp hơn

Because a project often requires resources from various areas, many projects cross ___ or Departmental
other boundaries to achieve their unique purpose. Dự án chéo bộ phận
a. Financial c. departmental
b. Spatial d. technological

The project ___ usually provides direction and funding for the project. Sponsor - nhà tài trợ: funding
a. leader c. manager
b. sponsor d. director

Project ___ is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in management
order to meet project requirements.
a. Sponsorship c. technology
b. Advice d. management
___ are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, Stakeholders
project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents to the project.
a. Managers c. Directions
b. Stakeholders d. Citizens

In the example of the project of building a house, the sponsors would be the potential ___. Homeowners
a. Contractors c. managers => xây nhà: chủ nhà trả tiền
b. Support staff d. homeowners

Project ___ management ensures that the project will satisfy the stated or implied needs for quality
which it was undertaken.
a. Scope c. time
b. Quality d. cost

Project ___ management involves generating, collecting, disseminating, and storing project Communications
information. => Quản lý truyền thông dự án
a. Risk c. communications
b. Procurement d. resource

Project ___ resource management is concerned with making effective use of the people Human
involved with the project. => Quản lý nguồn nhân lực dự án
a. Human c. communications
b. Risk d. procurement

Project ___ management, the ninth knowledge area, is an overarching function that affects and Integration
is affected by all of the other knowledge areas. => Quản lý tích hợp dự án
a. Cost c. integration Overarching function: chức năng bao quát
b. Quality d. time

What works on one project may not work on another, so it is essential for project managers to skills
continue to develop their knowledge and ___ in managing projects.
a. Time c. funding
b. Resources d. skills

Although information technology project managers need to draw on their information technology more/less
expertise or the expertise of key team members, they must spend ___ time becoming better
project managers and ___ time becoming information technology experts in order to
successfully lead their project teams.

Most people agree that the modern concept of project management began with the ___. Manhattan Project
a. Great Wall of China c. Egyptian pyramids
b. First space shuttle d. Manhattan Project

___ was the key industry behind the development of several project management techniques. The military
a. NASA c. Steel manufacturing :) bất ngờ không? :)
b. The military d. Marine biology

In ___, Henry Gantt developed the famous Gannt chart as a tool for scheduling work in factories. 1917
:) Ủa sao nhớ hay vậy? :)

A Gantt chart displays a project’s start and finish dates in a ___ format. Calendar
a. Pie chart c. bar graph :) ồ ra vậy, ra là date thì dùng calendar ạ :)
b. Line graph d. calendar

The longest path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project critical
is called the ___ path.
a. Essential c. critical
b. Important d. vital

By the ___, the military had begun to use software to help manage large projects. 1970s
:) Ủa rồi học lịch sử hay gì mà phải nhớ năm :)

___ was an early project management software product that helped managers analyze complex Atermis
schedules for designing aircraft.
a. Artemis c. Vega
b. Columbia d. Oberlin

___ project management software integrates information from multiple projects to show the Enterprise
status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire organization and provides links => Phần mềm quản lý dự án doanh nghiệp
to more detailed information.
a. Investment c. Enterprise
b. Active d. Budget
Being an information technology project manager involves understanding project management, Computer
the information technology function, and the ___ environment of the project. :) không hỉuuuu :)
a. Social c. business
b. Computer d. spatial

A PMO, or Project ___ Office, is an organizational group responsible for … Management

a. Management c. Municipal
b. Money c. Marketing

There are several project management degree programs available, and a(n) ___ number of Increasing
people are earning Masters degree and doctorates in project management. :) là PRM nhưng như đề Tiếng Anh vậy :)
a. Unchanging c. decreasing
b. Increasing d. steady

PMI provides certification as a Project management ___ (PMP) – someone who has Professional
documented sufficient project experience and education… PMP - Project Management Professional
a. Producer c. Professional
b. Practitioner d. Professor

By the end of 2002, there were approximately ___ people certified by PMI. 50,000
a. 1,000 c. 50,000 :) how to nhớ :)
b. 5,000 d. 500,000

___ tools are often recommended for small projects and single users. Low-end
a. Low-end c. High-end
b. Midrange d. Expensive

___ tools, sometimes referred to as enterprise project management software, provide robust High-end
capabilities to handle very large projects.
a. Low-end c. High-end
b. Midrange d. Expensive
 project

The figure above is an example of a(n) ___ management tool.

a. Portfolio c. technology
b. Information d. project

The Project Management ___, a Web site for people involved in project management, provides Center
an alphabetical listing of and links to hundreds of products that help manage projects.
a. Center c. Consortium
b. Alliance d. Facility

COMPLETION

The “CHAOS” study found that more than 31 percent of information technology projects were cancelled
_____ before completion, often due to poor project management.

A(n) _____ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. project

The question: “what unique product or service does the customer or sponsor expect from the scope
project?” is related to the _____ of the project.

The question: “how much money should be spent to complete the project?” is related to the cost
project’s _____.
 target
:) điền synonym à :)

The figure above illustrates that each of the three dimensions of the triple constraint has a(n)
_____ or goal based on expectations for scope, time, and cost at the beginning of the project.

Project management tools and _____ assist project managers and their team in carrying out techniques
scope, time, cost, and quality management.

General or _____ managers also focus on a particular discipline or functional area. Operation

A(n) _____ chart is a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing Gantt
project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format

As computer hardware became smaller and more ____ and software became graphical and affordable
easy to use, project management software became less expensive and more widely used.

The Project Management _____ (PMI), an international professional society for … Institute

Because there are so many people working on projects in various industries, PMI has created Interest
Specific _____ Groups (SIGs) that …. Specific Interest Groups: Nhóm lợi ích đặc biệt

_____ tools, a step up from low-end tools, are designed to handle larger projects, multiple users, Midrange
and multiple projects. Step up from low-end => Midrange :v

CHAPTER 2: THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CONTEXT

TRUE FALSE
 Many of the theories and concepts of project management are not
difficult to understand.

Organizations should run projects in isolation.

Organizational issues are often the most difficult part of working on and managing
projects

Project managers must ignore politics and power if they are to be

effective.

If someone in a functional organization is asked to lead a project that requires strong

support from several different functional areas, he or she should ask for senior
management sponsorship.

Project organizational structures are usually the most efficient for the company as a
whole.

The purpose of project management is to meet project requirements and satisfy

stakeholders.

Project managers operate independently, having no need for

cooperation from people in other parts of the organization.

Many new information technology project managers have never created project plans
or given a nontechnical status report.

Information technology project managers do not need soft skills.

A project idea must pass the concept phase before evolving into the development
phase.

The prototyping life cycle model requires heavy user involvement.

Large information technology products are rarely developed as a series

of projects.
 People within the same information technology job function always
understand each other because they use the same technology.

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

The term systems approach describes a holistic and analytical approach to solving
complex problems.

The systems management model divides projects into four spheres FALSE -> three: Organization, Business, and Technology

The symbolic frame assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied FALSE -> political
individuals and interest groups.
Coalition: liên minh

In a(n) project organizational structure, program managers report to the CEO.

In a weak matrix organizational structure, the project manager has a(n) full-time role. FALSE -> part

Competitors are an example of internal stakeholders. FALSE -> external

The best way to kill a project is to withhold adequate resources.

If certain functional managers are not responding to a project manager’s requests for
necessary information, top management must step in to encourage functional
managers to cooperate.

The concept and implementation phases of a project focus on planning. FALSE -> development
Planning k bao gồm implement

A WBS is a work breakthrough structure. FALSE -> breakdown

breakthrough structure: cấu trúc đột phá ?????
breakdown structure: cấu trúc phân tích ✔

The spiral life cycle model was developed based on experience with various
refinements of the waterfall model as applied to large government software projects.

Important management reviews conducted after each phase are known as feedback FALSE -> check
points. Check points

Ineffective project managers are not self-assured.

A recent project management study found that respondents believed positive

ownership is the strongest contributing factor to project success.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The term systems approach emerged in the ____. 1950s

a. 1940s b. 1960s c.1950s d.1970s

Systems ____ is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the analysis
system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its
problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs.
a. Analysis c. management
b. Philosophy d. system

Organizational and ____ are both examples of spheres in the systems management Technological
model. => 3 spheres: Organization, Business, and Technology
a. Analytical c. philosophical
b. Marketing d. technological

The systems approach requires that project managers ____ view their projects in the always
context of the larger organization.
a. Never b. Rarely c. sometimes d. always

The ____ frame of and organization focuses on producing harmony between the Human resources
needs of the organizatoin and the needs of the people.
a. Symbolic c. human resources
b. Structural d. political

According to the ____frame, what is most important about any event in an symbolic
organization is not what actually happened, but what it means.
a. Structural c. human resources
b. Symbolic d. political
The R in and ERP system stands for ___. Resource
a. Resource c. retrofit ERP: Enterprise Resources Planning
b. Rescue d. reframing

A ____ organizational structure is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing Functional
an organizational chart. Functional organizational structure: cấu trúc tổ chức chức năng
a. Management c. functional
b. Project d. matrix

Project managers have the ____ authority in a pure project organization and the most/least
____amount of authority in a pure functional organization.
- Điền most/least

In a ____ organizational structure, the project manager has little or no authority. Functional
a. Functional c. strong matrix
b. Weak matrix d. project

External stakeholders include ____. Concerned citizens

a. Functional managers c. concerned citizen Internal: nội bộ >< External
b. Support staff d. The project team

According to the 2001 Standish Group study, the most important factor for helping a User involvement
project succeed is ____.
a. Having clear business objectives c. user involvement
b. Experienced project management d. Executive support

Information technology project managers work ____ in an environment in which top Best
management values information technology.
a. Poorly c. slowly
b. Adequately d. best

The head of information technology is often called the Chief ____ Officer. Technology
a. Technology c. Information
b. Executive d. Professional

The concept and development phases are often referred to as project ____. Feasibility
a. Feasibility c. cycles Tính khả thi của dự án
 b. Acquisition d. deliverables

The implementation and close-out phases are often referred to as project ____. Acquisition
a. Feasibility c. cycles
b. Acquisition d. deliverables

A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the ____ phase. Concept

a. Implementation c. concept Ứng tính chi phí sơ bộ
b. Development d. close-out

A ____ is a deliverable-oriented document that defines the total scope of the project WBS
a. BIOS c. PMP Work Breakdown Structure
b. CIO d. WBS

A definitive cost estimate is most likely to be produced in the ____ phase of a project implementation
a. Development c. concept
b. Implementation d. close-out

The last phase of the project life cycle is ____. close-out

a. Close-out c. concept
b. Development d. implementation

_____ is an example of an ASD life cycle model. Prototyping

a. RAD c. XP
b. Waterfall d. Prototyping

Recently, the term ____ software development has become popular to describe new agile
approaches for managing software development projects.
a. Active c. atypical
b. Ancillary d. agile

Scrum sprints normally last ___ days. 30

a. 10 c. 30
b. 20 d. 40

Scrum works best for projects using ____ technology. automotive

a. Object-oriented c. database
 b. Outdated d. automotive

Project

The figure above shows the phases of the ____ life cycle.
a. Product c. systems development
b. Project d. adaptive

Be breaking projects into ____, top management can make sure that the projects are phases
still compatible with the needs of the rest of the company.
a. Products c. data
b. Scrums d. phases

Most trade schools, colleges, and universities did not start offering degrees in 1970s
computer technology, computer science, management information systems, or other
information technology areas until____.

The National Science Foundation found that ____is a skill needed in every major Project management
information technology field, from database administrator to network specialist to
technical writer.
a. Programming c. editing
b. Project management d. marketing

Effective project managers are ____. Visionaries

a. Talkative c. self-questioning Có tầm nhìn
b. Visionaries d. Poor motivators

COMPLETION

_____ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill Systems
some purpose.

Systems ______addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues management

associated with making a change to a system.

_____ in organizations take the form of competition among groups or individuals for Politics
power and leadership.

matrix

The figure above is an example of a(n) _____ organizational structure.

In a(n) _____ organizational structure, the project manager has almost total authority. project

Project _____are the people involved in or affected by project activities. stakeholders

Rachel Hollstadt, founder and CEO of a project management consulting firm, Project
suggests that organizations consider adding a new position, a Chief _____Officer.

A project _____cycle is a collection of project phases. life

A(n) _____is a product produced as part of a project. delivarable

A systems _____life cycle is a framework for describing the phases involved in project
developing information systems.

The _____build life cycle model provides for progressive development of operational incremental
software, with each release providing added capabilities.

In the Scrum life cycle model, repetitions are referred to as _____ sprints

Communication, people, and leadership skills are sometimes known as _____ skills. soft

Important issues in information technology related to the _____frame are the power structural
shifts from central functions to operating units or from functional managers to project
managers.
Học ASD, RAD, XP, SCRUM
 CHAPTER 3: THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESS GROUP: A CASE STUDY
TRUE FALSE

Managing projects often requires making trade-offs among the project’s scope, time,
and cost.

Project managers and team should reexamine the business need for the project
during every phase of the project life cycle to determine if the project is worth
continuing

Project teams should never revise project plans during the project life
cycle.

Project management process groups are isolated events.

Process groups occur at varying levels of intensity throughout each phase of a

project.

Planning processes are especially important for information technology projects

The executing process group should not overlap the other process
groups.

The ideal outcome of the controlling process is to complete a project

successfully by delivering the agreed-upon project scope within time,
cost, and quality constraints.
=> là planning

Key outcomes of the executing process group are formal acceptance of

the work and creation of closing document, such as a final project report
and lessons-learned report.
=> là closing process

Some organizations develop their own internal information technology project

management methodologies.

An organization should put considerable thought into project selection to ensure that it
initiates the right kinds of projects for the right reasons.

Critical assumptions and constraints are not included in JWD’s business

case.

JWD’s business case includes a discussion of potential risks.

Unfortunately, JWD’s Project Charter did not include a space for

comments from the stakeholders.

Executing is often the most difficult and unappreciated process in project

management.

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

Planning is one of the five project management process groups.

Project management is an integrative endeavor; decisions and actions taken in one

knowledge area at a certain time usually affect other knowledge areas.

Closing processes take place during each phase of a project. FALSE -> initiating

Normally, the planning processes require the most resources and time. FALSE -> executing

Research suggests that companies working to implement best practices should FALSE -> 10
spend at least 50 percent of project time in initiating and planning activities.

The executing process group involves taking the actions necessary to complete the
work described in the planning activities.

Controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process group.

During the executing process group, the project team works to gain acceptance of the FALSE -> closing
end product and bring the phase or project to an orderly end.

An organization may initiate information technology projects for several reasons, but
the most important reason is to support business objectives.
The PMBOK Guide 2000 lists project scope management as the only knowledge area
involved in initiation.

According to JWD’s business case, the company will improve profitability by reducing
internal costs by providing standard tools, techniques, templates, and project
management knowledge to all internal consultants.

As part of the Team Contract, the staff at JWD decided to meet less frequently the FALSE -> more
first month.

The least important output of project execution is work results, or delivery of products FALSE -> most
and services.

One type of project report is called a(n) milestone report.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Project management consists of ____knowledge areas. Nine

a. Two c. nine Project Integration Management, Project Scope Management, …Time,
b. Five d. twenty …Cost, …Quality, …Human resources, …Communications, …Risk, …
Procurement…

One of the project management’s knowledge areas is ____. Procurement management

a. Procurement management c. information
b. Technology d. quantity

Projects involve ____ project management process groups. Five

a. Two c. seven Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, Closing
b. Five d. nine

One of the project management process groups is ____. Initiating

a. Initiating c. transferring
b. Sending d. combining

____ processes include actions to begin or end projects and project phases. Initiating
a. Planning c. Executing
b. Controlling d. Initiating
____ processes include devisign and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure the Planning
project addresses the company’s needs.
a. Planning c. Executing
b. Controlling d. Initiating

A common ____ process is a performance review during which any necessary controlling
changes are identified, and a staff member is selected to analyze and manage those
changes.
a. Executing c. initiating
b. Controlling d. planning

____ processes include formalizing acceptance of the phase or project and ending it closing
efficiently.
a. Planning c. closing
b. Controlling d. executing

Examples of ___ processes include developing the project team, providing excuting
leadership, assuring project quality, disseminating information, procuring necessary
resources, and delivering the actual work.
a. Initiating c. closing
b. Planning d. executing

The PMBOK Guide 2000 identifies ____ outputs. four

a. Two c. eight
b. Four d. ten

Clarification of ____ is one of the four outputs listed in the PMBOK Guide 2000. constraints
a. Needs c. constraints
b. Issues d. demands

Some organizations require an approved corporate project request and an initial and pre
detailed business case in a phase called ____ -project initiation.
a. Pre c. after
b. Post d. semi

According to JWD’s business objective, the company’s strategic goals include profitability
continuting growth and ____.
a. Gaining market share c. portability
b. Collaboration d. profitability

The main purpose of a project plan is to ____ project execution. guide

a. Prohibit c. follow
b. Guide d. eliminate

One of the outputs related to a project’s scope is a(n) ____. WBS

a. Activity list c. project schedule
b. Cost estimate d. WBS

A planning process that belongs to the knowledge area of time is ____ definition. activity
a. Scope c. activity
b. Cost d. quality

Creating an organizational ____ is an output involved in organizational planning. plan

a. Role c. plan
b. Chart d. directory

Creating a(n) ____ management plan is an output related to the organizational staffing
planning of human resources.
a. Staffing c. priority
b. Risk d. communications

The scope statement lists the importance of documenting the product characteristics deliverables
and requirements, summarizes the ____, and describes project success criteria.
a. Questions c. deliverables
b. Issues d. techniques

After the project title, date, and the name of the person who prepared the statement, Requirements
the next section of the scope statement is the Project ____.
a. Characteristics c. Deliverables
b. Requirements d. Justification

WBS stands for the Work ____ Structure. Breakdown

a. Bulletin c. Building
 b. Background d. Breakdown

On JWD’s WBS, status reports are part of the ____ stage. controlling
a. Planning c. executing
b. Controlling d. closing

Gantt

The figure above is and example of a ____ chart.

a. Gantt c. Summary
b. Hierarchy d. WBS

The highlighted boxes in the chart above represents tasks on the ____ path. critical
a. Important c. information
b. critical d. executive

Executing the project involves taking the actions neccesary to ensure that activities in completed
the project plan are ____.
a. Initiated c. completed
b. Deleted d. considered

It usually takes the most resources to accomplish project ____. execution

a. Planning c. input
b. Hiring d. execution
 milestone

The figure above represents a portion of a ____ report.

a. Calendar c. planning
b. Gantt d. milestone

____ is the process of measuring progress towards project objectives, monitoring controlling
deviation from the plan, and taking corrective action to match progress with the plan.
a. Controlling c. executing
b. Planning d. reforming

Controlling affects ___ other phases of the project life cycle all
a. No c. all
b. Some d. two

The ____ process includes verifying that all of the deliverables are complete and closing
often includes a final presentation.
a. Initiating c. planning
b. Closing d. controlling

COMPLETION

A(n) ______ is a series of actions directed toward a particular result. process

Project management process ______ progress from initiation activities to planning groups
activities, executing activities, controlling activities, and closing activities.

During ______ processes for a new project, the organization recognizes that a new initiating
project exists.
Business cases and project ______ identify the main stakeholders for a project, justify charters
the project, and specify the high-level scope, time, and cost goals of the project.

Usually, the project manager and key team members are selected during the ______ initiating
process group.

overlap

The figure above illustrates the ______ of process groups in a phase.

______ processes measure progress toward the project objectives, monitor deviation Monitoring and Controlling
from the plan, and take corrective action to match progress with the plan.

The organization’s strategic ______ expresses the vision, mission, goals, objectives, planning
and strategies of the organization and provides the basis for information technology
project planning.

A Project Charter includes a project start date and a projected ______ date. completion

JWD Consulting believed in using team ______ , that everyone feels comfortable contract
signing, for all projects to help promote teamwork and clarify team communications.

A project ______ can be added to the end of a project if you are not confident that milestone
you will meet a schedule goal.

Preparing the final project presentation occurs during the ______ process of the closing
project.

Preparing a WBS occurs during the ______ process of the project. planning
Preparing the project charter occurs during the ______ process of the project. initiating

CHAPTER 4: PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE

Integrated change control involves coordinating changes across the entire project.

Project integration management depends on activities from only five of

the eight other knowledge areas.

Project integration management includes interface management

Project integration management must occur within the context of a

particular project, not the entire organization

Project plans should be dynamic, flexible, and subject to change.

A stakeholder analysis should be part of the overal project plan.

Project integration management views project planning and execution as intertwined

and inseparable activities.

Once a project plan is written, it should not be updated.

Project managers may sometimes find it necessary to break the rules to produce
project results in a timely manner.

To determine that a change has occurred, the project manager must know the status
of key project areas at all times.

Change requests are rare on projects.

Project managers must focus on the big picture.

Project integration management is often viewed as the least important

 project management knowledge area.

Project documentation should not be shared over the Internet.

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

Project plan execution involves putting the results of other planning processes into a FALSE -> development
consistent, coherent document.

The number of interfaces can increase logarithmically as the number of people FALSE -> exponentially
involved in a project increases.

Every project should have a unique name.

A responsibility assignment matrix is a tool often used for displaying with individuals
are responsible for each segment of the project

The project contours section of the project plan describes how to monitor project FALSE -> control
progress and handle changes.

The application area of the project directly affects project development because the FALSE -> execution
products of the project are produced during this process.

Those who will do the work should plan the work.

PDF files are short for Portable Design Format. FALSE -> Document

Microsoft Project 2002 is an example of project management software.

It is important that project managers exercise discipline in managing the project to

help minimize the number of changes that occur.

The budget section of the project plan lists the planned dates for completing key FALSE -> shedule
deliverables.

A change control bureau (CCB) is a formal group of people responsible for approving FALSE -> board
or rejecting changes to a project.
E-mail, real-time databases, and the Web make it easier to disseminate the most
current project information.

For large projects, organizations are likely to benefit most from high-end software
tools.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The are ____ main processes involved in project integration management. five
a. Two c. four
b. Three d. five

Projects that are somewhat ambigous at the beginning are often describes as having front-end
a fuzzy ____.
a. High-end c. back-end
b. Rear-end d. front-end

Most people consider project integration ____the key to overall project success. management
a. Management c. clients
b. Programmers d. marketers

_____ management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction Interface
between various elements of the project.
a. Interlace c. Interface
b. Interproject d. Interpreted

The ____ process of project integration management is project plan development. second
a. First c. third
b. Second d. fourth

In order to integrate across project management knowledge areas and across the project
organization, there must be a good ___ plan.
a. Floor c. marketing
b. Project d. coding

Every project needs a ____. sponsor

a. Tailor-made software package c. sponsor
 b. Gantt chart d. Sales team

The description of the project in the project plan should be written in ____ terms. layperson’s
a. Layperson’s c. financial
b. Technical d. legal

The project ____ should always be the contact for project information. manager
a. Plan c. programmer
b. Sales executive d. manager

Project controls should be described in the ____ section of the project plan. Management and technical approaches
a. Organizational c. overview
b. Management and technical d. Project schedule
approaches

The acronym CASE stands for Computer Aided Software ___. Engineering
a. Engineering c. Entertainment
b. Experimentation d. Education

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1058.1 Software Project Management Plan
describes the contents of a(n) ___.
a. Gantt chart c. Software Project Management Plan
b. Object-oriented d. Software Developmet Plan
Management Plan

The ___ process of project integration management is project plan execution. third
a. First c. third
b. Second d. fourth

The majority of time on a project is usually spent on ___. execution

a. Analysis c. development
b. Testing d. Execution

The main function of creating project plan is to guide project ___. execution
a. Marketing c. interface
b. Development d. execution
Most systems analysts begin their careers as ___. programmers
a. Programmers c. clients
b. Project managers d. Sales representatives

Good project plan execution also requires a ___ organizational culture. supportive
a. Large c. supportive
b. Distracted d. wealthy

ResNet was the first large information technology project at Northwest Airlines led by business
a(n) ___ manager, and it was a roaring success.
a. Financial c. project
b. Business d. accounting

Porject managers or other team members can create Gantt charts using software Project 2002
such as Microsof ___.
a. Project 2002 c. Internet Explorer
b. Windows XP d. Windows NT

Project integration management

The figure above shows a schematic of the ___ process.

a. Project integration management c. systems development life cycle
b. Project life cycle d. Integrated change control

The project ___ provides the baseline for identifying and controlling project changes. plan
a. Manager c. deliverable
b. Plan d. software
Information technology often used to be referred to as data ____. automation
a. Transference c. automation
b. Interpretation d. management

Project managers should use ____ performance reports to help identify and manage Written and oral
project changes
a. Written and oral c. oral
b. Written d. Neither written nor oral

The goal of a ___ metting is to communicate what is most important on the project stand-up
quickly.
a. Stand-up c. pack-in
b. Front-end d. get-out

It is the ___ responsibility to integrate all project changes so that the project stays on Project manager’s
track.
a. Sales representative’s c. project manager’s
b. Client’s d. programmer’s

Project management is a process of ____ communication and negotiation constant

a. Reducing c. disregarding
b. Constant d. occasional

Gantt chart

The above figure shows a software application tool’s creation of a(n) ___.
 a. Workflow diagram c. Gantt chart
b. Object model d. Project life cycle

The main purpose of a project plan is to facilitate ____. action

a. Explanation c. thought
b. Stasis d. action

COMPLETION

Project plan ______ involves carrying out the project plan by performing the activities execution
included in it.

Project ______ management involves coordinating all of the other project integration
management knowledge areas throughout a project’s life cycle.

A(n) ______ plan is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents Project management
and help guide a project’s execution and control.

Software packages, pieces of hardware, technical reports, and training materials are deliverables
examples of ______.

The project ______ section of the project plan describes the number and types of staffing
people required for the project.

A stakeholder ______ documents information such as key stakeholder names and register
organizations, their roles on the project, and unique facts about each stakeholder.

JAD stands for Joint ______ Design. Application

A work _____ system is a method for ensuring proper communications so that Authorization
qualified people do the work at the right time and in the proper sequence.

________ change control involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes integrated
throughout the project life cycle.

________ reports provide status information on how project execution is going. Project status
A change ______ system is a formal, documented process that describes when and control
how official project documents may be changed.

Someone who controls and documents the functional and physical characteristics of management
the project’s products is referred to as a configuration _______ specialist.

In Microsoft Project, you can click on the _______ symbols to drill down to the next arrow
level of detail.

A project manager’s primary focus should be on project ________ management. integration

CHAPTER 5: PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE

Deliverables can be product-related, such as a piece of hardware or a software

module, or process-related, such as a planning document or meeting minutes.

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
 MULTIPLE CHOICE

CIO refers to the Chief ____ Officer. Information

a. Inspection c. Interpretive
b. Information d. Isolation

Many factors involved with project success, such as user involvement, clear business scope
objectives, minimized scope, and firm basic requirements are elements of project
_____ management.
a. Scope c. planning
b. Funding d. initiation

The term ____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project scope
and the processes used to create them.
a. Enactment c. scope
b. Enterprise d. development

The term ____ describes a product produced as part of a project. deliverable

a. Input c. process
b. Output d. deliverable

There are _____ main processes involved in project scope management five
a. Two c. five
b. Three d. nine

____ involves committing the organization to begin a project or continue to the next Initiation
phase of a project.
a. Scope planning c. scope definition
b. Initiation d. Scope change control

A project ____ is a key document for formally recognizing the existence and providing charter
a board overview of a project.
a. Charter c. action
b. Plan d. deliverable
Scope _____ involves developing documents to provide the basis for future project definition
decisions, including the criteria for determining if a project or phase has been
compeleted successfully.
a. Definition c. verification
b. Change control d. Planning

Scope ____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more planning
manageable components.
a. Planning c. verification
b. Definition d. Change control

The project team creates a WBS during the scope ___ process. planning
a. Definition c. initiation
b. Change control d. planning

Scope changes, corrective action, and lesson learned are outputs of the scope ____ Change control
process.
a. Verification c. planning
b. Initiation d. Change control

The term “SWOT” analysis refers to analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
and ____.
a. Treats c. Time
b. Threats d. Traffic

Many information systems are classified as ___ because they directly support key strategic
business strategies.
a. Secret c. profitable
b. Ancillary d. strategic

One method for selecting projects based on broad organizational needs is to will
determine whether they first meet three important criteria: need, funding, and ___.
a. Value c. time
b. Will d. deliverables

____ are undesirable situations that prevent and organization from achieving its Problems
goals.
a. Problems c. opportunities
b. Directives d. assets

____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external directives
influence.
a. Objectives c. directives
b. Goals d. incentives

EDI stands for _____ data interchange. electronic

a. Economic c. event-driven
b. Electronic d. effective

A(n) ___ rate is also called the required rate of return, hurdle rate, or opportunity cost discount
of capital.
a. Development c. opportunity
b. Discount d. availability

The formula for the discount factor is ___ where r is the discount rate and t is the year 1/(1+r)t
a. 1(1+r)t c. 1/(1+r)t
b. t/(1+r) d. r(1+t)

ROI stands for return on___. investment

a. Interest c. intelligence
b. Information d. investment

A balanced ____ is a methodology that converts an organization’s value drivers, such scorecard
as customer service, innovation, operational efficiency, and financial performance, to
a series of defined metrics.
a. Scorecard c. equation
b. Gantt chart d. charter

A project ___ is a document that formally recognize the existence of a project and charter
provides direction on the project’s objectives and management.
a. Goal c. charter
b. Definition d. initiative
A scope _____ is a document used to develop and confirm a common understanding statement
of the project scope.
a. Plane c. initiative
b. Chart d. statement

The project ____ describes the business need that sparked creation of the project justification
a. Plan c. budget
b. Justification d. strategy

The process of breaking work into manageable pieces is called scope ____. orientation
a. Definition c. orientation
b. Planning d. development

A work ____ structure is a deliverable-oriented grouping or the work involved in a breakdown

project that defines the total scope of the project.
a. Definition c. breakdown
b. Developement d. benefit

A(n) ___ is often depicted as a task-oriented family tree of activities, similar to an WBS
organizational chart.
a. ROI c. Internet sit
b. Gantt chart d. WBS

A WBS can be shown in ___ form as an indented list of tasks that shows the same tabular
groupings of the work.
a. Pie chart c. Gantt chart
b. Tabular d. Bar graph

A(n) ___ package is a task at the lowest level of the WBS which generally should work
represent roughly eighty hours of effort.
a. Benefit c. work
b. Investment d. production

Tasks under initiating include selecting a project manager, forming the project ____, team
and developing the project charter.
a. Team c. budget
 b. Goal d. liturgy

The ___ tasks vary the most from project to project, but many of the tasks under the executing
other project management process groups would be similar for all projects.
a. Initiating c. planning
b. Closing d. executing

Tasks under planning include developing a(n) ___ statement, creating a WBS, and scope
developing and refining other plans, which would be broken down in more detail for a
real project.
a. Scope c. independent
b. Budget d. closing

One approach to developing work breakdown structures is to use ___. guideline

a. Formulas c. guidelines
b. Investments d. contractors

When constructing a WBS, in the ____ approach, you use a similar project’s analogy
WBS as a starting point.
a. Top-down c. guideline
b. Bottom-up d. Analogy: sự giống nhau

To use the ___ approach in creating a WBS, start with the largest items of the top-down
project and break them into their subordinate items.
a. Top-down c. analogy
b. Bottom-up d. mind-mapping

When constructing a WBS, in the ____ approach, team members first identify as bottom-up
many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the
specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the
WBS.
a. Top-down c. analogy
b. Bottom-up d. mind-mapping

The ____ approach is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core mind-mapping
idea to structure thoughts and ideas.
 a. Top-down c. analogy
b. Bottom-up d. mind-mapping

The tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger is called ___. scope
a. Project c. scope
b. Process d. guideline

The 1995 Standish Group CHAOS study found that key factors associated with requirements
information technology project success include user involvement and a clear
statement of project ____.
a. Budget c. values
b. Requirements d. staff

Research and practice indicate that in order to verify project scope and control input
scope change, you need to improve user ____ and reduce incomplete and
changing requirements and specifications.
a. Output c. input
b. Technology d. safety

JAD stands for joint ___ design. application

a. Accuracy c. artistic
b. Availability d. application

Common techniques for selecting projects include focusing on broad organization scorecards
needs, categorizing projects, performing financial analyses, developing weighted
scoring models, and using balanced___.
a. Pie charts c. Gantt charts
b. Scorecards d. portfolios

A type of software, called a(n) ___ management tool, aids in capturing and project
maintaining requirements information, provides immediate access to the
information, and assists in establishing necessary relationships between
requirements and information created by other tools.
a. Project c. information
b. Regulations d. requirements
Scope ___ involves formalizing acceptance of the project scope. verification
a. Definition c. verification
b. Planning d. Change control

COMPLETION

CHAPTER 6: PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

According to the 1995 CHAOS report, unsuccessful information 2.2

technology projects that were planned to take one year ended up taking
____ years to complete.
1.4 c. 2.2
1.8 d. 2.6
Overall, ____ issues cause the most conflict over the life of a project. schedule

a. Budget c. planning
b. Schedule d. verification

There are ____ main processes involved in project time management. two
a. Two c. five
b. Four d. ten
Activity ____ involves identifying the specific activities that the project team members definition
and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables.
a. Conflict c. verification
b. Modification d. definition

Activity ____ involves identifying and documenting the relationships between project sequencing
activities.
a. Duration c. control
b. Development d. sequencing

Activity ____ estimating involves estimating the number of work periods that are duration
needed to complete individual activities.
a. Duration c. development
b. Sequencing d. control

Schedule ____ involves analyzing activity sequences, activity duration estimates, and sequencing
resource requirements to create the project schedule.
a. Sequencing c. control
b. Development d. duration

Schedule ____ involves managing changes to the project schedule. control

a. Sequencing c. development
b. Duration d. control

Activity ____ involves reviewing the activities in the detailed WBS, detailed product budgeting
descriptions, assumptions, and constraints to determine the relationships between
activities.
a. Budgeting c. sequencing
b. Definition d. management

There are ____ basic reasons for creating dependencies among project activities. three
a. Three c. eight
b. Five d. nine

____ dependencies are inherent in the nature of the work being done on a project. mandatory
a. Mandatory c. external
 b. Discretionary d. relationship

____ dependencies are defined by the project team. discretionary

a. Mandatory c. external
b. Discretionary d. relationship

____ dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities. external
a. Mandatory c. external
b. Discretionary d. relationship

A project ____ diagram is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or network
sequencing of, project activities.
a. Gantt c. schedule
b. Bar graph d. network

deliverables

In the figure above, the letters A through J represent activities with ____ that are
required to complete the project.
a. Dependencies c. budgets
b. Schedules d. deliverables

A PDM, or ____ diagramming method (PDM) is a network diagramming technique in Precedence

which boxes represent activities.
a. Precedence c. parallel
b. Predictive d. primary

____ is a relationship in which the “from” activity cannot start until the “to” activity is start-to-start
started.
a. Finish-to-start c. finish-to-finish
b. Start-to-start d. start-to-finish

____ is a rarely used relationship in which the “from” activity must start before the “to” start-to-finish
activity can be finished.
c. Finish-to-start c. finish-to-finish
d. Start-to-start d. start-to-finish

An example of a ____ relationship is when quality control efforts cannot finish before finish-to-finish
production finishes, although the two activities can be performed at the same time.
e. Finish-to-start c. finish-to-finish
f. Start-to-start d. start-to-finish

The number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task is called effort
a. Duration c. effort
b. Length d. time

On a Gantt chart, a(n) ____ is a significant event on a project with zero duration. milestone
a. Marker c. milestone
b. Goal d. inning

The critical path method (CPM) also called critical path ____ is used to predict total analysis
project duration.
a. Requirements c. therapy
b. Divisions d. analysis

Slack or ____ is the amount of time an activity may be delayed without delaying a float
succeeding activity or the project finish date.
a. Flotsam c. excess
b. Float d. padding

A(n) ____ pass determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity. forward
a. Forward c. late
b. Backward d. early

____ is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest crashing
amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost.
a. Costing c. creating
b. Crashing d. culling

____ tracking involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in fast
sequence.
a. Parallel c. slow
b. Simultaneous d. fast

The Theory of ____ (TOC) is based on the fact that, like a chain with its weakest link, constraints
any complex system at any point in time often has only one aspect that limits its
ability to achieve more of its goal.
a. Complaints c. constructs
b. Constraints d. conventions

____ Law states that work expands to fill the time allowed. parkinson’s
a. Parkinson’s c. Murphy’s
b. Gantt’s .d. Stevenson’s

Lucent Technology’s Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable Business Unit used critical 40
chain scheduling to reduce its product introduction interval by ____ percent.
a. 20 c. 40
b. 30 d. 50

____ Technologies Group successfully implemented critical chain scheduling U.S.

to manage more than 200 concurrent projects in nine locations.
a. Lucent c. Synergis
b. Antarctic d. U.S.

ADM stands for ____ diagramming method. arrow

a. Advanced c. assertive
b. Arrow d. anchor

____-on-arrow (AOA) is a network diagramming technique in which activities are activity

represented by arrows and connected at points to illustrate the sequence of activities.
a. Activity c. advances
 b. Arrow d. articles

A(n) ____ pass is a project network diagramming technique that determines the late backward
start and late finish dates for each activity in a similar fashion.
a. Forward c. fast
b. Backward d. slow

A(n) ____ is when a single node is followed by two or more activities on a network burst
diagram.
a. Start c. milestone
b. Arrow d. burst

A(n) ____ occurs when two or more nodes precede a single node on a network merge
diagram.
a. Mesh c. merge
b. Milestone d. burst

The equation for the PERT ____ average is: (optimistic time + 4(most likely time) + weighted
pessimistic time)/6.
a. Weighted c. slack
b. Probabilistic d. constraint

A(n) ____ Gantt chart is a Gantt chart that compares planned and actual project tracking
schedule information.
a. Information c. singular
b. Tracking d. inverted

One of the first ____ checks a project manager should make is to review the draft reality
schedule usually included in the project charter.
a. Time c. progress
b. Reality d. account

____-coding involves entering all activity dates manually instead of letting the hard
software calculate them based on durations and relationships.
a. Cold c. hard
b. Hot d. slow
 COMPLETION

CHAPTER 7: PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The additional percentage or dollar amount by which actual costs exceed estimates is overrun
called the cost ____.
a. Excess c. completion
b. Availability d. overrun

EVM stands for ____ value management. earned

a. Excess c. eventual
b. Earned d. economic

Project ____ management includes the processes required to ensure that a project cost
team completes a project within an approved budget.
a. Cost c. scope
b. Time frame d. goal

____ planning involves determining what people, equipment, and materials a project resource
team should use to perform project activities and the quantities of each resource.
a. Scope c. Resource
b. Cost d. Development

The output of the resource planning process is a list of resource ___. plans
 a. Goals c. ideas
b. Requirements d. plans

Cost ___involves developing an approximation of the costs of the resources needed estimating
to complete a project.
a. Budgeting c. estimating
b. Control d. planning

The main outputs of the cost estimating process are cost estimates, ____ detail, and scope
a cost management plan.
a. Development c. scope
b. Budget d. supporting

Cost ____ involves allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to budgeting
establish a baseline for measuring performance.
a. Budgeting c. control
b. Analysis d. estimating

The main output of the cost budgeting process is a cost ____. baseline
a. Graph c. analysis
b. Baseline d. estimate

The main outputs of the cost control process are revised cost estimates, budget ____, updates
corrective action, estimate at completion, and lessons learned.
a. Charts c. updates
b. Timelines d. goals

Profit ____ is the ratio between revenues and profits. margin

a. Margin c. scope
b. Life cycle d. cost

____ costing allows you to see a big-picture view of the cost of a project and develop Life cycle
an accurate projection of a project’s financial benefits.
a. Project scope c. Development
b. Life cycle d. Profit

____ costs or benefits are those costs or benefits that an organization can easily tangible
measure in dollars.
a. Sunk c. Indirect
b. Direct d. Tangible

____ costs or benefits are costs or benefits that are difficult to measure in monetary intangible
terms.
a. Indirect c. Intangible
b. Direct d. tangible

____ costs are costs related to a project that an organization can trace back in a cost- direct
effective way.
a. Direct c. Sunk
b. Indirect d. Intangible

The cost of electricity, paper towels, and so on in a large building housing a thousand tangible
employees are examples of ____ costs.
a. Tangible c. direct
b. Intangible d. indirect

___ cost is money that has been spent in the past. sunk
a. Direct c. Sunk
b. Indirect d. Intangible

Contingency reserves, also sometimes called ____, allow for future situations that Known unknowns
may be partially planned for and are included in the project cost baseline.
a. Unknown knowns c. unknown unknowns
b. Known unknowns d. Known knowns

Management reserves, sometimes called ____, allow for future situations that are Unknown unknonws
unpredictable.
c. Unknown knowns c. unknown unknowns
d. Known unknowns d. Known knowns

A ROM or a rough order of ____ (ROM) estimate provides a rough idea of what a magnitude
project will cost.
a. Maintenance c. magnitude
 b. Money d. misdemeanors

____ estimates are used for making many purchasing decisions for which accurate definitive
estimates are required and for estimating final project costs.
a. Budgetary c. Rough
b. Definitive d. Absolute

____ estimates use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for analogous
estimating the cost of the current project.
a. Analogous c. Parametric
b. Bottom-up d. Constructive Cost

One popular parametric model is the ____ Cost Model, which is used for estimating constructive
software development costs based on parameters such as the source lines of code or
function points.
a. Creative c. Coupled
b. Collaborative d. Constructive

EVM or ____ value management is a project performance measurement technique earned

that integrates scope, time, and cost data.
a. Excess c. earned
b. Eventual d. elapsed

A(n) ____ is the original project plan plus approved changes. baseline
a. Description c. forecast
b. Baseline d. assignment

The ____ value (PV), also called the budget, is that portion of the approved total cost planned
estimate planned to be spent on an activity during a given period.
a. Prepared c. periodical
b. Planned d. participant

The ____ is the total direct and indirect costs incurred in accomplishing work on an Actual cost
activity during a given period.
a. Planned value c. actual cost
b. Earned value d. Budgeted cost
____ is the earned value minus the actual cost. Cost variance
a. Schedule variance c. Schedule performance index
b. Cost performance index d. Cost variance

The ____ performance index can be used to calculate the estimate at completion cost
(EAC), an estimate of what it will cost to complete the project based on performance
to date.
a. Completion c. spreadsheet
b. Cost d. project

five

The figure above shows the earned value chart for the project after ____ month(s).
a. One c. twelve
b. Five d. thirteen

COMPLETION

CHAPTER 8: PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE
 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Currently, about ____ percent of U.S. homes have computers. 75

a. 25 c. 75
b. 50 d. 95

It took only ____ years for fifty million people to use the Internet compared to twenty- five
five years for fifty million people to use telephones.
a. Two c. fifteen
b. Five d. twenty

____ is defined as the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to Quality
satisfy stated or implied needs.
a. Fitness c. Performance
b. Conformance d. Quality

____ for use means a product can be used as it was intended. Fitness
a. Fitness c. Performance
b. Conformance d. Quality

Quality ____ includes identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project planning
and how to satisfy those standards.
a. Assurance c. planning
b. Control d. development

Quality ____ involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure assurance
the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.
a. Assurance c. planning
b. Control d. development

Quality ____ involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply control
with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality.
c. Assurance c. planning
d. Control d. development

____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal reliability
conditions without unacceptable failures.
a. Performance c. Hardness
b. Maintainability d. Reliability

____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project benchmarking
practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or
outside the performing organization.
a. Development c. Benchmarking
b. Scope assessment d. Planning

____ is action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product rework
requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations.
a. Rework c. Adjustment
b. Acceptance d. Rejection

VOC stands for ____ of the Customer data. voice

a. Volume c. Value
b. Voice d. Variety

Six Sigma principles for quality follow an improvement process called DMAIC, which Improve
stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, ____, and Control.
a. Integrate c. Illuminate
b. Invest d. Improve

Standard ____ measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data. deviation
a. Derivation c. deviation
b. Distribution d. difference

A ____ distribution is a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical regarding the average normal
value of the population.
a. Normal c. negative
 b. Regular d. deviation

Six 9s of quality is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in ____ million 1

opportunities.
a. 1 c. 6
b. 5 d. 9

A ____ chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over control
time.
a. Calendar c. time
b. Control d. procedural

The seven ____ rule states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, run
above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be
examined for nonrandom problems.
a. Qualitiest c. straight
b. Point d. run

A(n) ____ test is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure unit
it is as defect-free as possible.
a. User c. unit
b. Integration d. system

____ testing ensures subsets of the entire system work together. integration
a. User c. unit
b. Integration d. system

____ testing focuses on the big picture to ensure the entire system is working system
properly.
c. User c. unit
d. Integration d. system

____ acceptance testing is an independent test performed by end users prior to user
accepting the delivered system.
e. User c. unit
f. Integration d. system
The ____ Trilogy consists of quality improvement, quality planning, and quality Juran
control.
a. Deming c. Crosby
b. Juran d. Gantt

____ stressed that the costs of poor quality should include all the costs of not doing Crosby
the job right the first time, such as scrap, rework, lost labor hours and machine hours,
customer ill will and lost sales, and warranty costs.
c. Deming c. Crosby
d. Juran d. Gantt

Quality ____ are groups of nonsupervisors and work leaders in a single company circles
department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to improve the
effectiveness of work in their department.
a. Diagrams c. assurances
b. Controls d. circles

____ diagrams trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible Fishbone
production operations.
a. Fishbone c. Quality
b. Gantt d. Crop

Key concepts in the ____ methods are that quality should be designed into the Taguchi
product and not inspected into it and that quality is best achieved by minimizing
deviation from the target value.
a. Crosby c. Deming
b. Taguchi d. Ishikawa

____ Design methods focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific inquiry for Robust
trial-and-error methods.
a. Cost c. Robust
b. Fishbone d. Quality

Juran and many other quality experts argue that the main cause of quality problems is leadership
a lack of ____.
a. Investments c. attention
 b. Time d. leadership

The cost of ____ is the cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance. quality
a. Quality c. leadership
b. Competition d. success

____ means delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use. conformance
a. Performance c. Superiority
b. Conformance d. Availability

A cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the prevention
product is called a(n) ___ cost.
a. Prevention c. internal failure
b. Appraisal d. External failure

Items such as scrap and rework, charges related to late payment of bills, inventory appraisal
costs that are a direct result of defects, costs of engineering changes related to
correcting a design error, premature failure of products, and correcting documentation
all contribute to ____ cost.
a. Prevention c. internal failure
b. Appraisal d. External failure

A cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the external failure
customer is called a(n) ____ cost.
a. Measurement c. internal failure
b. Appraisal d. External failure

____ models are frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and Maturity
systems.
a. Maturity c. aging
b. Management d. development

Organizations at the ____ maturity level have established basic project management initial
processes to track cost, schedule, and functionality for software projects.
a. Initial c. defined
b. Repeatable d. managed
At the ____ maturity level, the software processes for both management and software defined
engineering activities are documented, standardized, and integrated into a standard
software process for the organization.
a. Repeatable c. optimizing
b. Managed defined

At the ____ maturity level, organizations can enable continuous process improvement optimizing
by using quantitative feedback from the processes and from piloting innovative ideas
and technologies.
a. Optimizing c. initial
b. Repeatable d. defined

DeMarco found that the average large company devoted more than 60 percent of its maintenance
software development efforts to ____.
a. Coding c. maintenance
b. Debugging d. design

COMPLETION

CHAPTER 9: PROJECT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

According to a December 2002 report, hiring by non-IT companies outpaces hiring by three
IT companies by a ratio of ____ to one.
a. Three c. nine
 b. Six d. twelve

ICT spending stands for information and ____ technology spending. Communication
a. Computer c. collapsible
b. Communication d. contact

Just under ____ percent of the graduates earning Bachelor’s degrees in computer 20
related fields are female.
a. 20 c. 60
b. 40 d. 80

According to the ACM-W co-chair, girls and women are not turned off by technology, business
but by how it is used in ____.
a. Movies c. society
b. Networking d. business

Project human resource management involves ____ primary processes. four

a. Two c. four
b. Three d. five

According to Maslow, the most basic human need is ____. physiological

a. Safety c. physiological
b. Social d. self-actualization

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is organized as a(n) ____. pyramid

a. Pyramid c. circle
b. Chain-of-command d. Inverted pyramid

According to Maslow, you can begin meeting your esteem needs as soon as you social
have finished meeting your ____ needs.
a. Safety c. physiological
b. Self-actualization d. social

Herzberg referred to factors that cause job satisfaction as ____. Motivators

a. Hygiene c. self-actualizers
b. Motivators d. starters
The ____ Apperception Test (TAT) is a tool that measures individual needs using Thematic
McClelland’s categories.
a. Theoretical c. Thematic
b. Technological d. Testing

The main categories of needs, according to McClelland, are achievement, ____, and affiliation
power.
a. Accolade c. safety
b. Hygiene d. affiliation

McGregor’s Theory Y is sometimes referred to as ____ relations theory. human

a. Human c. motivator
b. Classical d. need

Theory Z is based on the ____ approach to motivating workers. Japanese

a. Scandinavian c. American
b. Chinese d. Japanese

Thamhain and Wilemon identified ____ influence bases available to project nine
managers.
a. Three c. nine
b. Six d. twelve

Thamhain and Wilemon found that when project managers used work challenge and money
____ to influence people, their projects were more likely to succeed.
a. Penalty c. authority
b. Expertise d. money

____ power is based on an individual’s personal charisma. Referent

a. Referent c. expert
b. Legitimate d. reward

Covey’s final habit is ___. Sharpen the saw

a. Be proactive c. think win/win
b. Sharpen the saw d. synergize

____ listening is listening with the intent to understand. Empathic

 a. Synergistic c. Empathic
b. Endemic d. Sympathetic

If a process is ____, it often takes more than one pass to refine it. iterative
a. Synergistic c. iterative
b. Hierarchical d. organic

A responsibility ____ matrix (RAM) maps the work of the project to the people assignment
responsible.
a. Aptitude c. association
b. Affiliation d. assignment

RAM

The figure above is an example of a(n) ____.

a. RAM c. OBS
b. WBS d. OC

RACI charts show Responsibility, ____, Consultation, and Informed roles for project Accountability
stakeholders.
a. Affiliation c. Authority
b. Accountabiltiy d. Accessibility
 Resource histogram

The figure above is an example of a(n) ____.

a. RACI chart c. OBS
b. RAM d. Resource histogram

The main outputs of the ____ process are project staff assignments and a project Organizational planning
team directory.
a. Staff acquisition c. human resource management
b. Team development d. Organizational planning

An important part of staffing plans is maintaining a thorough and accurate inventory of skills
employees’ ____.
a. Hardware c. software
b. Skills d. education

____ means more resources than are available are assigned to perform work at a overallocation
given time.
a. Mirroring c. overallocation
b. Resource loading d. synergy

The main purpose of resource leveling is to create a ____ distribution of resource smoother
usage.
a. Smoother c. slack
b. Larger d. crisis

When resource leveling using histograms, you should be employing the strategy from Tetris
the computer game, ____.
a. Quake c. Pong
b. Space Invaders d. Tetris

Training should be provided in a ____ fashion. traditional

a. Fastidious c. more-is-more
b. Just-in-time d. traditional

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was first developed based on ____’s theory of Jung
psychological type.
a. Piaget c. Jung
b. Maslow d. Freud

In the MBTI, the other side of the Feeling dimension is ____. Thinking
a. Thinking c. Sensation
b. Intuition d. Perception

The 1985 MBTI study found that ____ percent of information systems developers
were introverts.
a. 25 c. 75
b. 50 d. 100

The most productive teams should be limited to ____ people. 7 to 10

a. 1 to 3 c. 7 to 10
b. 3 to 7 d. 10 to 14

The second stage of the basic team-building stages is ____. storming

a. Forming c. norming
b. Performing d. storming

The third stage of the basic team-building stages is ___. norming

c. Forming c. norming
d. Performing d. storming

The resource ____ view of Project 2002 shows such information as the names of the usage
people working on a project and the total number of hours they are scheduled to
work.
 a. Usage c. matrix
b. Development d. project

If someone is overallocated, Project 2002 automatically puts a(n) ____ in the column Exclamation point
to the left of their name.
a. Star c. plus sign
b. Exclamation point d. Minus sign

Resource usage

The figure above shows a(n) ____ report.

a. Organizational chart c. workflow breakdown
b. RACI d. Resource usage

____ factors will cause dissatisfaction if not present, but do not motivate workers to self-actualizing
do more if present.
a. Synergy c. Self-actualizing
b. Hygiene d. RACI

COMPLETION

CHAPTER 10: PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE
 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Many experts agree that the greatest threat to the success of any project, especially communicate
information technology projects, is a failure to ____.
a. Work c. organize
b. Profit d. communicate

____ involves determining the information and communications needs of the Communications planning
stakeholders.
a. Performance reporting c. Communications planning
b. Information distribution d. Administrative closure

____ involves making needed information available to project stakeholders in a timely Information distribution
manner.
c. Performance reporting c. Communications planning
d. Information distribution d. Administrative closure

____ involves collecting and disseminating performance information, including status Performance reporting
reports, progress measurement, and forecasting.
e. Performance reporting c. Communications planning
f. Information distribution d. Administrative closure

____ involves generating, gathering, and disseminating information to formalize Admistrative closure
phase or project completion.
g. Performance reporting c. Communications planning
h. Information distribution d. Administrative closure

Communicating includes many different dimensions such as ____, speaking, and Writing
listening.
a. Programming c. hiring
b. Writing d. meeting

A well-publicized example of misuse of ____ comes from the 1998 Justice e-mail
Departments high-profile, antitrust suit against Microsoft.
a. Meetings c. e-mail
b. Software d. Project management

Studies show that less than ____ percent of communications consist of the actual 8
content or words communicated.
a. 2 c. 8
b. 5 d. 10

____ meetings have no chairs, and the lack of chairs forces people to focus on what stand-up
they really need to communicate.
a. Stand-up c. oral communication
b. Concerns d. Consultation

If you were trying to assess commitment of project stakeholders, a(n) ____ would be meeting
the most appropriate medium to use.
a. Telephone call c. meeting
b. E-mail d. memo

A(n) ____ is an excellent way to give complex instructions. Hard copy

a. Hard copy c. telephone call
b. Meeting d. e-mail

A(n) ____ is a excellent medium for encouraging creative thinking. e-mail

a. E-mail c. hard copy
b. Voice mail d. web-site

A voice mail is a(n) ____ way to build consensus. inappropriate

a. Excellent c. inappropriate
b. Adequate d. reasonable

The equation for calculating the number of communication channels is ____. n(n-1)/2
a. (n-1)/2 c. 2n-1
b. (n-1)(n-2) d. n(n-1)/2

Many information technology professionals work on ____ projects where they never scattered
meet their project sponsors, other team members, or other project stakeholders.
 a. Scattered c. collaborative
b. Virtual d. moving

____ address where the project stands in terms of meeting scope, time, and cost Status reports
goals.
a. Progress reports c. change requests
b. Forecasts d. Status reports

____ predict future project status and progress based on past information and trends. forecast
c. Progress reports c. change requests
d. Forecasts d. Status reports

____ describe what the project team has accomplished during a certain period. Progress reports
e. Progress reports c. change requests
f. Forecasts d. Status reports

____ allow(s) time to collect project records, ensure those records reflect final Administrative closure
specifications, analyze project effectiveness, and archive information for future use.
a. Status review meetings c. administrative closure
b. Project integration d. Face-to-face discussions

____ reflective statements written by project managers and their team members. Lessons learned are
a. Project archives are c. A status review is
b. Formal acceptance is d. Lessons learned are

When using the ____ mode, project managers directly face a conflict using a confrontation
problem-solving approach that allows affected parties to work through their
disagreements.
a. Confrontation c. forcing
b. Compromise d. smoothing

With the ____ mode, project managers bargain and search for solutions that bring compromise
some degree of satisfaction to all the parties in a dispute.
a. Confrontation c. forcing
b. Compromise d. withdrawal

Managers who are very competitive or autocratic in their management style might confrontation
favor the ____ mode.
a. Confrontation c. forcing
b. Withdrawal d. smoothing

When using the ____ mode, project managers retreat from an actual or potential withdrawal
disagreement.
c. Confrontation c. forcing
d. Compromise d. withdrawal

A meeting held at the beginning of a project or project phase where all major project kickoff
stakeholders discuss project objectives is called a(n) ____ meeting.
a. Starter c. introductory
b. Kickoff d. formative

A project description should include the project objective, scope, assumptions, cost schedule
information, and ____ information.
a. Schedule c. management
b. Funding d. staffing

A letter of ____ provides similar information as a contract or project charter in a agreement

friendlier way.
a. Atonement c. agreement
b. Analysis d. administration

For a long report, it is also a good idea to include a one-page ____ summary that analytical
highlights the most important information in the report.
a. Analytical c. descriptive
b. Administrative d. executive

____ highlight significant events, such as having the letter of agreement signed, or Milestones
the completion of major deliverables.
a. Markers c. reports
b. Milestones d. audits

In the past few years, more and more project teams have started putting all or part of Web sites
their project information, including various templates, on project ____.
 a. E-mails c. videos
b. Reports d. Web sites

A communications ____ is a set of tools, techniques, and principles that provides a infrastructure
foundation for the effective transfer of information among people.
a. Infrastructure c. atlas
b. Deliverable d. set-up

Communication ____ include providing an environment for open dialogue using tools
straight talk and following an agreed-upon work ethic.
a. Techniques c. strategies
b. Principles d. tools

A “digital ____ system” allows for rapid movement of information inside a company as consolidation
well as with customers, suppliers, and other business partners.
a. Communications c. consolidation
b. Transference d. nervous

According to Gartner Inc, more than ____ percent of people telecommute or work 67
remotely at least part-time.
a. 37 c. 57
b. 47 d. 67

VPN stands for virtual ___ network. private

a. Personal c. private
b. Political d. provision

____ are now a common tool for presenting video, graphics, sound, voice, and Webcasts
participant feedback live over the Web.
a. Telecasts c. Hyperlinks
b. Webcasts d. Promotions

In Microsoft’s Enterprise Project Management product, ____ management provides a Resource

centralized and consolidated view of programs and projects which allows the user to
evaluate and prioritize activities across the organization.
a. Resource c. portfolio
 b. Product d. account

The ____ feature of Microsoft’s Enterprise Project Management product enables an Portfolio management
organization to share knowledge immediately and consistently to improve
communications and decision making, eliminate redundancies, and take advantage of
best practices for project management.
a. Project collaboration c. software management
b. Resource management d. Portfolio managment

The project plan and work results are important ____ performance reporting. Inputs to
a. Results of c. outputs of
b. Decisions from d. Inputs to

Administrative ____ consist(s) of verifying and documenting project results and Closure
ensuring that records reflect final specifications.
a. Acceptance c. contacts
b. Closure d. directives

It is always a good idea to include ____ sections with stakeholder communication Comment
analyses to record special considerations or details related to each stakeholder,
document, meeting, and so on.
a. Customer c. inventory
b. Comment d. programming

If you want to praise a project team member for doing a good job, a(n) ____ would be Introver
more comfortable receiving that praise in private.
a. Introver c. sensing person
b. Extrover d. Feeling person

COMPLETION

CHAPTER 11: PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT

TRUE FALSE
 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

William Ibbs and Young H. Kwak performed a study to assess project management maturity
____.
a. Maturity c. progress
b. Development d. implementation

In the study performed by Ibbs and Kwak, the only knowledge area for which all risk
ratings were less than 3 was ____ management.
a. Procurement c. cost
b. Human resources d. risk

KPMG, a large consulting firm, did a study that found that ____ percent of runaway 55
projects did no risk management at all.
a. 25 c. 55
b. 45 d. 75

The possibility of loss or injury is called ____. risk

a. Procurement c. risk
b. Damage d. scope

____ is an activity undertaken to lessen the impact of potentially adverse events on a Risk management
project.
a. Human resources development c. Communications marketing
b. Risk management d. Procurement management

Risk utility rises at a decreasing rate for a risk-____ person. seeking

a. Averse c. neutral
b. Seeking d. tolerant

Those who are risk-____ have a higher tolerance for risk, and their satisfaction seeking
increases when more payoff is at stake.
a. Averse c. neutral
b. Seeking c. tolerant

A risk-____ person achieves a balance between risk and payoff. neutral

a. Averse c. neutral
b. Seeking d. tolerant

Risk management ____ involves deciding how to approach and plan the risk planning
management activities for the project.
a. Response c. monitoring
b. Identification d. planning

___ risk analysis involves measuring the probability and consequences of risks and quantitatives
estimating their effects on project objectives.
a. Quantitative c. identifying
b. Qualitative d. monitoring

The main outputs of risk ____ include corrective actions in response to risks and response
updates to the risk response plan.
a. Identification c. monitoring and control
b. Response d. analysis

____ plans are predefined actions that the project team will take if an identified risk Contingency
event occurs.
a. Fallback c. backup
b. Contingency d. unanticipated

The issue of whether users will accept and use a product or service falls in the market
domain of ____ risk.
a. Financial c. timing
b. Technology d. market

The basic concept of the ____ Technique is to derive a consensus among a panel of Delphi
experts who make predictions about future developments.
a. Alpha c. Delphi
 b. Gantt d. Interviewing

____ is a fact-finding technique for collecting information in face-to-face, telephone, e- Interviewing

mail, or instant messaging discussions.
a. Interviewing c. Brainstorming
b. The Delphi Technique d. Analysis

SWOT analysis stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and ____. threats
a. Techniques c. trust
b. Transitions d. threats

System or process ____ charts are diagrams that show how different parts of a influence
system interrelate.
a. Gantt c. pie
b. Flow d. influence

Risk symptoms, or ____, are indicators of actual risk events. triggers

a. Milestones c. triggers
b. Phases d. backlash

Risk ____ are numbers that represent the overall risk of specific events, based on factors
their probability of occurring and the consequences to the project if they do occur.
a. Factors c. analyses
b. Functions d. insights

Top Ten Risk Item ____ is a qualitative risk analysis tool. Tracking
a. Finding c. Maintaining
b. Following d. Tracking

A(n) ____ tree is a diagramming analysis technique used to help select the best decision
course of action in situations in which future outcomes are uncertain.
a. Analysis c. risk
b. Decision d. factoring

Expected ____ value is the product of a risk event probability and the risk event’s monetary
financial value.
a. Momentary c. monetary
 b. Total d. base

Risk ____ involves eliminating a specific threat or risk, usually by eliminating its avoidance
causes.
a. Avoidance c. transference
b. Acceptance d. mitigation

Risk ____ is shifting the consequence of a risk and responsibility from its transference
management to a third party.
a. Avoidance c. transference
b. Acceptance d. mitigation

Risk ____ means tolerating the consequences should a risk occur. acceptance
c. Avoidance c. transference
d. Acceptance d. mitigation

____ (by C/S Solutions, Inc.) is a comprehensive risk analysis tool that integrates with MSRisk
Project 2002 to quantify the cost and schedule uncertainty associated with projects.
a. Risk + c. MSRisk
b. AllRisk d. Top Ten Risk

To use a(n) ____-based simulation to estimate the probability of meeting specific Monte Carlo
schedule goals, you would collect optimistic, pessimistic, and most-likely duration
estimates for project tasks on a network diagram.
a. PERT c. Monte Carlo
b. Mitigation d. Top Ten

____ help you trace problems back to their root cause. Fishbone diagrams
a. Influence diagrams c. Gantt charts
b. Flow charts d. Fishbone diagrams

____ risk analysis involves assessing the likelihood and impact of identified risks to Qualitative
determine their magnitude and priority.
a. Integrated c. Influential
b. Qualitative d. Trigger

COMPLETION
 CHAPTER 12: PROJECT PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT
TRUE FALSE

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

MULTIPLE CHOICE

IT professionals generally use the term ____ rather than procurement. Outsourcing
a. Purchasing c. obtaining
b. Outsourcing d. absorbing

The U.S. market for IT outsourcing was projected to pass $110 ____ by 2003. trillion
a. Thousand d. Billion
b. Million d. trillion

There are ____ central processes of project procurement management. four

a. Three c. five
b. Four d. six

In ___, one must decide what to outsource, determine the type of contract, and create Source selection
a statement of work.
a. Procurement planning c. source selection
b. Solicitation planning d. solicitation

An RFP is often issued at the end of the ____ process. Procurement planning
c. Procurement planning c. source selection
d. Solicitation planning d. solicitation

____ involves managing the relationship with the supplier. Source selection
 a. Source selection c. contract administration
b. Solicitation d. Contract close-out

____ involves obtaining quotations, bids, offers, or proposals as needed. solicitation

a. Source selection c. contract administration
b. Solicitation d. Contract close-out

A ____ decision is one in which an organization decides if it is in their best interests to make-or-buy
produce certain products or services themselves, or if they should purchase them
from an outside organization.
a. Make-or-buy c. give-and-take
b. Sink-or-swim d. back-and-forth

The key output of ____ is the awarding of the contract. solicitation

a. Contract administration c. contract close-out
b. Solicitation d. Source selection

At the end of ____, there is a formal acceptance and closure of the contract. Contract close-out
a. Contract administration c. contract close-out
b. Solicitation d. Source selection

There are ____ central categories of contracts. four

a. Three c. five
b. Four d. six

____ contracts involve payment to supplier for direct and indirect actual costs. cost-reimbursable
a. Time and material c. Fixed-price
b. Unit costs d. Cost-reimbursable

____ contracts are most often used for services that are needed when the work Time and material
cannot be clearly specified and total costs cannot be estimated in a contract.
a. Time and material c. Fixed-price
b. Unit costs d. Cost-reimbursable

Time and material contracts are a hybrid of both fixed-price and ____ contracts. cost-reimbursable
a. Lump-sum c. fixed-price
b. Unit costs d. cost-reimbursable
The cost-reimbursable contract with the lowest risk to the buyer is the ____ contract. Cost plus percentage of costs
a. Cost plus percentage of costs c. cost plus incentive fee
b. Cost plus fixed percentage d. Cost plus fixed fee

The ___ is a description of the work needed for the procurement. SOW
a. RFP (request for proposal) c. CPIF (Cost-plus-incentive-fee)
b. SOW (statement of work) d. FPI

A key factor in evaluating IT bids is the past performance record of the ___. buyers
a. Governments c. bidder
b. Buyer d. client

____ do most of the work in the solicitation process. buyers

a. Governments c. Buyers
b. IT managers d. Suppliers

Suppliers who are finalists in the source selection process are often asked to prepare RFP
a ____.
a. CPIF c. RFP
b. BAFO (Best and final offer) d. SOW

The final output from the source selection is a(n) ____. BAFO
a. BAFO c. product
b. SOW d. contract

According to Department 56, Inc., Arthur Andersen charged them approximately ____ three
times as much as they had agreed upon for a new outsourced computer system.
a. Two c. four
b. Three d. five

The final process in project procurement management is ____. Contract close-out

a. Solicitation c. contract administration
b. Source selection d. Contract close-out

Contract files and formal acceptance are outputs from ____. Contract administration
a. Contract close-out c. contract administration
b. Source selection d. solicitation
Most organizations use ____ software to create proposal evaluation worksheets. spreadsheet
a. Word-processing c. database
b. Spreadsheet d. presentation

COMPLETION