REPORT ON PROJECT

LASER ALARM SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO~ SUBMITTED BY~

Mr. Rajeev Kumar Sachan Aparna Sahu (1850531005)
Head Of Department B.Tech IInd Year
Department Of Electronics Shalini (1905050319003)
And B.Tech II nd Year
Communication Engineering

ALLENHOUSE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SESSION - 2019-20(ODD SEMESTER)
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the present world of competition there is a race of existence in which those are having will to
come forward succeed. Project is like a bridge between practical and theoretical working. With this I
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joined this particular project. Frist of all, I would like to thank the supreme power the Almighty God
who is obviously the one has always guided me to work on the right path of life. Next to him are my
parents, whom I am greatly indebted for me brought up with love and encouragement to this stage. I
am feeling oblige in taking the opportunity to sincerely thanks to Mr. Rajeev Kumar Sachan (Head
of Department Electronics and Communication) I am highly in taking the opportunity to sincerely
thanks to all the staff members of my branch for their generous attitude and friendly behaviour. At
last but not least I am thankful to all my teachers and friends who have been always helping and
encouraging us. I have no valuable words to express our thanks, nut our heart is still full of favours
received from every person.

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1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 COMPONENTS 5

2.1 TRANSISTOR 5

2.2 L.E.D. 5

2.3 LDR 6

2.4 RESISTOR 7

2.5 BATTERY 8

2.6 GENERAL PCB 9

2.7 BREAD BOARD 10

3 PROCEDURE 11

4 WORKING 12

5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 13

6 RESULT 14

7 USE 14

8 CONCLUSION 14

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 INTRODUCTION

The circuit presented here is a project of a LASER SECURITY ALARM using LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor) on PCB.
A laser system operates by projecting beam of invisible laser light across a doorway or window
opening. When the light is broken, it activates a buzzer or alarm. The principles are very similar to
those of lower tech burglar alarms. A laser alarm requires only slightly more sophisticated
electronics and can be put together by anyone with a soldering gun and a knack for tinkering with
basic circuits and transistors.
This system for security uses the combination of LASER light, LDR module has an onboard
potentiometre to adjust the sensitivity of LDR, so that it only senses laser light fall on it.

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 COMPONENTS

1) NPN TRANSISTOR BC547

A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used for many purposes.
Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and capacitors, it can be used
as the active component for switches and amplifiers.

FIGURE-2.1 NPN TRANSISTOR BC547

2) LED

A semiconductor diode that emits light when conducting current and is used in electronic
equipment. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined
by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.

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 FIGURE-2,2 L.E.D.

3) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

Light Dependent Resistor or Photo-resistor, which is a passive electronic component, basically a

resistor which has a resistance that varies depending of the light intensity. A photo-resistor is made
of a high resistance semiconductor that absorbs photons and based on the quantity and frequency of
the absorbed photons the semiconductor material give bound electrons enough energy to jump into
the conduction band. The resulting free electrons conduct electricity resulting in lowering
resistance of the photo-resistor. The number of electrons is dependent of the photons frequency.

FIGURE-2.3 LDR

4) Resistor (100k ohm)

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such
as a transistor.

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FIGURE-4 RESISTOR

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5) 9 VOLTS BATTERY
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A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed and protected material) that can be charged
electrically to provide a static potential for power or released electrical charge when needed.

FIGURE-5 BATTERY

6) GENERAL PCB
A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is used to support components mechanically and also connects these
components with the help of soldering. They are widely used to embed circuits randomly for running
of hardware. Its layer is coated with copper and allows proper soldering without any short circuit.

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 FIGURE-6 GENERAL PCB

7) BREAD BOARD

A breadboard is a device for testing temporary electronics projects. Components used to test a circuit
can be reused for other projects. None of the components are damaged.
Almost all people start to learn electronics using breadboard because it is the simplest way of
making circuit. The photograph shows a typical small breadboard which is suitable for beginners
building simple circuits with one or two ICs (chips).

FIGURE-2.7 BREAD BOARD

CONNECTIONS ON BREADBOARD
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Breadboard has many tiny sockets or holes arranged on a 0.1” grid. The leads or terminals of most of
the components like resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. can be pushed straight into the holes.
A breadboard has 4 rows of holes at the top and 4 rows at the bottom and there are several columns
of holes in the middle.
There are two groups of vertical columns in the middle part, as you see in the picture below it has
been separated by a blue rectangular block

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 PROCEDURE
1. Take the breadboard and the mark its two extreme sides, any one as positive and other as
negative
2. Use the circuit diagram and make the connection as follows.
3. Punch in the transistor on the breadboard.
4. Connect the emitter of the transistor with negative side of breadboard using a wire.
5. Connect the LDR with base of transistor and negative side of breadboard.
6. Connect the buzzer with collector of transistor and positive side of breadboard.
7. Now connect the 10k ohm resistor with base of transistor and positive side of breadboard.
8. Now connect the battery and at this time the buzzer would be ringing.
9. Now drop the laser light upon the receptive surface of the LDR and the buzzer stops
ringing.
10.

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 WORKING

 This circuit is based on LDR (Light depended Resistor), a variable resistor in which the
resistance varies according to the light intensity falling on it.
 The LDR and resistor RI forms a potential divider network, which is the main part of our
security alarm circuit.
 We have already about how transistor acts as a switch, the same principle is used here,
 The voltage drop across the LDR is used to drive the transistor or switch. When the
voltage drop is above cut in voltage (0.6V), the transistor is tuned on.
 LDR has low resistance (m “ohm” range) in the presence of light and high resistance (M
“ohm” range) in the absence of light.
 In our security alarm, a LASER light is allowed to fall the LRD continuously using 3
mirrors (see the project arrangement figure).
 Light from other sources should not be allowed to fall on the LRD, so place the LRD in a
box with a single hole to pass LASER.
 In this situation, the resistance offered by LRD is too law, since the LASER light is
continuously allowed to fall on the LRD surface.
 Thus, the voltage drop across the LRD is also law [V-IR (ohm’s law)] which is insufficient
to turn ON the transistor, so the transistor remains in OFF state.
 When a person (Thief) makes a block to the continuous flow of LASER beam, then the
light falling on the LRD gets blocked. Thus, its resistance increases to a high value in the
order of M ohm range (According to ohm’s law V=IR.
 While resistance increases the voltage drop also increases, when this voltage drop
exceeds the cut in voltage of the silicon NPN transistor (2N7000), it will turn on.
 Then current from V starts flowing to ground via the buzzer and transistor, which make
the beep sound.
 The beep sound from the security alarm gives the indication of some security failures.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 RESULT

Laser security alarm has been tested successfully on breadboard. The circuit is working properly as
per the requirement and is implemented on dotted PCB.

USES

1. This component and concept can be widely used in theft detection technique.

2. This concept can be used as laser security lock working.

3. It is very useful for security and easily applicable.

CONCLUSION

1. Home security is rapidly growing field and there are new & improved burglar alrams
popping up every day.

2. With rapid advancement of technology the filled is turning out to be an area full of scope and
new changes can be made to make it’s more efficient.

3. It has years to come, because security is of prime importance to one and all.

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