PHYSICS PROJECT

TOPIC

Security Solution at Housing Premises

using LDR and Transistor

Prepared By:

Name: Kalpajyoti Barman

Class: XII – A

Roll No.:

Session: 2019-20

Delhi Public School, Duliajan

 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
DULIAJAN
(ISO 9001:2008 & ISO 14001:2004 CERTIFIED)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Security Solution

at Housing Premises using LDR Circuit” embodies an
authentic and reliable work carried out by Kalpajyoti
Barman, a student of Class XII-A (Science) of Delhi Public
School, Duliajan under the guidance of physics teacher Mr.
Iqbal Faruk Sir.

This work has been prepared as a fulfilment for the AISSCE

Physics Project (Class XII) 2019-20 and he is sincere and
dedicated in the entire involvement for the completion of this
project.

Subject Teacher : _________________

External : _______________________

Principal : _______________________
 CONTENTS:

 Acknowledgement

 Objective of the Project

 Components Used

 Circuit Diagram

 List of Materials Used

 Experimental setup

 Working

 Conclusion

 Photograph of the Project

 Bibliography
 Acknowledgement

It is a matter of great pleasure to present this Project work. I

owe my sincere thanks and gratitude to our Physics Teacher
Mr. Iqbal Faruk Sir, our Laboratory Assistant Mr. Hemlal
Newar and my friend Mr. Ashwin Raj Sarmah, whose
guidance and helping hand has made this Project a success.
 Objective of the Project

Security is a most important factor in today’s environment. Technology is

developing day by day. So using technology as a tool for proving security solution
is the main objective of this Project.

In this project we have used two simple circuits one with laser light and LDR and
other with LDR and natural light.

In this project we have used the laser light to cover a large area by using plane
mirror for reflection. As laser light goes through long distance without scattering
effect. It’s also visible at source and at incident point, otherwise invisible and
these two properties helps us to build up a modern security system. When any
person or object cross over the laser line the security alarm will ring. We have
made a security boundary of single laser light by using mirror at every corner for
reflection. There is two part of the system. One is transmitter
and other is receiver.

Automatic Lawn Light System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses
transistor as a switch. By using this system, manual works are 100% removed. It
automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region
of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights
whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes.
 COMPONENTS Used
 Blank Circuit Board:
A blank circuit board is a board without any contacts or pieces that is used
for the creation of circuits. Most blank circuit board units are known as
copper-clad, meaning the board is coated in copper, normally comes in a
brownish copper color. Blank circuit boards are sold in standard sizes, but
the user may have to manually cut down the board to make it ready for his
purposes. A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and
electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads
and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. Components like capacitors, resistors or active
devices – are generally soldered on the PCB.

 LDR
A light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photoresistor or photocell is a light-
controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a LDR decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity.
 Resistor
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to
provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.

 Transistor
The name is transistor derived from ‘transfer resistors’ indicating a solid
state Semiconductor device. the transistor is semi conductor device used in
electronics for amplitude. Transistor has three terminals, one is the
collector, one is the base and other is the emitter, (each lead must be
connected in the circuit correctly and only then the transistor will function).
Electrons are emitted via one terminal and collected on another terminal,
while the third terminal acts as a control element.

There are mainly two types of transistor (i) NPN & (ii) PNP

NPN Transistors: When a positive voltage

is applied to the base, the transistor begins
to conduct by allowing current to flow
through the collector to emitter circuit. The
relatively small current flowing through the
base circuit causes a much greater current
to pass through the emitter / collector
circuit. The phenomenon is called current
gain and it is measure in beta.

PNP Transistor: It also does exactly same thing as above except that it
has a negative voltage on its collector and a positive voltage on its emitter.
 Buzzer:
An electrical device that makes a
buzzing noise and is used for
signaling.

 Battery clip:
It is used to connect the battery
terminals.

 Battery :
A power supply is a device that supplies electric
power to an electrical load. It is a container
consisting of one or more cells, in which
chemical energy is converted into electricity and
used as a source of power.
 Wire:
Metal drawn out into the form of
a thin flexible thread or rod. That
connects different components in
a circuit.

 Laser Pointer:
A laser pointer or laser pen is a
small handheld device with a
power source (usually a battery)
and a laser diode emitting a very
narrow coherent low-powered
laser beam of visible light,
intended to be used to highlight
something of interest by
illuminating it with a small bright
spot of colored light.

 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible
light when an electric current passes through it. A light-emitting diode
(LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic pn-
junction diode, except that an LED also emits light.
 Circuit Diagram

A. Laser Security Alarm System Circuit diagram

220kΩ

B. Automatic Light Control System

 List of Materials Used

A. Laser Security Alarm System

Component name Description Quantity

Resistor 220 KΩ 1 No.

Buzzer B-27 buzzer 1 No.

LDR 1 No.
Transistor BC 547 1 No.
Laser Light 1 No.
Battery 9V 1 No.

B. Automatic Light Control System

Component name Description Quantity

 Resistor 100 KΩ 1 No.

330 Ω 1 No.
Buzzer B-27 buzzer 1 No.
LDR 1 No.
Transistor BC 547 1 No.
LED 3 Nos.
Battery 9V 1 No.

Experimental setup

A. Laser Security Alarm System

 Connect a photocell to a 150K resistor. This will pick up the laser light
and enable the alarm.
 We use a BC 547 transistor to link the resistor. The attached schematic
should demonstrate how the parts come together.
 We use a blank circuit board to hold them in place
 We use tape, glue to mount the circuit board, laser light, plane mirror to
cover the boundary of the house
 Connect a 9V battery to the circuit with the battery clip and fixed the
same in project board.
 Turn the laser on make sure it lines up perfectly with the LDR through
the reflection through he plane mirror. The alarm is now activated.
 If anything breaks the beam, the siren will go off.

B. Automatic Light Control System

  Insert first transistor BC547 (NPN) on PCB board.
 Connect wires across emitter pin and negative terminal of battery on the
PCB board.
 Connect a wire across collector pin of transistor and base pin of transistor
 Connect a resistor 1k across positive terminal of battery on the PCB board
and collector pin transistor
 Connect LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) across positive terminal of the
battery and base terminal of transistor
 Connect a resistor 330 ohm across positive terminal of battery and anode
terminal of LED
 Connect the cathode terminal of LED to collector pin of transistor.

Working

Both the circuit is based on LDR (Light Depended Resistor),variable resistor in

which the resistance varies according to the light intensity falling on it.

A. Laser Security Alarm System

 LDR and resistor forms a potential driver network which is the main part
of our security alarm circuit.
 We have already discussed about how transistor acts as a switch, the
same principle is used here.
 The voltage drop across the LDR is used to drive the transistor switch.
When the voltage drop is above cut in voltage (0.6v),the transistor is turn
ON.
 LDR has low resistance in the presence of light and high resistance in
the absence of light.
 In our security alarm, a laser light is allowed to fall on the LDR
continuously using 4 mirrors placed at the 4 corners.
 Light from another source should not allowed to fall on the LDR, so
ensuring that it is packed in black tape and place the LDR in a tube with
a single hole to pass laser.
 In this situation the resistance offered by LDR is too low. Since the
LASER light is continuously allowed to fall on the LDR surface.
 Thus the voltage drop across the LDR is also low [V=IR (Ohm’s law)]
which is insufficient to turn ON the transistor, so the transistor remains
in OFF state.
 When a person (eg: thief) blocks the continuous flow of LASER beam,
then the light falling on the LDR gets blocked. Thus its resistance
increases to a high value in the order of MΩ range (According to Ohm’s
law V=IR).
 While resistance increases the voltage drop also increases, when this
voltage drop exceeds the cut in voltage of the silicon NPN transistor (BC
547), it will turn ON.
 Then current from Battery Input starts flowing to ground via the buzzer
and transistor, which makes the beep sound on the Buzzer.
 The beep sound from the security alarm gives the indication of some
security failures.

B. Automatic Light Control System

 Circuit of a compact automatic lawn light is described here.

 The circuit can be used to switch on white LED strings at dark and switch
off them at dawn.
 A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) here works as the twilight detector.
 When ambient light is normal, transistor is reverse biased by the low
resistance of LDR.
 If ambient light dims, transistor turns on and the LED is switched on.
 When the ambient light level restores, circuit returns to its idle state and
light(s) switched off by the circuit.
 LDR offers very high Resistance in darkness. In this case the voltage
drop across the LDR is more than 0.7V. This voltage is more sufficient
to drive the transistor and switches on the lamp.
 LDR offers very low Resistance in brightness. In this case the voltage
drop across the LDR is less than 0.7V. This voltage is more sufficient to
drive the transistor and switches on the lamp.

Conclusion

This project is very useful and effective in the modern day environment in
terms of security requirement and power saving. Both the circuits are
simple and handy electronic circuit based project. Both the circuit uses low
cost components which are easily available in the market. Moreover, the
working of the circuits is easy to understand and operates on 9 volt DC
power.
 As the home security market is a rapidly growing field and with the rapid
advancement of technology the field is turning out to be an area full of
scope and new changes can be made to make it’s more efficient. It has the
potential to grow as because security is of prime importance to one and all.
 By employing this circuit, energy consumption can be reduced
considerably as the light switches ON or OFF automatically in appropriate
time. Moreover, errors which occur due to manual operation also can be
eliminated completely. The Automatic lawn light controller unit
fabrication is cost-effective with good sensitivity and high reproducibility.
Moreover, the construction of the circuit is also simple so that it can be
done easily as it involves locally available components. It can be used for
other purposes like garden lighting, balcony lighting etc.

Photograph of the Project

 Bibliography

1.0 www.wikipedia.com
2.0 www.allelectronics.com
3.0 WWW. howstuffworks.com
4.0 https://www.slideshare.net
5.0 http://kaushikscienceprojects.com/