1) Design the lap welded joint between two flat bars as shown below used as a tension member using

fillet-welds for the full tension load capacity of bars. Bars are made of Fe360 (S235) and welding is
w
made using E-60 electrodes ( F u = 415 MPa ) .

Pa =? 190 mm Pa =?
150 mm

Pa =? 12 mm Pa =?
15 mm
llap= 150 mm

Solution

Since A-36 steel is equivalent to Fe360(S235) it is possible to use ( F y = 250 MPa) for Fe360(S235)

-Allowable tension load capacity of bars,

Pa ≤ ¿ {( 0.6F y )×A p1 = (0.6×250)×(150×15) = 337.5×103 N ¿ ¿¿

∴ P jo int = 337. 5 kN

-minimum and maximum size of fillet welds for t = 15 mm (AISC),

a min = 6 mm ( from table)

-and, a max = (t − 1.6 mm) = 15−1.6 = 13.4 mm

-take →a = 13 mm
-required length of fillet-weld is obtained by equating joint-load to the shear resistance of fillet-weld as,

w
P jo int ≤ (0.3 Fu )×(t e ×l w )
P jo int
→l w ≥
(0 . 3 Fw
u )×t e

-using equal-leg fillet weld (t e = 0.707 a) , required length of fillet-weld is obtained as

P jo int 337 . 5×103
lw ≥ = = 294 . 9 mm
(0. 3 Fuw )×(0 . 707 a ) (0 . 3×415)×(0 .707×13 )
--take l w = 300 mm
-if longitudinal fillet weld is used, lap length of joint,
llap= l w /2 = 300 /2 = 150 mm ≥ b bar= 150mm
 -therefore, use two-150mm long with 13mm equal-leg fillet weld applied on each side of plate

2) A diagonal member of a truss-rafter is subjected to a service design compressive force of

P = 94kN mainly caused by long-term loading on truss. Unsupported length of member is

lu = 3.15 m . Design a member using square cross-section made of zigba-timber. Assume member as

part indoor structure (dry condition of moisture).

Solution
-Allowable compressive stress and elastic modulus of timber made of Zigba from table
2 2
F c|| = 4 N /mm & Etimber = 6000 N /mm

-Correction factors: -for stress (due to moisture condition) → 1.2

-for load (due to duration of load) → 1.2
-Allowable compressive stress and design compressive load after correction,
F c|| = 1. 2×4 N /mm 2 = 4 .8 N /mm2

P = 1.2×94 = 112.8 kN
-slenderness ratio dividing long and intermediate column,
0 . 45 Etimber
Kc=
√ F c||
=
√ 0 . 45×6000
4.8
= 23 .717

- Trial area of compression member assuming column as short (lu /b ≤ 11) ,

3
P 112.8×10
A (req .) ≥ = = 23500 mm 2
Fc|| 4 .8

-For square column section, b ≥ √ A(req .) = √23500 = 153.297 mm --take

→b = 160 mm
-1st Trial: b x b = 160mm x 160mm & lu = 3.15 m

l u 3150
= = 19 . 688 > 11
-slenderness ratio of trial section, b 160 → it is intermediate
column!
< K c = 23.717
-check adequacy of trial section as intermediate column!
4
1 l /b 4
P
f c= ≤ F c||× 1 − × u
A 3 Kc [ ( )] [ 1 19. 688
= 4 .8× 1 − ×
3 23. 717 ( ) ] = 4 . 04 N /mm 2
 3
112. 8×10
↔f c = = 4 . 406 N /mm 2 > 4 . 040 N /mm 2
160×160 → trial section is not
adequate!

-2nd Trial: b x b = 170mm x 170mm & lu = 3.15 m

l u 3150
= = 18 . 529 > 11
-slenderness ratio of trial section, b 170 → it is intermediate column!

< K c = 23. 717

-check adequacy of trial section as intermediate column!

4
1 l /b
4
P
[ ( )]
f c= ≤ F c||× 1 − × u
A 3 Kc
= 4 .8× 1 − ×
[
1 18. 529
3 23. 717 ( ) ] = 4 . 205 N /mm 2

112 . 8×103
↔f c = = 3 . 903 N /mm 2 ≤ 4 . 205 N /mm 2
170×170 → trial section is adequate!

-therefore, 170mm x 170mm zigba timber can be used

3) A simply supported transfer-girder made of UB 406x140x46 section supporting two concentrated

loads (due to columns of top stories supported by girder) as shown below. Determine the maximum
concentrated loads that can be carried by transfer girder if section is made of Fe510(S355) steel. The
compression flange of girder is laterally braced only at ends of supports. The columns may provide
some lateral restraints but will be neglected.
P? P?
Solution l = 13.5 m

UB
5 m 406x140x46
3.5 m 5m
l = 13.5 m

For UB 406x140x46 section

s x=778x103 10 mm3, w t =46kg/m = 46x9.81= 451.26n/m = 0.451kN/m,
bf b f =142.2mm, t f =11.2mm, t w= 6.8mm, and d = 403.2mm
For Fe510(S355) steel
Fy = 355MPa, Fu =510MPa (for element which nominal thickness 40mm<t<=80mm)
-Maximum moment of simply supported girder,
2 2
P . l 3 .5 P wt . × l P × 13.5 3 .5 P 0.451 × 13. 5
M max = − + = − + = ( 5 P + 10.274 ) kN −m
2 2 8 2 2 8
Un-braced length of compression flange of girder section →l b = 13 . 5 m

-check adequacy of lateral bracing of compression flange of girder by comparing lb with limiting

un-braced length!
-Limiting un-braced lengths of compression flange (AISC),
0.2b f 0.2 × 142.2
l1 = = = 1.509 m
√Fy √ 355
139 b f . t f 139× 142.2 × 11.2
l2 = = = 1. 547 m
Fy . d 355 ×403 .2

-therefore,
l c = 1 .509 m∧l u = 1 . 547 m

-since
lb = 13.5 m > l u = 1.547 m , then Fbx < 0.6 F y = 0. 6×355 = 210 N /mm 2
-allowable bending stress in such case is obtained as the larger of the following (AISC),
6
lb 3. 54×106 C b
Fb 1 =
1. 17×10 C b
2
( l b/r f ) with rT
≥
√ Fy

82700 C b . bf . t f
Fb 2 =
and, lb . d

where C b = 1 .0 (simply supported beam)

bf 142. 2
rT = = = 41.05 mm
√12 √ 12
lb 13500 3 . 54∗106 ∗ 1 . 0 lb
check
rT
=
41. 05
= 328 . 87 <
355 √
= 99 thus , = 328 . 87
rT

1.17×106 × 1.0
Fb 1 = 2
= 10.82 N /mm 2
-then, ( 328 .87 )
82700 × 1.0 × 142.2 × 11.2
Fb 2 = = 24.197 N /mm 2
and, 13500 × 403.2
2
∴ F bx = 24 .197 N /mm
-Maximum allowable moment capacity of girder section,
 M a = F bx . S x = 24 .197 N /mm 2 × 778×10 3 mm 3 = 18 . 825 ×10 6 N−mm
↔ M a = 0 .1883 kN−m
-By equating maximum moment with allowable moment capacity,
M a ≥ M max

↔18 . 825 ≥ (5 P + 10 .274 ) kN

-solving for P, P ≤ 1710.3 N
4) Design a tension member of roof truss made of Tid-timber subjected to a service design tensile force

of T = 130 kN mainly caused by short-term loading on truss. The member is connected at the joint by
three- lines of 20mm diameter bolts. Assume roof truss as outdoor structure.
Solution
-Allowable tensile stress of timber made of Tid-timber from table
2
Ft || = 2 .5 N /mm
-Correction factors: -for stress (due to moisture condition) → 1
-for load (due to duration of load) → 0.8
-Allowable tensile stress and design tension load after correction,

Ft || = 1×2. 5 N /mm 2 = 2. 5 N /mm 2

T = 0.8×130 = 104 kN
-required net-area of tension member,
3
T 104×10
An ≥ = = 41600 mm 2
F t|| 2. 5
-For bolted connection, the required gross-area,
An 41600
A g≥ = = 52000 mm 2
0.8 0.8
-If thickness of member is t = 80 mm , the required width of member
A g 52000
b≥ = = 650 mm
t 80
-1st Trial: t x b = 80mm x 650mm

b = 250 mm
 t = 80 mm

-diameter of bolt hole,

d = d b +1.5mm = 20+1.5 = 21 .5 mm
-check adequacy of trial section assuming two lines of 16mm diameter bolts!
2 2
A n = A g − 2 (d . t ) = 80×650 − 2×(21.5×80) = 48560 mm ≥ A n (req. ) = 41600 mm
ok!
-therefore, 80mm x 650mm Tid-timber can be used