MOHAMED SATHAK ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KILAKARAI – 623 806

Department of Civil Engineering
(Accredited by NAAC)
Periodical Test – II

SUBJECT CODE/NAME : CE8601 / Design of Steel Structures. DATE : 20.04.21 FN

BRANCH / SEMESTER : CIVIL / VI TIME : 10.00 To 11.30 AM
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 2021 MARK: 50
CO3: Identify the different failure modes of steel tension members, and compute their design strengths.
CO4: Select the most suitable section shape and size for tension and compression members according to specific design
criteria
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
Remembering Applying Evaluating
Understanding Analyzing Creating

PART A (5 x 2 = 10 marks)
CO3 E 1. Write down the limiting slenderness ratio for a tension member. (2)
CO3 C 2. Enumerate the factors that is to be considered for the design of Tension members. (2)
CO3 C 3. Sketch the various types of splices that can be provided in field. (2)
CO4 An 4. Analyze slenderness ratio and its importance. (2)
CO4 A 5. Why lacings are used in compression members? (2)

PART B (5 x 8 = 40 marks)
Determine the design tensile strength of the plate 130 x 12 mm with the holes for 4 nos.
CO3 E 6. of 16 mm diameter bolts arranged two in a row. Steel used is of Fe 410 grade quality. (8)
Pitch = 60 mm and edge distance = 35 mm

Design an end connection for angle ISA 100x100x10 mm using a lug angle for its full
CO3 C 7. (8)
design strength. Use M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 410 steel

A column of ISMB 400 is subjected to an axial force of 750kN. Analyse and design
CO4 An 8. (8)
suitable base plate. Assume necessary data required

A batten column of 10-m long is carrying a factored load of 1150 kN. The column is
CO4 E 9. restrained in position but not in direction at both ends. Design a built-up column using (8)
channel sections placed back to back.

CO4 C 10. Analyse the different failure modes of column in detail with diagram (8)
 ANSWER KEY FOR INTERNAL 2 - 2021
PART A (5 x 2 = 10 marks)
1. Write down the limiting slenderness ratio for a tension member.
As per IS 800: 2007,
• limit of slenderness ratio for tension member where reversal of stress is due to loads other than
wind or seismic shall not exceed 180.
• A member normally acting as a tie in a roof truss or a bracing system but subject to the possible
reverse of stress resulting from the action of wind or EQ forces shall not exceed 350.
• Tension member (other than pretension members) shall not exceed 400.
2. Enumerate the factors that is to be considered for the design of Tension members.
The strength of these members is influenced by several factors such as the length of connection, size and
spacing of fasteners, net area of cross section, type of fabrication, connection eccentricity, and shear lag
at the end connection.
3. Sketch the various types of splices that can be provided in field.

4. Analyze slenderness ratio and its importance.

Slenderness ratio - The ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius of gyration of the
column, both with respect to the same axis of bending.
It is used to find out the design load as well as in classifying various columns in short/intermediate/long.
The slenderness ratio of a column gives an indication of buckling failure in the column. More the
slenderness ratio, the more is the tendency of the column to fail by buckling effect in that direction.
5. Why lacings are used in compression members?
For members carrying calculated bending stress due to eccentricity of loading, applied end moments
and/or lateral loading, the lacing shall be proportioned to resist the actual shear due to bending in
addition to that specified above.
 PART B (5 x 8 = 40 marks)
6. Determine the design tensile strength of the plate 130 x 12 mm with the holes for 4 nos. of 16 mm
diameter bolts arranged two in a row. Steel used is of Fe 410 grade quality. Pitch = 60 mm and
edge distance = 35 mm.
Step 1: Given data:
For bolts:
a) Assume, Diameter of bolt, d = 16 mm
b) Diameter of bolt hole, d0 = 18 mm
c) Ultimate strength of bolt, fub = 400 N/mm2
d) Partial safety factor for bolt, γmb = 1.25 (Refer table 5, Pg.No - 30 in IS 800 - 2007)
e) Assume end distance, e = 40 mm (i.e. min end distance = 1.5d0 = 1.5 x 18 ≈ 30 mm)
f) Assume pitch, p = 50 mm (i.e.,min pitch = 2.5d = 2.5 x 16 = 40 mm)
For plates:
a) Yield strength of plate, fy = 250N/mm2 & Ultimate strength of plate, fu = 410N/mm2 (Refer table 1,
Pg.No - 14 in IS 800 - 2007)
b) Partial safety factor for plate in yield condition, γm0 = 1.1 & Partial safety factor for plate in ultimate
condition, γml = 1.25 (Refer table 5, Pg.No - 30 in IS 800 - 2007)
c) Size of plate 1 = 130 x 12 mm. Hence, tk of plate 1, tp1 = 12 mm
d) Assume, thickness of cover plate 2 Nos i.e., in top and bottom of plate, tc1 = 6 mm
e) Minimum thickness of connecting element = min of tp1, tp2, 2tc1 = 12 mm
Step 2: Required data:
Determine the design tensile strength of the plate
Step 3: Design tensile strength of the plate:
a) Due to yielding:
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 130 𝑥 12 𝑥 250
∴ 𝑇𝑑𝑔 = ( 𝛾 ) (Refer Pg.No - 32 in IS 800 - 2007) = ( ) = 354.55 𝑘𝑁
𝑚0 1.1

b) Due to rupture:
Area of connected leg, Anc = (b1 - nrd0) x t = (130 – 2 x 18) x 12 = 1128 mm2
0.9 𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑐
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = ( ) (Refer Pg.No - 33 in IS 800 - 2007)
𝛾𝑚𝑙
0.9𝑥 410𝑥 1128
∴ 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = ( ) = 332.99 𝑘𝑁
1.25

c) Due to block shear:

Avg = Gross area under shear = nr x Lv x t = 2 x (70) x 12 = 1680 mm2
Atg = Gross area under tension = Lt x t = 70 x 12 = 840 mm2
Avn = Net area under shear = nr [Lv - {(nr - 0.5) d0}] x t
= 2 x (70 - {(2 – 0.5) x 22}) x 12 = 888 mm2
Atn = Net area under tension = [Lt - {(nr - 1) d0}] x t = (70 - {(2 - 1) x 22}) x 12 = 576 mm2
where, nr = No of rows of bolts = 2 and nc = No of columns of bolts = 2
 𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = [ + ] (Refer Pg.No - 33 in IS 800 - 2007)
√3𝛾𝑚0 𝛾𝑚𝑙
1680 𝑥 250 0.9 𝑥 576 𝑥 410
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = [ + ] = 390.48 kN
√3 𝑥 1.1 1.25

(Or)
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛 𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = [ + ] (Refer Pg.No - 33 in IS 800 - 2007)
√3𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝛾𝑚0
0.9 𝑥 888 𝑥 410 840 𝑥 250
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = [ + ] = 342.25 kN
√3 𝑥 1.25 1.1

Tdb = min of Tdb1,Tdb2 = min of 390.48 kN, 342.25 kN

∴ Tdb = 342.25 kN
Design tensile strength of the plate = min of due to yielding, rupture, block shear
Design tensile strength of the plate = min of 354.55 kN, 332.99 kN, 342.25 kN
Step 4: Result:
Design tensile strength of the plate = 332.99 kN

7. Design an end connection for angle ISA 100x100x10 mm using a lug angle for its full design
strength. Use M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 410 steel
Step 1: Given data:
For bolts:
a) Assume, Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm
b) Diameter of bolt hole, d0 = 22 mm
c) Ultimate strength of bolt, fub = 400 N/mm2
d) Partial safety factor for bolt, γmb = 1.25 (Refer table 5, Pg.No - 30 in IS 800 - 2007)
e) Assume end distance, e = 30 mm (i.e.,min end distance = 1.5d0 = 1.5 x 22 = 40 mm)
f) Assume pitch, p = 40 mm (i.e., min pitch = 2.5d = 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm)
For plates:
a) Yield strength of plate, fy = 250N/mm2 & Ultimate strength of plate, fu = 410N/mm2 (Refer table 1,
Pg.No - 14 in IS 800 - 2007)
b) Partial safety factor for plate in yield condition, γm0 = 1.1 & Partial safety factor for plate in ultimate
condition, γml = 1.25 (Refer table 5, Pg.No - 30 in IS 800 - 2007)
c) Assume, Thickness of gusset plate, tg = 10 mm
d) Assume, One row of bolts.
e) Full design strength of angle member ISA 100x100x10 mm
Step 2: Required data:
Design an lug angle connection.
Design of main member:
Step 4: Strength of 1 bolt:
a) Design shear strength of bolt:
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑2 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑2
Here single shear will occur. So nn = 1 & ns = 0. Also, Anb = 0.78 𝑥 & Asb =
4 4
 1 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = (𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑏 + 𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑏 ) (Refer Pg.No - 75 in IS 800 - 2007)
𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3

1 400 𝜋 𝑥 202 𝜋 𝑥 202

∴ Vdsb = 1.25 (1 𝑥 0.78 𝑥 +0𝑥 ) = 45.27 kN
√3 4 4

b) Design bearing strength of bolt:

𝑒 𝑝 𝑓𝑢𝑏
kb is min of 3𝑑 ; 3𝑑 − 0.25; ; 1.0 (Refer Pg.No - 75 in IS 800 - 2007)
0 0 𝑓𝑢
40 50 400
kb is min of 3 𝑥 22 ; 3 𝑥 22 − 0.25; ; 1.0 = min 𝑜𝑓 0.606; 0.508; 0.976; 1.0
410

Hence, kb = 0.508
2.5𝑘𝑏 𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑢 2.5 𝑥 0.508 𝑥 20 𝑥 10 𝑥 410
∴ 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = (Refer Pg. No − 75 in IS 800 – 2007) = = 83.31 kN
𝛾𝑚𝑏 1.25

c) Design tensile strength of bolt:

𝜋 𝑥 202
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑏 𝑓𝑢𝑏 0.9 𝑥 0.78 𝑥 𝑥 400
4
∴ 𝑉𝑑𝑡𝑏 = (Refer Pg. No − 33 in IS 800 − 2007) = = 70.57 kN
𝛾𝑚𝑏 1.25

d) Bolt value:
Bolt value = min of Vdsb, Vdpb, Vdtb = min of 45.27 kN, 83.31 kN, 70.57 kN
∴ Bolt value = 45.27 kN
Step 4: No of bolts required connecting in main member:
Area of 100x100x10mm angle section from steel tables, Ag = 1903 mm2
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 1903 𝑥 250
Design strength of angle member ISA 100x100x10 mm, 𝑇𝑢 = = = 432.5 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚0 1.1

Forced to be transferred = Full strength of angle / 2 = 432.5 / 2 = 216.25 kN.

Forced to be transferred 216.25
No of bolts required = = ≈ 5 𝑁𝑜𝑠
Bolt value 45.27

Hence, provide 5 Nos of 20 mm dia bolts on each side of plate.

Design of Lug angle:
Step 6: No of bolts required to connect lug angle and gusset plate:
𝑇𝑢 432.5
Load in connected leg = Load in outstanding leg = = = 216.25 𝑘𝑁
2 2

Force to be transferred in lug angle = 1.2 x Load in connected leg = 1.2 x 216.25 = 259.5 kN
Forced to be transferred 259.5
No of bolts required = = ≈ 6 𝑁𝑜𝑠
Bolt value 45.27

Hence, provide 6 Nos of 20 mm dia bolts.

Step 7: No of bolts required to connect lug angle and main member:
Force to be transferred to connect lug angle and main member = 1.4 x Load in connected leg
∴Force to be transferred to connect lug angle and main member = 1.4 x 216.25 = 302.75 kN
Forced to be transferred to connect lug angle and main member 302.75
No of bolts required = = ≈ 7 𝑁𝑜𝑠
Bolt value 45.27

Hence, provide 5 Nos of 20 mm dia bolts.

Step 8: No of bolts required to connect main member to gusset plate:
Force to be transferred to in connected leg = 216.25 kN
Forced to be transferred in connected leg 216.25
No of bolts required = = ≈ 5 𝑁𝑜𝑠
Bolt value 45.27

Hence, provide 5 Nos of 20 mm dia bolts.

Step 9: Detailing drawing:

s
8. A column of ISMB 400 is subjected to an axial force of 750kN. Analyse and design suitable base
plate. Assume necessary data required
Step 1: Given data:
a) Assume, Member size = ISMB 400
b) Hence, height of column, H = 400 mm
c) Width of column, w = 140 mm
d) Factored load, Pu = 750 kN
e) Grade of concrete = M20, hence fck = 20 N/mm2
a) Ultimate strength of member, fu = 410 N/mm2 (Refer table1, Pg.No - 14 in IS 800 - 2007)
Step 2: Required data:
Design a base plate for the column.
Step 3: Dimension of Base plate:
Area required, Aredq = Pu / 0.45 fck = 750 x 103 / 0.45 x 20 = 83333.33 mm2
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = √𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = √83333.33 = 288.68 𝑚𝑚
Hence provide base plate as 500 mm (L) x 500 mm (B)
Area provided = L x B = 500 x 500 = 250000 mm2 > Area required = 83333.33 mm2
Hence Safe
Step 4: Thickness of base plate:
𝑃𝑢 750 𝑥 103
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑤 = = = 3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐿𝑥𝐵 500 𝑥 500
Projections are,
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 500 − 400
𝑎= = = 50 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 500 − 140
𝑏= = = 180 𝑚𝑚
2 2

2.5𝑤(𝑎2 − 0.3𝑏 2 )𝛾𝑚0

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑡𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = √
𝑓𝑦
 2.5 𝑥 3 (502 − 0.3 𝑥 1802 ) 𝑥 1.1
𝑡𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = √ = 15.45 𝑚𝑚 < Tk. of flange for ISMB400 = 16 mm
250

Hence, provide 500 mm x 500 mm x 20 mm base plate. Use 4 Nos of 20 mm diameter 300 mm long to
anchor the plate.
Step 5: Connection design:
The bearing surfaces of the column and base plate are machined. So, the column and base plate is to be
connected using fillet weld.
a) Minimum weld thickness, s = 5 mm (Refer table 21 P.No - 78 in IS 800 - 2007 for maximum thickness
of plate / member = 20 mm)
b) Maximum weld, Size of weld should not exceed, s = tm - 1.5 mm (Refer Cl 10.5.8.1, P.No - 79 in IS
800 - 2007) = 8.9 - 1.5 = 7.4 mm
where, tm = minimum thickness of plate / member
Hence provide s = 6 mm weld.
Throat thickness, tw = 0.7 s (Refer table 22 for 60 - 90˚, P.No - 78 in IS 800 - 2007)
tw = 0.7 x 6 = 4.2 mm
Let Lw be the total length of fillet weld required
𝑓𝑢 1
Design strength of weld = 𝐿𝑤 𝑡𝑤 (Refer P.No - 79 in IS 800 - 2007)
√3 𝛾𝑚𝑤
410 1
Design strength of weld = 𝐿𝑤 𝑥 4.2 𝑥 𝑥 1.25 --------------- 1
√3

Factored load on member = 750 kN --------------- 2

Equate equation 1 and 2, we get
410 1
𝐿𝑤 𝑥 4.2 𝑥 𝑥 1.25 = 750 𝑥 103 ∴ Lw = 942.97 mm
√3

Total length available for welding = 2 (140 + 140 – 8.9 + 400 - 16) = 1310.2 mm
> Total length of fillet weld required = 942.97 mm.
Hence O.K
Step 6: Drawing detail:
9. A batten column of 10-m long is carrying a factored load of 1150 kN. The column is restrained
in position but not in direction at both ends. Design a built-up column using channel sections
placed back to back.
Step 1: Given data:
For plates / Members:
a) Yield strength of plate, fy = 250 N/mm2 (Refer table 1, Pg.No - 14 in IS 800 - 2007)
b) Single lacing system
c) Factored load, Pu = 1150 kN
d) Effective length of the column, L = 10 m
e) Two channels placed toe to toe at suitable spacing
f) Note: If End condition of column = Column is restrained in position but not in direction at each end.
(i.e., both ends are pinned), So K = 1.0 (Refer table 11, P.No - 45 in IS 800 - 2007)
Step 2: Required data:
Design a built up column (i.e., two channels placed toe to toe at suitable spacing) with single lacing
system
Step 3: Member selection:
Here, heavy load so assume fcd = 200 N/mm2
Area required, Aredq = Pu / fcd = 1150 x 103 / 200 = 5750 mm2
Add 30 % extra on above values we get, Agreqd = 7475 mm2
∴ Area required for 1 channel = 7475/2 = 3737.5 mm2
Try 2 ISMC 400 @ 49.4 kg/m, Area of 1 channel = 6293 mm2 (Refer steel tables)
Area provided = 2 x 6293 = 12586 mm2
Distance between two channels will be maintained. So as to get ryy > rzz.
∴ rmin = rzz = 154.8 mm (for ISMC 400 from steel tables)
𝐾𝐿 1 𝑥 10000
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝜆 = = = 64.6
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 154.80

Step 4: Slenderness ratio for battened column:

Since it is a laced column
𝐾𝐿
𝜆 = 1.1 𝑥 = 1.1 𝑥 64.6 = 71.06
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛

For channel section, buckling class tends to “C” (Refer table 10, P.No – 44 in IS 800-2007). So for fcd
value, Refer table 9 C, P.No - 42 in IS 800 - 2007, i.e., for λ = 71.06 & fy = 250 N/mm2
For λ = 70 fcd = 152 N/mm2
For λ = 80 fcd = 136 N/mm2
152− 136
∴ For λ = 71.06 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = {152 − [ 𝑥 (71.06 − 70)]} = 150.30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
80 − 70

Step 5: Load carrying capacity of column:

Load carrying capacity of column, Pd = fcd x Area of 2 channels
Pd = 150.30 x 12586 = 1891.73 kN > Pu = 1150 kN
Hence Safe
 Step 6: Spacing between columns:
Let a clear distance b/w 2 channels be “d”

From steel tables, Ixx for ISMC 400 @ 49.4 kg/m = 15082.8 x 104 mm4
Iyy for ISMC 400 @ 49.4 kg/m = 504.8 x 104 mm4
w = width of flange for ISMC 400 @ 49.4 kg/m = 100 mm
Cyy for ISMC 400 @ 49.4 kg/m = 24.2 mm
Ixx = No of channel x Ixx for 1 channel = 2 x 15082.8 x 104 = 30165.6 x 104 mm4 ---- 1
2
2
𝑑
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐶𝐺 + 𝑎ℎ = 2 {𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑥 ( + (𝑤 − 𝐶𝑦𝑦 )) }
2
𝑑 2
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐶𝐺 + 𝑎ℎ2 = 2 {504.8 𝑥 104 + 6293 𝑥 ( 2 + (100 − 24.2)) } ---------- 2

Equate equation 1 and we get,

2
𝑑
30165.6 x 104 = 2 {504.8 𝑥 104 + 6293 𝑥 ( + (100 − 24.2)) }
2
2
4 4
𝑑
30165.6 x 10 − 1009.6 x 10 = 2 {6293 𝑥 ( + (100 − 24.2)) }
2
2
29156 x 104 𝑑
= {( + (100 − 24.2)) }
2 𝑥 6293 2
𝑑
152.20 = ( + (100 − 24.2))
2
d = 152.80 mm ≃ 160 mm
Hence provide d = 160 mm
Step7: Shear and Bending moment for batten design:
Distance between centre of channels, S = d + 2Cyy = 160 + 2 x 24.2 = 208.4 mm
Let C be the spacing of battens, longitudinally.
Radius of gyration of one channel = 28.3 mm
𝐶
∴ 28.3 < 50 i.e., C < 1415

It should also satisfy the condition,

𝐶
∴ 28.3 < 0.7 𝑥 71.06 i.e., C < 1407.7

Let us select C = 1410 mm.

Transverse shear resisted by batten, Vt = 2.5% of Pu = (2.5/100) x 1150 x 103 = 28750 N
 𝑉𝑡 𝐶 28750 𝑥 1410
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛, 𝑉𝑏 = = = 97.26 𝑘𝑁
𝑁𝑆 2 𝑥 208.4
𝑉𝑡 𝐶 28750 𝑥 1410
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛, 𝑀 = = = 10.13 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2𝑁 2𝑥2
Step 8: Design of battens:
Effective depth of end batten > 208.4 mm and also > 2 x 100 mm.
Giving edge distance as 35 mm
Hence, Provide 250 mm depth for end battens, over all depth = 250 + 2 x 35 = 320 mm
For intermediate battens it is > (3/4 x 208.4 mm) and > 200 mm.
Provide 200 mm depth for intermediate battens, over all depth = 200 + 2 x 35 = 270 mm
Thickness of battens > (1/50) x 208.4 = 4.17 mm
Use 6 mm thick plates.
Step 9: Check for stresses in battens:
𝑉 97.26 𝑥 103 𝑓𝑦 1 250 1
𝑏
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑏𝑥𝑡 = = 64.84 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 𝑥 1.1 = 𝑥 1.1 = 131.22 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
250 𝑥 6 √3 √3

Hence safe.
6𝑀 6 𝑥 14.06 𝑥 106 𝑓𝑦 250
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑡𝑑2 = = 224.96 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 1.1 = = 227.27 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
6 𝑥 2502 1.1

Hence safe.
10. Analyse the different failure modes of column in detail with diagram
Column slenderness and length greatly influence a column’s ability to carry load.
• Very short, stout columns fail by crushing due to material failure.
- Failure occurs once the stress exceeds the elastic (yield point) limit of the material.
• Long, slender columns fail by buckling – a function of the column’s dimensions and its modulus of
elasticity.
- Buckling is the sudden uncontrolled lateral displacement of a column at which point no additional load
can be supported.
- Failure occurs at a lower stress level than the column’s material strength due to buckling (i.e. lateral
instability).
Buckling in long, slender columns is due to the following.
• Eccentricities in loading.
• Irregularities in the column material.
Buckling can be avoided (theoretically) if the loads were applied absolutely axially, the column material
was totally homogeneous with no imperfections, and construction was true and plumb.