SNIST (JNTUH): UNIT-II

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

NETWORK ANALYSIS
(CPM & PERT)

Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR

M.Tech (Mech)., Ph.D (Mgmt) and Ph.D (Mech)
Professor in Mechanical Engineering
Sreenidhi Inst. of Science & Tech., Hyderabad
 What is a Project?
 A project is an interrelated set of activities that has
definite starting and ending points and that result in a
unique product or service
 Cuts across organizational lines – they need varied
skills of different profession
 Uncertainties like new technology & external
environment can change the character of the project
 Personnel, materials, facilities etc. are temporarily
assembled to accomplish a goal within a specified time
frame and then disbanded
 Upon finish, a project releases lot of resources which
were engaged in execution of the project
 Examples of Project
Hosting a College Annual Function
Plan a Space Shuttle to Mars
Construct a Plant to Manufacture Ball Bearings
Plan for Wedding
Designing and Implement a Computer System
Designing a ABS System
Executing Environmental Clean-up Of a Contaminated Site
Erect a New Lab in the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Definition of Project

• A project is a one shot, time limited, goal

directed, major undertaking, requiring the
commitment of varied skills & resources.

• It also describes project as a combination of

human and non human resources pooled
together in a temporary organization to
achieve specific purpose
 Project Attributes
A project:
•Has a unique purpose.
•Is temporary.
•Is developed using progressive elaboration.
•Requires resources, often from various areas.
•Should have a primary customer or sponsor.
•The project sponsor usually provides the
direction and funding for the project.
•Involves uncertainty.
Project and Program Managers
Project managers work with project sponsors, project
teams, and other people involved in projects to meet
project goals.
Program: “A group of related projects managed in a
coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not
available from managing them individually.”
Program managers oversee programs and often act as
bosses for project managers.
Project management is “the application of knowledge,
skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet
project requirements.”
 Project Management
Tools and Techniques
Project management tools and techniques assist project
managers and their teams in various aspects of project
management.
Specific tools and techniques include:
Project charters, scope statements, and WBS (scope).
Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path
analyses, critical chain scheduling (time).
Cost estimates and earned value management
(cost).
 NETWORK ANALYSIS
Network Analysis refers to a number of techniques for
the planning and control of complex projects.

The two most frequently used forms of network

planning are:
1. Programme Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT)
2. Critical Path Method (CPM)
 WHAT IS A NETWORK?
A network is a graphical diagram
consisting of certain configuration of “Arrows” ()
and “Nodes” (O) for showing the logical sequence
of various tasks to be performed to achieve the
project objective.
 PERT / CPM Techniques

The initial step in PERT/CPM project

scheduling process is the determination of all
specific activities that comprise the project
and their relationships.
 EXAMPLE
Activity Description Duration (in Immediate
weeks) predecessor
A Obtain the budget 2 -
approval
B Obtain the machine 5 A
C Hire the operator 1 A
D Install the machine 1 B
E Train the operator 6 C
F Produce the goods 1 D,E
 TERMS USED IN A NETWORK

1. Activity: An effort that is required to

complete a part of the project. It is
represented by “”.

2. Node: It represents the beginning or

completion of an activity. It is
represented by “”
 RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION

1. Each defined activity is represented by one and

only one arrow in the network.

2. Before an activity can be undertaken, all

activities preceding it must be completed.

3. The arrows depicting various activities are

indicative of logical procedure only. The
length and bearing of the arrows are of no
significance.
4. The arrow direction indicates the general
progression in time. Head events and Tail events.

5. When a number of activities terminate at one event,

it indicates that no activity emanating from that
event may start unless all activities terminating
there have been completed.

6. Events are identified by numbers.

7. The activities are identified by the numbers of their

starting and ending events or by alphabets.
8. A network should have only one initial and terminal
node.
A
C Merge Event
B

B
A
Burst Event
C
10. Parallel activities between two events, without
intervening events, are prohibited. When two or
more parallel activities in a project have the same
head and tail events, dummy activities are needed in
constructing the network.

Dummy activities do not consume time or

resources. An efficient network contains a
minimum number of dummy activities required to
portray the correct precedence relationships.

11. Looping is not permitted in a network.

NETWORK SYMBOLS
SYMBOL MEANING
Activity
Event
Activity A must be completed
before Activity B completed
Activities A & B can occur
concurrently, but both must be
completed before activity C can
begin
Activities A & B must be completed
before activities C & D can begin,
but C can begin independently of D
& vice versa
SAMPLE NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITY
 CRITICAL PATH METHOD

CPM aims at the determination of the

time to complete a project and the
important activities on which a
manager shall focus attention.
 PROCEDURE
 Consider all the paths in a project, beginning with
the start event and stopping at the end event.

 For each path, calculate the time of execution.

 The path with the largest time is called the critical

path and the activities along this path are called
critical activities or bottleneck activities.
 PERT
(Project or Program Evaluation
and Review Techniques)
PROJECT EVALUATION REVIEW TECHNIQUE
In the critical path method, the time estimates are assumed to be
known with certainty. In certain projects like research and
development, new product introductions, it is difficult to estimate
the time of various activities.
Hence PERT is used in such projects with a probabilistic method using three
time estimates for an activity, rather than a single estimate, as shown in
Figure
Optimistic time tO:
It is the shortest time taken to complete the
activity. It means that if everything goes well
then there is more chance of completing the
activity within this time.

Most likely time tm:

It is the normal time taken to complete an
activity, if the activity were frequently repeated
under the same conditions.

Pessimistic time tp:

It is the longest time that an activity would take to
complete. It is the worst time estimate that an
activity would take if unexpected problems are
faced.
Taking all these time estimates into consideration, the expected
time of an activity is arrived at.
The average or mean (ta)
value of the activity duration
is given by,
The variance of the activity
time is calculated using the
formula,
Probability for Project Duration
The probability of completing the
project within the scheduled time
(Ts) or contracted time may be
obtained by using the standard
normal deviate where Te is the
expected time of project
completion.
Probability of completing the
project within the scheduled time
is,
 Example Problem of PERT
An R & D project has a list of tasks to be performed whose time
estimates are given in the Table 8.11, as follows.

a. Draw the project network.

b. Find the critical path.
c. Find the probability that the project is completed in 19 days. If the
probability is less than 20%, find the probability of completing it in 24 days.
Time expected for each activity is
calculated using the formula (5):
Similarly, the expected time is
calculated for all the activities.

The variance of activity time is

calculated using the formula (6).
Similarly, variances of all the
activities are calculated.
A) Construct a network diagram:

calculate the time earliest (TE) and time Latest (TL) for all the
activities.
From the network diagram Figure 8.24, the critical path is
identified as 1-4, 4-6, 6-7, with a project duration of 22 days.
C) The probability of completing the project within 19
days is given by, P (Z< Z0)

To find Z0 ,

Thus, the probability of completing the R & D project in 19 days is

9.01%.
Since the probability of completing the project in 19
days is less than 20% As in question, we find the
probability of completing it in 24 days.
 COST ANALYSIS
The two important components of any activity are the cost and time. Cost is
directly proportional to time and vice versa.
For example, in constructing a shopping complex, the expected time of
completion can be calculated using the time estimates of various activities. But if
the construction has to be finished earlier, it requires additional cost to complete
the project. We need to arrive at a time/cost trade-off between total cost of
project and total time required to complete it.
Normal time:
Normal time is the time required to complete
the activity at normal conditions and cost.
Crash time:
Crash time is the shortest possible activity
time; crashing more than the normal time
will increase the direct cost.
Cost Slope
Cost slope is the increase in cost per unit of
time saved by crashing. A linear cost curve
is shown in Figure 8.27.
 Example
An activity takes 4 days to complete at a normal cost of Rs. 500.00. If it is
possible to complete the activity in 2 days with an additional cost of Rs. 700.00,
what is the incremental cost of the activity?

Incremental Cost or Cost Slope

It means, if one day is reduced we have to spend Rs. 100/- extra per day.

Project Crashing
Procedure for crashing

Step1: Draw the network diagram and mark the Normal time and Crash time.

Step2: Calculate TE and TL for all the activities.

Step3: Find the critical path and other paths.

Step 4: Find the slope for all activities and rank them in ascending order.
Step 5: Establish a tabular column with required field.

Step 6: Select the lowest ranked activity; check whether it is a critical activity. If
so,crash the activity, else go to the next highest ranked activity.
Note: The critical path must remain critical while crashing.
Step 7: Calculate the total cost of project for each crashing
Step 8: Repeat Step 6 until all the activities in the critical path are fully
crashed.
Example
The following Table 8.13 gives the activities of a construction project and
other data.

If the indirect cost is Rs. 20 per day, crash the activities to find the
minimum duration of the project and the project cost associated.
 Solution
From the data provided in the table, draw the network diagram (Figure 8.28)
and find the critical path.

From the diagram, we observe

that the critical path is 1-2-5 with
project duration of 14 days

The cost slope for all activities and their rank is calculated as shown in Table 8.14
The available paths of the network are listed down in Table 8.15
indicating the sequence of crashing (see Figure 8.29).

The sequence of crashing and

the total cost involved is given
in Table 8.16 Initial direct cost
= sum of all normal costs given
= Rs. 490.00
 Activity Project Critical Path Direct Cost in (Rs.) Indirect Cost Total
Crashed Duration in (Rs.) Cost in
(Rs.)

- 14 1-2-5 490 14 x 20 = 770

280

1 – 2(2) 10 1–2–5 490 + (2 x 15) + (2 x 10 x 20 = 970

2 – 5(2) 1–3–4–5 100) + (1 x 10) + (2 x 200
2 – 4(1) 1–2–4–5 20) = 770
3 – 4(2)

It is not possible to crash more than 10 days, as all the activities

in the critical path are fully crashed. Hence the minimum
project duration is 10 days with the total cost of Rs. 970.00.
Assignment
a. Draw the project network diagram.
b. Calculate the length and variance of the critical path.
c. What is the probability that the jobs on the critical path can be
completed in 41 days?
THANK YOU