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Lockdown Period
Open Practice Test Series
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IN : INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
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TEST No.- 04 | Process Control

Read the following instructions carefully

1. This question paper contains 33 MCQ’s & NAQ’s. Bifurcation of the questions are given below:
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2. Choose the closest numerical answer among the choices given.

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Multiple Choice Questions : Q.1 to Q.10 carry 1 mark each

Q.1 A controller is realized using operational amplifier. The transfer function of the controller is
s + 0.05
GC (s) =
s
The transfer function represents the
(a) P controller (b) PI controller
(c) PD controller (d) PID controller

1. (b)
s + 0.05
∵ GC (s) =
s
0.05
= 1+

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...(i)
s
∵ The transfer function of proportional plus integral control is given by
 1 
GC (s) = K P 1 +  ...(ii)
 TI s 
on comparing equation (i) and (ii)
The given transfer function is of PI controller,
where KP = 1 and TI = 20 sec
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Q.2 A process with open-loop model

10e −10s
G(s) =
s +1
is controlled by a PID controller. For this purpose
(i) the derivative mode improves steady state performance
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(ii) the derivative mode improves transient performance

(iii) the integral mode improves steady state performance
(iv) the integral mode improves transient performance
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The correct statements are

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)

2. (b)
Transfer function of a PID controller is given by
KI
M

GC (s) = K P + + KD s
s
s 2K D + K P s + K I
=
s
(s + Z 1)
or GC (s) ≈ (s + Z 2 )
s

PI PD
PI : Improves steady state performance
PD : Improves transient performance

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Q.3 Consider the following statements:

A proportional plus derivative controller
1. has high sensitivity
2. increases the stability of the system
3. improves the steady-state accuracy
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3

3. (b)

Q.4 In a fluid flow system two fluids are mixed in appropriate proportion. The concentration at the mixing point
is y(t) and it is reproduced without change after Td seconds at the monitoring point as b(t). What is the
transfer function between b (t ) and y (t)?

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+T s
(a) e −Td (b) e d
−T s +T
(c) e d (d) e d
4. (c)

Q.5 Ratio of the rotor reactance X to the rotor resistance R for a two phase servo motor.
EA
(a) is equal to that of normal induction motor.
(b) is less than that of a normal induction motor.
(c) is greater than that of a normal induction motor.
(d) may be less or greater than that of a normal induction motor.

5. (b)

2
Q.6 A first order process having the transfer function is controlled by a proportional controller of gain
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1 + 4s
5 units. The offset generated in the response of the overall process for unit step input is __________.
1
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(a) 10 (b)
10
1
(c) 11 (d)
11
6. (d)

2
∵ G (s) =
M

1 + 4s
K = 5 units
2 10
overall transfer function = ×5 =
1 + 4s 1 + 4s
1
ess =
1+ Kp
10
Kp = lim G(s) = lim = 10
s →0 s →0 1 + 4s
1 1
ess = =
1 + 10 11

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Q.7 Tachogenerator feedback is some times used in position control system to

(a) increase the effective damping in the system
(b) decrease the effective damping in the system
(c) improve the steady-state response of the system
(d) decreases the relative stability of the system.

7. (a)
The derivative feedback control or rate feedback control is also known as Tachogenerator feedback, that
increases the damping of the system and thus increases the relative stability of the system.
ωnKt
ζ′ = ζ +
α

Q.8 A first order process has a static gain of 10, a time constant of 2 sec and transport delay of 0.1 sec. Its

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transfer function is
10 e −s 10 e − 0.1s
(a) (b)
1 + 2s 1 + 2s
e− 10s e− 10s
(c) (d)
1+ 0.1s EA 1+ 2s

8. (b)
Ke − tD s
First order process with transportation delay is given by
1 + Ts
where K = static gain = 10
tD = transport delay = 0.1 sec
T = Time constant = 2 sec
10 e −0.1s
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∴ Transfer function =
1 + 2s

Q.9 A PI controller has a proportional band of 25% and integral time of 2 sec. The transfer function of the
AD

controller is
 2 1
(a) 4  1+  (b) 25 +
 s 2s
 1 2
(c) 25  1+  (d) 4 +
 2s  s

9. (d)
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Transfer function of the PI controller is given by

P(s)   1 
= K p  1 + T s  
E(s)   I 

100 100
here Kp = = =4
PB 25
TI = 2 sec
 1
∴ TF = 4 1+ 
 2s
2
= 4+
s

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Q.10 A process was subjected to a step input of magnitude 0.8, and the reaction curve shown in figure was
obtained. The parameters System gain (K), Dead time (td), Time constant (τ) of the process modeled
as G (s) = ke –std/(τs +1) are, respectively,
y

0.32

0 7 62 t
(a) 0.32, 7, 62 (b) 0.32, 7, 55
(c) 0.4, 7, 62 (d) 0.4, 7, 55

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10. (d)
From figure
Stabilized output = Input × gain(k)
0.32 = 0.8 × k
k = 0.4
tD = 7
τ =
EA
62 – 7 = 55 sec

Numerical Answer Type Questions : Q. 11 to Q. 16 carry 1 mark each

Q.11 A stepper motor rotate at 300 rpm. If the input puse rate required for the motor is 60 pulse/sec. Then the
angle subtended by the stepper motor per step is __________ degree.

11. (30)
∵ Pulse rate
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(P ) = RT
R = Revolution per minute
T = Total number of step to complete one revolution
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P 60
T = = = 12
R 300 / 60
360
Angel per step = = 30°
12
Q.12 The standard measured indication range of a transducer is 4 – 20 mA. If we have a set point value of
12 mA and a measurement of 12.5 mA. The error expressed as percent of span is_____%
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12. (–3.125) (–3.20 to –3.10)

r −b
∵ % eP = × 100
bmax − bmin
Where, r = Set point value = 12 mA
b = Measured value = 12.5 mA
bmax = 20 mA and bmin = 4 mA
12 − 12.5 0.5
∴ % ep = × 100 = − × 100 = –3.125%
20 − 4 16

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Q.13 A temperature sensitive transducer is subjected to a sudden temperature change. It takes 20 sec to
reach equilibrium condition (five time constants). How long will it take for the transducer to read half
of the temperature difference__________ sec.

13. 2.77 (2.70 to 2.80)

Time to reach equilibrium condition
= 5 τ = 20 sec
∴ Time constant
20
τ = = 4 sec
5
Now we have
θ = θ0[1 – exp(– t/τ)]

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θ
or θ0 = 1 – [exp(–t /τ)]

The time for read half of the temperature difference can be calculated as
0.5 = 1 – [exp(–t /4)]
t = 2.77 sec
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Q.14 The temperature of a furnace is increasing at a rate of 1°C/min. If the temperature of the furnace is
masured using first order instrument with a maximum error of 0.5°C . Then the maximum permissible time
constant of this first order instrument is ___________ sec.

14. (30)
∵ Temperature of furnace is increasing in a ramp manner
∵ maximum steady state error for a ramp signal applied to a first order instrument is given by
ess = Kτ
E

maximum allowable time constant

ess 0.5° C
τ = =
K 1° C / min
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= 0.5 min = 30 sec

Q.15 A water tank of height 16 m has a 2 position controller. The level sensor of the tank has output of (4 - 20
mA) and response of 1 mA/meter. If a relay connected to control water supply is to switch off at a height
of 12 meter then the corresponding control signal is ___________ mA.

15. (16)
M

h x − hmin I x − Imin
=
hmax − hmin Imax − Imin

12 − 0 I −4
= x
16 − 0 20 − 4
I x = 16 mA

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Q.16 A first order process is modeled as per the equation given below
d
x(t ) + 2 x(t ) = 4 r (t )
3
dt
The static sensitivity of the system is ___________ unit.

16. (2)

d
3 x(t ) + 2 x(t ) = 4r (t)
dt
On taking Laplace transform
3 s X (s ) + 2 X (s ) = 4R ( s )

X (s) 4 2
=

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R(s) = 3s + 2 1.5s + 1
hence static sensitivity = 2 unit

Multiple Choice Questions : Q.17 to Q.26 carry 2 marks each

Q.17 A second order process is controlled by a proportional derivative controller as shown in the figure below.
EA
R (s ) K c(s)
KP + KDs
s(τs + 1)
controller process

The expression for its steady state error to unit ramp input is
1
(a) K (b)
K
E
1
(c) KK P (d) KK
P

17. (d)
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Steady state error to unit ramp input

1 1
ess = slim =
→ 0 sG(s) Kv
where, Kv = lim sG(s)
s →0

K
here G (s) = (KP + KDs) ×
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s(τs + 1)
K (K p + K D s)
=
s(τs + 1)
K(KP + KDs)
Kv = slim S = KKP
→0 s(τs + 1)
1
ess = KK
P

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Q.18 A stable closed loop control system with PI controller is shown below
R(s) KI 1 C(s)
KP +
s (s + 2) (s + 3)

The suitable values of the controller parameters are

1 1
(a) K P > 0 and K I > [KP − 30] (b) K I > 0 and K P > [K I − 30]
5 5
(c) KI > 0 and KP > 5[KI − 30] (d) None value of KP and KI

18. (b)

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The characteristic equation of the system is

 K  1 
1 +  KP + I   = 0
 s   (s + 2)(s + 3) 

or s3 + 5s 2 + (6 + KP )s + KI = 0
By Routh’s array creteria EA
s3 1 6 + Kp
s2 5 KI
30 + 5 K P − K I
s1
5
s0 KI 0
For the given system to be stable
KI > 0
E

30 + 5 KP – KI > 0
1
KP > [K I − 30]
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Q.19 A proportional controller with gain KP is used with a first order system unity feedback structure as shown
below
R (s ) K C (s)
KP
τs + 1
P
First-order
controller
system
M

For the closed loop system increasing KP will

(a) Increase the time constant and decreases the steady-state error to step input.
(b) Decrease the time cosntant and decreases the steady-state error to step input.
(c) Decrease the time constant and increase the steady state error to step input.
(d) Increase the time constant and increase the steady state error to step input.

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19. (b)
KKP
G (s) =
(τs + 1)
C(s) KK P
=
R(s) τs + KK P + 1
1 1
Time constant for closed loop system (τc ) = =
pole KK P + 1
on increasing KP , τC will be decreased
steady state error for unit step input
1
ess =
KK P + 1

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on increasign KP , ess will be decreased. Hence option (b) is decreased.

Q.20 The transfer function of PID controller is given by

 4 
G(s) = 10 + + 5s 
 s 
The parameters proportional band (PB) and reset time (TI ) of the above controller are respectively.
(a) 0.1% and 2.5 sec
(c) 1% and 0.4 sec
EA
(b) 10% and 0.4 sec
(d) 10% and 2.5 sec

20. (d)
For PID controller transfer function is given by
 1 
G (s) = K p 1 + + TD s  ...(i)
 TI s 
E

 4 
Given G (s) = 10 + + 5s 
 s 
 0.4 
= 10 1+ + 0.5s
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...(ii)
 s 
on comparing (i) and (ii)
Kp = 10
1
TI = = 2.5 sec
4
100 100
= = 10%
M

PB =
Kp 10

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Q.21 The following figure describes the block diagram of a closed loop process control system.
Disturbence
D(s)
R(s ) U(s) + Y(s)
GC(s) + GP (s)
B(s) Controller Process

Noise
N(s)

Y (s) Y (s) Y (s)

For this system three closed loop transfer function = Gyr , = Gyd , = Gyn , may be derived
R(s) D(s) N(s)
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list:

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List-I List-II
Y (s)  −GCGP
A. Gyr =   1.
 R (s)  1 + GCGP

 Y (s)  GCGP
B. Gyd =   2.
 D (s)  1 + GCGP

 Y (s) 
C. Gyn =  
EA 3.
1 + GCGP
GP
 N (s) 
Codes:
A B C
(a) 1 2 3
(b) 1 3 2
(c) 2 1 3
E

(d) 2 3 1

21. (d)
AD

Case-I

Y (s)
Gyr =
R (s) D (s ), N (s ) = 0

Block diagram can be reduced as

R(s) Y(s)
M

GC(s) GP(s)

Y (s) GC (s)GP (s)

=
R(s) 1 + GC (s)GP (s)
GCGP
=
1 + GCGP
Case II
Y (s)
Gyd =
D (s) R (s ),N (s ) =0
Block diagram can be reduced as

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D(s )
GP(s) Y(s)

GC(s)

Y (s) GP (s) GP
=
D(s) = 1 + GP (s)GC (s) 1 + GP GC
Case III
Y (s)
Gyn =
N (s) R (s ), D (s ) = 0
Block diagram can be reduced as
N(s) Y(s)

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–GC(s) GP(s)

Y (s) −GC (s)GP (s) −GC GP

= =
N(s) 1 − [(− GC (s) GP (s))] 1 + GC GP
EA
Q.22 Figure shows the block diagram for a system with feed forward control
disturbance
Gf (s) W(s)

++ GC (s) +
+ GP (s)
U(s ) –
controller process Y(s)
E
H (s)

What would be the relation between the transfer function of feed forward controller Gf (s) and Gc(s) to
eliminate completely the effect of the disturbance input w
AD

(a) Gf = 1 (b) Gf = GC
GC
1
(c) Gf = – GC (d) Gf = −
GC

22. (d)
M

First find the transfer function between y and the disturbance w

Put U(s) = 0
∴ Y = [[WGf – YH ]GC + W ]GP
Y = WGf GCGP – YHG C GP + WGP
Y [1 + HGC GP] = W [Gf GCGP + GP]
Y GP [1 + GCGf ]
=
W [1 + HGCGP ]
To eliminate the effect of disturbance input w
1 + GC Gf = 0
1
∴ Gf = −
GC

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Q.23 For which one of the following given physical realization corresponds to PI controller
Z2

Z1 –
Vi V0
+

(a) Z = , Z2 =
1

(b) Z1 = , Z =
2

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(c) Z1 = , Z2 =

(d) Z = , Z2 =
1

23. (a)
PI controller behaves like intigrator EA
so, z1 should be resistive and Z 2 should be capacitive
physical realization is possible with Z1 = , Z2 =
because capacitor alone is not physical realizable.

Q.24 Effect of back emf in an armature controlled dc servomotor is

(a) to increase effective motor friction, thereby reducing motor time constant.
(b) to increase effective motor friction, thereby increasing motor time constant.
(c) to increase motor inertia, thereby reducing motor time constant.
E

(d) to increase motor inertia, thereby decreasing motor time constant.

24. (a)
AD

Q.25 A process exhibits oscillations for a critical gain setting of 10 in a time period of 30 minute. The setting of
ziegler-Nicol for P + I controller mode respectively are:
(a) kP = 6, Ti = 15 min (b) kP = 5, Ti = 25 min
(c) kP = 4.5, Ti = 25 min (d) kP = 6, Ti = 25 min

25. (c)
For P + I mode
M

kP = 0.45 kC
kP = 0.45 × 10 = 4.5

TC 30
Ti = = = 25 min
1.2 1.2

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Q.26 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II
A. PD controller 1. Decreases band width
B. PID controller 2. Decreases steady-state error and improve stability
C. PI controller 3. Rise time decrease
D. Proportional controller 4. Transient response becomes poorer
5. Offset errror
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 3 2 4 5
(b) 1 4 5 2
(c) 3 4 2 5

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(d) 1 3 2 4

26. (a)

Numerical Answer Type Questions : Q.27 to Q.33 carry 2 marks each

Q.27 A unity feedback control system with a rate feedback and proportional gain is shown below ;
where KP > 0 and α ≥ 0.
R(s)
EA KP +–
16 C(s)
s(s + 4)

αs

If the peak overshoot of closed loop system to unit step input is 1.5%. Then the rate feedback constant (α)
E

is (assume KP = 1) ____________.

27. 0.15 (0.12 to 0.18)

The Feed forward transfer function with Kp = 1 is given by
AD

16
s(s + 4) 16
G (s) = = ...(i)
16 α s s(s + 4 + 16α)
1+
s(s + 4)
% Mp = 1.5%
M

−ξπ 1.5
=
1− ξ 2 100
e
ξ = 0.8
from equation (i) characteristic of closed loop system
s 2 + (4 + 16α) s + 16 = 0
ωn = 16 = 4 rad/sec
2ξωn = 4 + 16α
2 × 0.8 × 4 = 4 + 16α
α = 0.15

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Q.28 A liquid level conrol system linearly converts a displacement of 2 to 3 m into a 4 to 20 mA control signal.
A relay server as the two-position controller to open or close an inlet valve. If the relay closes at 12 mA and
opens at 10 mA. Then the neutral zone or displacement gap is _________ m.

28. 0.125 (0.10 to 0.15)

The relation between level and a current is linear equation
H = K I + H0
we find K and H0 by writing two equations
2 m = K (4 mA) + H0 ...(i)
3 m = K (20 mA) + H0 ...(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
H0 = 1.75 m
K = 0.0625 m/mA

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∵ The relay closes at 12 mA, which is a high level, HH
HH = (0.0625 m/mA) (12 mA) + 1.75 m
HH = 2.5 m
The low level HL , occurs at 10 mA
HL = (0.0625 m/mA) (10 mA) + 1.75 m
HL = 2.375 m
Thus, neutral zone is HH – HL
EA
= (2.5 – 2.375) m
= 0.125 m

Q.29 Temperature of water in a geyser is measured with the help of a thermometer. The initial temperature of the
water inside the geyser is 35°C. When the geyser is turned on, the temperature of the water in the geyser
rises suddenly (step input) and reaches a final level of 80°C. If the temperature of water reaches to 65°C
in 5 sec, then the time constant of the thermometer is __________ sec.
E

29. 4.55 (4.40 to 4.70)

θ(t) = (θi – θf )e– t /τ + θf
AD

65 = (35 – 80)e–5/τ + 80
∴ τ = 4.55 sec
M

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Q.30 The response for PI controller at t = 3 sec with kP = kI = 1 for the error as shown in figure if
P (0) = 10 % is _______ %.

0 1 3 t

30. 14.5 (14.00 to 15.00)

The output equation

P = kP e + kP k I ∫ edt

SY
for 1 > t>0;e=t
3 > t > 1; e = 1
t > 3;e=0
Consider 1 > t > 0

P = 1·t + 1∫ t + 10%
EA
t2
P = t+ + 10°6
2
At t = 1 sec

1
P = 1+ + 10 = 11.5%
2
E

For 3 > t>1

P = 1 + 1∫ 1d t + 11.5%
AD

P = 1 + [1]13 + 11.5%
P = 1 + (3 – 1) + 11.5%
= 14.5%
For t > 0; e = 0
∴ P = 14.5 %
M

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Q.31 A first order process has transfer function

e − 0.1s
G(s) =
1 + 2s
A test run is conducted by subjecting to a sudden disturbance of magnitude ‘5’ units by process reaction
curve method. The ultimate value of output stabilized at 4 setting of P + I controller mode for the value
of kP is ___________ unit.

31. 22.5 (22 to 23)

On comparing the transfer function with first order standard transfer function.

e − 0.1s e −td s
=
1 + 2s 1 + Ts

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td = 0.1 sec
τ = 2 sec
given A = 5
B = 4

B 4
Slope [S ] = = =2
T 2
The setting of PI mode for KP
EA
0.9A 0.9 × 5
KP = = = 22.5 unit
Std 2 × 0.1
E
AD
M

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Q.32 The figure shows is an electronic proportional controller. To have proportional band of 50%, the value of R1
should be ___________ kΩ.
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
Offset 1 kΩ

Error –
Signal R1 –
+ e0
+

32. (1)
∵ PB = 50%

SY
100
∴ Kp = =2
50
Output of standard proportional controller
p = Kpep + p0 ...(i)
where, kp = gain of the controller
ep = error signal
EA
p0 = controller output at t = 0 sec or controller output for off set signal
output of given signal condition circuit
2 2
e0 =
R1
[ error signal] + × offset
2
...(ii)

on comparing (i) and (ii)

2
R1 = kp
E

2 2
R1 = = = 1kΩ
kp 2
AD
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Q.33 For a process shown in the figure. The optimum settings for proportional controller are obtained by
Ziegler - Nichols method. The proportional controller gain kp is ___________.

1
R(s) + k C(s)
– s(s + 1)(s + 2)

33. 3 (2.80 to 3.80)

k
G (s) H (s) =
s(s + 1)(s + 2)
characteristics equation

SY
1 + G (s ) H (s ) = 0
k
1+ = 0
s(s + 1)(s + 2)
s (s + 1) (s + 2) + k = 0
s [s 2 + 3s + 2] = 0
s + 3s 2 + 2s + k = 0
3

By RH criteria
s3 1 2
EA
2
s 3 k
6−k
s1 0
3
s0 k 0
for system to be marginally stable or for oscillating system
E

6–k = 6
k = 6
Ziegler-Nichols setting for proportional controller of gain kp is given by
AD

k 6
kp = = =3
2 2

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