• Prejudiced and stereotypic evaluations can occur

SOC PSY: CHAPTER 9 outside people’s awareness.

PREJUDICE
RACIAL PREJUDICE
PREJUDICE
• subtle prejudice may also be expressed as
• a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its MICROAGGRESSIONS, such as:
individual members
➡ race-related traffic stops
➡ reluctance to sit on a bus or train next to a
STEREOTYPE person of another race
• a belief about the personal attributes of a group of • may also be in the form of patronization
people
➡ to avoid looking prejudiced, others tend to avoid
• are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and criticizing works of black people, or tend to
resistant to new information (and sometimes overpraise their accomplishments
accurate)
• when people are fatigued or feeling threatened by a
dangerous world, they become even more likely to
DISCRIMINATION shoot a minority person
• an unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its
members
GENDER PREJUDICE

DIFFERENCE OF THE THREE: • strong gender stereotypes exist, and members of the
A. AFFECT = PREJUDICE stereotyped group usually accept them
B. BEHAVIOR = DISCRIMINATION • WOMEN-ARE-WONDERFUL EFFECT: suggests
that people associate more positive attributes with
C. COGNITION = STEREOTYPE women compared to men
• gender attitudes frequently mix a benevolent sexism
RACISM with hostile sexism
• an individual's prejudicial attitudes and ➡ BENEVOLENT SEXISM: delivered in a positive
discriminatory behavior toward people of a given disguise but ends up being just as harmful
race 
➡ HOSTILE SEXISM: women are objectified or
degraded
SEXISM
• an individual's prejudicial attitudes and GAY-LESBIAN PREJUDICE
discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
• prejudice against the LGBT community has lessened
RACISM & SEXISM in recent decades
• are institutional practices that discriminate, even
when there is no prejudicial intent
WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL SOURCES OF
PREJUDICE?
PREJUDICE: IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT 1. SOCIAL INEQUALITIES: UNEQUAL STATUS AND
PREJUDICE
• prejudice illustrates our DUAL ATTITUDE SYSTEM:
➡ IMPLICIT: automatic • unequal status breeds prejudice
➡ EXPLICIT: conscious • we respect the competence of those high in status
and like those who agreeably accept a lower status
• SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION: viewing
• IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST (IAT): assesses people in terms of hierarchies
implicit cognition (what you know without knowing
that you know)
➡ measures people's speed of associations 
2. SOCIALIZATION ➡ INGROUP: “us”; a group of people who share
• ETHNOCENTRIC: believing in the superiority of a sense of belonging, a feeling of common
one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having identity
corresponding disdain for all other groups ➡ OUTGROUP: “them”; a group that people
• AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY: a personality perceive as distinctively different from or apart
that is disposed to favor obedience to authority from their ingroup
and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in • IN-GROUP BIAS: the tendency to favor one’s own
status group
• RELIGION AND RACIAL PREJUDICE ➡ achievements attained by our group helps us
• CONFORMITY: people become more likely to favor feel better about ourselves by identifying more
(or oppose) discrimination after hearing someone strongly with them
else to do so ➡ we humanize pets and dehumanize outgroups
3. INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORTS • TERROR MANAGEMENT: the defensive human
• social institutions (schools, government, media, thinking and behavior that stems from our awareness
families, etc) may bolster prejudice through: and fear of death
1. OVERT POLICIES ➡ people feel the need for status, self-regard,
• segregation and belonging
2. STATUS QUO ➡ death can heighten communal feelings such
as ingroup identification, togetherness, and
• FACE-ISM: the tendency of the media to show
the face of men and the body of women in still altruism
or moving photographic portrayals
MOTIVATION TO AVOID PREJUDICE

• self-conscious people make an effort to reduce the

WHAT ARE THE MOTIVATIONAL SOURCES gap between how they feel and how they should feel
OF PREJUDICE?
• even automatic prejudices subside when people's
motivation to avoid prejudice is internal ("prejudice is
FRUSTRATION AND AGGRESSION: THE
wrong") versus external ("I don't want people to think
SCAPEGOAT THEORY
badly of me")
THE SCAPEGOAT THEORY • breaking "the prejudice habit" isn't easy, but it can be
done
• the tendency to blame someone else for one's own
problems, a process that often results in feelings of
prejudice toward the person or group that one is
blaming WHAT ARE THE COGNITIVE SOURCES OF
• ethnic peace is easier to maintain during prosperous PREJUDICE?
times
1. CATEGORIZATION
• we organize the world by clustering objects
REALISTIC GROUP CONFLICT THEORY
into groups
• prejudice arises from competition between groups
for scarce resources • there is a strong tendency to see objects within
a group as being more uniform than they really
are
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY: FEELING SUPERIOR TO • OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY EFFECT: the
OTHERS assumption that outgroup members are more
similar to one another than are ingroup
• the groups (e.g. social class, family, organization, members
etc.) which people belong to are an important source
of pride and self-esteem
➡ we think that "they are alike; we are
diverse"
• SOCIAL CONCEPT = PERSONAL IDENTITY +
SOCIAL IDENTITY • OWN-RACE BIAS: the tendency for people to
more accurately recognize faces of their own
• SOCIAL IDENTITY: our sense of who we are based race
on our group memberships
 • OWN-AGE BIAS: the tendency for both ➡ helps maintain stereotypes
children and older adults to more accurately
➡ Ex: You think that all policemen are
identify faces from their own age groups mean and corrupt. However, you meet
2. DISTINCTIVENESS Cardo Dalisay from Ang Probinsyano.
You find that he is actually fair, honest,
• people are defined by their most distinctive
traits and behaviors and kind, despite being a policeman.
Thus, you think that Cardo is an
• distinctiveness feeds self-consciousness exception to the rule that all policemen
• STIGMA CONSCIOUSNESS: a person's are mean and corrupt. Nevertheless, you
expectation of being victimized by prejudice or still keep your belief that all the other
discrimination policemen are mean and corrupt.

• SUBGROUPING: accommodating individuals who

ATTRIBUTION: IS IT A JUST WORLD?
deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new
stereotype about this subset of the group
• by explaining others’ actions, we frequently commit
the FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR ➡ promotes differentiation among group
members/increases the perceived variability of
• the more people assume that human traits are fixed a group
dispositions, the stronger are their stereotypes and
the greater their acceptance of racial inequities ➡ Ex: You perceive all Disney Princesses
to be attractive, talented in singing, and
• GROUP-SERVING BIAS: explaining away outgroup
members’ positive behaviors always end up being saved by a prince.
However, you watch Moana, and find out
➡ we grant members of our own group the that all-throughout the movie, she does
benefit of the doubt all the saving, and doesn’t even meet a
➡ COLLECTIVE NARCISSISM: exaggeration of “prince.” This allows you to create a
the positive image of one’s own group “subgroup” of all Disney Princesses.
Now, you may perceive a subgroup of
INGROUP OUTGROUP Disney Princesses to be attractive,
t a l e n t e d i n s i n g i n g , b u t d o e s n ’t
ATTITUDE favoritism denigration necessarily need saving nor a prince.
You still have a certain belief about
PERCEPTIONS heterogeneity homogeneity Disney Princesses, but now, there are
variations/subgroups.
ATTRIBUTION
FOR NEGATIVE to situations to dispositions
BEHAVIOR
DISCRIMINATION’S IMPACT: THE SELF-FULFILLING
PROPHECY
• JUST-WORLD PHENOMENON: the tendency of
people to believe that the world is just and that • “The Nature of Prejudice” by Gordon Allport
people therefore get what they deserve and deserve ➡ TWO BASIC TYPES OF REACTIONS TO
what they get VICTIMIZATION:
➡ people are indifferent to social injustice, not 1. BLAMING ONESELF: withdrawal, self-
because they have no concern for justice, but hate, aggression against one’s own
because they see no injustice group, etc.
2. B L A M I N G E X T E R N A L C A U S E S :
fighting back, suspiciousness, increased
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF group pride, etc.
PREJUDICE?
• SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY: social beliefs can
be self-confirming
SELF-PERPETUATING PREJUDGMENTS ➡ proven by an experiment:
• SUBTYPING: accommodating individuals who ➡ When volunteers believed they were
deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as interviewing a black guy, they sat farther,
“exceptions to the rule”
 committed more speech errors, and the
interview ended faster.
➡ belief affects actions and interactions

STEREOTYPE THREAT

STEREOTYPE THREAT
• a self-confirming apprehension that one will be
evaluated based on a negative stereotype
➡ Ex: Shanti is the only athlete in his block. His
classmates are all nice to him, but every time
he gets a low score on a quiz, or has body
odor, he feels like they’re all thinking, “Oh,
that’s because he’s an athlete.” He feels like
everything he does wrong reflects not only on
him, but on all athletes. Thus, he’s afraid that
every time he does or smells wrong, he is
confirming the stereotype that athletes are
dumb and unhygienic.

DO STEREOTYPES BIAS JUDGMENTS OF

INDIVIDUAL?

• our stereotypes mostly reflect (though sometimes

distort) reality
• people often evaluate individuals more positively
than the individuals’ groups
• after someone knows a person, “stereotypes may
have minimal, if any, impact on judgments about that
person”
• people often believe stereotypes, yet ignore them
when given personalized, anecdotal information
➡ Ex: Politicians are crooks, but our Senator
Jones has integrity.
• stereotypes, when strong, do color our reality
➡ even when a strong gender stereotype is
known to be irrelevant, it has an irresistible
force
• stereotypes also color how we interpret events
➡ sometimes, we make judgments or begin
interacting with someone with little to go on but
out stereotype
• we evaluate people more extremely when their
behavior violates our stereotypes