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Analysis of Variance1

ANOVA is a statistical technique used to compare group means and determine if observed differences are due to chance. It assumes samples are from normally distributed populations with equal variances. The key statistic is the F-test which compares the variance between groups to the variance within groups. If the F value exceeds the critical value, then at least two group means are significantly different.

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30 views2 pages

Analysis of Variance1

ANOVA is a statistical technique used to compare group means and determine if observed differences are due to chance. It assumes samples are from normally distributed populations with equal variances. The key statistic is the F-test which compares the variance between groups to the variance within groups. If the F value exceeds the critical value, then at least two group means are significantly different.

Uploaded by

barirah sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of Variance

ANOVA is a technique to differentiate between sample means to draw inferences about


the presence or absence of variations between populations means.

• Samples from different populations (treatment groups)


• Any difference among the population means?
• Null hypothesis: no difference among the means

Examples

• Effect of different lots of vaccine on antibody titer


• Effect of different measurement techniques on serum cholesterol determination
from the same pool of serum
• Water samples drawn at various location in a city
• Effect of antihypertensive drugs and placebo on mean systolic blood pressure

The key statistic in ANOVA is the F-test of difference of group means, testing if the
means of the groups formed by values of the independent variable (or combinations of
values for multiple independent variables) are different enough not to have occurred by
chance

Assumptions of ANOVA

– Observations normally distributed within each population


– Population (treatment) variances are equal (Homogeneity of variance or
homoscedasticity)
– Observations are independent

Step 1 Formulation of Hypothesis

𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = 𝜇4 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑘

𝐻1 : atleast two means are significantly different

Step-2 Choose a level of significance 𝛼 = 0.01, 0.05

Step-3 Test statistic

𝑀𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑠𝑡2
𝐹= =
𝑀𝑆𝐸 𝑠𝑒2
Step-4 Computation

In this section we calculate the value of F statistic

Where MStr = Mean-square treatment (Variance of the Treatment)

MSE = Mean-square Error (Variance of the error term)

Sstotal = SSTr + SSE


(𝑇..)2
First of all we calculate the correction factor ie is C.F = = T..= grand total
𝑟𝑘

And r = no of observation in the treatment (sample) and k = no of treatments


2 2
Sstoal = ∑∑(𝑥𝑖𝑗 − 𝑥̅ ) or ∑∑𝑥𝑖𝑗 − 𝐶. 𝐹 ( we square the each value and then add
and minus the correction factor)
2
∑ 𝑥.𝑗
SStr = − 𝐶. 𝐹 and SSE = Sstotal – SStr
𝑘

Finally after the calculation of these above sum of squares then make an ANOVA table

ANOVA Table

Source of Df Sum of squares Mean square F-Ratio


variation
Between k-1 Result of SStr SStr/ k-1 𝑆𝑡2
groups 𝐹=
𝑆𝑒2
Within n-k Result of SSE SSE/n-k
groups
Total n-1 Add above two No need No need
total

Step-5 Critical Region

𝐹 ≥ 𝐹𝛼 ,(𝑣1,𝑣2)

Where v1 = k-1 and v2 = n-k these are the df.

Step-6 Conclusion

In this section we decide hypothesis would be accepted or rejected.

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