MATHEMATICS

Class 10th (KPK)

Chapter # 5 Sets And Fractions

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 1
Chapter # 5

UNIT # 5
SETS AND FUNCTIONS
Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.1
Set Set Builder form
The collection of well-defined and distinct 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 Ʌ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
objects is called set. Disjoint Set
Some Important Sets The intersection of two sets have no any common
Set of Natural numbers =N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …….} element is called disjoint set.
Set of Whole numbers = W ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …….} Symbol
Set of Integers = Z ={0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, …….} 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝜑
Set of Even Integers = Z ={0, ±2, ±4, …….} Example # 2
Set of Odd Integers = Z ={±1, ±3, ±5, …….} If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Set of Prime numbers = Z ={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …….} C = {5, 11, 12}, D = {8, 9, 10}
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 then
𝑝
𝑄 = {𝑥 | 𝑥 = , 𝑞 ≠ 0 Ʌ 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
𝑞 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5}
Operation on sets 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∩ {5, 11, 12}
Union of two sets 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {5 }
The union of two sets is a set which contains all 𝐴 ∩ 𝐷 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {8, 9, 10}
the elements of both the sets. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { } or ∅
‫ وک تربیت ےک اسھت ںیھکل ےگ‬elements ‫ ےک امتم‬Sets ‫اس ںیم دوونں‬ Thus, A and D are disjoint set.
Difference of two sets
‫نکیل ک‬
‫ایدہعف‬
A set that contains all those elements of First Set
Symbol which are not in Second set.
The symbol of union is ∪ ‫ںیمہنوہ۔‬Set ‫ںیھکلےگوجدورسے‬Elements‫ےکوہ‬Set‫ےلہپ‬
It is denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 and read as A union B
Set Builder form Symbol
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵} It is denoted by 𝐴\𝐵 or 𝐴 − 𝐵
Example # 1 Set Builder form
𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}, 𝐁 = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 Ʌ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
Solution: Example # 3
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6} If 𝐴 = {5, 6, 7, 8}, 𝐵 = {7, 8, 9, 10}
Now then find A \B and B \ A
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6} Solution:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝐴 = {5, 6, 7, 8}, 𝐵 = {7, 8, 9, 10}
To Find:
Intersection of two sets
A \ B=?
The intersection of two sets is a set which contains B \ A =?
all the elements that are common to both the sets. Now
‫ےک ک‬Sets ‫اسںیمدوونں‬
.‫ںیھکلےگ‬elements‫ایےسیج‬ A \ B = {5, 6, 7, 8} \{7, 8, 9, 10}
A \ B = {5, 6}
Symbol
And also
The symbol of union is ∩
It is denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 and read as A intersection B
B \ A = {7, 8, 9, 10} \{5, 6, 7, 8}
B \ A = {9, 10}
 2
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.1
Complement of two sets 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {0, 1}
If U is a universal set and A is subset of U the U \ A 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0, 1, 2, 3}
is called complement of the set A and is denoted
by 𝐴′ or 𝐴𝑐 . (ii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩
Note: Solution:
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {0, 1}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 To Find:
𝐶′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐶 𝐴∩𝐵
𝑈′ = 𝑈 \ 𝑈 Now
∅′ = 𝑈 \ ∅ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} ∩ {0, 1}
𝑈′ = 𝑈 \ 𝑈 = ∅ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1}
∅′ = 𝑈 \ ∅ = 𝑈 (iii) 𝑨 ∪ 𝐂
Example # 4 Solution:
If U = {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6}, A = {3, 4, 5}, 𝐵 = 𝜑 then find: A = {1, 2, 3}, C = {1, 3, 4}
(𝒊)𝑨′ To Find:
Solution: 𝐴∪C
U = {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6}, A = {3, 4, 5} Now
To Find: 𝐴 ∪ C = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {1, 3, 4}
𝐴′ 𝐴 ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Now (iv) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑪
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
= {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6} \{3, 4, 5} 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}, 𝐶 = {1, 3, 4}
= {1, 2, 6} 𝑇𝑜 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
(𝒊𝒊)𝑩 ′
𝐴∩𝐶
Solution: 𝑁𝑜𝑤
U = {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6}, 𝐵 = 𝜑 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3} ∩ {1, 3, 4}
To Find: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 3}
𝐵′ (v) 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪
Now Solution:
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 B = {0, 1} and C = {1, 3, 4}
= {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6} \𝜑 To Find:
= {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6} 𝐵∪𝐶
Now
Ex # 5.1 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1} ∪ {1, 3, 4}
Page # 87 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 3, 4}
Q1: 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}, 𝐁 = {𝟎, 𝟏} 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟒} (vi) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑨
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝: Solution:
(i) 𝑨 ∪𝑩 A = {1, 2, 3}
Solution: To Find:
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {0, 1} 𝐴∩𝐴
To Find: Now
Now 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} ∩ {1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}
 3
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.1
Q2: Find A \ B and B \ A when: (i) 𝑨′
(i) 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕}, 𝑩 = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖} Solution:
Solution: U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 20}
𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 7}, 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} To Find:
To Find: 𝐴′
A \ B=? Now
B \ A =? 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
Now = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 4, 6, … 20}
A \ B = {1, 3, 5, 7} \{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} = {1, 3, 5, … 19}
A \ B = {1} (ii) 𝑩′
And also Solution:
B \ A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \{1, 3, 5, 7} U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 19}
B \ A = {4, 6, 8} To Find:
𝐵′
(ii) 𝑨 = {𝟎, ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟑}, 𝑩 = {−𝟏, −𝟐, −𝟑} Now
Solution: 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
𝐴 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3}, 𝐵 = {−1, −2, −3} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{1, 3, 5, … 19}
To Find: = {2, 4, 6, … 20}
A \ B=? (iii) 𝑪′
B \ A =? Solution:
Now U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, 𝐶=𝜑
A \ B = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3} \{−1, −2, −3} To Find:
A \ B = {0, 1, 2, 3} 𝐶′
And also Now
B \ A = {−1, −2, −3} \{0, ±1, ±2, ±3} 𝐶′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐶
B\A={ } = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{ }
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
(iii) 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 … }, 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, … } (iv) 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩 ′
Solution: Solution:
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3,4 … }, 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 7, … } U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 20},
To Find: 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 19}
To Find:
A \ B=?
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
B \ A =? First we find 𝐴′ :
Now 𝐴′
A \ B = {1, 2, 3,4 … } \{1, 3, 5, 7, … } 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
A \ B = {2, 4, 6, … } = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 4, 6, … 20}
And also = {1, 3, 5, … 19}
B \ A = {1, 3, 5, 7, … } \{1, 2, 3,4 … } Now find 𝐵′ :
𝐵′
B\A={ }
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{1, 3, 5, … 19}
Q3: 𝐈𝐟 𝐔 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 … 𝟐𝟎}, 𝐀 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, … 𝟐𝟎} = {2, 4, 6, … 20}
𝑩 ={1, 3, 5, … 𝟏𝟗} and 𝑪 = 𝝋 then find: Now
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 19} ∪ {2, 4, 6, … 20}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
 4
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.1
′ ′
(v) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 Now find 𝐶 ′ :
Solution: 𝐶′
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 20}, 𝐶′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐶
𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 19} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{ }
To Find: = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ Now
First we find 𝐴′ : 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐶 ′ = {1, 3, 5, … 19} ∪ {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
𝐴′ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐶′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 4, 6, … 20} (viii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑪′
= {1, 3, 5, … 19} Solution:
Now find 𝐵′ : U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 20},
𝐵′ 𝐶=𝜑
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 To Find:
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{1, 3, 5, … 19} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶′
= {2, 4, 6, … 20} First we find 𝐶 ′ :
Now 𝐶′
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 19} ∩ {2, 4, 6, … 20} 𝐶′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐶
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = { } = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{ }
(vi) 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩 = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
Solution: Now
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 20}, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ′ = {2, 4, 6, … 20} ∩ {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 19} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ′ = {2, 4, 6, … 20}
To Find:
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 (ix) 𝑪′ ∩ 𝑪
First we find 𝐴′ : Solution:
𝐴′ U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, 𝐶 = 𝜑
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 To Find:
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 4, 6, … 20} 𝐶′ ∩ 𝐶
= {1, 3, 5, … 19} First we find 𝐶 ′ :
Now 𝐶′
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, … 19} ∩ {1, 3, 5, … 19} 𝐶′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐶
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, … 19} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{ }
(vii) 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑪′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
Solution: Now
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 20}, 𝐶 ′ ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} ∩ { }
𝐶=𝜑 𝐶′ ∩ 𝐶 = { }
To Find:
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐶 ′
First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐴′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 4, 6, … 20}
= {1, 3, 5, … 19}
 5
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.1
′ ′ ′ ′
(x) 𝑩 ∪ 𝑪 (ii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩
Solution: Solution:
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}, 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 19} and U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 14}
𝐶=𝜑 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 15}
To Find: To Find:
𝐵′ ∪ 𝐶 ′ 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
First we find 𝐵′ : First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐵′ 𝐴′
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{1, 3, 5, … 19} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{2, 4, 6, … 14}
= {2, 4, 6, … 20} = {1, 3, 5, … 15}
Now find 𝐶 ′ : Now find 𝐵′ :
𝐶′ 𝐵′
𝐶′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐶 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{ } = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{1, 3, 5, … 15}
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} = {2, 4, 6, … 14}
Now Now
𝐵′ ∪ 𝐶 ′ = {2, 4, 6, … 20} ∪ {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 15} ∩ {2, 4, 6, … 14}
𝐵′ ∪ 𝐶′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = { }
(iii) 𝑼′
Q4: 𝐈𝐟 𝑼 = 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟓 Solution:
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨 = 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟓 U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟓 To Find:
Then find 𝑈′
(i) 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ 𝑈′ = 𝑈 \ 𝑈
Solution: = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{1, 2, 3,4 … 15}
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 14} ={ }
𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 15} (iv) ∅′
To Find: Solution:
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}
First we find 𝐴′ : To Find:
𝐴′ ∅′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 ∅′ = 𝑈 \∅
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{2, 4, 6, … 14} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{ }
= {1, 3, 5, … 15} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}
Now find 𝐵′ : (v) 𝑩 ∩ 𝑨′
𝐵′ Solution:
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 14}
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{1, 3, 5, … 15} 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 15}
= {2, 4, 6, … 14} To Find:
Now 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 15} ∪ {2, 4, 6, … 14}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}
 6
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.2
First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐴′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{2, 4, 6, … 14} Properties of Union and Intersection
= {1, 3, 5, … 15} Commutative Property of Union:
Now 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′ = {1, 3, 5, … 15} ∩ {1, 3, 5, … 15} Commutative Property of Intersection:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′ = {1, 3, 5, … 15} 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
(vi) 𝑩 ∪ 𝑩′ Associative Property of Union:
Solution: 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}, 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 15}
To Find: Associative Property of Intersection:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
𝐵 ∪ 𝐵′
Distributive Property of Union over Intersection:
First we find 𝐵′ :
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
Distributive Property of Intersection over Union:
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{1, 3, 5, … 15}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
= {2, 4, 6, … 14}
De-Morgan’s Law:
Now
For any two sets A and B which are subsets of U
𝐵 ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 15} ∪ {2, 4, 6, … 14} then
𝐵 ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
(vii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑨′ Note:
Solution: (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 14} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
To Find:
Example # 5
𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′
First we find 𝐴′ : Verify commutative property of union for
𝐴′ the following set.
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3} ,𝑩 ={4, 5, 6}
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{2, 4, 6, … 14} Solution:
= {1, 3, 5, … 15} 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} ,𝐵 ={4, 5, 6}
Now To Prove:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = {2, 4, 6, … 14} ∩ {1, 3, 5, … 15} Commutative Property of Union:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = { }
Now
(viii) 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩′ 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
Solution: L.H.S: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 15}, 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 15} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {4, 5, 6}
To Find: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵′
R.H.S: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴
First we find 𝐵′ :
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {4, 5, 6} ∪ {1, 2, 3}
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 15} \{1, 3, 5, … 15} 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
= {2, 4, 6, … 14} Hence
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵′ = {2, 4, 6, … 14} ∪ {2, 4, 6, … 14} 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵′ = {2, 4, 6, … 14} Proved
 7
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2 Ex # 5.2
Example # 6 Example # 8
Verify commutative property of intersection 𝑨 = {1, 2, 3}, 𝑩 = {2, 3, 4}, 𝑪 = {3, 4, 5} then
for the following set. prove that 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
𝑨 ={a, b, c} ,𝑩 ={ b, c, d, e} Solution:
Solution: 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}, 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4}, 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5}
𝐴 ={a, b, c} ,𝐵 ={ b, c, d, e} To Prove:
To Prove: Associative Property of Intersection
Commutative Property of Intersection: 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
Now L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2, 3, 4} ∩ {3, 4, 5}
L.H.S: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = { 3, 4 }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {a, b, c} ∩ { b, c, d, e} Now
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = { b, c} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3} ∩ { 3, 4 }
R.H.S: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = { 3 }
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = { b, c, d, e} ∩ {a, b, c} R.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = { b, c} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} ∩ {2, 3, 4}
Hence 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ={ 2, 3 }
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 Now
Proved (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { 2, 3 } ∩ {3, 4, 5}
Example # 7 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = {3 }
𝑨 = {3, 4, 5}, 𝑩 = {5, 6, 7}, 𝑪 = {8, 9, 10} Hence
then prove that 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
Solution: Proved
𝐴 = {3, 4, 5}, 𝐵 = {5, 6, 7}, 𝐶 = {8, 9, 10} Example # 9
To Prove: 𝑨 = {1, 2, 3, 4}, 𝑩 = {5, 6, 7}, 𝑪 = {7, 8, 9} then
Associative Property of Union: prove that 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 Solution:
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4}, 𝐵 = {5, 6, 7}, 𝐶 = {7, 8, 9}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7} ∪ {8, 9, 10} To prove:
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} Distributive Property of Union over Intersection:
Now 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {3, 4, 5} ∪ {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {5, 6, 7} ∩ {7, 8, 9}
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 𝐵∩𝐶 = {7}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5} ∪ {5, 6, 7} Now
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ { 7 }
Now 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∪ {8, 9, 10} R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
Hence 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {5, 6, 7}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Proved
 8
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2 Ex # 5.2
′ ′
Now )′
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {7, 8, 9} L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9} First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3} ∪ {3, 4, 5}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4, 5}
Hence (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}\ {2, 3, 4, 5}
Proved (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 6}
Example # 10 R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
𝑨 = {a, b, c}, 𝑩 = {c, d, e}, 𝑪 = {e, f, g} then prove First we find 𝐴′ :
that 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
Solution: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \{2, 3}
𝐴 = {a, b, c}, 𝐵 = {c, d, e}, 𝐶 = {e, f, g} = {1, 4, 5, 6}
To Prove: And Also
Distributive Property of Intersection over Union 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \{3, 4, 5}
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = {1, 2, 6}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {c, d, e} ∪ {e, f, g} Now
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {c, d, e, f, g} 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {1, 2, 6}
Now 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 6 }
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {a, b, c} ∩ {c, d, e, f, g } Hence
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) ={ c} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪) Proved
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {a, b, c} ∩ {c, d, e} L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ={ c} First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 3} ∩ {3, 4, 5}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {a, b, c} ∩ {e, f, g} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3 }
𝐴∩𝐶 = { } (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = { c } ∪ { } (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}\ {3 }
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = { c } (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
Hence R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) First we find 𝐴′ :
Proved 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \{2, 3}
Example # 11
= {1, 4, 5, 6}
If 𝑼 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 𝑨 = {2, 3}, 𝑩 = {3, 4, 5} then And Also
verify De-Morgan’s Laws 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
Solution: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \{3, 4, 5}
De-Morgan’s Law: = {1, 2, 6}
𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 𝐴 = {2, 3}, 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5} Now
To Prove: 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {1, 2, 6}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
(𝑖) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ Hence
(𝑖𝑖) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Proved
 9
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2
Ex # 5.2 Commutative Property of Union:
Page # 95 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
Q1: Verify commutative property of union L.H.S: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
and intersection for the following sets. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3,4 … } ∪ {2, 4, 6, 8, … }
(i) 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, … 𝟏𝟐} ,𝑩 ={2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3,4 … }
Solution: R.H.S: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, … 12} ,𝐵 ={2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, … } ∪ {1, 2, 3,4 … }
To Prove: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3,4 … }
𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴 Hence
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
Now Proved
Commutative Property of Union: Commutative Property of Intersection:
𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
L.H.S: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 L.H.S: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, … 12} ∪ {2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3,4 … } ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8, … }
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, … 12} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, … }
R.H.S: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 R.H.S: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴
𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} ∪ {1, 2, 3, … 12} 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, … } ∩ {1, 2, 3,4 … }
𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, … 12} 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, … }
Hence Hence
𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
Proved Proved
Commutative Property of Intersection: (iii) 𝑨 = Set of first ten prime numbers.
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 𝑩 = Set of first ten composite numbers.
L.H.S: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, … 12} ∩ {2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} 𝐴 = Set of first ten prime numbers.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} 𝐴 ={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
R.H.S: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 𝐵 = Set of first ten composite numbers.
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} ∩ {1, 2, 3, … 12} 𝐵 ={4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18}
To Prove:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
Hence 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 Now
Proved Commutative Property of Union:
(ii) 𝑨 = 𝑵, 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
𝑩 = {𝒙 |𝒙 ∈ 𝑵Ʌ 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫} L.H.S: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29} ∪ {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18}
Solution:
𝐴=𝑁 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3,4, 5 … 18, 19, 23, 29}
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3,4 … } R.H.S: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴
𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18} ∪ {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
𝐵 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑁Ʌ 𝑥 is an even integer}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {2, 3,4, 5 … 18, 19, 23, 29}
𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, … }
Hence
To Prove: 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴 Proved
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
Now
 10
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2 Ex # 5.2
Commutative Property of Intersection: Associative Property of Intersection:
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
L.H.S: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29} ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {a, e, i, o, u} ∩ {a, d, i, l, m, n, o}
{4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18} 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {a, i, o}
𝐴∩𝐵 ={} Now
R.H.S: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} ∩ {a, i, o}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18} ∩ 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {a, i, o}
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29} R.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
𝐵∩𝐴={} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} ∩ {a, e, i, o, u}
Hence 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {a, e, i, o, u}
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴 Now
Proved (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = {a, e, i, o, u} ∩ {a, d, i, l, m, n, o}
Q2: Verify associative properties of union and (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = {a, i, o}
intersection for the following sets. Hence
(𝒊) 𝑨 = {a, b, c, … … 𝒛}, 𝑩 = {a, e, i, o, u}, 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
𝑪 = {a, d, i, l, m, n, o} Proved
Solution: (ii) 𝑨 = {1, 2, 3, … … 𝟏𝟎𝟎}, 𝑩 = {2, 4, 6, … … 𝟏𝟎𝟎},
𝐴 = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧}, 𝐵 = {a, e, i, o, u}, 𝑪 = {1, 3, 5, … … 𝟗𝟗}
𝐶 = {a, d, i, l, m, n, o} Solution:
To Prove: 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, … … 100}, 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, … … 100}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 𝐶 = {1, 3, 5, … … 99}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 To Prove:
Now 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
Associative Property of Union: 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 Now
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) Associative Property of Union:
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {a, e, i, o, u} ∪ {a, d, i, l, m, n, o} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {a, d, e, i, l, m, n, o, u} L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
Now 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6, … … 100} ∪ {1, 3, 5, … … 99}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} ∪ {a, d, e, i, l, m, n, o, u} 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} Now
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, … … 100} ∪ {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} ∪ {a, e, i, o, u} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪
Now 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100} ∪ {2, 4, 6, … … 100}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} ∪ {a, d, i, l, m, n, o} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {a, b, c, … … 𝑧} Now
Hence (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100} ∪ {1, 3, 5, … … 99}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100}
Proved Hence
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
Proved
 11
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2 Ex # 5.2
Associative Property of Intersection: Distributive Property of Intersection over Union:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 𝐴 = {0, 1, 2}, 𝐵 = {0}, 𝐶 = 𝜑
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) To Prove:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6, … … 100} ∩ {1, 3, 5, … … 99} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
𝐵∩𝐶 ={ } L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
Now 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {0} ∪ 𝜑
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, … … 100} ∩ { } 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {0}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = { } Now
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {0, 1, 2} ∩ {0}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 100} ∩ {2, 4, 6, … … 100} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {0}
𝐴∩𝐵 ={ } R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
Now First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { } ∪ {1, 3, 5, … … 99} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {0, 1, 2} ∩ {0}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { } 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {0}
Hence Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2} ∩ 𝜑
Proved 𝐴∩𝐶 = { }
Q3: Verify distributive properties of union over (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {0} ∪ { }
intersection and intersection over union. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {0, 1, 2}
(i) 𝑨 = {0, 1, 2}, 𝑩 = {0}, 𝑪 = 𝝋 Hence
Solution:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
Distributive Property of Union over Intersection:
Proved
𝐴 = {0, 1, 2} , 𝐵 = {0} ,𝐶 = 𝜑
(ii) 𝑨 = {𝟎, ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟑, ±𝟒, ±𝟓},
To Prove:
𝑩 = {−𝟏, −𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟒, −𝟓}, 𝑪 = {−𝟏, −𝟐, +𝟑, +𝟒}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
Solution:
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
Distributive Property of Union over Intersection:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {0} ∩ 𝜑
𝐴 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}, 𝐵 = {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5}
𝐵∩𝐶 = { }
𝐶 = {−1, −2, +3, +4}
Now
To Prove:
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {0, 1, 2} ∪ { }
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {0, 1, 2}
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5} ∩ {−1, −2, +3, +4}
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {−1, −2}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0, 1, 2} ∪ {0}
Now
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0, 1, 2}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∪ {−1, −2}
Now
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2} ∪ 𝜑
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2}
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {0, 1, 2} ∩ {0, 1, 2}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∪ {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {0, 1, 2}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}
Hence
Now
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∪ {−1, −2, +3, +4}
Proved
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}
 12
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2 Ex # 5.2
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∩ {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \
Hence
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18}
′
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {9, 15, 16, 19, 20}
Proved
Distributive Property of Intersection over Union: R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
𝐴 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5}, 𝐵 = {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5} First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐶 = {−1, −2, +3, +4} 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
To Prove: = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20}
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) And Also
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5} ∪ {−1, −2, +3, +4} 𝐵′ = 𝐵 \ 𝐴
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {−1, −2, ±3, ±4, −5} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18}
Now = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∩ {−1, −2, ±3, ±4, −5}
Now
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {−1, −2, ±3, ±4, −5} 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20} ∩
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪) {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20}
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: ′ ′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {9, 15, 16, 19, 20}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∩ {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5} Hence
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: Proved
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5} ∩ {−1, −2, +3, +4} De-Morgan’s Law:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {−1, −2, +3, +4} 𝑈 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑁Ʌ 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {−1, −2, −3, −4, −5} ∪ {−1, −2, +3, +4}
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {−1, −2, ±3, ±4, −5}
𝐴 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17}
Hence
𝐵 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
To Prove:
Proved (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Q4: Verify De Morgan’s laws for the following sets.
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′
(i) 𝑼 = {𝒙 |𝒙 ∈ 𝑵Ʌ 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎},
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝑨 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17} ∩
𝑩 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18}
{1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18}
Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {17 }
De-Morgan’s Law:
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑈 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑁Ʌ 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \ {17 }
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 20}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … , 15, 16, 18, 19, 20}
𝐴 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17}, 𝐵 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18}
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
To Prove:
First we find 𝐴′ :
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17}
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
= {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17} ∪ {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18}
 13
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.2 Ex # 5.2
And Also 𝑼 = {1, 2, 3, … … 𝟏𝟎}, 𝑨 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
𝐵′ = 𝐵 \ 𝐴 𝑩 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 20} \{1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18} Solution:
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20} De-Morgan’s Law:
Now 𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, … … 10}, 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20} ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
{2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20} To Prove:
′ ′
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3,4 … , 15, 16, 18, 19, 20} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Hence L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
Proved 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∩ {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(ii) 𝑼 = {1, 2, 3, … … 𝟏𝟎}, 𝑨 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} 𝐴∩𝐵 ={ }
𝑩 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Solution: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, … … 10} \ { }
De-Morgan’s Law: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, … … 10}
𝑈 = {1, 2, 3, … … 10}, 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} First we find 𝐴′ :
To Prove: 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 3, … … 10} \{2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
′
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵: And Also
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∪ {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 𝐵′ = 𝐵 \ 𝐴
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, … … 10} = {1, 2, 3, … … 10} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, … … 10} \ {1, 2, 3, … … 10} Now
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = { } 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 3, … … 10}
First we find 𝐴′ : Hence
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
= {1, 2, 3, … … 10} \{2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Proved
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
And Also
𝐵′ = 𝐵 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3, … … 10} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = { }
Hence
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
Proved
 14
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
Overlapping Set (ii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝑩 ∩ 𝑨
Two sets are overlapping set if Solution:
At least one element is common in both sets 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6}
None of them is a subset of each other To Prove:
Venn Diagram Commutative Property of Intersection:
A Venn diagram is a visual way to show the Now
relationships among or between sets that share 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
something in common. L.H.S: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
Representation 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {3, 4, 5, 6}
The Venn diagram consists of two or more 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3, 4}
overlapping circles, with each circle representing
a set of elements and universal set is represented
by a rectangle.
Note:
If two circles overlap, the members in the overlap
belong to both sets; if three circles overlap, the R.H.S: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴
members in the overlap belong to all three sets. 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4}
Example # 14 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 = {3, 4}
𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝑩 ={3, 4, 5, 6} and 𝑪 = {3, 4, 7, 8}
Then verify the following with the help of Venn
Diagrams
(i) 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝑩 ∪ 𝑨
Solution:
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6} Hence
To Prove: 𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴
𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴 Proved
L.H.S: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 (iii) 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6} Solution:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6} and
𝐶 = {3, 4, 7, 8}
To Prove:
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {3, 4, 7, 8}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
R.H.S: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 Now
𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {1, 2, 3, 4} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Hence𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴
 15
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 (v) 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4}∪ {3, 4, 5, 6} Solution:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6} and
Now 𝐶 = {3, 4, 7, 8}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {3, 4, 7, 8} To prove:
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {3, 4, 7, 8}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = { 3, 4 }
Now
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ { 3, 4 }
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Hence𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
Proved
(iv) 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
Solution:
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6} and
𝐶 = {3, 4, 7, 8}
To Prove:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {3, 4, 7, 8} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = { 3, 4 } 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Now Now
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ { 3, 4 } 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {3, 4, 7, 8}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = { 3, 4 }
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∩
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4}

R.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {3, 4, 5, 6}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ={ 3, 4}
Now
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { 3, 4 } ∩ {3, 4, 7, 8}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { 3, 4 } Hence
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
Proved

Hence
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
Proved
 16
Chapter # 5
Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
(vi) 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6} ∪ {1, 2, 3}
Solution: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6} and
𝐶 = {3, 4, 7, 8}
To Prove:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {3, 4, 7, 8}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (ii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩
Now Solution:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) ={1, 2, 3, 4}∩ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 𝐴 = {2, 5, 6} , 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) ={3, 4} To Find:
𝐴∩𝐵
Now
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6} ∩ {1, 2, 3}
𝐴∩𝐵 ={2}

R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4}∩ {3, 4, 5, 6}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ={ 3, 4} (iii) 𝑨′
Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶: Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {3, 4, 7, 8} 𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = { 3, 4 } To Find:
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = { 3, 4 } ∪ { 3, 4 } 𝐴′
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = { 3, 4 } Now
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2, 5, 6}
= {1, 3, 4, 7}

Hence
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
Proved (iv) 𝑩′
Example # 15 Solution:
𝑼 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝑨 ={2, 5, 6} and 𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3}
𝑩 = {1, 2, 3} To Find:
(i) 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝑩 ∪ 𝑨 𝐵′
Solution: Now
𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
To Find: = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 2, 3}
𝐴∪𝐵 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Now
 17
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
(𝑨 ′
(vii) ∩ 𝑩)
Solution:
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and
𝐵 = {1, 2, 3}
To Find:
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′
(v) (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′ First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
Solution: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6} ∩ {1, 2, 3}
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and 𝐴∩𝐵 ={2}
𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑇𝑜 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6} ∪ {1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
Now
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
′ ′
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {4, 7} (viii) 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩
Solution:
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and 𝐵 =
{1, 2, 3}
First we find 𝐴′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
(vi) 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2, 5, 6}
Solution: = {1, 3, 4, 7}
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and Now find 𝐵′
𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
First we find 𝐴′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 2, 3}
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 = {4, 5, 6, 7}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2, 5, 6} Now
= {1, 3, 4, 7} 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 7} ∪ {4, 5, 6, 7}
Now find 𝐵′ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 2, 3}
= {4, 5, 6, 7}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 7} ∩ {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {4, 7}
 18
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3
Ex # 5.3 R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪
Page # 106 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 =={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Q1: 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓} 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟕} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
then draw Venn diagrams for the following Now
(i) 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ∪
Solution: {5, 6, 9, 10}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∪ {2, 3, 6, 7} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 10}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Hence 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
Proved
(ii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩
Solution: (ii) 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
𝐴∩𝐵 Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {2, 3, 6, 7} 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 3} 𝐶 ={5, 6, 9, 10}
To Prove:
Associative Property of Intersection:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
Q2: If 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,𝑩 ={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ∩ {5, 6, 9, 10}
𝑪 ={5, 6, 9, 10} then verify with the help of Venn 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {5, 6}
diagrams. Now
(i) 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {5, 6}
Solution:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {5, 6}
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and
𝐶 ={5, 6, 9, 10}
To Prove:
Associative Property of Union:
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) R.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ∪{5, 6, 9, 10} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}∩ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}
Now
Now
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {5, 6, 9, 10}
{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = {5, 6}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, … … 10}
 19
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
(iii) 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪) (iv) 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 ∩ 𝑪)
Solution: Solution:
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and
𝐶 ={5, 6, 9, 10} 𝐶 ={5, 6, 9, 10}
To Prove: To Prove:
Distributive Property of Union over Intersection: Distributive Property of Intersection over Union:
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ∩ {5, 6, 9, 10} 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ∪ {5, 6, 9, 10}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {5, 6} 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Now Now
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {5, 6} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {3, 4, 5, 6}

R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵: R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}∩ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Now 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {5, 6, 9, 10} Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {5, 6, 9, 10}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ∩ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {5, 6}
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ {5, 6}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {3, 4, 5, 6}

Hence
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) Hence
Proved 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
Proved
 20
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
Q1: If 𝑼 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and ′ ′
(iv) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩
𝑩 ={3, 4, 5} Solution:
Draw Venn diagrams for the following. 𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and
(i) 𝑨′ 𝐵 ={3, 4, 5}
Solution: First we find 𝐴′
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4} = {5, 6, 7}
= {5, 6, 7} Now find 𝐵′
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 6, 7}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {5, 6, 7} ∩ {1, 2, 6, 7}
(ii) 𝑩′ 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {6, 7}
Solution:
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐵 ={3, 4, 5}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 6, 7}

(v) (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
Solution:
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and
𝐵 ={3, 4, 5}
(iii) 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ To Prove:
Solution: De-Morgan’s Law:
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
𝐵 ={3, 4, 5} L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′
First we find 𝐴′ First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {3, 4, 5}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {5, 6, 7} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
Now find 𝐵′ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {6, 7}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 6, 7}
Now
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {5, 6, 7} ∪ {1, 2, 6, 7}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7}

R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
First we find 𝐴′
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
 21
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4} Now
= {5, 6, 7} 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {5, 6, 7} ∪ {1, 2, 6, 7}
Now find 𝐵′ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 6, 7}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {5, 6, 7} ∩ {1, 2, 6, 7}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {6, 7} Hence
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Proved
Q4: If 𝑼 ={a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝑨 ={c, 3} and
𝑩 ={a, 3, 4} then draw Venn diagrams
(i) 𝑨′
Hence Solution:
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ 𝑈 ={a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐴 ={c, 3}
Proved 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
(vi) (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ = {a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, 4} \ {c, 3}
Solution: = {a, b, 1, 2, 4}
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and
𝐵 ={3, 4, 5}
To Prove:
De-Morgan’s Law:
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′ (ii) 𝑩′
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {3, 4, 5} 𝑈 ={a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={a, 3, 4}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3, 4} 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = {a, b, c, 1, 2, 3, 4} \{a, 3, 4}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {3, 4} = {b, c, 1, 2}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7}

(iii) 𝑨 \ 𝑩
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ Solution:
First we find 𝐴′ 𝐴 ={c, 3} ,𝐵 ={a, 3, 4}
𝐴 \ 𝐵 = {c, 3} \ {a, 3, 4}
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 4} ={𝑐}
= {5, 6, 7}
Now find 𝐵′
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 6, 7}
 22
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.3 Ex # 5.3
(iv) 𝑩 \ 𝑨
Solution:
𝐴 ={c, 3} ,𝐵 ={a, 3, 4}
𝐵 \ 𝐴 = {a, 3, 4} \{c, 3}
= {a, 4}
Hence
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
Proved
De-Morgan’s Law:
Solution:
Q5: If 𝑼 ={a, b, c, d, e, f, g} ,𝑨 ={a, b, c} and 𝑩 ={c, 𝑈 ={a, b, c, d, e, f, g} ,𝐴 ={a, b, c} and
d, e} then verify De Morgan’s laws with the 𝐵 ={c, d, e}
help of Venn diagrams. To Prove:
De-Morgan’s Law: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Solution: L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′
𝑈 ={a, b, c, d, e, f, g} ,𝐴 ={a, b, c} and First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝐵 ={c, d, e} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {a, b, c} ∩ {c, d, e}
To Prove: 𝐴∩𝐵 ={𝑐}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} \ { 𝑐 }
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {a, b, d, e, f, g}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {a, b, c} ∪ {c, d, e}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {a, b, c, d, e}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} \ {a, b, c, d, e}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {f, g}
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} \{a, b, c}
= {d, e, f, g}
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ And Also
First we find 𝐴′ : 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} \{c, d, e}
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} \{a, b, c} = {a, b, f, g}
= {d, e, f, g} Now
And Also 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {d, e, f, g} ∪ {a, b, f, g}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {a, b, d, e, f, g}
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} \{c, d, e}
= {a, b, f, g}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {d, e, f, g} ∩ {a, b, f, g}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {f, g}
Hence(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ Proved
 23
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.4 Ex # 5.4
Ordered Pairs and Cartesian Product When (𝑥, y) ∈ R, we say 𝑥 is related to 𝑦 by R,
Ordered Pairs written 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦
Any two numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 written in the form of Otherwise, if (a, b) ∈ R, we write a R b.
(𝑥, 𝑦) is called ordered pair. In (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 is the Example # 17
first element and 𝑦 is the second element. 𝐴 ={a, b} and 𝐵 ={1, 2} then find 𝐴 × 𝐵 and
Note also write all possible binary relation
In (𝑥, 𝑦), the order is of numbers is important. Solution:
(2, 3) is different from (3, 2) 𝐴 ={a, b} and 𝐵 ={1, 2}
(𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (𝑦, 𝑥) unless 𝑥 = 𝑦 Now
The ordered pair of (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑), if and only if, 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {a, b} × {1, 2}
𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑 = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2)}
Example # 16 As number of elements in 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 2 × 2 = 4
Find 𝒙 and 𝒚 given (𝟐𝒙, 𝒙 + 𝒚) = (𝟔, 𝟐) Thus number of all possible subset / binary
Solution: relation of 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 24 = 16
(2𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦) = (6,2) Now
Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the 𝑅1 = 𝜑
corresponding elements are equal. 𝑅2 = {(𝑎, 1)}
Hence 𝑅3 = {(𝑎, 2)}
2𝑥 = 6 … … 𝑒qu (i) 𝑅4 = {(𝑏, 1)}
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 … … 𝑒qu (i) 𝑅5 = {(𝑏, 2)}
Now 𝑅6 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑎, 2)}
2𝑥 = 6 𝑅7 = {(𝑎, 1)(𝑏, 1)}
6 𝑅8 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑏, 2)}
𝑥=
2 𝑅9 = {(𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 1)}
𝑥=3 𝑅10 = {(𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 2)}
Put 𝑥 = 3 in 𝑒qu (ii) 𝑅11 = {(𝑏, 1), (𝑏, 2)}
3+𝑦 =2 𝑅12 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 1)}
𝑦 =2−3 𝑅13 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 2)}
𝑦 = −1 𝑅14 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑏, 1), (𝑏, 2)}
Cartesian Product 𝑅15 = {(𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 1), (𝑏, 2)}
The Cartesian product of A and B is the set of 𝑅16 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 1), (𝑏, 2)}
all ordered pairs in which first element from A Similarly, total number of binary relation in
and second element from B. 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 24 = 16
It is denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵 and read as A cross B Example # 18
Symbolically 𝐴 ={1, 2} and 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3} then find 𝐴 × 𝐵 and
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵} write any five relation from A to B.
Note Solution:
𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 for non-empty and unequal sets 𝐴 ={1, 2} and 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3}
A and B 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3}
𝐴×∅=∅×𝐴=∅ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
Binary Relation Now
If A and B are any two non-empty sets, then a Five binary relation from A to B are
binary relation R from set A to set B is a subset 𝑅1 = 𝜑
of the Cartesian product 𝐴 × 𝐵. In other
words𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
 24
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.4
𝑅2 = {(1, 1), (1, 2)} Ex # 5.4
𝑅3 = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} Page # 109
𝑅4 = {(1, 1)} Q1: If 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3} ,𝑩 ={4, 5} then
𝑅5 = { (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)} (i) Write three binary relations from A to B.
Solution:
Domain of a Binary Relation 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} ,𝐵 ={4, 5}
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} × {4, 5}
in binary relation is called domain of a binary = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
relation. Domain of a relation is denoted by Now
Dom( R) Three binary relation from A to B are
Symbolically 𝑅1 = {(1, 4), (1, 5)}
Dom (R) = {a ∈ A|(a , b) ∈ R} 𝑅2 = { (2, 4), (2, 5) }
Range of a Binary Relation 𝑅3 = {(3, 4), (3, 5)}
The set of all second elements of the ordered (ii) Write four binary relations from B to A.
pairs in binary relation is called range of a Solution:
binary relation. Range of a relation is denoted by 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} ,𝐵 ={4, 5}
Ran( R) 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {4, 5} × {1, 2, 3}
Symbolically = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3)}
Range (R) = {b ∈ A|(a , b) ∈ R} Now
Example # 19 Four binary relation from B to A are
𝐴 ={1, 2} and 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3}. Define a binary 𝑅1 = {(4, 1)}
relation R from A to B as R = 𝑅2 = {(4, 1), (4, 2)}
{(a , b) ∈ A × B|a < 𝑏} 𝑅3 = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
Find the ordered pairs in R 𝑅4 = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)}
Find the Domain and Range of R. (iii) Write four binary relations on A.
Is 1R3, 2R2? Solution:
Solution: 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ={1, 2} and 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3} 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} × {1, 2, 3}
First we find ordered pairs = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3} (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)} Now
As R = {(a , b) ∈ A × B|a < 𝑏} Four binary relation in A are
In tabular form 𝑅1 = {(1, 2), (1, 3)}
𝑅 = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3) } 𝑅2 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3)}
Now 𝑅3 = {(2, 1), (2, 2)}
Dom (R) = {1, 2} and Range (R) = {2, 3} 𝑅4 = {(1, 1) }
As 1R3 means (1, 3) ∈ 𝑅 so it is true (iv) Write two binary relations on B.
And 2R2 means (2, 2) ∈ R so 2 is not related Solution:
with 3 𝐵 ={4, 5}
𝐵 × 𝐵 = {4, 5} × {4, 5}
= {(4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 5)}
Now
Two binary relation in B are
𝑅1 = {(4, 4)}
𝑅2 = {(4, 4), (4, 5) }
 25
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.4 Ex # 5.4
Q2: If 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝑩 ={1, 3, 5} and To find:
𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒚 < 𝑥} is a binary relation from Range of R = ?
A to B, then write it in tabular form. As the condition is given:
Solution: 𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑥 2
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝐵 ={1, 3, 5} 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 1 … … equ(i)
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 < 𝑥} As Dom (R) = 𝑥 = {1, 2, 3,4 … }
Now Now
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {1, 3, 5} Put 𝑥 = 1 in equ(i)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 𝑦 = 2(1)2 − 1
5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5)} 𝑦 = 2(1) − 1
As the condition for binary relation is: 𝑦 =2−1
𝑦<𝑥 𝑦=1
So Binary relation in Tabular form Put 𝑥 = 2 in equ(i)
𝑅 = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (4, 3)} 𝑦 = 2(2)2 − 1
𝑦 = 2(4) − 1
Q3: Domain of binary relation 𝑦 =8−1
𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙} is the set {0, 4, 8}, find 𝑦=7
Range of R. Put 𝑥 = 3 in equ(i)
Solution: 𝑦 = 2(3)2 − 1
Domain of R = {0, 4, 8} 𝑦 = 2(9) − 1
Binary Relation 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 2𝑥} 𝑦 = 18 − 1
To find: 𝑦 = 17
Range of R = ? Thus Ran(R) = {1, 7, 17, … … }
As the condition is given:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 … … equ(i) Arrow Diagram of a Relation
As Dom (R) = 𝑥 = {0, 4, 8} Let 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} ,𝐵 ={𝑥, 𝑦}
Now 𝑅 = {(1, 𝑦), (2, 𝑥), (2, 𝑦), (3, 𝑥)} be a relation
Put 𝑥 = 0 in equ(i) from A to B.
𝑦 = 2(0) The arrow diagram of R is:
𝑦=0
Put 𝑥 = 4 in equ(i)
𝑦 = 2(4) 1 𝒙
𝑦=8
Put 𝑥 = 8 in equ(i) 2
𝑦 = 2(8) 𝒚
3
𝑦 = 16
Thus Ran(R) = {0, 8, 16}

Q4: Domain of binary relation

𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 } is set N. Find its
range.
Solution:
Domain of R = 𝑁 = {1, 2, 3,4 … }
Binary Relation 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑥 2 }
 26
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.5 Ex # 5.5
Function (iii) 𝒇𝟑 = {(𝟏, 𝒂), (𝟐, 𝒃), (𝟑, 𝒄)}
Let two non-empty sets, then a binary relation 𝑓 Solution:
is said to be a function if: 𝑓3 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐)}
Dom 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡
There should be no repetition in domain in 𝑓
Explanation
Let A and B are two non-empty sets, then a binary
relation 𝑓 is said to be a function from A to B if: For function
Dom 𝑓 = 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓3 = {1, 2, 3} = 𝐴
There should be no repetition in the first element As there is no repetition in first element
of all ordered pairs in 𝑓 Thus 𝑓3 is a function because it satisfies both
Symbolically, we write it as the conditions of function.
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and say 𝑓 is function from A to B.
Example # 20 (iv) 𝒇𝟒 = {(𝟏, 𝒂), (𝟐, 𝒂), (𝟑, 𝒅)}
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 ={a, b, c, d} then which of Solution:
the following are functions? 𝑓4 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐)}
(i) 𝒇 = {(𝟏, 𝒂), (𝟐, 𝒃)}
𝟏
Solution:
𝑓1 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏)}

For function
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓4 = {1, 2, 3} = 𝐴
As there is no repetition in first element
Thus 𝑓4 is a function because it satisfies both the
For function conditions of function.
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓1 = {1, 2} ≠ 𝐴 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a function
Thus 𝑓1 is not a function because it does not Let 𝑓: ⟶ 𝐵 be a function, then the set A is called
domain of "𝑓"
satisfy the first condition of function.
The set B is co-domain of 𝑓 and the set of second
(ii) 𝒇𝟐 = {(𝟏, 𝒂), (𝟐, 𝒃), (𝟑, 𝒄), (𝟑, 𝒅)} elements of all ordered pairs contained in 𝑓 is
Solution: called range of function.
𝑓2 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐), (3, 𝑑)} Note:
Range is always a subset of co-domain. i.e. Range
𝑓 ⊆ 𝐵.
Example:
Let 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
For function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 ⟶ 𝐵 as shown in the following figure.
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓2 = {1, 2, 3} = 𝐴
As there is repetition in first element i.e. 3 is
repeated.
Thus 𝑓2 is not a function because it does not
satisfy the first condition of function.
 27
Chapter # 5
Ex # 5.5 Ex # 5.5
Kinds of a function 4. Into and one-one function (Injective function)
1. Into function Let 𝑓 be a function from A to B, then 𝑓 is into
Let 𝑓 be a function from A to B, then 𝑓 is into and one-one function or injective function if .
function if 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 ≠ 𝐵. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 ≠ 𝐵
Example There is no repetition in the second element
Let 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 ={a, b, c} then a (Range)
injective
function 𝑓 from A to B is defined by Written as: 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑎), (3, 𝑏)} Example
Let 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 ={a, b, c, d} then
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐)}

As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {𝑎, 𝑏} ≠ 𝐵
Thus 𝑓 is into function
into As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} ≠ 𝐵
Written as: 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵
And also no repetition in range
2. Onto Function (Surjective Function)
Thus 𝑓 is injective function
Let 𝑓 be a function from A to B, then 𝑓 is onto
function if 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = 𝐵. 5. One-one and onto function (Bijective Function)
Example Let 𝑓 be a function from A to B, then 𝑓 is one-
Let 𝐴 ={3, 4, 5} and 𝐵 ={d, e, h} then one and onto function or bijective function if
𝑓 = {(3, 𝑑), (4, 𝑒), (5, ℎ)} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = 𝐵.
There is no repetition in the second element
(Range)
bijective
Written as: 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵
Example
Let 𝐴 ={3, 4, 5} and 𝐵 ={d, e, h} then
As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {𝑑, 𝑒, ℎ} = 𝐵
𝑓 = {(3, 𝑑), (4, 𝑒), (5, ℎ)}
Thus 𝑓 is onto function
𝑜nto
Written as: 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵
3. One-one Function
Let 𝑓 be a function and if there is no repetition
in the second elements (Range) then it is one-
As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {𝑑, 𝑒, ℎ} = 𝐵
one function.
𝑜ne − one And also no repetition in range
Written as: 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵
Thus 𝑓 is bijective function
Example
Let 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 ={a, b, c} then One-one correspondence
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐)} If A and B are two non-empty sets then each
element of A is paired with one and only one
element of B and each element of B is paired
with one and only one element of A is called
one-one correspondence.
As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} In other words, if both the sets have the same
And also no repetition in range number of elements.
Thus 𝑓 is one-one function
 28
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.5 Ex # 5.5
Example (ii) 𝑹𝟐 = {(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 7)}
Let 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝐵 ={a, b, c, d} then Solution:
one-one correspondence is given by 𝑅2 = {(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 7)}
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐), (4, 𝑑)} For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅2 is a function from A to B
Kind of function
In one-one function every element of the set A is
Now
associated with one and only one element of set B. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅2 = {6, 7} = 𝐵
This means that Range 𝑓 may not be equal to set B. Hence 𝑅2 is Onto function.

Example (iii) 𝑹𝟑 = {(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6)}
Let 𝐶 ={1, 2, 3} and 𝐷 ={a, b, c, d} then one- Solution:
one correspondence is given by 𝑅3 = {(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6)}
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐)} For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅2 is a function from A to B
Kind of function
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅3 = {6} ≠ 𝐵
From figure, it is clear that there does not exist Hence 𝑅3 is Into function.
one – one correspondence between set C and D
because 𝑑 ∈ 𝐷 is unpaired. Q2: Which of the following relations on set
{a, b, c, d} are functions? State the kind of
functions as well.
Ex # 5.5 (i) {(a, b), (c, d), (b, d), (d, b)}
Page # 115 Solution:
Q1: 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4} ,𝑩 ={6, 7} and the following are {(a, b), (c, d), (b, d), (d, b)}
the relations from A to B, then state whether Let 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑏, 𝑑), (𝑑, 𝑏)}
these are functions are not? For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
If these are functions then state which kind of 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} = 𝐴
functions are these? And there is no repetition in Domain.
(i) 𝑹𝟏 = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 6)} Thus 𝑅 is a function in A
Solution: Kind of function
𝑅1 = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 6)} Now
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 = 𝐴 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {𝑏, 𝑑} ≠ 𝐵
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 = {1, 2, 3} ≠ 𝐴 Hence 𝑅 is Into function.
Thus 𝑅1 is not a function because its 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅1 ≠ 𝐴.
 29
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.5 Ex # 5.5
(ii) {(b, a), (c, b), (a, b), (d, d)} (i) {(𝟎, 𝒙), (𝟐, 𝒛), (𝟑, 𝒚), (𝟏, 𝒑)}
Solution: Solution:
{(b, a), (c, b), (a, b), (d, d)} {(0, 𝑥), (2, 𝑧), (3, 𝑦), (1, 𝑝)}
Let 𝑅 = {(𝑏, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑑, 𝑑)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅 is a function in A
Kind of function
Now
As each element of set A is paired with one and
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑} ≠ 𝐵 only element of set B. So, it is one – one
Hence 𝑅 is Into function. correspondence.

(iii) {(d, c), (c, b), (a, b), (d, d)} (ii) {(𝟎, 𝒙), (𝟏, 𝒛), (𝟐, 𝒚), (𝟑, 𝒛)}
Solution: Solution:
{(d, c), (c, b), (a, b), (d, d)} {(0, 𝑥), (1, 𝑧), (2, 𝑦), (3, 𝑧)}
Let 𝑅 = {(d, c), (c, b), (a, b), (d, d)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑑} ≠ 𝐴
Thus 𝑅 is not a function because its 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 ≠ 𝐴.

(iv) {(a, b), (b, c), (c, b), (d, a)}

Solution: As each element of set A is not paired with each
{(a, b), (b, c), (c, b), (d, a)} element of set B. Thus, it is not one – one
correspondence.
Let 𝑅 = {(a, b), (b, c), (c, b), (d, a)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴 Q4: If 𝑨 ={a, b, c} ,𝑩 ={𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓} then state,
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} = 𝐴 whether the following relations shows that
And there is no repetition in Domain. there exists 𝐨𝐧𝐞 − 𝐨𝐧𝐞correspondence
Thus 𝑅 is a function in A between the elements of sets A and B, if not
Kind of function what kind of the relations they are?
Now (i) {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} ≠ 𝐵 Solution:
{(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)}
Hence 𝑅 is Into function.

Q3: If 𝑨 ={0, 1, 2, 3} ,𝑩 ={𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒑} then state, a 𝟐

whether the following relations shows that
there exists 𝐨𝐧𝐞 − 𝐨𝐧𝐞correspondence 𝟑
between the elements of sets A and B, if not, b
4
give reasons.
5
c

As each element of set A is not paired with each

element of set B. Thus, it is not one – one
correspondence.
 30
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.5 Ex # 5.5
Now Q5: If 𝑿 ={1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝒀 ={5, 6, 7, 8} then
Let 𝑓 = {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)} write
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝐴 (i) a function from X to Y.
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} = 𝐴 Solution:
And there is no repetition in Domain. a function from X to Y.
Thus 𝑓 is a function from A to B
Kind of function
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {2, 3, 4} ≠ 𝐵
And also no repetition in range
Thus 𝑓 is injective function 𝑓 = {(1, 5), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 6)}
(ii) {(a, 3), (b, 4), (c, 3)} For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
Solution: 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝑋
{(a, 3), (b, 4), (c, 3)} And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
a 𝟐
(ii) a 𝐨𝐧𝐞 − 𝐨𝐧𝐞 function from X to Y.
𝟑 Solution:
b
a one − one function from X to Y.
4
c
5

As each element of set A is not paired with each

element of set B. Thus, it is not one – one 𝑓 = {(1, 5), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 6) }
correspondence. For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
Now
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝑋
Let 𝑓 = {(a, 3), (b, 4), (c, 3)}
And there is no repetition in Domain.
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝐴
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} = 𝐴 Now
And there is no repetition in Domain. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {5, 6, 7, 8} = 𝐵
Thus 𝑓 is a function from A to B And also no repetition in range
Kind of function Thus 𝑓 is one – one function from X to Y
Now
(iii) a relation which shows that there exist 𝐨𝐧𝐞 −
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {3, 4} ≠ 𝐵 𝐨𝐧𝐞 corresponding between X and Y.
And also no repetition in range Solution:
Thus 𝑓 is injective function a relation which shows that there exist one −
Hints for Q5 one corresponding between X and Y.
𝑋 × 𝑌 = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8),(2, 5),
(2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7),
(3, 8),(4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}
𝑌 × 𝑋 = {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (6, 1),
(6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 3),
(7, 4), (8, 1), (8, 2), (8, 3), (8, 4)}
 31
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.5 Ex # 5.5
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 = {(1, 5), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 6) } (vi) a function from X to Y which is neither
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝑋 𝐨𝐧𝐞 − 𝐨𝐧𝐞 nor onto.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {5, 6, 7, 8} = 𝐵 Solution:
a function from X to Y which is neither one −
As each element of set X is paired with one and
one nor onto.
only element of set Y. So, it is one – one
correspondence.

(iv) a function which is onto from Y to X.

Solution:
a function which is onto from Y to X.
𝑓 = {(1, 6), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 6) }
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝑋
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
Now
Let 𝑓 = {(5, 1), (6, 4), (7, 3), (8, 2)}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {6, 7, 8} ≠ 𝐵
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑌
And there is also repetition in range
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {5, 6, 7, 8} = 𝑌
Hence 𝑓 is a function from X to Y which is
And there is no repetition in Domain.
neither one − one nor onto.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑌 × 𝑋
Q6: Let 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Check whether the
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝑋 following sets are functions on A. in case these
Hence 𝑓 is Onto function from Y to X. are functions, indicate their ranges. Which
function is onto.
(v) bijective function from Y to X. (i) {(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
Solution: Solution:
bijective function from Y to X {(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
Let 𝑅 = {(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅 is a function in A
Let 𝑓 = {(5, 1), (6, 4), (7, 3), (8, 2)} Kind of function
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑌 Now
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {5, 6, 7, 8} = 𝑌 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 5} ≠ 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain. As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 ≠ 𝐴. Thus, it is not Onto function.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑌 × 𝑋
Now (ii) {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 3)}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝑋 Solution:
And also no repetition in range {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 3)}
Hence 𝑓 is bijective function from Y to X. Let 𝑅 = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 3)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝐴
 32
Chapter # 5

Ex # 5.5 Review Ex # 5
And there is no repetition in Domain. (ii) 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
Thus 𝑅 is a function in A Solution:
Kind of function U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 100}
Now 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 99}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ≠ 𝐴 To Find:
As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 ≠ 𝐴. Thus, it is not Onto function. 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
First we find 𝐴′ :
(iii) {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5)} 𝐴′
Solution: 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
{(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5)} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} \{2, 4, 6, … 100}
Let 𝑅 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5)} = {1, 3, 5, … 99}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴 Now find 𝐵′ :
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝐴 𝐵′
And there is no repetition in Domain. 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
Thus 𝑅 is a function in A = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} \{1, 3, 5, … 99}
Kind of function = {2, 4, 6, … 100}
Now Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {1, 2, 4, 5} ≠ 𝐴 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 99} ∩ {2, 4, 6, … 100}
As 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 ≠ 𝐴. Thus, it is not Onto function. 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = { }
(iii) 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩′
Review Ex # 5 Solution:
Page # 116-117 U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 100}
Q2: 𝐈𝐟 𝑼 = 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 99}
To Find:
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨 = 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵′
𝐁 = 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎. Then find
First we find 𝐵′ :
(i) 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ 𝐵′
Solution: 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 100} = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} \{1, 3, 5, … 99}
𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 99} = {2, 4, 6, … 100}
To Find: Now
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ = {2, 4, 6, … 100} ∩ {2, 4, 6, … 100}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ = {2, 4, 6, … 100}
First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐴′ (iv) 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 Solution:
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100}, A = {2, 4, 6, … 100}
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} \{2, 4, 6, … 100}
𝐵 ={1, 3, 5, … 99}
= {1, 3, 5, … 99} To Find:
Now find 𝐵′ : 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵
𝐵′ First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 𝐴′
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} \{1, 3, 5, … 99} 𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} \{2, 4, 6, … 100}
= {2, 4, 6, … 100}
= {1, 3, 5, … 99}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 5, … 99} ∪ {2, 4, 6, … 100} Now
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 100} 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, … 99} ∩ {1, 3, 5, … 99}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, … 99}
 33
Chapter # 5

Review Ex # 5 Review Ex # 5
Q3: 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ,𝑩 ={2, 4, 6} and 𝑪 = {2, 5, 9} (iii) Distributive property of union over intersection
Verify the following. Solution:
(i) Associative property of Union 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ,𝐵 ={2, 4, 6} and
Solution: 𝐶 = {2, 5, 9}
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7},𝐵 ={2, 4, 6} and 𝐶 = {2, 5, 9} To prove:
To Prove: Distributive property of union over intersection
Associative Law of Union: Now
Now 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6} ∩ {2, 5, 9}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6} ∪ {2, 5, 9} 𝐵∩𝐶 = {2}
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 5, 6, 9} Now
Now 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}∪ { 2 }
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∪ {2, 4, 5, 6, 9} 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑪 First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∪ {2, 4, 6} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}∪ {2, 4, 6}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Now Now
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∪ {2, 5, 9} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∪ {2, 5, 9}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
Hence (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∩
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
Proved (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}
(ii) Associative property of Intersection Hence
Solution: 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ,𝐵 ={2, 4, 6} and Proved
𝐶 = {2, 5, 9}
To Prove: (iv) Distributive property of intersection over union
Associative property of Intersection Solution:
Now 𝐴 ={1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ,𝐵 ={2, 4, 6} and
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 𝐶 = {2, 5, 9}
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) To Prove:
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6} ∩ {2, 5, 9} Distributive property of intersection over union
𝐵∩𝐶 ={2} Now
Now 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∩ { 2 } L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪)
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = { 2 } 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 6} ∪ {2, 5, 9}
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∩ 𝑪 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2, 4, 5, 6, 9}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}∩ {2, 4, 6} Now
𝐴∩𝐵 ={2} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∩ {2, 4, 5, 6, 9}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { 2 } ∩ {2, 5, 9} 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) ={2, 5}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = { 2 }
Hence 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 Proved
 34
Chapter # 5

Review Ex # 5
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∩ {2, 4, 6}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ={ 2 }
Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} ∩ {2, 5, 9}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {2, 5}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = { 2 } ∪ {2, 5}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {2, 5}
Hence
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
Proved

Q5: 𝐈𝐟 𝑼 = {𝒙 |𝒙 ∈ 𝑵Ʌ 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒𝟎}, 𝑨 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31}

𝑩 = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
Then Verify De Morgan’s laws for the following sets.
Solution:
De-Morgan’s Law:
𝑈 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑁Ʌ 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 40},
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 40}
𝐴 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31}
𝐵 = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
To Prove:
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31} ∪ {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 40} \ {1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34,...40}
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′
First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 40} \{1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31}
= {2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,22,23,24,25,27,28,29,30,32,33,34, . . . , 40}
And Also
𝐵′ = 𝐵 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 40} \{2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
= {1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,25,27,28,30,31,33,34,35, . . . ,40}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,22,23,24,25,27,28,29,30,32,33,34, … , 40} ∩
{1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,25,27,28,30,31,33,34,35, . . . ,40}
′ ′
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3,4,7,9,10,12,13,15,18,19,22,24,25, 27, 28,30,33,34,35, . . . , 40}
Hence (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ Proved
 35
Chapter # 5

Review Ex # 5
De-Morgan’s Law:
𝑈 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑁Ʌ 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 40},
U = {1, 2, 3,4 … 40}
𝐴 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31}
𝐵 = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
To Prove:
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31} ∩ {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {11, 26}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3,4 … 40} \ {11, 26}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, … 10, 12, 13, 14 … 25, 27, 28 … 40 }
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
First we find 𝐴′ :
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 40} \{1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31}
= {2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,22,23,24,25,27,28,29,30,32,33,34, . . . , 40}
And Also
𝐵′ = 𝐵 \ 𝐴
= {1, 2, 3,4 … 40} \{2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32}
= {1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,25,27,28,30,31,33,34,35, . . . ,40}
Now
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,22,23,24,25,27,28,29,30,32,33,34, … , 40}
∪ {1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,25,27,28,30,31,33,34,35, . . . ,40}
′ ′
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, … 10, 12, 13, 14 … 25, 27, 28 … 40 }
Hence
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Proved
Q5: If 𝑼 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝑨 ={2, 5, 6} and Now
𝑩 = {1, 2, 3} (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
Then verify De – Morgan’s laws with the help (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
of Venn diagrams.
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {4, 7}
De-Morgan’s Law:
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and
𝐵 = {1, 2, 3}
To Prove:
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6} ∪ {1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
 36
Chapter # 5

Review Ex # 5 Review Ex # 5
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ Now find 𝐵′
First we find 𝐴′ 𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 2, 3}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2, 5, 6} = {4, 5, 6, 7}
= {1, 3, 4, 7} Now
Now find 𝐵′ 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 7} ∪ {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐵′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐵 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \{1, 2, 3}
= {4, 5, 6, 7}
Now
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {1, 3, 4, 7} ∩ {4, 5, 6, 7}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = {4, 7}
Hence
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
Proved
Q6: If U = 1,2,3,…,10, A = 1,2,3,4,
B = 3,4,5,6, C = 3,4,7,8 then verify
Hence distributive laws with help of Venn
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ Diagram.
Proved Solution:
Distributive Property of Union over Intersection:
De-Morgan’s Law: A = 1,2,3,4, B = 3,4,5,6,C = 3,4,7,8
𝑈 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ,𝐴 ={2, 5, 6} and 𝐵 =
To Prove:
{1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)
To Prove:
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∪ (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪)
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3,4,5,6} ∩ {3,4,7,8}
L.H.S: (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4}
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵:
Now
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2, 5, 6} ∩ {1, 2, 3}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4} ∪ {3, 4}
𝐴∩𝐵 ={2}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝑈 \ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪)
First we find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵:
R.H.S: 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4} ∪ {3,4,5,6}
First we find 𝐴′ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4, 5, 6}
𝐴′ = 𝑈 \ 𝐴 Now
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} \ {2, 5, 6} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4} ∪ {3,4,7,8}
= {1, 3, 4, 7} 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4, 7, 8}
 37
Chapter # 5

Review Ex # 5 Review Ex # 5
Now Q7: Let A = − −  1, 2, B = a, b, c, d, e
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4, 5, 6} ∩ {1,2,3,4, 7, 8} Determine which sets of ordered pair
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4} represent a function. In case of a function,
mention one – one function, onto function and
bijective function.
(i) {(−𝟐, 𝒂), (−𝟏, 𝒂), (𝟎, 𝒃), (𝟏, 𝒄), (𝟐, 𝒅)}
Solution:
{(−2, 𝑎), (−1, 𝑎), (0, 𝑏), (1, 𝑐), (2, 𝑑)}
Hence Let 𝑅 = {(−2, 𝑎), (−1, 𝑎), (0, 𝑏), (1, 𝑐), (2, 𝑑)}
𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
Proved 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} = 𝐴
Distributive Property of Intersection over Union: And there is no repetition in Domain.
A = 1,2,3,4, B = 3,4,5,6,C = 3,4,7,8 Thus 𝑅 is a function from 𝐴 × 𝐵
To Prove: Now
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} ≠ 𝐵
L.H.S: 𝑨 ∩ (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) And also there is repetition in range
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3,4,5,6} ∪ {3,4,7,8} Hence 𝑅 is Onto function from A to B
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Now (ii) {(−𝟏, 𝒂), (𝟏, 𝒆), (−𝟐, 𝒅), (𝟎, 𝒄), (𝟐, 𝒃)}
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4} ∩ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} Solution:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {3, 4} {(−1, 𝑎), (1, 𝑒), (−2, 𝑑), (0, 𝑐), (2, 𝑏)}
Let 𝑅 = {(−1, 𝑎), (1, 𝑒), (−2, 𝑑), (0, 𝑐), (2, 𝑏)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅 is a function from 𝐴 × 𝐵
Now
R.H.S: (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 ∪ 𝑪) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} = 𝐵
First we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: And there is no repetition in range
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4} ∩ {3,4,5,6} Hence 𝑅 is bijective function from A to B
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3, 4}
Now we find 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: (iii) {(𝟐, 𝒅), (𝟎, 𝒂), (−𝟐, 𝒃), (−𝟏, 𝒄), (𝟏, 𝒆)}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4} ∩ {3,4,7,8} Solution:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {3, 4} {(2, 𝑑), (0, 𝑎), (−2, 𝑏), (−1, 𝑐), (1, 𝑒)}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {3, 4} ∪ {3, 4} Let 𝑅 = {(2, 𝑑), (0, 𝑎), (−2, 𝑏), (−1, 𝑐), (1, 𝑒)}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = {3, 4} For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅 is a function from 𝐴 × 𝐵
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} = 𝐵
Hence
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) And there is no repetition in range
Proved Hence 𝑅 is bijective function from A to B
 Chapter # 5 38

Review Ex # 5 Review Ex # 5
(iv) {(−𝟐, 𝒃), (−𝟏, 𝒃), (𝟎, 𝒂), (𝟏, 𝒅), (−𝟐, 𝒆)} And there is no repetition in Domain.
Solution: Thus 𝑅 is a function from in 𝐴
{(−2, 𝑏), (−1, 𝑏), (0, 𝑎), (1, 𝑑), (−2, 𝑒)} Now
Let 𝑅 = {(−2, 𝑏), (−1, 𝑏), (0, 𝑎), (1, 𝑑), (−2, 𝑒)} 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {1, 2, 4, 5} ≠ 𝐴
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴 Thus, it is not onto function.
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {−2, −1, 0, 1} ≠ 𝐴
Thus 𝑅 is not a function because its 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 ≠ 𝐴. (iv) {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4), (3, 5) }
Solution:
{(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4), (3, 5) }
Q8 Let 𝑨 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, check whether the Let 𝑅 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4), (3, 5) }
following sets are functions on A. in case these For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
are functions, indicate their ranges. Which
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3} ≠ 𝐴
function is onto.
Thus 𝑅 is not a function from in 𝐴
(i) {(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) }
Solution: Q9: If 𝑿 = {−𝟔, −𝟓, −𝟒, −𝟑} and 𝒀 ={1, 2, 3, 4}
{(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) } then write
Let 𝑅 = {(1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) } (i) a one – one function from X to Y.
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴 Solution
a one – one function from X to Y.
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝐴
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑅 is a function from in 𝐴
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 5} ≠ 𝐴
Thus, it is not onto function.
𝑓 = {(−6, 1), (−5, 4), (−4, 3), (−3, 2)}
(ii) {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 3) } For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
Solution: 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {−6, −5, −4, −3} = 𝑋
{(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 3) } And there is no repetition in Domain.
Let 𝑅 = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 3) } Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴 Now
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝐴 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝐵
And there is no repetition in Domain. And also no repetition in range
Thus 𝑅 is a function from in 𝐴 Thus 𝑓 is one – one function from X to Y
Now (ii) Onto function from X to Y.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ≠ 𝐴 Solution:
Onto function from X to Y.
Thus, it is not onto function.

(iii) {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5) }
Solution:
{(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5) }
Let 𝑅 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5) }
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = 𝐴 𝑓 = {(−6, 1), (−5, 4), (−4, 3), (−3, 2)}
For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
 39
Chapter # 5

Review Ex # 5
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {−6, −5, −4, −3} = 𝑋
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝐵
Thus 𝑓 is Onto function from X to Y.

(iii) a one – one and onto function from X to Y.

Solution:
a one – one and onto function from X to Y

𝑓 = {(−6, 1), (−5, 4), (−4, 3), (−3, 2)}

For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {−6, −5, −4, −3} = 𝑋
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {1, 2, 3, 4} = 𝐵
And also no repetition in range
Thus 𝑓 is one – one and onto function from X to Y

a function from X to Y which is neither

𝐨𝐧𝐞 − 𝐨𝐧𝐞 nor onto.
Solution:
a function from X to Y which is neither one −
one nor onto.

𝑓 = {(−6, 2), (−5, 4), (−4, 3), (−3, 2)}

For function, 𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = 𝑋
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 = {−6, −5, −4, −3} = 𝑋
And there is no repetition in Domain.
Thus 𝑓 is a function in 𝑋 × 𝑌
Now
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓 = {2, 3, 4} ≠ 𝐵
And there is also repetition in range
Hence 𝑓 is a function from X to Y which is
neither one − one nor onto.