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Force And Laws Of Motion Class 9 CBSE Notes Revision Notes on Force and Laws of
- Chapter 9 Motion
How does an object start moving?
Basics We need to put some effort to make a stationary object move, For
Example, a push, a hit or a pull.
Introduction to Force
A force is an effort that changes the state of an object at rest or at motion.
It can change an object’s direction and velocity. Force can also change the
shape of an object.
To know more about Force, visit here.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

When balanced forces are applied to an object, there will be no net
effective force acting on the object. Balanced forces do not cause a change
in motion.
Unbalanced forces acting on an object change its speed and/or direction of
motion. It moves in the direction of the force with the highest magnitude.

Fig.1- How does an object move

What is a force?
Whenever we push or pull an object a force acts upon them and makes
them move from one place to another. Hence, force can –

 initiate motion in a motionless object

 change (increase or decrease) the velocity of the moving object

 alter the direction of a moving object

 change the shape and size of an object

 Fig.2 - Effects of Force
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Balanced Forces –
 When equal amount of forces are applied on an object from
Net force different directions such that they cancel out each other

When multiple forces act on a body, they can be resolved into one  They do not change the state of rest or motion of an object
component known as the net force acting on the object. For Example:
 They may change the shape and size of an object
To know more about Types of Forces and Their Nature, visit here.

First Law of Motion

Frictional force
The force that opposes relative motion is called friction. It arises between
the surfaces in contact.
Example: When we try to push a table and it does not move is because it
is balanced by the frictional force.

Fig.3- Balanced Forces

First Law of Motion Unbalanced Force –

A body continues to be in the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight  When forces applied to an object are of different magnitude(or not
line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force. The First Law is in opposite directions so as to cancel)
also called the Law of Inertia.
 They can alter state of rest or motion of an object

 They can cause acceleration in an object

 They can change the shape and size of an object

 Fig.4 – Unbalanced Forces
What is the force of friction?
It is a force extended when two surfaces are in contact with each other. It
always acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the object.

To know more about First Law of Motion, visit here.

Inertia
Basically, all objects have a tendency to resist the change in the state of
motion or rest. This tendency is called inertia. All bodies do not have the
same inertia. Inertia depends on the mass of a body. Mass of an object is
the measure of its inertia.
More the mass → more inertia and vice versa.

Fig. 5 – The force of Friction

First Law of Motion
Galileo’s Observation
 He observed the motion of objects on an inclined plane.

 When a marble is rolled down an inclined plane its velocity

increases.
 Galileo’s Arguments
 When a marble is rolled down from the left – It will go up on the
opposite side up to the same height at which it is dropped down.

 If the inclination of planes is equal – The marble would travel equal

distances while climbing up as travelled while rolling down. 

 If we decrease the angle of inclination of the right plane – The

marble would travel further until it reaches its original height.

Second Law of Motion

Momentum
Impacts produced by objects depend on their mass and velocity. The
momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
p = mv. Vector quantity, has direction and magnitude.  If the right side plane is made flat – Marble would travel forever to
achieve the same height.
Second Law of Motion
The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to
the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
Δptαm(v−u)t
⇒Δptαma
⇒Fαma
Galileo's Inference
⇒F = kma
 We need an unbalanced force to change the motion of the marble
For 1 unit of force on 1 kg mass with the acceleration of 1m/s2, the value but no force is required when the marble is moving uniformly. In other
of k = 1. words, objects move at a constant speed if no force acts upon them.
Therefore, F = ma.
Based on Galileo’s ideas Newton presented the three
To know more about Second Law of Motion, visit here. Laws of Motion
First law of motion or The Law of Inertia
Conservation of Momentum
Whether an object is moving uniformly on a straight path or is at rest, its
state would not change until and unless an external force is applied on to it.
Concept of system

 The part of the universe chosen for analysis is called a system.

 Everything outside the system is called an environment.
 For example, a car moving with constant velocity can be considered a
system. All the forces within the car are internal forces and all forces
acting on the car from the environment are external forces like friction.

Conservation of momentum

 The total momentum of an isolated system is conserved.

 Isolated system → net external force on the system is zero.
 Example: Collision of 2 balls A and B.
From Newtons 3rd law F_{AB} = -F_{BA}
⇒mAVa−Uat=mBVb−Ubt
⇒mAUA+mBUB=mAVA+mBVB Hence, we can say that objects oppose a change in their state of motion or
To know more about Conservation of Momentum, visit here. rest. This tendency of objects to remain in the state of rest or to keep
moving uniformly is called Inertia.
Third Law of Motion Examples of Inertia
Newton’s 3rd law states that every action has an equal and opposite  We fall back when a vehicle starts moving in the forward direction
reaction. Action and reaction forces are equal, opposite and acting on because our body is in the rest state and it opposes the motion of the
different bodies. vehicle.
To know more about Third Law of Motion, visit here.
 We fall forward when brakes are applied in a car because our body
opposite the change of state of motion to rest
Inertial and Non-inertial frames

 A non-inertial frame of reference is a frame of reference in which

Newton’s laws of motion do not hold. A non-inertial reference frame is
a frame of reference that is undergoing acceleration with respect to an
inertial frame. An accelerometer at rest in a non-inertial frame will, in
general, detect a non-zero acceleration.
 A frame of reference where Newton’s Laws hold is known as an inertial
frame of reference.
Inertia and Mass
 The inertia of an object is dependent upon its mass.

 Lighter objects have less inertia, that is, they can easily change
their state of rest or motion.

 Heavier objects have large inertia and therefore they show more
resistance.

 Hence ‘Mass’ is called a measure of the inertia of an object.

Consider the image given below; it is easier for a person to push the
bucket that is empty rather than the one that is filled with sand. This is
because the mass of an empty bucket is less than that of the bucket filled
with sand.
https://www.dronstudy.com/book/chapter-summary-force-and-newtons-laws- The Second Law of Motion
of-motion-class-9-science/
 The impact produced by a moving object depends upon its mass

Force and Newton’s Laws of Motion and velocity.

 For Example, a small bullet fired at a high velocity can kill a

A push or pull on a body is called force. Forces are used in our everyday person.
actions like pushing, lifting, pulling, stretching, twisting and pressing. A  Momentum – The product of mass and velocity is called
force cannot be seen. A force can be judged only by the effects which it Momentum.
can produce in several bodies (or objects) around us.
 It is a vector quantity. Its direction is same as that of the object’s
velocity. 

 Denoted by – p

 SI unit – kg metre per second

 p = mv,

where m is the mass of the object,

v is the velocity of the object

 The momentum of a stationary object –
Let the mass of a stationary object be ‘m’,

Let the velocity of a stationary object be ‘v’,

The stationary object has no velocity, so v = 0,

Therefore, p = m*v = m*0 = 0

Force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is So, the momentum of a stationary object is zero.
measured in the SI unit of Newton and represented by the symbol F.
 We know that the velocity of an object can be changed by applying
an unbalanced force on to it. Similarly, the momentum of an object can
In the below shown images we can see how forces are being applied in change by applying an unbalanced force.
our everyday life:
 According to the second law of motion –

Effects of Force The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional

to the applied unbalanced force on the object in the direction of the
force.
 For Example –
 Force can make a stationary body in motion. For example a
football can be set to move by kicking it, i.e. by applying a force. A cricketer when catches a ball pulls his hands in the backward direction to
give some time to decrease the velocity of the ball. As the acceleration of
 Force can stop a moving body – For example by applying brakes, a
the ball decreases the force exerted on catching the moving ball also
running cycle or a running vehicle can be stopped.
decreases. If the cricketer would try to stop a moving ball suddenly he
 Force can change the direction of a moving object. For example;
would have to apply larger force.
by applying force, i.e. by moving handle the direction of a running
bicycle can be changed. Similarly by moving steering the direction
of a running vehicle is changed.
 Force can change the speed of a moving body – By accelerating,
the speed of a running vehicle can be increased or by applying
brakes the speed of a running vehicle can be decreased.
 Force can change the shape and size of an object. For example; by
hammering, a block of metal can be turned into a thin sheet. By
hammering a stone can be broken into pieces.
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

1. Balanced Forces
If the resultant of applied forces is equal to zero, it is called balanced
forces. Balanced forces do not cause any change of state of an object.
Balanced forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Balanced forces can change the shape and size of an object. For example
- When forces are applied from both sides over a balloon, the size and
shape of balloon is changed.

1. Unbalanced Forces
Mathematical Formulation of the Second Law of
If the resultant of applied forces are greater than zero the forces are Motion
called unbalanced forces. An object in rest can be moved because of
applying balanced forces. Based on the definition of the second law of motion, we can infer that -

Unbalanced forces can do the following:

 1. Move a stationary object.
2. Increase the speed of a moving object.
3. Decrease the speed of a moving object.
4. Stop a moving object.
5. Change the shape and size of an object.

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Some Common Forces

1. Muscular Force: The force obtained by the working of human Therefore, with help of the second law of motion we can evaluate the
body muscles is called muscular force. Ex: Lifting objects, doing amount of force that is being exerted on any object. From the formula
exercise etc.
stated above, we can see that the force is directly proportional to
2. Gravitational Force: The force applied by earth on an object in acceleration. So the acceleration of an object can change depending upon
downward direction is called gravitational force. the change in force applied.
3. Frictional Force: The force which opposes motion is known as
Force = ma
frictional force. It acts in the direction opposite to the velocity of
SI Unit: kg-ms-2 or N (Newton)
body.
The Third Law of Motion
4. Air Resistance: When an object moves through air, air applies a Action and Reaction Forces
small force in direction opposite to velocity. This force is called air
Two forces acting from opposite directions are called Action and Reaction
resistance.
Forces.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
For Example, a ball when hits the ground (action) bounces back with a
certain force reaction.
Newton has given three laws to define the motion of bodies. These laws
are known as Newton’s laws of motion.

Newton’s 1st Law

A body at rest will remain in rest, and a body in motion will continue in
motion in a straight line with uniform speed, unless it is compelled by an
external force to change its state of rest or of uniform motion.

Fig. 15 - Action and Reaction Forces

The Third Law of Motion States that –
When an object exerts a force on another object, the second object
instantly exerts a force back onto the first object. These forces are always
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. These forces act on two
different objects always.

Or in other words, every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

The magnitudes of forces acting upon the objects are same but the
acceleration produced in them may or may not be the same because the
objects can differ in masses.

For Example, when a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun only moves a little
backwards (recoils) while the bullet can travel a large distance. This is
Inertia and Mass: Inertia is that property of body due to which it resists
because of the difference in the mass of the bullet and the gun.
a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion.

In this above shown picture the inertia of the coin tries to maintain its
state of rest even when the card flows off. The mass of an object is a
measure of its inertia. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).

Application of Newton’s 1st Law

1. A passenger in bus has a tendency to keep moving in a straight

line inside a bus due to inertia. When the bus takes turn, body of
passenger wants to continue moving in straight line. Due to this, it
appears that his body bends outwards.
2. When we hit a carpet it loses inertia of rest and moves. But the
dust in it retains inertia of rest and is left behind. Thus dust and
carpet are separated.
Conservation of Momentum
3. When a tree is shaken, it moves to and fro. But fruit remains at
As per the law of conservation of momentum, the sum of momenta of two
rest due to its inertia of rest. Due to this fruit breaks off the tree.
objects before the collision and after collision remains the same given that
no external unbalanced force acts upon them. In another way, collision
conserves the total momentum of two objects.

Consider the figure given above. Two balls A and B having a certain initial
velocities collide with each other. Conditions before the collision-

 There is no unbalanced force acting upon them

 The initial velocity of A is greater than initial velocity of B

The figure below explains how the momentum of the balls is conserved
4. When a car is braked suddenly, the man bends forward violently after the collision.
due to inertia of motion. The man may collide with parts of car
hurting himself. Seatbelt will not let the man bend forward. And thus
save them from accident.

5. Due to inertia of motion even when the car stops, the luggage on
the top of car has the tendency to move forward. Therefore Fig.18 – Conservation of Momentum
luggage is tied.
Facts about Conservation Laws
 They are considered as the fundamental laws in physics.

 They are based on observations and experiments.

 They cannot be proved but can be verified or disproved with the

help of experiments.

 A single experiment is enough to disprove a law, while a single

experiment is not enough to prove the same.

 It requires a large number of experiments to prove the law.

 The law of conservation of momentum was formulated 300 years

ago.

 There is no single situation present until now that disproves this

law.

 Other laws of conservation are – law of conservation of energy, the

law of conservation of angular momentum, the law of conservation of
charge.
Momentum: The momentum of a body is defined as the product of its
mass and velocity.

Thus, momentum = mass x velocity

Or, p = m x v

Where, p = momentum
m = mass of the body

v = velocity of the body

The SI unit of momentum is kilograms meters per second (kg.m/s)

Note: The force required to stop a moving body is directly proportional

to its mass and velocity.

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Change in momentum: It is defined as the difference between final

momentum and initial momentum. Suppose initial momentum is mu,
and final momentum is mv, then

Change in momentum = mv – mu

Rate of change of momentum: The rate at which momentum is

changing is known as rate of change of momentum.

Rate of change of momentum =mv - mu / t

Or, = m (v-u) / t

Newton’s 2nd Law

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the

applied force, and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
Force = change in momentum / time taken

F = mv - mu / t

= But we know that

F=mxa

Or Force = Mass x Acceleration

Its SI unit is Newton (N).

Thus, one unit of force is defined as the amount that produces an

acceleration of 1 m s-2 in an object of mass 1 kg.

Application of Newton’s 2nd Law:

1. When we stop the ball gradually, we need to apply less force. This
is easy and safe. If we stop the ball suddenly, we need to apply
larger force which is difficult and can also injure our hand.
2. In high jump if surface is hard, athlete’s body changes velocity in
very less time. Large force acts on his body due to which he may
get injured. If the surfaces are soft, athlete’s body changes
velocity in more time. And less force acts on his body which is
safe.
Newton’s 3rd Law

Whenever one body exerts a force on another body, the second body
exerts an equal and opposite force to the first body. Or, to every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Action and reaction forces are equal and opposite.

Application of Newton’s 3rd Law:

1. Gun applies force on bullet due to which it moves ahead. By

Newton’s 3rd Law, bullet will also apply same force on gun in
backward direction. Due to this force, gun moves back. This is
called recoil of gun. Gun moves back only by small amount due to
its heavy mass.
 2. Hose pipe applies large force on water due to which water moves
ahead. By Newton’s 3rd Law water applies the same force on pipe
backwards. Due to this force, pipe can move backwards. To stop
it, many people need to hold it.
3. Man pushes the boat backwards and by newton’s 3rd law, boat
pushes man forward.
4. Man pushes water back by applying force. By Newton’s 3rd Law,
water applied equal and opposite force on swimmer. Due to this
force man moves ahead.

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1. Cheetah applies forces on ground in backward direction. By

3rd law, ground applies force equal and opposite on cheetah in
forward direction. It is due to this force that cheetah moves
ahead. For running faster cheetah needs to apply more force on
ground in forward direction.
Conservation of Momentum

If two or more objects apply force on each other with no external force,
their final momentum remains same as initial momentum.

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

Practical examples of conservation of momentum:

1. In rocket, fuel is burnt due to which gases are ejected downwards.

For conservation of momentum, rocket moves up.
2. Fuel in jet plane burns and ejects gases in backward direction.
Then by conservation of momentum, plane moves ahead.