Mechanics of Materials–II

ME-311
week: 3
Lecture: 2
Level: 6th Semester, 3rd Year
Program: B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Credit Hours : 03
Topics: Solution of problems on Variation / Transformation of
stresses.
Course Teacher: Engr. Abdul Hadi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Solution of Problems
(Plane Stress)
Problem -1: Two wooden joists 50 mm x 100 mm are glued together along the joint AB
as shown In the figure below. Determine the normal and shearing stress in the glue
if P = 200 kN.

Solution: Just to provide a clear understanding of the concepts

involved, this problem is solved here using three different
techniques, namely:
1- Using the basic concepts of stress, resolution of a force into
rectangular component, etc.
2- Mohr’s circle.
3- Analytical technique. Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-1:
Figure a shows the glued plane ABCD which
is a rectangle, where,
AB = CD = BE / Sin 40 = 50/ Sin 40 mm
BC = AD = 100 mm
Area of ABCD = 100 x 50/ Sin 40 mm2
As shown in the free body diagram, fig. c,
the glued section offers a resistance of
200 kN which can be resolved into Components, as
Parallel to section = 200 Cos 40 kN,
Perpendicular to section = 200 Sin 40 kN.
Parallel causes shear, perpendicular normal stress.

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 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution Method-1……
Let ϬAB = Normal stress on glued section AB
Let ƮAB = Shear stress on glued section AB
Then ϬAB = (200 Sin 40)/ 50 x (100/ Sin 40)
= 0.016527 kN / mm2
= 0.016527 / (1/1000,000)
= 16527 kN/m2 = 16.527 Mpa
Thus normal stress on glued section is
16.527 MPa ………Answer - 1
Shear stress is calculated in the next slide.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-1 ……
ƮAB = Shear stress on glued section AB
Then = (200 Cos 40)/ 50 x (100/ Sin 40)
= 0.019696 kN / mm2
= 0.019696 / (1/1000,000)
= 19696 kN/m2 = 19.696 Mpa
Thus shear stress on glued section is
19.696 MPa ………Answer - 2
Shear stress is calculated in the next slide.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-2: - Mohr’s circle
Before proceeding to solve the problem on Mohr’s circle, we reproduce the
rules for construction of Mohr’s circle for a better understanding of the topic.
So the next two slides are reproduced from the previous lecture.
Solution of the problem using Mohr’s circle shall continue after the coming
two slides.

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 Rules for MOHR’s Circle
1- For the give stressed body, on rectangular Ϭ & Ʈ coordinate
system, plot points having the coordinates (Ϭx , Ʈxy) and
(Ϭy ,Ʈyx) as the coordinates. These points represent the normal
and shearing stresses acting on the faces of an element for
which the stresses are known. In plotting these points, assume
tension as plus, compression as minus and shearing stress as
plus when its moment about the center of the element is
clockwise.
2- Join the points just plotted. This is the diameter of the
Mohr’s circle whose center is on the Ϭ axis.

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 Rules for MOHR’s Circle
3- As different planes are passed through the selected point in
a stressed body, the normal and the shearing stress
components on these planes are represented by the
coordinates of the points whose position shifts around the
circumference of Mohr’s circle.
4- The radius of the circle to any point on its circumference
represents the axis directed normal to the plane whose stress
components are given by the coordinates of that point.
5- The angle between the radii to the selected points on Mohr’s
circle is twice the angle between the normal to the actual
planes represented by these points or to twice the space
angularity between the planes so represented
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 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-2 - Mohr’s circle:
To solve the problem by Mohr’s circle, we
have to convert the given load (200 kN)
to the stress it produces in the given body.
Figure b shows the stress, Ϭx = 40 Mpa
Ϭx = (200 x 1000) / 0.005 = 40,000,000 Pa
= 40,000,000/1000,000 = 40 Mpa.
0.005 is the x-sectional area of the body
( 50 x 100/(1000 x 1000) m2.
The remaining stresses are all zero, that is,
Ϭy = Ʈxy = Ʈyx = 0.
Also θ, the angle between the normal to
the plane & x- axis is 50 deg (fig c). Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-2 - Mohr’s circle …..
First Mohr’s circle is drawn as shown in fig (b).
On Ϭ – Ʈ axis coordinate system, two points
representing the stresses on two adjacent
mutually perpendicular faces ( x- & y- faces)
are plotted. Point A represents Stresses on
X- face ( 40, 0) and point O represents stresses
On y- face (0,0).
OA is then the diameter of the Mohr’s circle,
Which is 40 Mpa. Radius of Mohr’s circle
R = 20 Mpa. Centre of circle is at 40/2 = 20
Centre C = C(20,0)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-2- Mohr’s circle …….
Next locate the X- & Y- axes. As point A
represents stresses on X- face ad radius CA is
perpendicular to point A, therefore CA when
extended will be the X- axis, too. Similarly
CO when extended will be Y- axis.
Next draw radius CD at 100 deg (2 x 50)
clockwise from X- axis. Point D, thus
represents Stresses on glued section AB.
ϬAB = OE = OC – CE = 20 – Cd Cos 80
ϬAB= 20 – 20 Cos 80 = 16.527 MPa Answer-1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-2 - Mohr’s circle …..
Similarly from the triangle CDE,
ƮAB = DE = CD Sin 80
= R Sin 80 = - 20 Sin 80
= - 19. 96 MPa Answer
Thus shearing stress on glued section is
19.96 MPa, trying to rotate the element
counterclockwise about the centre of the
body.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Note : While solving the problem with Mohr’s circle, you may have noticed
that I used the basic geometry to calculate the radius and center of the circle.
However you, the students, should find the radius and center of the circle
using the expressions as given below. These expressions have already been
discussed in the previous lecture.

Center: C

Radius: R

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 Solution of Problems
(Problem-1 ……)
Solution: Method-3- Analytical Method
Equations for transformation of plane stress are:
Ϭ = (Ϭx + Ϭy)/2 + [(Ϭx - Ϭy)/2] Cos 2θ - Ʈxy Sin 2θ (1)
Ʈ = [(Ϭx - Ϭy)/2] Sin 2θ + Ʈxy Cos 2θ (2)
Here
Ϭy = Ʈxy = Ʈyx = 0 while Ϭx = 40 MPa, θ = 50 deg
Substitution into eq. (1) yields
ϬAB = (40 + 0)/2 + ((40 – 0)/2 ) Cos (-100) – 0 x Sin 100
ϬAB = 20 + 20 x (-0.17365) = 16.527 Answer -1
ƮAB = ((40 – 0)/2) Sin (-100 )+ 0 Cos (-100) = 20 x(- 0.9848) + 0
ƮAB = 19.696 MPa Answer -2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution of Problems
(Problem-2 ……)
Problem – 2:
If an element is subjected to the state of stress shown in figure below. Find the
principal Stress components. Also compute the stress components on a plane
at 30 deg counterclockwise from the x – face.
Solution: Given data:
Ϭx = 4000 psi
Ϭy = - 8000 psi (compression)
Ʈxy = - 6000 psi ( counterclockwise rotation about
the centre of the element
Ʈyx = 6000 psi
Wanted : 1- Principal stresses
2- Stress components on a plane at 30 deg counterclockwise from the x –
face. Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution Problem-2
Problem – 2:
As shown, as a first step, the value of
θ , has been ascertained. This value
shall be used in either of the two
methods, namely,
Mohr’s circle or the analytical method.
In the next slide, we are going to solve
the problem using Mohr’s circle.

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 Solution Problem-2
(Using Mohr’s circle)

Mohr’s circle is drawn,

It’s radius, center
Calculated,
X- & Y-axes drawn.
Normal to the plane, CF,
Is drawn. Ϭ1 & Ϭ2 are the
Principal stresses while
angle ACD = 2 θp, θp being
the angle between the
principal planes & X-axis.
CF is at 60 deg (2 x 30)
With X-axis.
Stresses on the plane are
Given by F. Note that CF
Is ccwise form x-axis. Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Solution Problem-2
(Using Mohr’s circle . . .)

Principal
Stresses and
Principal
Planes are
Calculated
From the
Mohr’s circle

epartme Mechanical Engineering Deptt

 Solution Problem-2
( (Using Mohr’s circle . . .)

Normal &
Shear
Stresses
On the
required
Planes are
Calculated
From the
Mohr’s circle

Mechanical Engineering Department

 Solution Problem-2
( (Analytical Metod . . .)

Principal Stresses:
are Calculated analytically.
Ϭx = 4000 psi, Ϭy = - 8000 psi
Ʈxy = - 6000 psi , Ʈyx = 6000 psi, θ = 30 deg
Equations for Principal stresses are:

Principal planes are given by :

θ, as given by equa

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 Solution Problem-2
( (Analytical Metod . . .)

Principal Stresses:
are Calculated analytically.
Substitution into equations given in previous slides gives,
Ϭ1 = 6485.28 psi, ….Ans-1
Ϭ2 = - 10485. 28 psi. ……Ans-2
tan 2 θ = - 2(-6000)/(4000-(-8000) = 12000/12000 = 1
Therefore, 2θ = 45 deg
θ = 22.5 deg. …..Ans-3
Principal planes are thus at 22.5 deg and 112.5 deg (90 + 22.5)
from the x-axis. Mechanical Engineering Department
 Solution Problem-2
( (Analytical Metod . . .)

Stresses at a plane 30 deg ccwise from x – face- Analytically:

Equations for transformation of stresses are:
Ϭ = (Ϭx + Ϭy)/2 + [(Ϭx - Ϭy)/2] Cos 2θ - Ʈxy Sin 2θ (1)
Ʈ = [(Ϭx - Ϭy)/2] Sin 2θ + Ʈxy Cos 2θ (2)
Substation of Ϭx = 4000 psi, Ϭy = - 8000 psi, Ʈxy = - 6000 psi ,
Ʈ= 6000 psi, and θ = 30 deg into equations (1) & (2) gives:
ϬAB = [{(4000 + (-8000}/2 + {4000 – (-8000)}/2]/ cos 60 – (-6000)Sin 60
ϬAB = -2000 + 6000 x 0.5 + 6000 x 0.866 = 6196.5 psi ….Answer
Similarly, ƮAB= [{ 4000 – (-8000)}/2] Sin 60 + (-6000) Cos 60 = 2196 Psi Answer
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 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Problem- 3: For the state of pure stress shown, find the stress components on
planes whose normals are at + 30 deg and + 120 deg with the x axis. Show
your answer on a complete sketch of a differential element.
Pure Stress: The state of stress when a
body is subjected to Shear stresses only.
Solution: Data given: Ϭx =Ϭy = 0,
Ʈxy = - 8000 psi (counter clockwise moment)
Ʈyx = 8000 psi (causes a clockwise moment).
Wanted: Find stress components on planes whose normals are at + 30 deg
and + 120 deg with the x axis.
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 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Solution:
The two planes on which stresses are
required to be calculated are as
shown. Figure (a) shows the plane
AB, whose normal ‘n’ is at + 30 deg
x axis and fig (b) shows plane CD,
whose normal ‘n’ is at + 120 deg with
x axis.
Thus, θ for plane AB = 30 deg; and
θ for plane AB = 30 deg. Mechanical Engineering Department
 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Solution: (using Mohr’s circle)

Mohr’s circle for the given
problem is as show in the
adjoining figure. The given
Stresses are plotted as points
A & B, showing the stresses on
X- & y- faces, respectively. Using
AB as the required diameter, the
circle is then drawn. Radius
R and Center C are as shown.
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 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Solution: (using Mohr’s circle)

R = 8000 psi & C is C(0,0).
Note : Both R & C have been
determined geometrically as well
as using their corresponding
Relations.
x & y axes: Point A shows stresses
On x-face, so OA extended is x axis.
Point B represents stresses on
y-face, so OB extended gives y-axis
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 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Solution: (using Mohr’s circle)

Next the normals to the given planes
are drawn. Thus, OC at 60 deg(2x30)
& OD at 240 deg (2 x 120) are drawn.
Note that both are located counter-
clockwise from the x axis, as given in
the given problem.
Stresses on the planes:
1- Plane AB (normal at 30 from x axis
Stresses are given by point C.
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 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Solution: (using Mohr’s circle)

Stresses on the plane AB:
From triangle COE, OE = OC Cos 30
OC = 8000 Cos 30 = psi = 6928 psi
CE = 8000 Sin 30 = 4000 psi
Thus ϬAB = 6928 psi ….. Answer
ƮAB = 4000 psi …………. Answer
Triangle DOF, OD = - OD Cos 30
OD = - 8000 Cos 30 = - 6298 Psi
FD = 8000 Sin 30 = 4000 psi
Thus ϬCD = - 6928 psi ….. Answer
ƮCD = 4000 psi …………. Answer
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 Solution Problem-3
( (Plane Stress. . .)

Solution: (using Analytical Method)

The problem can be solved
analytically using the equations:
Ϭ = (Ϭx + Ϭy)/2 + [(Ϭx - Ϭy)/2] Cos 2θ - Ʈxy Sin 2θ
Ʈ = [(Ϭx - Ϭy)/2] Sin 2θ + Ʈxy Cos 2θ
Use the valúes as Ʈxy = - 8000 psi, Ʈyx = 8000 psi and θ as 60 &
240 deg, respectively.
Note: Students should do this problem analytically as a
homework. The next slide shows the sketches on
differential element for section AB & CD.

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 Solution Problem-3
( (sketechswwwwqes.)

Sketches of the differential 1

elements showing stresses:
Fig (b) shows stresses on a plane
at 30 deg. With x axis.
Fig (b) shows stresses on a plane
at 120 deg. With x axis.

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 Home Work
(Pro (Problem on Plane Stress. . .)

Home Work problem 1: If a point is subjected to the state of

stress shown in figure below. Determine the principal stresses
and the maximum in-plane shearing stress. Show all results on
complete sketches of differential elements.

Note: Solve the problem usig Mohr’s circle as well as

analytically.

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 Home Work
(Pro (Problem on Plane Stress. . .)

Home Work problem 2: A small bloc is 1.6 in. long, 1.2 in. high,
and 0.2 in. thick. It is subjected to tensile forces as shown.
Compute the stress components developed along the diagonal
AB.

Note: Solve the problem usig Mohr’s circle as well as

analytically

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