PUSAT LATIHAN TEKNOLOGI TINGGI (ADTEC)

(JABATAN TENAGA RAKYAT)

KEMENTERIAN SUMBER MANUSIA
MALAYSIA

KERTAS PENERANGAN
KURSUS / TRADE PEMESINAN
TAHAP / LEVEL TIGA (3)
DUTI / DUTY 09.00 PERFORM SUPERVISORY FUNCTION
TUGAS / TASK 09.01 Perform job planning & job process
OBJEKTIF
PENCAPAIAN Prepare job planning & process by identifying and estimating various
PIAWAIAN / cutting process and cutting sequences against resources available so
TERMINAL that the job scope is established and the production time to complete
PERFORMANCE the job is within the cost benefit range.
OBJECTIVE
NO. KOD: ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Muka 1 drp 11

TITLE : PERFORM SUPERVISORY FUNCTION

OBJECTIVE : After completing this duty, you will be able to:

1. Understand the meaning of the various lines used in engineering drawings,
2. Recognise the various symbols used to convey information.
3. Understand limits and fits, surface texture and machine specification.

INFORMATION :

Type of engineering drawings

Types of drawings and lines

Orthographic projection in order to describe the shape of noncylindrical parts accurately on

a drawing or print, the draftsperson uses the orthographic view or projection method. The
orthographic view shows the part from three sides: the front, the top, and the right-hand side.
(figure 5.1)

Top
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4 1 1½

2 ¾

¾ 2½

Front

Right side

Figure 5.1 three views of orthographic projection make it easier to describe the details
of the part.

These three views enable the drafter to describe a part or object so completely that the
machinist knows exactly what is required.
Cylindrical parts are generally shown on prints in two views: the front and the right side
(figure 5.2). However, if a part contains many details, it may be necessary to use the top,
bottom, or left-side views to describe the part accurately to the machinist.

Sections views – in many cases, complicated interior forms are difficult to describe in the
usual manner by a draftsperson. Whenever this occurs, a sectional view, which is obtained by
making an imaginary cut through an object, is made. This imaginary cut can be made in a
straight line in any direction to best expose the interior contour or form of a part (figure 5.3).

Figure 5.2 cylindrical parts are generally shown in two views.

Drafting terms and symbols

Common drafting terms and symbols are used in shop and engineering drawings in order for
the designer to describe each part accurately. If it were not for the universal use of terms,
symbols, and abbreviations, the designer would have to make extensive notes describing
exactly what is required. These would not only be cumbersome but also could be
NO. KOD ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Page 3 of 11

misunderstood and therefore result in costly errors. Some of the common drafting terms and
symbols are explained below.

Figure 5.3 section views are used to show complicated interior forms.

Table 5.1 common lines used on shop drawings

Example Name Description Use
a Objects lines Thick black lines Indicate the visible
approximately 1/32 form or edges of an
in. wide (the width object.
may vary to suit
drawing size)
b Hidden lines Medium weight Indicate the hidden
black lines of 1/8-in. contours of an object.
long dashes and 1/16
in. long.
c Center lines Thin lines with Indicate the centers
alternating long lines of holes, cylindrical
and short dashes. objects, and other
Long lines from ½ to sections.
3 in. long.
Short dashes 1/16 to
1/8 in. long, spaces
1/16 in. long.
1½ Dimension lines Thick black lines Indicate the
d with an arrowhead at dimensions of an
each end and a space object.
in the center for a
dimension.
Cutting-plane lines Thick black lines Show where a section
e make up a series of is imagined to be cut.
one long line and two
short dashes.
Arrowheads show the
line of sight from
where the section is
taken.
NO. KOD ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Page 4 of 11

Cross-section lines Fine evenly spaced Show the surfaces

parallel lines at 45 exposed when a
degrees. Line spacing section is cut.
is in proportion to the
part size.

0.750
0.749

Figure 5.4 limits show the largest and smallest size of a part.

+0.001
0.750 -0.003

Figure 5.5 tolerances is the permissible variation of a size

0.752
0.749

Figure 5.6 allowances is the intentional difference in the sizes of mating parts.
NO. KOD ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Page 5 of 11

0.753
0.750

Limits fig5.4 are the largest and the smallest permissible dimensions of a part (the maximum
and minimum dimensions) on a shop drawing both sizes would be given.

EXAMPLE

0.751 largest dimensions

0.749 smallest dimensions

Tolerance (fig 5.5) is the permissible variation of the size of a part. On a drawing the basic
dimension is given plus or minus to variation allowed.

EXAMPLE

0.750 + 0.001
- 0.003

The tolerance in this case would be 0.004 (the difference between + 0.001 oversize or - 0.003
undersize).
Allowance (figure 5.6) is the intentional difference in the sizes of mating parts such the
diameter of a shaft and the size of the hole. On a shop drawing both the shaft and the hole
would be indicated with maximum and minimum sizes in order to produce the best fit.
Fit is the range of tightness between two mating parts. There are two general classes of fits:
1. Clearance fits, whereby a part may revolve or move in relation to a mating part
2. Interference fits, whereby two parts are forced together to act as a single piece

Scale size is used in most shop or engineering drawings since it would be impossible to draw
part to the exact size because some drawings would be too large while others would be too
small. The scale size of a drawing is generally found in the title block section and it indicates
the scale to which the drawing has been made which is a representative measurement.

0.002
40 0.001
40
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Fig 5.7 surface finish symbols indicate fig. 5.8 surface finish specifications.
the type and finish of the surface.

SCALE DEFINITION
1:1 Drawing is made to the actual size of
part or full scale
Drawing is made one-half the actual
1:2 size of the part.
Drawing is made twice the actual size
2:1 of the part.

SYMBOLS

Some of the symbols and abbreviations used on shop drawings indicate the surface finish,
type of material, roughness symbols, and common machine shop terms and operations.

SURFACE SYMBOLS

Surface finish is the deviation from the nominal surface caused by the machining operation.
Surface finish includes roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws, and is measured by a surface
finish indicator in micro inches.
The surface finish mark, used in many cases, indicates which surface of the part must be
finished. The number in the √ indicates the quality of finish required on the surface fig 5.7. In
this case the roughness height or the measurement of the finely spaced irregularities cause by
the cutting tool cannot exceed 40 micro inches (μ in.).
If the surface of a part must be finished to exact specifications, each part of the specifications
is indicated on the symbol (fig 5.8) as follows:

40 Surface finish in micro inches

0.002 Waviness heights in thousands of an inch
0.001roughness width in thousandths of an inch
┴ machining marks run perpendicular to the boundary of the surface indicated.

The following symbols indicate the direction of lay (marks produced by machining
operations on work surfaces)
= Parallel to the boundary line of the surface indicated by the symbol
X angular in both directions on the surface indicated by the symbol
M multidirectional
C approximately circular to the center of the surface indicated by the symbol
R approximately radial to the center of the surface indicated by the symbol
MATERIAL SYMBOLS
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A represents copper, brass, bronze, etc.

B represents aluminium, magnesium, and their alloys.

C represents steel and wrought iron

D represents cast iron and malleable iron.

FIGURE 5.9 symbols used to indicate types of material.

COMMON MACHINE SHOP

ABBREVIATIONS
CBORE Counterbore
CSK Countersink
DIA Diameter
Ø Diameter
HDN Harden
L Lead
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LH Left hand
Mm Milimeter
NC National coarse
NF National fine
P Pitch
R Radius
Rc Rockwell hardness test
RH Right hand
THD Thread or threads
TIR Total indicated run-out
TPI Threads per inch
UNC Unified national coarse
UNF Unified national form

BASIC MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Planning the procedures for machining any part so that it can be machined accurately and as
quickly as possible is very important. Many parts have been spoiled because the incorrect
sequence has been followed in the machining process. Although it would be impossible to list
the exact sequence of operations that would apply to every type and shape of workpiece,
NO. KOD ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Page 9 of 11

some general rules should be followed to machine a part accurately and in the shortest time
possible.

Manufacturing processes can be classified as:

 Casting, foundry, or molding processes
 Forming or metalworking processes
 Machining (material removal)
 Joining and assembly
 Surface treatments (finishing)
 Heat treating
 Other

These classifications are not mutually exclusive. For example, some finishing processes
involve a small amount of metal removal or metal forming. A laser can be used either for
joining or for metal removal or heat-treating. Occasionally, we have a process such as
shearing, which is really metal cutting but is viewed as a (sheet) metal forming process.
Assembly may involve processes other than joining. The categories of process types are far
from perfect.
Casting and molding processes are widely used to produce parts that often require other
follow-on processes, such as machining. Casting uses molten metal and a cavity. The metal
retains the desired shape of the mold cavity after solidification. An important advantage of
casting and molding is that, is a single step, materials can be converted from a crude form
into a desired shape. In most cases, a secondary advantage is that excess or scrap material can
easily be recycled.
Casting processes commonly are classified into two types: permanent mold (a mold can be
used repeatedly) or nonpermanent mold (a new mold must be prepared for each casting
made).
Forming and shearing operations typically utilize material (metals or plastics) that previously
has been cast or molded. In many cases the materials pass through a series of forming or
shearing operations, so the form of the material for a specific operation may be the result of
all the prior operations. The basic purpose of forming and shearing is to modify the shape and
the size and / or physical properties of the material.
Metal forming and shearing operations are done “hot” and “cold”, a reference to the
temperature of the material at the time it is being processed with respect to the temperature at
which this material can recrystallise. (i.e. grow new grain structure)
Machining or metal removal processes refer to the removal of certain selected areas from a
part to obtain a desired shape or finish. Chips are formed by interaction of a cutting tool with
the material being machined.
The cutting tools are mounted in machine tools, which provide the required movements of the
tool with respect to the work (or vice versa) to accomplish the process desired. In recent years
many new machining processes have been developed. The seven basic machining processes
are shaping, drilling, turning, milling, sawing, broaching, and abrasive machining.
Historically, eight basic types of machine tools were developed to accomplish the basic
processes. These are shapers (and planers), drill presses, lathes, boring machines, milling
machine, saws, broaches, and grinders. Many of these machine tools are capable of
performing more than one of the basic machining processes. This obvious advantage has led
to the development of machining centers specifically designed to combine many of the basic
processes, and perform other related processes, all on a single machine tool using a single
NO. KOD ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Page 10 of 11

work piece set-up. Included with the machining processes are processes wherein metal is
removed by chemical, electrical, electrochemical, or thermal sources. Generally speaking,
these non-traditional processes have evolved to fill a specific need when conventional
processes were too expensive or too slow when machining very hard materials. One of the
first uses of a laser was to machine holes in ultra high strength metals. It is being used today
to drill tiny holes in turbine blades for jet engines.

QUESTIONS:

1. How can a drafter indicate the exact specifications required on a part?

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NO. KOD ADTEC – TPS – 09.01 – P1 Page 11 of 11

________________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the purpose of

i) An assembly drawing?
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ii) A detailed drawing?

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3. What is the purpose of an orthographic view?

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4. What lines are used to show:

i) The form of a part?
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ii) The centers of holes, objects or sections?
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iii) The exposed surfaces of where a section is cut?
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RUJUKAN

1. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology ; Kalpakjian , 1995.

2. Technology of machine tool; Krar, Oswald, St. Amand, 1969.
3. Material and processes in manufacturing, E. Paul DeGarmo, JT Black, Ronald A.
Kohser, 1997.