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$ Types of Semiconductors

The sunlight hits the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) panel as electromagnetic waves. When photons from the sunlight are absorbed by the PV material, they provide enough energy for electrons to jump from the valence to conduction band. In a PV cell with a p-n junction, the electric field causes electrons to flow through an external load, powering it. Electron-hole pairs are generated when photons with energy exceeding the band gap are absorbed, and the electric field separates them, driving current flow.

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15 views2 pages

$ Types of Semiconductors

The sunlight hits the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) panel as electromagnetic waves. When photons from the sunlight are absorbed by the PV material, they provide enough energy for electrons to jump from the valence to conduction band. In a PV cell with a p-n junction, the electric field causes electrons to flow through an external load, powering it. Electron-hole pairs are generated when photons with energy exceeding the band gap are absorbed, and the electric field separates them, driving current flow.

Uploaded by

Habes Nora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Working principle

The sunlight come to the earth as electromagnetic wave and hit on the PV panel surface. The
light
reaches the PV materials; it consists of packets of energy named as photons. After light hit on
the
PV surface different events are happened; a. It can reflect, b. It can absorb and c. It can
transmit.
If the photon is absorbed by the valence electrons of the atoms of PV materials, i,e. when the
photon energy is sufficient enough then it help the electron to jumps from the conduction
band and
travelled freely. In semiconductor with p-n junction when there is electric field is applied
across
the front and back of the materials and external load is connected, then electron flows throw
the
load to complete the circuit. If the photon has less energy that needs to generate to flow
electron,
then this photon energy is absorbed by electron. It increases kinetic energy that causes
increase of
heat in the device.
Fundamental Theory
40
Photovoltaic device working process is shown in Figure 2.11 [Kalogirou09].
p-type n-type
Electron flow
direction
I
External Load

V
Figure 2.11 Photovoltaic device working process.
Figure 2.11 shows a photovoltaics cell arrangement having p-n junction, I shows current flow,
V
shows voltage across the load. When photon having more energy than band gap hit on the
surface
of a PV cell, it frees electrons with sufficient energy. Electron and hole pairs are created and
when
they are enough near to p-n junction then the electric field make them split. Hole goes to p-
type
side and electron goes to n-type side. In this condition when system is connected by wire with
an
external load the current start to flow through the wire. As long the sunlight is there the
current
continues to flow.
It is possible to calculate the number of photons from the intensity of light. The light is the
electromagnetic radiation, and it maintains the law of energy. The photon energy is given by:
𝐸𝑝 = ℎ𝑣 (2.6)
where, h is the Planks constant is 6.625 × 10−34Js, 𝑣 is frequency (s-1) and is expressed as 𝑣 =
𝑐
𝜆
Then it becomes,
𝐸𝑃 =
ℎ𝐶
𝜆
(2.7)
where, C is the speed of light, 𝜆 is wavelength. The number of photons (np) could calculate
the
intensity of light and the wavelength given by:
𝑛𝑝 =
𝐼𝑝
𝐸𝑝
(2.8)
where, Ip is the intensity of light.

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