CLASSIFICATION OF

MECHNICAL AND ELECTRICAL

SERVICES IN A BUILDING

 Mechanical systems
 Electrical systems
 Building services systems
 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN A
BUILDING
• Our modern society takes for granted a stable supply
of heat, cooling, air, water, electricity and light.
• All of these functions require a complex structure and
comprehensive management.
• Building Services Engineers use their academic
background to design, plan and monitor the
installations needed for these services, thus ensuring
the basis for the energy-efficient and sustainable
operation of our buildings and real estate.
This field has a demand for highly-qualified, analytical
and visionary people working on the following tasks:
 Planning and project work
 Designing mechanical facilities
 Construction and development of building
components and facilities
 Energy management
 Technical building management
 Consulting and inspection
HVAC SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
 HVAC systems include a range from the simplest
hand-stoked stove, used for comfort heating, to the
extremely reliable total air-conditioning systems found
in submarines and space shuttles. Cooling equipment
varies from the small domestic unit to refrigeration
machines that are 10,000 times the size, which are
used in industrial processes.
 Depending on the complexity of the requirements, the
HVAC designer must consider many more issues than
simply keeping temperatures comfortable.
 This chapter will introduce you to the fundamental
concepts that are used by designers to make
decisions about system design, operation, and
maintenance.
HISTORY OF HVAC
For millennia, people have used fire for heating. Initially,
the air required to keep the fire going ensured adequate
ventilation for the occupants. However, as central
furnaces with piped steam or hot water became
available for heating ,the need for separate ventilation
became apparent. By the late 1880s, rules of thumb for
ventilation design were developed and used in many
countries. Comfort cooling was called “air
conditioning.Our title, “HVAC,” thus captures the
development of our industry . The term “air conditioning”
has gradually changed, from meaning just cooling to the
total control of:
• Temperature
• Moisture in the air (humidity)
• Supply of outside air for ventilation
 SCOPE OF MODERN HVAC

Modern air conditioning is critical to almost every facet of

advancing human
activity. Although there have been great advances in HVAC, there
are several
areas where active research and debate continue.
Indoor air quality is one that directly affects us. In many countries o
the world
there is a rapid rise in asthmatics and increasing dissatisfaction
with indoor air
quality in buildings and planes. The causes and effects are
extremely complex.
A significant scientific and engineering field has developed to
Greenhouse gas emissions and the destruction of the earth’s prote
ozone
layer are concerns that are stimulating research. New legislation an
guidelines
are evolving that encourage: recycling; the use of new forms of ene
less
energy usage; and low polluting materials, particularly refrigerants.
these
issues have a significant impact on building design, including HVAC
systems
and the design codes.
Energy conservation is an ongoing challenge to find novel ways to
consumption in new and existing buildings without compromising co
and indoor air quality. Energy conservation requires sig
cooperation
between disciplines.
 INTRODUCTION TO AIR-
CONDITIONING PROCESSES
As mentioned earlier, the term “air conditioning,” when properly
used, now
means the total control of temperature, moisture in the air
(humidity), supply
of outside air for ventilation, filtration of airborne particles, and air
movement
in the occupied space. There are seven main processes required
to achieve full
air conditioning and they are listed and explained below:
The processes are:
1. Heating—the process of adding thermal energy (heat) to the
conditioned
space for the purposes of raising or maintaining the temperature of
3. Humidifying—the process of adding water vapor (moisture) to th
in
the conditioned space for the purposes of raising or maintaining th
moisture content of the air.
4. Dehumidifying—the process of removing water vapor (moisture)
the air in the conditioned space for the purposes of lowering or
maintaining the moisture content of the air.
5. Cleaning—the process of removing particulates (dust, etc.) and
biological
contaminants (insects, pollen, etc.) from the air delivered to the
conditioned
space for the purposes of improving or maintaining the air quality.
6. Ventilating—the process of exchanging air between the outdoor
the
conditioned space for the purposes of diluting the gaseous
contaminants in
the air and improving or maintaining air quality, composition, and
freshness.
7. Air Movement—the process of circulating and mixing air
through conditioned
spaces in the building for the purposes of achieving the proper
ventilation and facilitating the thermal energy transfer.

The requirements and importance of the seven processes

varies. In a climate
that stays warm all year, heating may not be required at all.
Conversely, in
a cold climate the periods of heat in the summer may be so
infrequent as to
make cooling unnecessary. In a dry desert climate,
dehumidification may be
 DEFINING AIR CONDITIONING
A system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature
in a
building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in
warm conditions.

The actual use of the words “air conditioning” varies considerably,

so it is
always advisable to check what is really meant. Consider, for
example, “window
air conditioners.” The vast majority provide cooling, some
dehumidification,
some filtering, and some ventilation when the outside
temperature is well
above freezing. They have no ability to heat or to humidify the
conditioned
space and do not cool if it is cold outside.
 OBJECTIVE: WHAT IS YOUR
SYSTEM TO ACHIEVE?
Before starting to design a system, it is critical that you know what
your system
is to achieve.
Often, the objective is to provide a comfortable environment for the
human
occupants, but there are many other possible objectives: creating a
suitable
environment for farm animals; regulating a hospital operating room
maintaining
cold temperatures for frozen food storage; or maintaining
temperature and
humidity to preserve wood and fiber works of art. Whatever the
situation, it
is important that the objective criteria for system success are
clearly identified
Example 1: Farm animals. The design issues are economics,
the health and
well-being of both animals and workers, plus any regulations.
Farm animal
spaces are always ventilated. Depending on the climate,
cooling and/or
heating may be provided, controlled by a simple thermostat.
The ventilation
rate may be varied to:
• Maintain indoor air quality (removal of body and excrement
fumes).
• Maintain inside design temperature (bring in cool air and
exhaust hot air).
• Remove moisture (bring in drier air and exhaust moist air).
• Change the air movement over the animals (higher air
Example 2: Hospital operating room. This is a critical environmen
served
by a dedicated air-conditioning system. The design objectives incl
• Heating, to avoid the patient from becoming too cold.
• Cooling, to prevent the members of the operating team from bec
too hot.
• Control adjustment by the operating team for temperatures betw
C
(Centigrade) and 27 C.
• Humidifying, to avoid low
• Dehumidifying, to minimize any possibility of mold and to minimiz
operating team discomfort.
• Cleaning the incoming air with very high efficiency filters, to remo
any
airborne organisms that could infect the patient.
• Ventilating, to remove airborne contaminants and to keep the the
fresh.
• Providing steady air movement from ceiling supply air outlets dow
Example 3: Frozen food storage. The ideal temperature for long
storage varies:
i.e., ice cream requires temperatures below −25 C & meat requires
temperatures below −20 C. The design challenge is to ensure that
the temperature is accurately maintained and that the temperature
is as even as possible
throughout the storage facility. Here, accurate cooling and good air
movement
are the prime issues. Although cooling and air movement are
required,
we refer to this system as a “freezer,” not as an air-conditioning
system,
because heating, ventilation, humidification, and dehumidification
are not
controlled.
Example 4: Preserving wood and fiber works of art. The
objectives in this environment are to minimize any possibility of
mold, by keeping the humidity
low, and to minimize drying out, by keeping the humidity up. In
addition,
it is important to minimize the expansion and contraction of
specimens that
can occur as the moisture content changes. As a result the
design challenge
is to maintain a very steady humidity, reasonably steady
temperature, and
to minimize required ventilation, from a system that runs
continuously.
For this situation, the humidity control is the primary issue and
temperature
control is secondary. Typically, this situation will require all seven
of