HYDROMETEOROLOGY

ADRIAN C. CHUMMAC
1. If you did not prepare well,
then you prepared yourself
to fail.
2. Do not doubt yourself.
Focus!
3. Practice makes PERFECT.
4. Pray!
The science, which deals with the occurrence,
distribution and disposal of water on the planet
earth.

a. Hydrology
b. Hydrometeorology
c. Geology
d. Hydrogeology
e. All of the above
a. Hydrology
The science, which deals with the occurrence,
distribution and disposal of water on the planet
earth.

a. Hydrology
b. Hydrometeorology – atmosphere + earth
c. Geology – study of solid earth
d. Hydrogeology – groundwater hydrology
e. All of the above
It is the vertical and horizontal movement of water
as either vapor, liquid, or solid between the earth’s
surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans.

a. Water Cycle
b. Water Transfer Cycle
c. Hydrologic Cycle
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
It is the vertical and horizontal movement of water
as either vapor, liquid, or solid between the earth’s
surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans.

a. Water Cycle
b. Water Transfer Cycle
c. Hydrologic Cycle
d. All of the above
It is the lateral movement of water in the soil.

a. Seepage
b. Infiltration
c. Percolation
d. Runoff
e. None of the above
a. Seepage
It is the lateral movement of water in the soil.

a. Seepage
b. Infiltration – entry of water into soil surface
c. Percolation – vertical movement of water in soil
d. Runoff - water flowing towards lake, river oceans
as surface or subsurface
e. None of the above
In which phases in the hydrologic cycle has the
highest residence time of water

a. Antarctic ice
b. Groundwater: deep
c. Glaciers
d. Ocean
e. Atmospheric water
b. Groundwater: deep
In which phases in the hydrologic cycle has the
highest residence time of water

a. Antarctic ice
b. Groundwater: deep
c. Glaciers
d. Ocean
e. Atmospheric water
Residence time of water in the
phases of water cycle
Atmospheric water: 9 days
Biological water (plants): 1 week
Rivers and Streams: 2-6 months
Lakes and glaciers: 20-100 years
Oceans: 3200 years
Groundwater: up to 10000 years
Percentage of earth covered by oceans is

a. 31%
b. 51%
c. 71%
d. 97%
e. None of the above
c. 71%
Percentage of earth covered by oceans is

a. 31%
b. 51%
c. 71%
d. 97%
e. None of the above
Percentage of total quantity of water in the world
that is saline is about

a. 71%
b. 33%
c. 67%
d. 97%
e. None of the above
d. 97%
Percentage of total quantity of water in the world
that is saline is about

a. 71%
b. 33%
c. 67%
d. 97%
e. None of the above
2
In the hydrological cycle the average residence time of
water in the global

a. Atmospheric moisture is larger than that in global

rivers
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global groundwater
c. Rivers is larger than that of the global groundwater
d. Oceans is larger than that of the global ground water
b. Oceans is smaller than that of
the global groundwater
In the hydrological cycle the average residence time of
water in the global

a. Atmospheric moisture is larger than that in global

rivers
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global groundwater
c. Rivers is larger than that of the global groundwater
d. Oceans is larger than that of the global ground water
A watershed has an area of 300ha. Due to a 10cm
rainfall event over the watershed, a streamflow is
generated and at the outlet of the watershed it last for
10hrs. Assuming a runoff/rainfall ratio of 0.2 for this
event, the average streamflow rate at the outlet in the
period of 10hrs is,

a. 1.33 m3/sec
b. 1.67 m3/sec
c. 100 m3/min
d. 60,000 m3/hr
e. None of the above
Given
Runoff/rainfall = 0.2
Rainfall = 10cm
Duration of runoff = 10hrs
Area of Basin = 300 ha

𝑅
= 0.2
𝑃
𝑅 = 0.2𝑃 = 0.2 10 = 2𝑐𝑚 this is the depth of runoff
𝑅 = 2𝑐𝑚 convert to flowrate
10000𝑚2 1 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑅 = 0.02𝑚 × 300 ℎ𝑎 × × = 6000 = 1.67
ℎ𝑎 10ℎ𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐
b. 1.67 m3/sec
A watershed has an area of 300ha. Due to a 10cm
rainfall event over the watershed, a streamflow is
generated and at the outlet of the watershed it last for
10hrs. Assuming a runoff/rainfall ratio of 0.2 for this
event, the average streamflow rate at the outlet in the
period of 10hrs is,

a. 1.33 m3/sec
b. 1.67 m3/sec
c. 100 m3/min
d. 60,000 m3/hr
e. None of the above
Rainfall intensity of 20mm/hr occurred over a watershed
with an area of 100ha. The rainfall last for 6hrs. The
direct runoff volume in the stream was measured and is
equal to 30,000m3. The precipitation not available to
runoff in this case is

a. 9cm
b. 3cm
c. 17.5mm
d. 5mm
e. None of the above
Hydrologic Budget Equation
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ±𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐺𝑖𝑛 − 𝐺𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐸𝑇

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + ∆𝑅 + ∆𝐺 − 𝐸𝑇
Given
Rainfall intensity = 20mm/hr = 0.02m/hr
Duration of the rainfall event = 6hrs
Area of basin = 100ha
Direct runoff volume = 30,000 m3

Solution:
𝑚 10000𝑚2
𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0.02 × 6ℎ𝑟𝑠 × 100ℎ𝑎 = 120000𝑚3
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑎
Rainfall not available to runoff is the difference of Rainfall and Runoff
From the hydrologic budget equation,

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐺𝑖𝑛 − 𝐺𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐸𝑇

±∆𝑆 + 𝐸𝑇 + 𝐺𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡

the term on left side is collectively the precipitation not available to

runoff
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 120000 − 30,000 = 90,000𝑚3

We divide it by the watershed area to express it in

terms of depth,

90,000𝑚3
= 2 = 0.09𝑚 = 9𝑐𝑚
10000𝑚
100ℎ𝑎
ℎ𝑎
a. 9cm
Rainfall intensity of 20mm/hr occurred over a watershed
with an area of 100ha. The rainfall last for 6hrs. The
direct runoff volume in the stream was measured and is
equal to 30,000m3. The precipitation not available to
runoff in this case is

a. 9cm
b. 3cm
c. 17.5mm
d. 5mm
e. None of the above
A catchment area has three distinct zones as shown
in the table below, calculate the annual runoff from
the catchment

a. 126.0cm
b. 42.0cm
c. 45.4cm
d. 47.3cm
e. None of the above
Calculate the weighted average:

𝐴1 𝑅1 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 𝑅𝑛
𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴𝑇

61 52 + 39 42 + 20 32
𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 45.4𝑐𝑚
120
c. 45.4cm
A catchment area has three distinct zones as shown
in the table below, calculate the annual runoff from
the catchment

a. 126.0cm
b. 42.0cm
c. 45.4cm
d. 47.3cm
e. None of the above
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the
beginning of the month. At the same month, lake received an average
inflow of 6 c.m.s. from surface runoff sources. For the same period, the
outflow from the lake had an average value of 6.5 c.m.s. Further, in the
same month the lake received a rainfall of 145mm and losses due to
evaporation of 6.1 cm. Assume the area of the lake is 5000 has. and
assume no contribution from ground water storage. What is the water
surface elevation of the lake after the month?

a. 103.301m
b. 103.401m
c. 103.258m
d. 102.258m
e. None of the above
Given:
Area = 5,000 ha
Time/Duration = 1 month = 30 days
Initial water surface elevation = 103.2m
Runoff Inflow = 6 cms
Runoff outflow = 6.5 cms
Rainfall = 145 mm
Evaporation = 6.1 cm
Assume no ground water flow

Solution:

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + ∆𝑅 + ∆𝐺 − 𝐸𝑇

Since there will be no groundwater flow,

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + ∆𝑅 − 𝐸𝑇
±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐸𝑇

Consistent units
 𝑚3 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐 24ℎ𝑟
𝑅𝑖𝑛 =6 × × × 30𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 15,552,000𝑚3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 1ℎ𝑟 1𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐 24ℎ𝑟
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 6.5 × × × 30𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 16,848,000𝑚3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 1ℎ𝑟 1𝑑𝑎𝑦

1
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 15,552,000𝑚3
× 2
= 0.31104𝑚 = 311.04𝑚𝑚
5000ℎ𝑎 × 10000𝑚 ℎ𝑎
3
1
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 16,848,000𝑚 × 2
= 0.33696𝑚 = 336.96𝑚𝑚
5000ℎ𝑎 × 10000𝑚 ℎ𝑎

𝑃 = 145𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑇 = 6.1𝑐𝑚 = 61𝑚𝑚

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐸𝑇 = 145 + 311.04 − 336.96 − 61 = 58.08𝑚𝑚

±∆𝑆 = 58.08𝑚𝑚 this is the depth increase in the lake,

The new water level is,

= initial water level + change in storage

= 103.2m + 0.05808m
= 103.258 meters above the datum
c. 103.258m
A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the
beginning of the month. At the same month, lake received an average
inflow of 6 c.m.s. from surface runoff sources. For the same period, the
outflow from the lake had an average value of 6.5 c.m.s. Further, in the
same month the lake received a rainfall of 145mm and losses due to
evaporation of 6.1 cm. Assume the area of the lake is 5000 has. and
assume no contribution from ground water storage. What is the water
surface elevation of the lake after the month?

a. 103.301m
b. 103.401m
c. 103.258m
d. 102.258m
e. None of the above
A lake has an area of 10 km2. During a specific month the
lake evaporation was 90 mm. During the same month the
inflow to the lake from a river was on average 1.1 m3/s and
the outflow from the lake via another river was on average
1.2 m3/s. Also, for the same month a water level increase of
100 mm for the lake was observed. What is the precipitation
during the month? Assume: no groundwater flow.

a. 181.08mm
b. 164.08mm
c. 215.92mm
d. 191.08mm
e. None of the above
Given:

Area of lake = 10 km2

Evaporation = 90mm
Runoff inflow = 1.1 c.m.s
Runoff outflow = 1.2 c.m.s
Change in storage = 100mm

To find the value of precipitation, we re-arrange

hydrologic budget eq.

±∆𝑆 = 𝑃 + ∆𝑅 + ∆𝐺 − 𝐸𝑇
𝑃 = ∆𝑆 − ∆𝑅 + 𝐸𝑇
𝑃 = ∆𝑆 − 𝑅𝑖𝑛 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑇
Convert the units of the parameter in consistent units,

𝑚3 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐 24ℎ𝑟
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 1.1 × × × 30𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 2,851,200𝑚3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐 24ℎ𝑟
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.2 × × × 30𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3,110,400𝑚3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

1
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 2,851,200𝑚3 × = 0.28512𝑚 = 285.12𝑚𝑚
10𝑘𝑚2 × 1000𝑚 1𝑘𝑚 2

1
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 3,110,400𝑚3 × = 0.31104𝑚 = 311.04𝑚𝑚
10𝑘𝑚2 × 1000𝑚 1𝑘𝑚 2

We plug the values into our equation to solve for P,

𝑃 = 100 − 285.12 − 311.04 + 90 = 215.92𝑚𝑚

The precipitation for that month is 215.92 mm

c. 215.92mm
A lake has an area of 10 km2. During a specific month the
lake evaporation was 90 mm. During the same month the
inflow to the lake from a river was on average 1.1 m3/s and
the outflow from the lake via another river was on average
1.2 m3/s. Also, for the same month a water level increase of
100 mm for the lake was observed. What is the precipitation
during the month? Assume: no groundwater flow.

a. 181.08mm
b. 164.08mm
c. 215.92mm
d. 191.08mm
e. None of the above
An area that topographically appears to contribute
all the water that passes through a specified cross
section of a stream (the outlet).

a. Watershed
b. Catchment area
c. Drainage basin
d. River basin
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
An area that topographically appears to contribute
all the water that passes through a specified cross
section of a stream (the outlet).

a. Watershed
b. Catchment area
c. Drainage basin
d. River basin
e. All of the above
Watershed divide - the boundary line
along topographic ridges that separates
two adjacent watershed.

Tributaries - these are stream that flows

into a larger stream or other body of
water.

Headwater - “first order streams”,

smallest streams at the outer limits of a
watershed.

Outlet - single point or location at which

all surface drainage from a basin comes
together or concentrates as outflow
from the basin in the stream channel.
Portion of the precipitation that makes way towards
stream channels, lakes, oceans as surface or
subsurface flow.

a. Streamflow
b. Runoff
c. Infiltration
d. Seepage
e. Virga
b. Runoff
Portion of the precipitation that makes way towards
stream channels, lakes, oceans as surface or
subsurface flow.

a. Streamflow
b. Runoff
c. Infiltration
d. Seepage
e. Virga
Baseflow is also called as

a. Groundwater flow
b. Interflow
c. Overland flow
d. Superfluous water
e. None of the above
a. Groundwater flow
Baseflow is also called as

a. Groundwater flow
b. Interflow – subsurface flow
c. Overland flow – surface runoff
d. Superfluous water – gravitational water
e. None of the above
 ________________ provides the relationship between
stream stage and discharge.

a. Stage
b. Hydrograph
c. Rating curve
d. Unit hydrograph
e. None of the above
c. Rating curve
________________ provides the relationship between
stream stage and discharge.

a. Stage – height of water level in a stream

b. Hydrograph – graph of runoff vs time
c. Rating curve
d. Unit hydrograph – graph of 1 unit direct runoff vs.
time
e. None of the above
In a watershed,

a. Faster peak flows occur in flat watershed than in steep

watershed.
b. Faster time to peak flows occur in an elongated
watershed than circular watershed.
c. Longer time to peak flows occur in watershed with dense
drainage than in less dense drainage.
d. Larger watershed produces larger runoff than smaller
watershed.
e. Storm moving towards upstream produces larger
streamflow and shorter time to peak than storm moving
towards downstream.
d. Larger watershed produces larger
runoff than smaller watershed.
In a watershed,

a. Faster peak flows occur in flat watershed than in steep

watershed.
b. Faster time to peak flows occur in an elongated
watershed than circular watershed.
c. Longer time to peak flows occur in watershed with dense
drainage than in less dense drainage.
d. Larger watershed produces larger runoff than smaller
watershed.
e. Moving storm towards upstream produces larger
streamflow and shorter time to peak for storm moving
towards downstream.
A graduated scale placed in a position so that the
stage of a stream may be read directly therefrom.

a. Staff gauge
b. Current meter
c. Wire-weight gauge
d. Measuring stick
e. None of the above
a. Staff gauge
A graduated scale placed in a position so that the
stage of a stream may be read directly therefrom.

a. Staff gauge
b. Current meter
c. Wire-weight gauge
d. Measuring stick
e. None of the above
By float method, the surface water velocity of a stream
was 0.5 meter per sec. The estimated cross sectional
area of the stream was 4.86 m2. What is the average
discharge of the stream?

a. 1.494 m3/sec
b. 1944 lps
c. 7 m3/min
d. 0.90 lpm
e. None of the above
Given:

Cross-sectional area = 4.86m2

Surface Velocity = 0.5m/s

Solution:
Relation of surface and average velocity of water in a
stream,

𝑉 = 0.8𝑉𝑠
𝑉 = 0.8 0.5 = 0.4𝑚/𝑠

𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 4.86 0.4 = 1.944 = 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝒍𝒑𝒔
𝑠
b. 1944 lps
By float method, the surface water velocity of a stream
was 0.5 meter per sec. The estimated cross sectional
area of the stream was 4.86 m2. What is the average
discharge of the stream?

a. 1.494 m3/sec
b. 1944 lps
c. 7 m3/min
d. 0.90 lpm
e. None of the above
Relation of surface and average velocity of water in
a stream,

𝑉 = 0.8𝑉𝑠

If current meter is used (for larger stream), stream

is divided into subsection. Discharge is calculated
as,
𝑄𝑇 = 𝐴𝑖 𝑉𝑖
Break Muna Tayo!
Graphical representation of runoff rate over time.

a. Unit hydrograph
b. Rating curve
c. Log-probability graph
d. Hydrograph
e. Streamflow graph
d. Hydrograph
Graphical representation of runoff rate over time.

a. Unit hydrograph
b. Rating curve
c. Log-probability graph
d. Hydrograph
e. Streamflow graph
Time to Peak – it is the time from the beginning of the rising limb
to the occurrence of the peak discharge.
Time of Concentration – it is the time required for water to travel
from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin
outlet.
Lag Time – it is the time between the center of mass of the
effective rainfall hyetograph and the center of mass of the direct
runoff hydrograph.
Time Base – it is the duration of the direct runoff hydrograph.
Effective rainfall

excess rainfall, is the amount of

rainfall that becomes the direct
runoff at the watershed outlet.
Effective rainfall is the result of the
total or gross rainfall after losses
are deducted.
Some of the losses includes
infiltration and absorb by the soil
and rainfall stored in depressions.
Hydrograph was made of ___________________.

a. Direct runoff only

b. Overland flow, interflow and baseflow
c. Interflow and base flow
d. Direct runoff and interflow
e. None of the above
b. Overland flow, interflow and
baseflow
Hydrograph was made of ___________________.

a. Direct runoff only

b. Overland flow, interflow and baseflow
c. Interflow and base flow
d. Direct runoff and interflow
e. None of the above
Direct runoff hydrograph from a unit excess
precipitation that occurs uniformly over a basin.

a. Streamflow hydrograph
b. Total hydrograph
c. Unit hydrograph
d. Hydrograph
e. All of the above
c. Unit hydrograph
Direct runoff hydrograph from a unit excess
precipitation that occurs uniformly over a basin.

a. Streamflow hydrograph
b. Total hydrograph
c. Unit hydrograph
d. Hydrograph
e. All of the above
• xsx
Unit hydrograph is made of

a. Direct runoff only

b. Overland flow, interflow and baseflow
c. Interflow and base flow
d. Direct runoff and interflow
e. None of the above
a. Direct runoff only
Unit hydrograph is made of

a. Direct runoff only

b. Overland flow, interflow and baseflow
c. Interflow and base flow
d. Direct runoff and interflow
e. None of the above
A chart or function describing the temporal
distribution of precipitation during a storm event, at
a point, or over an area.

a. Hyetograph
b. Hydrograph
c. Hodograph
d. None of the above
a. Hyetograph
A chart or function describing the temporal
distribution of precipitation during a storm event, at
a point, or over an area.

a. Hyetograph
b. Hydrograph
c. Hodograph
d. None of the above
After a 2-hour storm, a station downstream from a
45 square mile drainage basin measures 9400 cfs as
a peak discharge and 3300 acre-feet as total runoff.
Find the 2-hour unit hydrograph peak discharge.

a. 8,800 cfs
b. 6,800 cfs
c. 9,400 cfs
d. 3,300 cfs
Given:
Area = 45 mi2
Peak Q = 9400 cfs
Total runoff = 3300 acre-ft

Find the volume of direct runoff for a 1in. rainfall,

2
5280𝑓𝑡 1𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 1𝑓𝑡
𝑉 = 45𝑚𝑖 2 × × × 1𝑖𝑛 = 2400 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖 43560𝑓𝑡 2 12𝑖𝑛
Next is to find the rainfall that produces

𝑄𝑝 = 9400 𝑐𝑓𝑠; 𝑄𝑇 = 3300 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 ∙ 𝑓𝑡

So,
1𝑖𝑛 𝑥
=
2400 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3300 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 ∙ 𝑓𝑡

𝑥 = 1.375 𝑖𝑛.
By ratio and proportion, we can solve the Q peak for the unit hydrograph,

1 𝑖𝑛 1.375 𝑖𝑛
=
𝑥 9400 𝑐𝑓𝑠

𝑥 = 6836.36 𝑐𝑓𝑠
b. 6800 cfs
After a 2-hour storm, a station downstream from a
45 square mile drainage basin measures 9400 cfs as
a peak discharge and 3300 acre-feet as total runoff.
Find the 2-hour unit hydrograph peak discharge.

a. 8,800 cfs
b. 6,800 cfs
c. 9,400 cfs
d. 3,300 cfs
Refer to the previous problem, what would be the
peak runoff and design flood volume if a 2-hour
storm dropped 2.5 inches of net precipitation?

a. 17000 cfs, 7000 acre-ft

b. 71000 cfs, 8000 acre-ft
c. 17000 cfs, 6000 acre-ft
d. 17000 cfs, 7500 acre-ft
e. 71000 cfs, 5000 acre-ft
We have computed the volume of runoff and peak
discharge for the 2-hr unit hydrograph, if the storm
produces 2.5 in. excess rainfall the peak runoff and
design flood volume is,

1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 2.5 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ

Qpeak = 6800 x 2.5 = 17000 cfs =
6800 𝑐𝑓𝑠 𝑥

1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 2.5 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ

Runoff = 2400 x 2.5 = 6000 acre-ft
2400 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒∙𝑓𝑡
= 𝑥
c. 17000 cfs, 6000 acre-ft
Refer to the previous problem, what would be the
peak runoff and design flood volume if a 2-hour
storm dropped 2.5 inches of net precipitation?

a. 17000 cfs, 7000 acre-ft

b. 71000 cfs, 8000 acre-ft
c. 17000 cfs, 6000 acre-ft
d. 17000 cfs, 7500 acre-ft
e. 71000 cfs, 5000 acre-ft
The science and practice of water flow
measurement is

a. Hypsometry
b. Fluvimetry
c. Hydro-meteorology
d. Hydrometry
e. Weirs
d. Hydrometry
The science and practice of water flow
measurement is

a. Hypsometry - measurement of the elevation and

depth of features of the Earth's surface
b. Fluvimetry – walang ganitong term
c. Hydro-meteorology
d. Hydrometry
e. Weirs – control structures in canals or streams
The following is not a direct stream flow
determination technique

a. Dilution method
b. Ultrasonic method
c. Area-velocity method
d. Slope-area method
e. None of the above
d. Slope-area method
The following is not a direct stream flow
determination technique

a. Dilution method
b. Ultrasonic method
c. Area-velocity method
d. Slope-area method
e. None of the above
Direct runoff is composed of

a. Surface runoff, prompt interflow and channel

precipitation
b. Surface runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration
c. Overland flow and infiltration
d. Rainfall and evaporation
e. None of the above
a. Surface runoff, prompt interflow
and channel precipitation
Direct runoff is composed of

a. Surface runoff, prompt interflow and channel

precipitation
b. Surface runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration
c. Overland flow and infiltration
d. Rainfall and evaporation
e. None of the above
A mean annual runoff of 1 m3/s from catchment of
area 31.54 km2 represent an effective rainfall of

a. 100 cm
b. 1.0 cm
c. 100 mm
d. 3.17cm
e. None of the above
Given:

Mean Annual Runoff (effective rainfall) = 1m3/sec

Area = 31.54 km2

Solution:

Find the total volume in 1 year

𝑚3 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐 24ℎ𝑟 365𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑄=1 × × × = 31,536,000𝑚3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑄 31,536,000𝑚3
𝐷𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑅 = = 2 = 1.003𝑚 ≈ 100 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 1000𝑚
31.45𝑘𝑚2 ×
1𝑘𝑚
a. 100 cm
A mean annual runoff of 1 m3/s from catchment of
area 31.54 km2 represent an effective rainfall of

a. 100 cm
b. 1.0 cm
c. 100 mm
d. 3.17cm
e. None of the above
The term base flow denotes

a. Delayed groundwater flow reaching a stream

b. Delayed groundwater flow and snowmelt reaching
a stream
c. Delayed groundwater and interflow
d. Annual minimum flow in a stream
e. None of the above
a. Delayed groundwater flow
reaching a stream
The term base flow denotes

a. Delayed groundwater flow reaching a stream

b. Delayed groundwater flow and snowmelt reaching
a stream
c. Delayed groundwater and interflow
d. Annual minimum flow in a stream
e. None of the above
An intermittent stream

a. Has water table above the stream bed through out the
year
b. Has only flash flows in response to storms
c. Has flows in the stream during wet season due to
contribution of groundwater
d. Does not have any contribution of groundwater at any
time
e. None of the above
c. Has flows in the stream during wet season
due to contribution of groundwater
An intermittent stream

a. Has water table above the stream bed through out the
year
b. Has only flash flows in response to storms
c. Has flows in the stream during wet season due to
contribution of groundwater
d. Does not have any contribution of groundwater at any
time
e. None of the above
Intermittent stream - A stream that carries water a
considerable portion of the time, but that ceases to
flow occasionally or seasonally because bed
seepage and evapotranspiration exceed the
available water supply.

Ephemeral stream - A stream channel that carries

water only during and immediately after periods of
rainfall or snowmelt.

Perennial stream - A stream that contains water at

all times except during extreme drought.
For a given storm, assuming other factors remain
constant

a. Basin having low drainage density give smaller peaks

in flood hydrograph
b. Basin with large drainage densities give smaller flood
peaks
c. Low drainage density basins give shorter time bases
of hydrograph
d. Flood peak is independent of the drainage density
e. Large drainage density basins produce longer time
bases of hydrograph
a. Basin having low drainage density
give smaller peaks in flood hydrograph
For a given storm, assuming other factors remain
constant

a. Basin having low drainage density give smaller peaks

in flood hydrograph
b. Basin with large drainage densities give smaller flood
peaks
c. Low drainage density basins give shorter time bases
of hydrograph
d. Flood peak is independent of the drainage density
e. Large drainage density basins produce longer time
bases of hydrograph
A unit hydrograph has one unit of

a. Peak discharge
b. Direct runoff
c. Rainfall duration
d. Time base of direct runoff
e. None of the above
b. Direct runoff
A unit hydrograph has one unit of

a. Peak discharge
b. Direct runoff
c. Rainfall duration
d. Time base of direct runoff
e. None of the above
Groundwater is also known as

a. Water table
b. Saturated zone
c. Vadose zone
d. Phreatic water
e. All of the above
d. Phreatic water
Groundwater is also known as

a. Water table
b. Saturated zone
c. Vadose zone
d. Phreatic water
e. All of the above
A rise in a liquid above the level of zero pressure due
to a net upward force produced by the attraction of
the water molecules to a solid surface.

a. Surface tension
b. Capillary rise
c. Upwelling
d. Downwelling
e. None of the above
b. Capillary rise
A rise in a liquid above the level of zero pressure due
to a net upward force produced by the attraction of
the water molecules to a solid surface.

a. Surface tension
b. Capillary rise
c. Upwelling
d. Downwelling
e. None of the above
A water bearing geologic formation or stratum
capable of transmitting water through its pores at a
rate sufficient for economic extraction by wells.

a. Aquiclude
b. Aquifer
c. Aquifuge
d. Aquitard
e. All of the above
b. Aquifer
A water bearing geologic formation or stratum
capable of transmitting water through its pores at a
rate sufficient for economic extraction by wells.

a. Aquiclude
b. Aquifer
c. Aquifuge
d. Aquitard
e. All of the above
Types of groundwater geologic
formations
1. Aquifer - A water bearing geologic formation or stratum capable of
transmitting water through its pores at a rate sufficient for economic
extraction by wells. The ease transmission of water in due to its high
permeability. Formations of good aquifers have unconsolidated sand
and gravel.
2. Aquiclude - A geologic formation, which can absorb water but cannot
transmit significant amounts. Clay formations are example of an
aquiclude.
3. Aquitard - A geologic formation of rather impervious nature, which
transmits water at a slow rate compared to an aquifer (insufficient for
pumping from wells). Aquitard formations are sandy clay.
4. Aquifuge - A geologic formation with no interconnected pores and
hence can neither absorb nor transmit water. These are formations
made of massive compact rocks without any fractures.
Geologic formation arranged in decreasing
economic considerations.

a. Aquifer, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge

b. Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude, Aquifuge
c. Aquifer, Aquifuge, Aquiclude, Aquitard
d. Aquifuge, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifer
e. Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquifuge, Aquiclude
a. Aquifer, Aquiclude, Aquitard,
Aquifuge
Geologic formation arranged in decreasing
economic considerations.

a. Aquifer, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge

b. Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude, Aquifuge
c. Aquifer, Aquifuge, Aquiclude, Aquitard
d. Aquifuge, Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifer
e. Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquifuge, Aquiclude
Well drilled into an artesian aquifer and water rises
above the ground like a spring.

a. Free flowing well

b. Non-free flowing well
c. Water table wells
d. Shallow well
e. None of the above
a. Free flowing well
Well drilled into an artesian aquifer and water rises
above the ground like a spring.

a. Free flowing well

b. Non-free flowing well
c. Water table wells
d. Shallow well
e. None of the above
Measures the water bearing capacity of a geologic
formation.

a. Porosity
b. Void ratio
c. Specific retention
d. Specific yield
e. Storage coefficient
a. Porosity
Measures the water bearing capacity of a geologic
formation.

a. Porosity
b. Void ratio
c. Specific retention
d. Specific yield
e. Storage coefficient
Why porosity is a measure of water bearing capacity
of a geologic formation?

𝑉𝑉
𝑛=
𝑉𝑇

Where, 𝑛 – porosity
𝑉𝑉 – void volume
𝑉𝑇 – total soil volume/soil bulk volume
The percentage volume of water of an aquifer, which
will not drain by gravity.

a. Specific retention
b. Specific yield
c. Storage coefficient
d. Transmissibility
e. Porosity
a. Specific retention
The percentage volume of water of an aquifer, which
will not drain by gravity.

a. Specific retention
b. Specific yield
c. Storage coefficient
d. Transmissibility
e. Porosity
Specific retention – volume of water expressed as
percentage of the total volume of saturated aquifer
which will not drain by gravity. It is the ratio of the
volume of water it will retain after saturation against
the force of gravity to its own volume (it
corresponds to the soil moisture at “field capacity”).

𝑤𝑟
𝑆𝑟 =
𝑉𝑇

Where, 𝑆𝑟 – specific retention

𝑤𝑟 – volume of water retained
𝑉𝑇 – soil bulk volume
Specific yield – volume of water expressed as a
percentage of the total volume of the saturated
aquifer that will drain by gravity when the water
table drops due to pumping or drainage. It is the
ratio of the volume of water that, after saturation,
can be drained by gravity to its own volume.

𝑤𝑦
𝑆𝑦 =
𝑉𝑇

Where, 𝑆𝑦 – specific yield

𝑤𝑦 – volume of water drained
𝑉𝑇 – soil bulk volume
The relationship of porosity, specific yield and
specific retention is given by,

𝑛 = 𝑆𝑦 + 𝑆𝑟

Where, 𝑛 – porosity
𝑆𝑦 – specific yield
𝑆𝑟 – specific retention
It is the volume of water that an aquifer releases from or
takes into storage per unit surface area of aquifer per
unit change in the component of head normal to that
surface

a. Specific retention
b. Specific yield
c. Storage coefficient
d. Transmissibility
e. Porosity
c. Storage coefficient
It is the volume of water that an aquifer releases from or
takes into storage per unit surface area of aquifer per
unit change in the component of head normal to that
surface

a. Specific retention
b. Specific yield
c. Storage coefficient
d. Transmissibility
e. Porosity
For unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is the same of
specific yield, 𝑆𝑦 .

For confined aquifer,

1 1
𝑆 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑛𝑏 +
𝐾𝑤 𝑛𝐸𝑠

Where, 𝑆 – storage coefficient

𝛾𝑤 – specific weight of water
𝑛 – porosity, decimal
𝑏 – thickness of confined aquifer
𝐾𝑤 – bulk modulus of elasticity of water (2.2
GN/m2)
𝐸𝑠 - modulus of compressibility (elasticity) of the
soil grains of the aquifer
Storage coefficient is used to estimate the change in ground
water storage as a result of ground water table or
piezometric surface fluctuation,

∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 = 𝐴𝑎𝑞 × ∆𝐺𝑊𝑇 × 𝑆𝑦 for unconfined aquifer

∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 = 𝐴𝑎𝑞 × 𝑝𝑠 × 𝑆 for confined aquifer

Where, ∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 - change in ground water storage, 𝑚3

𝐴𝑎𝑞 – involve area of the aquifer, 𝑚2
𝑝𝑠 - peizometric surface fluctuation, 𝑚
∆𝐺𝑊𝑇 - ground water table fluctuation, 𝑚
𝑆𝑦 – specific yield, decimal
𝑆 – storage coefficient (confined aquifer), decimal
Estimate the average drawdown over an area where 25
million m3 of water has been pumped through a number
of uniformly distributed wells. The area is 150 km2 and
the specific yield of the unconfined aquifer is 25%.

a. 0.67
b. 0.76
c. 6.70m
d. 67.0m
e. None of the above
Given:

Volume of water release, ∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 = 25 Mm3

Area of aquifer = 150 km2
Specific yield = 25% or 0.25 (this is also the storage
coefficient for unconfined aquifer)

calculate the drawdown, drawdown is also the ground

water fluctuation or the peizometric fluctuation,

∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 = 𝐴𝑎𝑞 × ∆𝐺𝑊𝑇 × 𝑆𝑦

∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 25 × 106 𝑚3
∆𝐺𝑊𝑇 = = = 0.67𝑚
𝐴𝑎𝑞 × 𝑆𝑦 150𝑘𝑚2 1000𝑚 𝑘𝑚 2 × 0.25
a. 0.67m
Estimate the average drawdown over an area where 25
million m3 of water has been pumped through a number
of uniformly distributed wells. The area is 150 km2 and
the specific yield of the unconfined aquifer is 25%.

a. 0.67
b. 0.76
c. 6.70m
d. 67.0m
e. None of the above
Determine the volume of water release by lowering the
piezometric surface of a confined aquifer by 5 meters
over an area of A = 1km2. The aquifer is 35-meter thick
and has storage coefficient of 8.3 x 10-3.

a. 51000 cu.m
b. 45000 cu.m
c. 14000 cu.m
d. 41000 cu.m
e. None of the above
Given:

S = 8.3 x 10-3
Area = 1 km2
Drawdown = 5m (peizometric fluctuation)
Thickness of the confined aquifer = 35m

Remember the definition of the storage coefficient, volume of

water release per unit area per unit drawdown,

to solve the water being release or extracted,

∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 = 𝐴𝑎𝑞 × 𝑝𝑠 × 𝑆

2
2
1000𝑚
∆𝐺𝑊𝑆 = 1𝑘𝑚 × × 5𝑚 × 8.3 × 10−3 = 41,500𝑚3
𝑘𝑚
d. 41000 cu.m
Determine the volume of water release by lowering the
piezometric surface of a confined aquifer by 5 meters
over an area of A = 1km2. The aquifer is 35-meter thick
and has storage coefficient of 8.3 x 10-3.

a. 51000 cu.m
b. 45000 cu.m
c. 14000 cu.m
d. 41000 cu.m
e. None of the above
A stream that provides water to the water table is
termed

a. Affluent
b. Influent
c. Ephemeral
d. Effluent
e. Perennial
b. Influent
A stream that provides water to the water table is
termed

a. Affluent
b. Influent
c. Ephemeral
d. Effluent
e. Perennial
Affluent – other term for tributary

(a) Effluent streams - when the water (b) Influent stream – water from
table intersects the stream channel, the streams move towards the
water from water table moves toward water table.
the stream
Surface joining the static water levels in several
wells penetrating a confined aquifer

a. Water table surface

b. Piezometric surface
c. Capilliary fringe
d. Cone of depression
e. None of the above
b. Piezometric surface
Surface joining the static water levels in several
wells penetrating a confined aquifer

a. Water table surface

b. Piezometric surface
c. Capilliary fringe
d. Cone of depression
e. None of the above
Flowing artesian wells are expected in areas where

a. Water table is very close to the land surface

b. Aquifer is confined
c. Elevation of the piezometric head line is above
the elevation of the ground surface
d. The rainfall is intense
e. All of the above
c. Elevation of the piezometric head line is
above the elevation of the ground surface
Flowing artesian wells are expected in areas where

a. Water table is very close to the land surface

b. Aquifer is confined
c. Elevation of the piezometric head line is above
the elevation of the ground surface
d. The rainfall is intense
e. All of the above
Water present in artesian aquifer is usually

a. At sub atmospheric pressure

b. At atmospheric pressure
c. At 0.5 times the atmospheric pressure
d. Above atmospheric pressure
e. None of the above
d. Above atmospheric pressure
Water present in artesian aquifer is usually

a. At sub atmospheric pressure

b. At atmospheric pressure
c. At 0.5 times the atmospheric pressure
d. Above atmospheric pressure
e. None of the above
The volume of water that can be extracted by force
of gravity from a unit volume of aquifer material is
called

a. Specific retention
b. Specific storage
c. Specific yield
d. Specific capacity
e. None of the above
c. Specific yield
The volume of water that can be extracted by force
of gravity from a unit volume of aquifer material is
called

a. Specific retention
b. Specific storage
c. Specific yield
d. Specific capacity
e. None of the above
Lunch muna tayo
Which pair of terms used in groundwater hydrology
are not synonymous?

a. Permeability and hydraulic conductivity

b. Actual velocity of flow and discharge velocity
c. Water table aquifer and unconfined aquifer
d. Storage coefficient and storativity
e. Artesian aquifer and confined aquifer
b. Actual velocity of flow and
discharge velocity
Which pair of terms used in groundwater hydrology
are not synonymous?

a. Permeability and hydraulic conductivity

b. Actual velocity of flow and discharge velocity
c. Water table aquifer and unconfined aquifer
d. Storage coefficient and storativity
e. Artesian aquifer and confined aquifer
Two observation wells penetrating into a confined aquifer are
located 1.5 km apart in the direction of flow. Heads of 45m
and 20m are indicated at these two observation wells. If the
coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 30m/day and the
porosity is 0.25, determine the time of travel of an inert
tracer from one well to another.

a. 417 days
b. 500 days
c. 750 days
d. 3000 days
e. None of the above
Remember the Darcy’s velocity equation,

𝑉 = 𝐾𝑖

Where, 𝑉 – discharge velocity of flow though the aquifer

𝐾 – coefficient of permeability of the aquifer soil
𝑖 – hydraulic gradient

Actual velocity is calculated as,

𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑛

Where 𝑉 – discharge velocity of flow though the aquifer

𝑛 – porosity
Given:

Head observation well 1 = 45m

Head observation well 2 = 20m
Porosity = 0.25
Permeability = 30m/day
Distance between wells = 1.5 km

To calculate the time of travel for an inert tracer from one well to
other, remember the darcy’s velocity equation

𝑉 = 𝐾𝑖
Substituting the equation for the hydraulic gradient, discharge
velocity becomes

∆ℎ 𝐻2 −𝐻1 𝑚 45𝑚−20𝑚
𝑉=𝐾 =𝐾 = 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 0.5𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐿 𝐿 1.5𝑘𝑚 1000𝑚 𝑘𝑚
We need the actual velocity,

𝑉 0.5𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 2𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑛 0.25

Solving for the time required for an inert tracer to

travel in 1.5km,

𝐿 1500𝑚
𝑡= = = 750 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡 2𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
c. 750 days
Two observation wells penetrating into a confined aquifer are
located 1.5 km apart in the direction of flow. Heads of 45m
and 20m are indicated at these two observation wells. If the
coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 30m/day and the
porosity is 0.25, determine the time of travel of an inert
tracer from one well to another.

a. 417 days
b. 500 days
c. 750 days
d. 3000 days
e. None of the above
Darcy’s law is valid in porous media flow if the
Reynolds number is less than unity. This Reynolds
number is defined as

a. (discharge velocity x maximum grain size)/μ

b. (actual velocity x average grain size)/μ
c. (discharge velocity x average grain size)/μ
d. (discharge velocity x pore size)/μ
e. None of the above
c. (discharge velocity x average
grain size)/μ
Darcy’s law is valid in porous media flow if the
Reynolds number is less than unity. This Reynolds
number is defined as

a. (discharge velocity x maximum grain size)/μ

b. (actual velocity x average grain size)/μ
c. (discharge velocity x average grain size)/μ
d. (discharge velocity x pore size)/μ
e. None of the above
It is the flow capacity of an aquifer per unit width under
unit hydraulic gradient and is equal to the product of
permeability times the saturated thickness of the
aquifer.

a. Specific retention
b. Specific yield
c. Storage capacity
d. Transmissibility
e. Specific capacity
d. Transmissibility
It is the flow capacity of an aquifer per unit width under
unit hydraulic gradient and is equal to the product of
permeability times the saturated thickness of the
aquifer.

a. Specific retention
b. Specific yield
c. Storage capacity
d. Transmissibility
e. Specific capacity
𝑇 = 𝐾𝑏 For confined aquifer
𝑇 = 𝐾𝐻 For unconfined aquifer

Where, 𝐾 - coefficient of permeability of the aquifer soil

𝑏 – thickness of the confined aquifer
𝐻 – saturated thickness of unconfined aquifer
A 20-cm well penetrates 30 m below static water level
(ground water table level). After a long period of
pumping at a rate of 1800 lpm, the drawdowns in the
observation wells at 12m and 36 m from the pumped
well are 1.2m and 0.5m, respectively. Calculate the
transmissibility of the aquifer.

a. 666.3 m2/day
b. 333.1 m2/day
c. 11.11 m2/day
d. 380.8 m2/day
e. None of the above
Water yield for a steady radial flow

𝜋𝐾 ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2
𝑄=
𝑟
ln 2
𝑟1

𝑄 – water yield

ℎ2 = 𝐻 − 𝑠2
ℎ1 = 𝐻 − 𝑠1
𝐾 – hydraulic conductivity
𝑠2 – drawdown in observation well 2
𝑠1 – drawdown in observation well 1
𝑟2 – distance of well to observation well 2
𝑟1 –distance of well to observation well 1
 A 20-cm well penetrates 30 m below static water level
Given: (ground water table level). After a long period of pumping at
a rate of 1800 lpm, the drawdowns in the observation wells
at 12m and 36 m from the pumped well are 1.2m and 0.5m,
Dia. of pumped well = 20cm = 0.2m respectively. Calculate the transmissibility of the aquifer.
H = 30m (unconfined aquifer)
Q = 1800 lpm (liters per minute) = 1.8 m3/min
Drawdown at obs. well 1 = 1.2m
Drawdown at obs. well 2 = 0.5m
Distance of obs. well 1 to pumped well = 12m
Distance of obs. well 2 to pumped well = 36m

To solve the transmissibility, we need to calculate the hydraulic

conductivity of the aquifer from the relation,

𝜋𝐾 ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2
𝑄=
𝑟
ln 𝑟2
1
ℎ2 = 𝐻 − 𝑠2 = 30𝑚 − 0.5𝑚 = 29.5𝑚
ℎ1 = 𝐻 − 𝑠1 = 30𝑚 − 1.2𝑚 = 28.8𝑚

𝑟
𝑄 ln 𝑟2
1
𝐾=
𝜋 ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2

𝑚3 36𝑚
1.8 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ln 12𝑚 𝑚
𝐾= = 0.01542 = 22.21 𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
2
𝜋 (29.5𝑚) −(28.8𝑚) 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛

For unconfined aquifer, transmissibility is given by

𝑇 = 𝐾𝐻

𝑚
𝑇 = 22.21 × 30𝑚 = 666.3 𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦
a. 666.3 m2/day
A 20-cm well penetrates 30 m below static water level
(ground water table level). After a long period of
pumping at a rate of 1800 lpm, the drawdowns in the
observation wells at 12m and 36 m from the pumped
well are 1.2m and 0.5m, respectively. Calculate the
transmissibility of the aquifer.

a. 666.3 m2/day
b. 333.1 m2/day
c. 11.11 m2/day
d. 380.8 m2/day
e. None of the above
Same in the previous problem, determine the
drawdown in the pumped well if the radius of
influence is 300m.

a. 4.96m
b. 1.36m
c. 2.56m
d. 9.06m
e. None of the above
Water yield of a steady
radial flow well

2𝜋𝑇 𝐻 − ℎ𝑤
𝑄=
𝑅
ln 𝑟
𝑤

𝑇 = 𝐾𝐻 for unconfined aquifer

𝑇 = 𝐾𝑏 for confined aquifer
 A 20-cm well penetrates 30 m below static water level
Given: (ground water table level). After a long period of pumping at
a rate of 1800 lpm, the drawdowns in the observation wells
at 12m and 36 m from the pumped well are 1.2m and 0.5m,
Dia. of pumped well = 20cm = 0.2m respectively. Calculate the transmissibility of the aquifer.
H = 30m (unconfined aquifer)
Q = 1800 lpm (liters per minute) = 1.8 m3/min
T = 666.3 m2/day
R = 300m

To find the draw down, 𝑠𝑤 = 𝐻 − ℎ𝑤 we rearrange

2𝜋𝑇 𝐻 − ℎ𝑤
𝑄=
𝑅
ln 𝑟
𝑤

𝑅 300𝑚
𝑄 ln 𝑟 1.8 𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ln 0.1𝑚
𝑤
𝐻 − ℎ𝑤 = = = 4.96𝑚
2𝜋𝑇 𝑚2 1𝑑𝑎𝑦 1ℎ𝑟
2𝜋 666.3 × ×
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24ℎ𝑟 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
a. 4.96 m
Same in the previous problem, determine the
drawdown in the pumped well if the radius of
influence is 300m.

a. 4.96m
b. 1.36m
c. 2.56m
d. 9.06m
e. None of the above
An artesian well has a diameter of 10cm, under steady
state condition, what is the expected discharge (li/day)
if the drawdown is 2.5m and the radius of influence is
120m? The aquifer’s hydraulic conductivity and
thickness are 75mm/day and 4m, respectively.

a. 600.45 li/day
b. 665.45 li/day
c. 605.45 li/day
d. 650.44 li/day
e. None of the above
Given:

Dia. of pumped well = 10cm = 0.1m

Drawdown = 2.5m
R = 120m
K = 75mm/day = 0.075 m/day
b = 4m

2𝜋𝑇 𝐻 − ℎ𝑤 2𝜋 ∙ 0.075 𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∙ 4𝑚 ∙ 2.5𝑚

𝑄= = = 0.60545 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑅 120𝑚
ln 𝑟 ln
𝑤 0.05𝑚

Convert it to li/day

𝑚3 1000𝑙𝑖
𝑄 = 0.60545 3
= 605.45 𝑙𝑖/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚
c. 605.45 li/day
An artesian well has a diameter of 10cm, under steady
state condition, what is the expected discharge (li/day)
if the drawdown is 2.5m and the radius of influence is
120m? The aquifer’s hydraulic conductivity and
thickness are 75mm/day and 4m, respectively.

a. 600.45 li/day
b. 665.45 li/day
c. 605.45 li/day
d. 650.44 li/day
e. None of the above
A fully penetrating well installed in a 32m thick
unconfined aquifer with a transmissibility of 198m2/day
is pumped at a constant rate. The drawdowns in the
observation wells 8m and 22m from the pumped well
were 1.42m and 0.44m, respectively. Calculate the
steady state pump discharge.

a. 1170.65 m3/day
b. 1710.56 li/day
c. 1170.65 li/day
d. 7011.56 m3/day
e. NOTA
 A fully penetrating well installed in a 32m thick unconfined aquifer with a
Given transmissibility of 198m2/day is pumped at a constant rate. The drawdowns
in the observation wells 8m and 22m from the pumped well were 1.42m
and 0.44m, respectively. Calculate the steady state pump discharge.
H – 32m
T – 198m2/day
r2 – 22m
r1 – 8m
s2 – 0.44m
s1 – 1.42

Find Q?

Solution
𝜋𝐾 ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2
𝑄=
𝑟2
ln 𝑟
1
We solve the value of K,

𝑇 198𝑚2 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇 = 𝐾𝐻; 𝐾 = = = 6.19𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐻 32𝑚

We also solve h2 and h1,

ℎ2 = 𝐻 − 𝑠2 = 32 − 0.44 = 31.56𝑚
ℎ1 = 𝐻 − 𝑠1 = 32 − 1.42 = 30.58𝑚

Find Q

𝜋𝐾 ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2 𝜋 6.19 31.562 − 30.582

𝑄= = = 1170.65 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑟2 22
ln 𝑟 ln 8
1
a. 1170.65 m3/day
A fully penetrating well installed in a 32m thick
unconfined aquifer with a transmissibility of 198m2/day
is pumped at a constant rate. The drawdowns in the
observation wells 8m and 22m from the pumped well
were 1.42m and 0.44m, respectively. Calculate the
steady state pump discharge.

a. 1170.65 m3/day
b. 1710.56 li/day
c. 1170.65 li/day
d. 7011.56 m3/day
e. NOTA
Thickness of a confined aquifer is 5m, well diameter is
40cm, radius of influence is 250m, K = 10m/day, height
of water in the pumping well is 1325m, height of the
piezometric surface is 1500m. The steady state
discharge is

a. 7709.81 m3/day
b. 7790.08 m3/day
c. 7907.81 m3/day
d. 7709.81 li/day
e. NOTA
 Thickness of a confined aquifer is 5m, well diameter is
Given 40cm, radius of influence is 250m, K = 10m/day, height of
water in the pumping well is 1325m, height of the
piezometric surface is 1500m. The steady state discharge
b – 5m is

rw – 0.4m/2 = 0.2m
R – 250m
K - 10m/day
hw – 1325m
H – 1500m

Find Q

2𝜋𝑇 𝐻 − ℎ𝑤 2𝜋 10 ∙ 5 1500 − 1325

𝑄= = = 7709.81𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑅 250
ln ln 0.2
𝑟𝑤
a. 7709.81 m3/day
Thickness of a confined aquifer is 5m, well diameter is
40cm, radius of influence is 250m, K = 10m/day, height
of water in the pumping well is 1325m, height of the
piezometric surface is 1500m. The steady state
discharge is

a. 7709.81 m3/day
b. 7790.08 m3/day
c. 7907.81 m3/day
d. 7709.81 li/day
e. NOTA
When there is an increase in the atmospheric pressure,
the water level in a well penetrating a confined aquifer

a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Does not undergo any change
d. Decreases or increases depending on the elevation of
the ground
e. None of the above
a. Decreases
When there is an increase in the atmospheric pressure,
the water level in a well penetrating a confined aquifer

a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Does not undergo any change
d. Decreases or increases depending on the elevation of
the ground
e. None of the above
Specific capacity of a well is the

a. Volume of water that can be extracted by the

force of gravity from unit volume of aquifer
b. Discharge per unit drawdown at the well
c. Drawdown per unit discharge of the well
d. Rate of flow through a unit width and entire
thickness of the aquifer
b. Discharge per unit drawdown
at the well
Specific capacity of a well is the

a. Volume of water that can be extracted by the

force of gravity from unit volume of aquifer
b. Discharge per unit drawdown at the well
c. Drawdown per unit discharge of the well
d. Rate of flow through a unit width and entire
thickness of the aquifer
Maximum head of shallow wells,

a. 6m
b. 12m
c. 18m
d. 15m
e. None of the above
a. 6m
Maximum head of shallow wells,

a. 6m
b. 12m
c. 18m
d. 15m
e. None of the above
It is the overall instantaneous condition of the
atmosphere at a certain place and time

a. Climate
b. Climatology
c. Weather
d. Hydometeorolgy
e. All of the above
c. Weather
It is the overall instantaneous condition of the
atmosphere at a certain place and time

a. Climate
b. Climatology
c. Weather
d. Hydometeorolgy
e. All of the above
Layer of the atmosphere where all weather occurs

a. Troposphere
b. Stratosphere
c. Mesosphere
d. Thermosphere
e. All of the above
a. Troposphere
Layer of the atmosphere where all weather occurs

a. Troposphere
b. Stratosphere
c. Mesosphere
d. Thermosphere
e. All of the above
Temperature at which saturation occurs

a. Dew point
b. Dry-bulb
c. Wet bulb
d. Average
e. None of the above
a. Dew point
Temperature at which saturation occurs

a. Dew point
b. Dry-bulb
c. Wet bulb
d. Average
e. None of the above
Mean atmospheric pressure at sea level

a. 14.7 psi
b. 1 atm
c. 760 mmHg
d. 1013.25 mb
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Mean atmospheric pressure at sea level

a. 14.7 psi
b. 1 atm
c. 760 mmHg
d. 1013.25 mb
e. All of the above
Calculate the height of a mountain above sea level
if the barometric pressure at the peak is 92091.28
Pa assuming the air density equal to 1.3 kg/m3

a. 742.40m
b. 474.07m
c. 724.04m
d. 744.70m
e. None of the above
-ΔP = ρgΔz
-(P2 – P1) = ρg (Z2 – Z1)
-(92091.28 – 101325) = 1.3(9.81)(Z2 - 0)
P2 at peak = 92091.28 Pa
Z2 = ?

Z2 = 724.04 meters ρ = 1.3 kg/m3

g = 9.81 m/s2

P1 = 101325 Pa
Z1= 0
c. 724.04 m
Calculate the height of a mountain above sea level
if the barometric pressure at the peak is 92091.28
Pa assuming the air density equal to 1.3 kg/m3

a. 742.40m
b. 474.07m
c. 724.04m
d. 744.70m
e. None of the above
Light steady rain in fine drops that are < 0.5 mm in
size and intensity of <1 mm/hr.

a. Drizzle
b. Hail
c. Dew
d. Rain
e. Sleet
a. Drizzle
Light steady rain in fine drops that are < 0.5 mm in
size and intensity of <1 mm/hr.

a. Drizzle
b. Hail
c. Dew
d. Rain
e. Sleet
A tropical cyclone is a

a. low-pressure area that occurs in the northern

hemisphere only
b. High-pressure area with high winds
c. Zone of low pressure area with clockwise winds
in the northern hemisphere
d. Zone of low pressure area with anticlockwise
winds in the northern hemisphere
d. Zone of low pressure area with
anticlockwise winds in the northern
hemisphere
A tropical cyclone is a

a. low-pressure area that occurs in the northern

hemisphere only
b. High-pressure area with high winds
c. Zone of low pressure area with clockwise winds
in the northern hemisphere
d. Zone of low pressure area with anticlockwise
winds in the northern hemisphere
Orographic precipitation occurs due to air masses
being lifted to higher altitudes by

a. Density difference of air masses

b. A front action
c. The presence of mountain barriers
d. Extratropical cyclones
e. None of the above
c. The presence of mountain
barriers
Orographic precipitation occurs due to air masses
being lifted to higher altitudes by

a. Density difference of air masses

b. A front action
c. The presence of mountain barriers
d. Extratropical cyclones
e. None of the above
Total water lost from a cropped (or irrigated) land due to
evaporation from the soil and transpiration by the plants
or used by the plants in building up of plant tissue.

a. Evapotranspiration
b. Consumptive use
c. Evaporation
d. A and B
e. None of the above
d. A and B
Total water lost from a cropped (or irrigated) land due to
evaporation from the soil and transpiration by the plants
or used by the plants in building up of plant tissue.

a. Evapotranspiration
b. Consumptive use
c. Evaporation
d. A and B
e. None of the above
The recommended standard method for the
definition and computation of the reference
evapotranspiration.

a. Blaney-criddle
b. Modified penman
c. FAO Penman-Monteith
d. Hargreaves
e. Jensen-haise
c. FAO Penman-Monteith
The recommended standard method for the
definition and computation of the reference
evapotranspiration.

a. Blaney-criddle
b. Modified penman
c. FAO Penman-Monteith
d. Hargreaves
e. Jensen-haise
Three tanks are installed side by side in a field to
measure the ET of rice. Tank A is bottomless and is
cropped, Tank B is bottomless and uncropped, Tank C
has bottom and is uncropped. If the water losses after 2
rainless days are as follows: Tank A = 14mm; Tank B =
10mm; Tank C = 5mm. Determine the actual ET.

a. 9.5mm/day
b. 4.5mm/day
c. 7.0mm/day
d. 14.5mm/day
e. None of the above
 Find ACTUAL ET,

𝐸 + 𝑃 = 10
𝑃 = 10 − 𝐸 = 10 − 5 = 5𝑚𝑚

𝐸 + 𝑇 + 𝑃 = 14𝑚𝑚
Tank A Tank B Tank C
𝐸𝑇 = 14𝑚𝑚 − 𝑃 = 14 − 5 = 9𝑚𝑚
Tank A represents: 𝐸 + 𝑇 + 𝑃 = 14𝑚𝑚
This losses occurred in 2 days, thus
Tank B represents: 𝐸 + 𝑃 = 10𝑚𝑚
Tank C represents: 𝐸 = 5𝑚𝑚 9
𝐸𝑇 = = 4.5𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
2
b. 4.5mm/day
Three tanks are installed side by side in a field to
measure the ET of rice. Tank A is bottomless and is
cropped, Tank B is bottomless and uncropped, Tank C
has bottom and is uncropped. If the water losses after 2
rainless days are as follows: Tank A = 14mm; Tank B =
10mm; Tank C = 5mm. Determine the actual ET.

a. 9.5mm/day
b. 4.5mm/day
c. 7.0mm/day
d. 14.5mm/day
e. None of the above
Data compilation method for frequency analysis
where all values above a given base are chosen
regardless of the number within a given period.

a. Partial duration series

b. Annual maximum series
c. Series of data with baseline’
d. A and B
e. None of the above
a. Partial duration series
Data compilation method for frequency analysis
where all values above a given base are chosen
regardless of the number within a given period.

a. Partial duration series

b. Annual maximum series
c. Series of data with baseline
d. A and B
e. None of the above
Break
It is the average interval of time within the
magnitude of given event will be equalled or
exceeded at least on the average.

a. Payback period
b. Probability of return
c. Time of return
d. Return period
e. None of the above
d. Return period
It is the average interval of time within the
magnitude of given event will be equalled or
exceeded at least on the average.

a. Payback period
b. Probability of return
c. Time of return
d. Return period
e. None of the above
Given a probability of occurrence or exceedance of
5%. How many years will it take before a discharge
of 1000 m3/sec will be equalled or exceeded?

a. 25 yrs
b. 20 yrs
c. 45 yrs
d. 30 yrs
e. None of the above
b. 20 yrs
Given a probability of occurrence or exceedance of
5%. How many years will it take before a discharge
of 1000 m3/sec will be equalled or exceeded?

a. 25 yrs
b. 20 yrs
c. 45 yrs
d. 30 yrs
e. None of the above
PAGASA raises a Yellow Rainfall Warning if the
observed rainfall is ______________ .

a. 7.5mm – 15mm within 1 hr

b. 15mm – 30mm within 1 hr
c. More than 30mm within 1hr
d. More than 60mm for the past 3 hrs
e. None of the above
a. 7.5mm – 15mm within 1 hr
PAGASA raises a Yellow Rainfall Warning if the
observed rainfall is ______________ .

a. 7.5mm – 15mm within 1 hr

b. 15mm – 30mm within 1 hr
c. More than 30mm within 1hr
d. More than 60mm for the past 3 hrs
e. None of the above
Warning Observed Rainfall Rainfall Intensity Impacts of Rainfall
Advisory
- Less than 2.5mm observed Light rainfall FLOODING is STILL POSIBLE in certain areas
in 1 hour and expected to
continue in the next 2hrs
- 2.5mm-7.5mm observed in Moderate rainfall FLOODING is STILL POSIBLE in certain areas
1 hour and expected to
continue in the next 2 hrs
Yellow 7.5mm – 15m within 1 Heavy Rainfall FLOODING is POSSIBLE in low-lying areas and near
Rainfall hour river channels.
Warning
Orange 15mm – 30mm within 1 Intense Rainfall FLOODING is THREATENING in low-lying areas and near
Rainfall hour river channels.
Warning
Red Greater than 30mm within Torrential Rainfall SEVERE FLOODING is EXPECTED. Take necessary
Rainfall 1 hour or greater than precautionary measures.
Warning 65mm for the past 3 hours
Obmrometer is

a. Rain gauge that measures very small amounts of

precipitation
b. Device that measures rainfall intensity
c. Device that measures rainfall rate
d. Measures temperature
e. None of the above
a. Rain gauge that measures very
small amounts of precipitation
Obmrometer is

a. Rain gauge that measures very small amounts of

precipitation
b. Device that measures rainfall intensity
c. Device that measures rainfall rate
d. Measures temperature
e. None of the above
The greatest distance at which an observer can see
and identify prominent objects.

a. Horizontal visibility
b. Clouds
c. Fog
d. Dew
e. sleet
a. Horizontal visibility
The greatest distance at which an observer can see
and identify prominent objects.

a. Horizontal visibility
b. Clouds
c. Fog
d. Dew
e. sleet
Air in motion relative to the earth’s surface

a. Front
b. Storm
c. Turbulence
d. Wind
e. None of the above
d. wind
Air in motion relative to the earth’s surface

a. Front
b. Storm
c. Turbulence
d. Wind
e. None of the above
Wind speed is measured using

a. Thermometer
b. Pluviometer
c. Anemometer
d. Barometer
e. Hygrometer
c. Anemometer
Wind speed is measured using

a. Thermometer
b. Pluviometer – a raingauge
c. Anemometer – wind speed and direction
d. Barometer - pressure
e. Hygrometer – vapor content of the atmosphere
Hygrometer is

a. Any device use to measure the vapor content of

the atmosphere
b. Use to measure the amount of discharge in a
stream
c. Any device use to measure solar radiant energy
d. Device use to measure atmospheric pressure
e. None of the above
a. Any device use to measure the
vapor content of the atmosphere
Hygrometer is

a. Any device use to measure the vapor content of

the atmosphere
b. Use to measure the amount of discharge in a
stream
c. Any device use to measure solar radiant energy
d. Device use to measure atmospheric pressure
e. None of the above
In synoptic weather stations, wind vector is
measured _______ above the ground surface.

a. 2m
b. 5m
c. 1m
d. 10m
e. Depends with the condition
d. 10m
In synoptic weather stations, wind vector is
measured _______ above the ground surface.

a. 2m
b. 5m
c. 1m
d. 10m
e. Depends with the condition
Rain bearing clouds

a. Cumulonimbus
b. Nimbostratus
c. Altostratus
d. A and B
e. A and C
d. A and B
Rain bearing clouds

a. Cumulonimbus
b. Nimbostratus
c. Altostratus
d. A and B
e. A and C
General name for any instrument used to measure
the intensity of radiant energy from the sun,

a. Actinometer
b. Hydrometer
c. Psychrometer
d. Photometer
e. None of the above
a. Actinometer
General name for any instrument used to measure
the intensity of radiant energy from the sun,

a. Actinometer
b. Hydrometer – measures liquid densities/S.G.
c. Psychrometer – humidity
d. Photometer – luminance
e. None of the above
Classification of actinometers:
a. Pyrheliometer - measures the intensity of direct solar radiation
b. Pyranometer - measures global radiation (the combined intensity of
direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation)
c. Pyrgeometer - measures the effective terrestrial radiation.

Bolometer – a type of actinometer, an instrument that measures the

intensity of radiant energy by employing a thermally sensitive electrical
resistor.

Dosimeter - an instrument for measuring the ultraviolet in solar and sky

radiation.

Photometer - An instrument for measuring the luminance, luminous

intensity, or illuminance of a light source.

Radiometer - An instrument that measures radiated electromagnetic

power.
Table shows the top 11 Daily
Maximum Rainfall Intensity recorded
from year 1984 – 2014. Calculate the
return period of the highest rainfall
intensity?

a. 32 yrs
b. 20 yrs
c. 31 yrs
d. 30 yrs
e. 40 yrs
We use the Weibull equation,

𝑛+1
𝑇=
𝑚

Where 𝑇 – return period, yrs

𝑛 – number of records
𝑚 – rank

Solution:
𝑛 + 1 31 + 1
𝑇= = = 32 𝑦𝑟𝑠
𝑚 1
a. 32 yrs
Table shows the top 11 Daily
Maximum Rainfall Intensity recorded
from year 1984 – 2014. Calculate the
return period of the highest rainfall
intensity?

a. 32 yrs
b. 20 yrs
c. 31 yrs
d. 30 yrs
e. 40 yrs
Lead time for a TCWS # 5 is ______________ .

a. 36hrs
b. 24hrs
c. 18hrs
d. 12hrs
e. 10hrs
d. 12hrs
Lead time for a TCWS # 5 is ______________ .

a. 36hrs
b. 24hrs
c. 18hrs
d. 12hrs
e. 10hrs
The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given
volume of air to the mass of dry air.

a. Relative humidity
b. Mixing ratio
c. Absolute humidity
d. Specific humidity
e. All of the above
b. Mixing ratio
The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given
volume of air to the mass of dry air.

a. Relative humidity – actual vapor/saturated vapor

b. Mixing ratio
c. Absolute humidity – mass of vapor/volume of air
d. Specific humidity – mass of vapor/total mass
e. All of the above
In calculating ET using FAO Penman-Monteith model,
wind speed measurement should be taken
_______above the ground.

a. 10 m
b. 1m
c. 2m
d. 5m
e. None of the above
c. 2 m
In calculating ET using FAO Penman-Monteith model,
wind speed measurement should be taken
_______above the ground.

a. 10 m
b. 1m
c. 2m
d. 5m
e. None of the above
The envelope of gases that surround a planet and
are held to it by the planet’s gravitational attraction.

a. Atmosphere
b. Clouds
c. Troposhere
d. Air
e. None of the above
a. Atmosphere
The envelope of gases that surround a planet and
are held to it by the planet’s gravitational attraction.

a. Atmosphere
b. Clouds
c. Troposhere
d. Air
e. None of the above
Transition zone between two distinct air masses.

a. Ridge
b. Divide
c. Tropopause
d. Front
e. Stratopause
d. Front
Transition zone between two distinct air masses.

a. Ridge
b. Divide
c. Tropopause
d. Front
e. Stratopause
At 20°C, the required amount of energy to vaporize
1kg of water is ________.

a. 1 KJ
b. 2.45 KJ
c. 10.5 KJ
d. 5 KJ
e. 7.45 KJ
b. 2.45 KJ
At 20°C, the required amount of energy to vaporize
1kg of water is ________.

a. 1 KJ
b. 2.45 KJ
c. 10.5 KJ
d. 5 KJ
e. 7.45 KJ
Term synonymous to return period

a. Recurrence interval
b. Probability of return
c. Time of return
d. Payback time
e. None of the above
a. Recurrence interval
Term synonymous to return period

a. Recurrence interval
b. Probability of return
c. Time of return
d. Payback time
e. None of the above
Rainfall reading of less than one-hundredth of an
inch (0.01 in) or one-tenth of a millimeter (0.1mm).

a. Hourly rainfall
b. Daily rainfall
c. Trace
d. Sleet
e. None of the above
c. Trace
Rainfall reading of less than one-hundredth of an
inch (0.01 in) or one-tenth of a millimeter (0.1mm).

a. Hourly rainfall
b. Daily rainfall
c. Trace
d. Sleet
e. None of the above
An increase in air temperature with height.

a. Lapse rate
b. Inversion
c. A and B
d. None of the above
b. Inversion
An increase in air temperature with height.

a. Lapse rate
b. Inversion
c. A and B
d. None of the above
A line that connects points of equal elevation above
a reference level, most often sea level.

a. Isohyet
b. Isobar
c. Contour
d. Streamline
e. None of the above
c. Contour
A line that connects points of equal elevation above
a reference level, most often sea level.

a. Isohyet – equal rainfall

b. Isobar – equal pressure
c. Contour
d. Streamline – wind direction
e. None of the above
The process of water lost from adjacent soil, water
surfaces and leaf surfaces.

a. Evaporation
b. Transpiration
c. Evapotranspiration
d. All of the above
a. Evaporation
The process of water lost from adjacent soil, water
surfaces and leaf surfaces.

a. Evaporation
b. Transpiration – water loss through stomata
c. Evapotranspiration
d. All of the above
Evaporation gauge is synonymous to

a. Atmometer
b. Evaporimeter
c. Atmidometer
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
d. All of the above
Evaporation gauge is synonymous to

a. Atmometer
b. Evaporimeter
c. Atmidometer
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Maximum sustained winds are

a. 10-min average of wind measured 10m above the

ground
b. 3-sec average of wind measured 10m above the
ground
c. 10-min average of wind measured 2m above the
ground
d. 3-min average of wind measured 2m above the ground
e. None of the above
a. 10-min average of wind
measured 10m above the ground
Maximum sustained winds are

a. 10-min average of wind measured 10m above the

ground
b. 3-sec average of wind measured 10m above the
ground
c. 10-min average of wind measured 2m above the
ground
d. 3-min average of wind measured 2m above the ground
e. None of the above
Finish na
Tips
a. The exam is meant to FAIL YOU!!
b. Paramihan ng alam
c. Eat nutritious food and any supplement that could
enhance your memory and health.
d. Listen<Write<Talk<Teach
e. Exercise