12 General Physics 2

Quarter 3
Module 2

Learners Packet
 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall
subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior
approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created
shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency
or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos,

brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their
respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and
seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

This module was carefully examined and revised in accordance with the
standards prescribed by the DepEd Region 4A and Curriculum and Learning
Management Division CALABARZON. All parts and sections of the module are
assured not to have violated any rules stated in the Intellectual Property Rights
for learning standards.

The Editors
 General Physics 2
Quarter 3
Module 2

Week 5-6

Schools Division Office Management Team: Rosemarie C. Blando, August Jamora, Merle D.
Lopez
Writer/s: Marilita Q. Rivera

General Physics2
Quarter 3
First Edition, 2021

Published by: Department of Education SDO-Rizal

Schools Division Superintendent: Cherrylou D. Repia
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Gloria C. Roque and Babylyn M. Pambid
 WEEK
5
From the previous lessons you have learned the concepts of charges,
electric potential and capacitance. In this lesson, you will be dealing with
new concepts that will help you to understand the world of electricity better.
Electricity plays an important role in our daily lives especially now that we
are all working and studying at home. Electricity is very important for all the
things around us to go on, like the industry that we depend on,
communication in the form of television, radio, internet and so on.
Transportation is also a part of our life that is controlled by electricity like
the MRTs and LRTs.

This module is divided into two (2) lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1: Current, Resistivity and Resistance
• Lesson 2: Ohm’s Law

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Distinguish between conventional current and electron flow.
2. Apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or solve
related problems.
3. Describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a metallic
conductor.
4. Describe the ability of a material to conduct current in terms of resistivity
and conductivity.
5. Apply the relationship of the proportionality between resistance and the
length and cross-sectional area of a wire to solve problems.
6. Differentiate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in terms of their I-V curves.
7. Differentiate emf of source and potential difference (PD)across a circuit.
8. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance and Ohm’s law in
contexts such as, but not limited to batteries and bulbs, household
wirings and selection of fuses.
D

Learning Task 1: SEARCH ME!

First find all the words in the list. Words can go in any direction. Words can share letters
and they cross over each other. Once you find all the words, copy the unused letters starting
in the top left corner into the blanks to reveal the hidden message.

ampere charge current

electromotive ohm ohmic
resistance resistivity volt
voltage current
Ohmic volt

Hidden Message

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

4
Learning Task 2: Pre-Test
Read the statement/question carefully and choose the best answer.
1. What are the current carriers in a copper wire?
A. Voltage B. Electrons C. Resistance D. Protons
2. It is any material that allows the free flow of electric current.
A. Resistor B. Insulator C. Conductor D. Capacitor
3. It is the intrinsic property of the material that describes how it resists the
electric current flowing through it.
A. Electrical conductivity C. Electrical Connectivity
B. Electrical resistivity D. Electrical Potential
4. It is the movement of charged particles in a specific direction.
A. Electric Potential C. Resistance
B. Electromotive Force D. Resistivity
5. What happens to the current in a circuit when the voltage is doubled?
A. The Current is doubled. C. The current is decreased into
half.
B. The Current is tripled. D. The current is decreased to one
third.
6. What are the four factors that affect the resistance of a material?
I. Resistivity of the material
II. Speed of charges
III. Cross-sectional area of the object
IV. Temperature of the object
V. Length of the object

A. I,II,III,IV B. I,III,IV,V C. II,III,IV,V D. I,III,IV,V

7. What is the unit of current?
A. Volt B. Ohm C. Ampere D. Watt
8. What law states that, “Current is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely
proportional to the resistance?
A. Coulomb’s Law C. Ohm’s Law
B. Gravitational Law D. Gauss’s Law
9. What is the name of the scientist who discovered the law in #8?
A. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
B. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
C. Georg Simon Ohm
D. Isaac Newton
10. How much current would a 10-ohm appliance draw when connected to a 220
volt outlet?
A. 2200 A B. 220 A C. 22 A D. 2 A

5
 LESSON 1: CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE
In this lesson we will be dealing with the three (3) important concepts
in the study of electricity. These are the current, voltage and resistance.
Electricity can be compared to a water hose. The water flow through the
water hose is controlled in the faucet and so as the current flow is
controlled in the switch.
The flow of electrons is termed electron flow or electron current.
Electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive. Conventional
current or simply current, behaves as if positive charge carriers cause
current flow. Conventional current flows from the positive terminal to the
negative. Conventional current flow is the standard that most all of the
world follows.

’s in
Learning Task 3: SHOW ME!
From the illustration below, draw arrows to show the flow of current.
Conventional Current Electron Flow

1. Current
In your study of sub-atomic particles, you have learned that all
materials have charged particles. These charged particles are electrons
and protons. Protons are the positively charged are called protons and
the negatively charged particles are called electrons. Electrons are the
charges that are freely moving in any direction in any material. But
when these electrons can be controlled to move in conductors they tend
to move in one direction. This movement is called electric current or
simply current.
Current is defined as a measure of how much electric charge
flows through a circuit. The more charge that flows, the bigger the
current. The symbol used for current is I because early scientists
thought about the intensity of the electricity in a wire((Padua and
Crisostomo, 2003).
The formula for current is current equals= charge/time, it is
also written as I=q/t
One ampere is equivalent to a coulomb per second (1A= 1 C/s)

6
 The unit used to measure the
amount of electric current is in
amperes. It is named after Andre
Marie Ampere. He is a French
physicist who founded and named
the science of electrodynamics, now
known as electromagnetism. (J.B.
Shank,2021)

https://www.britannica.com/biography/

Example Problem 1:
Compute for the current produced by a +4.5 𝑥1018 𝐶 charge moving in 18
seconds.
Given:
Q=+4.5 𝑥 1018 𝐶
t= 18 s
Unknown: Current (I)

Solution:
I= q/t = (4.5 𝑥 1018 𝐶)/18𝑠 = 2.5 𝑥 1017 𝐴

2. Voltage
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them
to do work such as illuminating a light.
Voltage is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential difference.
Potential difference is potential energy divided by charge. Potential difference
can also be defined as the potential energy difference between two points in a
circuit. The amount of difference determines how much potential energy exists
to move electrons from one specific point to another. The quantity identifies
how much work, potentially, can be done through the circuit.
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑊
Voltage can be computed using the formula, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 or v = 𝑞

The unit for voltage The unit volt was named

is volt (v), after Alessandro Volta,
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 =
𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 an Italian physicist
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 whose invention of the
1Volt (V) = 1J/C electric battery provided
the first source of
continuous current.

Adapted from: https://www.britannica.com/biography//

7
3. Resistance
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical
circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega
(Ω). Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist
who studied the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. He is
credited for formulating Ohm's Law. (Mazur, 2021)
According to Mazur, all materials resist current flow to some degree. They
fall into one of two broad categories:
1. Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons can
move easily. Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
2. Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of
electrons. Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.
Mazur also added that, resistance measurements are normally taken to
indicate the condition of a component or a circuit. The higher the resistance,
the lower the current flow. If abnormally high, one possible cause (among
many) could be damaged conductors due to burning or corrosion. All
conductors give off some degree of heat, so overheating is an issue often
associated with resistance. The lower the resistance, the higher the current
flow. Possible causes: insulators damaged by moisture or overheating.

Factors that Affect Resistance

1. The length, L of the material.
The resistance R of the wire is directly proportional to the
length of the wire : 𝑅 𝛼 𝐿
The longer material is the greater the resistance will be.
It means, if we double the length of the wire, its resistance will
also be doubled, and if its length is halved, its resistance would
become one half.

2. The cross-sectional area, A of the material.

The resistance R of a wire is inversely proportional to the area of
cross-section A of the wire as: R α 1/A
Therefore, larger areas offer less resistance.
It means that a thick wire would have smaller resistance than a
thin wire.

3. The temperature, T of the material.

There is no simple relationship between resistance and
temperature. For most objects, the resistance increases with an
increase in temperature. But for some, such as carbon, the resistance
decreases with an increase in temperature. (Padua and Crisostomo,
2003)
The higher temperatures usually result in higher resistances.

4. The kind of material.

The characteristics resistance of a material is given by its
resistivity. Resistivity ratings allow comparison of the abilities of
different materials to conduct current. (Padua and Crisostomo, 2003)

8
Electrical Resistivity
The table below shows the resistivity of some materials.

Adapted from: https://www.electronicshub.org/semiconductor-diodes/

The relationship of resistance (𝑅) to length (𝑙), cross-sectional area

𝜌𝑙
and resistivity (𝜌) is given as, 𝑅 =
𝐴

𝑅𝐴 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠. 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2
𝜌= = = Ω𝑚
𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

The unit of resistivity is ohm-meters (Ω − 𝑚).

Electrical Conductivity
While both the electrical resistance (R) and resistivity (or specific
resistance) ρ, are a function of the physical nature of the material being
used, and of its physical shape and size expressed by its length (L), and its
sectional area (A), Conductivity, or specific conductance relates to the ease
at which electric current con flow through a material.
Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance (1/R) with the unit of
conductance being the siemens (S) and is given the upside down ohms
symbol mho, ℧. Thus, when a conductor has a conductance of 1 siemens
(1S) it has a resistance is 1 ohm (1Ω). So, if its resistance is doubled, the
conductance halves, and vice-versa as: siemens = 1/ohms, or ohms =
1/siemens.
While a conductor’s resistance gives the amount of opposition it
offers to the flow of electric current, the conductance of a conductor
indicates the ease by which it allows electric current to flow. So metals
such as copper, aluminium or silver have very large values of conductance
meaning that they are good conductors.
9
 Conductivity, σ (Greek letter sigma), is the reciprocal of the
resistivity. That is 1/ρ and is measured in siemens per metre (S/m). Since
electrical conductivity σ = 1/ρ, the previous expression for electrical
resistance, R can be rewritten as:

Electrical Resistance as a Function of Conductivity

𝑙 1
𝑅=𝜌 𝜎= combining the two (2) equations the formula for
𝐴 𝜌
𝑙
Resistance is, 𝑅 = 𝜎𝐴

Then we can say that conductivity is the efficiency by which a

conductor passes an electric current or signal without resistive loss.
Therefore, a material or conductor that has a high conductivity will have a
low resistivity, and vice versa, since 1 siemens (S) equals 1Ω-1. So, copper
which is a good conductor of electric current, has a conductivity of
58.14 𝑥106 siemens per meter.
Conduction is the name given to the movement of free electrons in
the form of an electric current. Conductivity, σ is the reciprocal of the
resistivity. That is 1/ρ and has the unit of siemens per meter, S/m.
Conductivity ranges from zero (for a perfect insulator) to infinity (for a
perfect conductor). Thus, a super conductor has infinite conductance and
virtually zero ohmic resistance.

LESSON 2: OHM’S LAW

An electric circuit is a conducting loop which a current can transfer
electrical energy from suitable source to a useful load. Below is a figure of a
simple electric circuit and a schematic diagram.

Adapted from: Adapted from:

https://www.quora.com/ https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons
/view/cub_electricity_lesson05

The essential components of an electric circuit.

1. A source or supply to provide the voltage needed to force current
through the circuit.
2. Conductors through which the current can travel.
3. A load is a device that converts electrical energy into some other
useful form. Different loads have different amounts of resistance.
4. A control device or switch which continues or discontinues the
flow of electric current through the circuit.

10
 Below is the table showing the schematic symbols of the
components of an electric circuit.

Component Circuit Diagram Symbol

Wire

Resistor

Light Bulb

Battery/

Switch

Ohm’s law, discovered and named after Georg Ohm, states the
relationship between voltage, current and resistance of a conductor. This is
important in designing electrical and electronic circuits in order ensure that
the voltages and currents in the components stay within specs.
In 1827, Georg Simon Ohm discovered the relationship among
voltage, current and resistance. Through his observation of water in a pipe,
he was able to come up with the relationship among emf or voltage, electric
current (I) and resistance (R) through Ohm’s Law.
Ohm’s states that Voltage is directly proportional to the electric
current and the resistance. In an equation, it written as V= IR

Example Problem 2:
What is the electric current produced with a 9-volt battery through a
resistance of 100ohms?
Given: Solution
V= 9 volts I= V/R
R= 100Ω = 9 v/100Ω
Unknown: I I= 0.0A

Example Problem 3:
What voltage would produce a current of 100A through an aluminum
wire that has a resistance of 3.44 𝑥10−4 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠?
Given: Solution
I= 100A V-IR
R=3.44 𝑥10−4 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 = (100 A) (3.44 𝑥10−4 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠)
Unknown: V V= 0.344 v

11
Difference Between Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors

The device which follows ohm's law for all voltages across is called as
an ohmic device (i.e under constant physical conditions such as
temperature, the resistance is constant for all currents that pass through it).
For such devices, a graph plotted for the potential difference V against current
I is a straight line, and the value of resistance R is the same irrespective of the
value of V or I.
Examples of ohmic devices are; a wire, heating element or a resistor.

Adapted from: https://www.topperlearning.com/answer/differentiate-between-ohmic-and-non-

ohmic-device-and-also-give-examples/5rp4zu33

The device that does not follow ohm's law is known as a non ohmic
device (i.e the resistance is different for different currents passing through
it).For these devices, the graph plotted for the potential difference V against
current I is not a straight line, but it is a curve.
Examples of non ohmic devices are: thermistors, crystal rectifiers,
vacuum tube, tungsten filament etc.

Adapted from: https://www.topperlearning.com/answer/differentiate-between-ohmic-and-

non-ohmic-device-and-also-give-examples/5rp4zu33

12
 Learning Task 4: Challenge Accepted
Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.

Challenge #1
A conductor has a diameter of 3.0 mm. How many meters of this
material is needed to have a resistance of 1ohm? The resistivity of the
conductor is 1.68 𝑥10−8 Ω. 𝑚
Challenge #2
Calculate the current an electric clothes dryer draws when it is
connected to a 230 V source and has a resistance of 9.2 Ω
Challenge #3
What is the resistance in a circuit if a potential difference of 110 V
causes a current of 10 A?
Challenge #4
What is the potential difference across a hand-held fan that has a
resistance of 120 Ω and a current of 50 mA flowing through it?

Challenge #5
An electric toaster has a resistance of 12 Ω. What current will it draw
from a 120 V supply?
Learning Task 5:
In your o words, how do ohmic and non-ohmic materials differ?

Learning Task 5: In your own words, differentiate ohmic

from non-ohmic materials. Write your answer in the table
below.

Ohmic Materials Non-Ohmic Materials

13
 Learning Task 6: Research on the different ways on how
the knowledge of Ohm’s law can be applied in our daily
life. Present your Output using the graphic organizer
below.

Applications
of Ohm’s in
our daily life

E
Learning Task 7: Reflection
When was the last time that you encountered a resistance
to one of your goals? How did you deal with it?

A
Learning Task 8: Post-Test
Read the statement/question carefully and choose the best answer.

1. What quantity measures of how much electric charge flows through

a circuit?
A..Voltage B. Electrons C. Current D Protons

2. It is any material that allows the free flow of electric current.

A. Conductor C. Insulator
B. Resistor D. Capacitor

3. It is the intrinsic property of the material that describes how it resist

the electric current flowing through it.
A. Electrical conductivity C. Electrical Connectivity
B. Electrical resistivity D. Electrical Potent
14
 4. It is the movement of charged particles in a specific direction.
A. Electromotive Force C. Resistance
B. Electric Circuit D. Resistivity

5. What happens to the current in a circuit when the voltage is

doubled?
A. The Current is tripled.
B. The current is decreased into half.
C. The Current is doubled
D. The current is decreased to one third.
6. What are the four factors that affect the resistance of a material?
I.Resistivity of the material
II.Speed of charges
III.Cross-sectional area of the object
IV.Temperature of the object
V.Length of the object

A. I,II,III,IV B. I,III,IV,V C. II,III,IV,V D. I,III,IV,V

7. What is the unit of current?
A. Volt B. Ohm C. Ampere D. Watt

8. What law states that, “Current is directly proportional to the voltage

an inversely proportional to the resistance?
A. Coulomb’s Law C. Ohm’s Law
B. Gravitational Law D. Gauss’s Law

9. What is the name of the scientist who discovered the law in #8?
A.Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
B.Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
C. Georg Simon Ohm
D.Isaac Newton

10. How much current would a 10-ohm appliance draw when connected to a
220 volt outlet?
A. 2200 A B. 220 A C. 22 A D. 2 A

15
 Answer Key
D
WHAT’S NEW WHAT IS MORE
Learning Task 1: SEARCH ME Learning Task 4

WHAT I CAN DO
Learning Task 5:
ANSWERS MAY VARY

Learning Task 6
ANSWERS MAY VARY
Hidden Message:
FOR THE BEST FUTURE,
SAVE ELECTRICITY
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
WHAT I KNOW Learning Task 7
Learning Task 2:Pre-test ANSWERS MAY VARY
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B WHAT I CAN ACHIEVE
5. B Learning Task 8
6. B 1.C
7. C 2. A
8. C 3. B
9. C 4. A
10. A 5.C
6. B
7. C
8. C
WHAT’S IN: 9. C
Learning Task 3: SHOW ME 10. A

Conventional Electron flow

current

16
 References

Books
David, O (2017)DIWA Senior High School Series: General Physics.Diwa Learning
Systems Inc
Dizon, M. (2004) Science and Technology for the Future IV, Diwa Scholastic
Press Inc.
Halliday, D, Resnick,R and Walker, J (1997) John Wiley and Sons,Inc
Padua , A and Crisostomo, R(2003). Practical and Explorational Physics Modular
Approach. Vibal Publishing, Inc.
Electronic Sources
André-Marie Ampère French physicist, Retrieved January 16,2021 from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/ Andre-Marie-AmpereElectron
Current vs. Conventional Current. Retrieved February 1,2021 from
http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/ ~traylor/ ece112/
beamer_lectures/elect_flow_vs_conv_I.pdf
Basics of Semiconductor Diodes, April 1,2019
https://www.electronicshub.org/semiconductor-diodes/
Differentiate between ohmic and non ohmic device and also give
examples. Jyothi Nair. Retrieved February 1,2021 from
https://www.topperlearning.com/
Digital Multimeter Principles by Glen A. MAzur, American
Technical Publishers.
https://www.fluke.com/en/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-
resistance#:~:text=Resistance%20is%20a%20measure%20of,between%20
voltage%2C%20current%20and%20resistance
Electric Circuits - Lesson 2 - Electric Current Retrieved February 1,2021 from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/ circuits/ Lesson-2/Electric-
Current
Factors Affecting Resistance. Retrieved February 3,2021 from
https://physicsabout.com/resistance/
Resistivity. Retrieved February 1,2021 from https://www.electronics-
Tutorials.ws/resistor/resistivity.html
Shank, J.B., “André-Marie Ampère French physicist”, Retrieved January
16,2021 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andre-Marie-
Ampere
What is voltage? Retrieved January 12,2021from
https://www.fluke.com/en-ph/learn/blog/electrical/ what-is-
voltage#:~:text=Voltage%20is%20the%20pressure%20from,
measured%20in%20volts%20(V).
What-are-the-differences-between-a-circuit-and-an-electric-circuit,
Retrieved February 3,2021 from https://www.quora.com/

17
 WEEK
6

I Need to Know
When you hear the word “Energy”, what comes to your mind?
Energy is a word or a concept that describe many things around us.
You have learned that “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it only
transforms in one form to another.” That is a law that explains how the
water in the reservoirs can be used to produce electrical power.

This module is divided into three (3) lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1: Current, Energy and power in electric circuits
• Lesson 2: Electrical Hazards and Safety
• Lesson 3: Devices for measuring currents and voltages

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Given an emf of a source connected to a resistor, determine the power
supplied or dissipated by each element in a circuit.
2. Describe the physiological effects of electrical shock; electrical hazards;
safety devices and procedures
3. Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages.

Learning Task 1: What is it?

Identify the word/s that is being described in the statement. Choose
the correct answer from the pool of words below.
1. A measure of how much electric charge flows through a circuit.
2. The pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes
charged electrons.
3. A measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.
4. A conducting loop which a current can transfer electrical energy
from suitable source to a useful load
5. It’s how a device which follows ohm's law for all voltages across is
called.

Power Current Resistance Ohmic

Voltage watt Electric Circuit Non-Ohmic

18
Learning Task 2: Pre-test
I. Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer from the given
choices.
1. What is the SI unit of electric power?
A. Watt B. Wattage C.Ohm D.Coulomb
2. An instrument that measures the electric current.
A. Voltmeter B. Wattmeter C. Rheostat D. Ammeter
3. The unit of electric power was named after ________.
A. Georg Simon Ohm
B. James Prescott Joule
C. James Watt
D. Alessandro Volta
4. In a circuit, a 33 Ω resistor carries a current of 2A. What
is the voltage across the resistor?
A. 33V B. 66V C. 80V D. 100V
5. A light bulb draws 300mA when a voltage across it is
240V. What is the resistance of the light bulb?
A. 400Ω B. 600Ω C. 800Ω D. 700Ω
II. True or False: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the
statement is incorrect.
6. An electric meter is used to determine how much energy
is consumed over a given period of time.
7. We can use any light bulbs and never mind the wattage
for the size of the fixture.
8. The unit of power is kilowatt-hour.
9. A voltmeter is a device used to measure the voltage.
10.In order for an ammeter to measure a device’s current, it
must be connected in parallel to that device.

19
 ’s in
Learning Task 3: Criss-cross Puzzle

ACROSS
2. is used to determine how
much energy is consumed over
a given period of time
4. is an instrument that
measures the difference in
electrical potential between two
points in an electric circuit
5. the unit energy used by the
power companies to calculate our
Consumption
DOWN
1.is a measure of electrical
consumption.
3. is the rate of energy transfer

LESSON 1: ELECTRICAL POWER IN A CIRCUIT

In electrical circuit, power is manifested by the heating or warming of
the resistor or load. The load can be a commercially available resistor or
home appliance. This heating effect can be directly verified by touching the
back of the television, refrigerator or electric fan after you have used them
for some time.
Electric power is the rate of energy transfer. It is equal to the product
of the current and voltage.
It is expressed in an equation P=IV
Where; Power (P) is in watt (W)
Current (I) is in Ampere (A)
Voltage (V) is in volts (v)
Electrical power is measured in J/s or watt in honor of James Watt,
the inventor of the steam engine. A watt is used to measure the amount of
power an appliance needs and consumes. Wattage is a measure of electrical
consumption.

20
 http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQsZtLMkRaVEi4hS8jLUXC
3g0q3E76pjoMLMDsYPKDMTPzR2o-GT_6YletlXUFI

If you express the previous formula in terms of I and V, the formula

for current and voltage respectively, will be 𝐼 = 𝑃/𝑉 and 𝑉 = 𝑃/𝐼
Combining it to Ohm’s Law and the power formula, it will result in
another variation of power formula.
𝑉
Substitute 𝐼 = in 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 yields will result to
𝑅
𝑉 𝑉2
𝑃 = (𝑅) 𝑉 ; P= 𝑅

On the other hand, if we substitute V=IR in P=IV, it will yield

P=I (IR) ; 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
This tells us that given any two of the three quantities (current,
resistance and voltage) we can solve for power.

Example Problem 1:
What is the power input to an electric heater that draws 3A from a source of
220-V?
Given: Solution
I= 3A P-IV
V=220v P= (3A) (220v)
Unknown: V P= 660W

Example Problem 2:
How much power is used in a flashlight with 3ohms of resistance with a
current of 0.33 amperes?
Given: Solution
I= 0.33A P-𝐼 2 𝑅
R= 3 Ω P= (0.33𝐴)2 (2Ω)
Unknown: P P= 0.33W

21
ELECTRICAL ENERGY

In this time of pandemic most of the energy that you are using is in
your homes. But do you know how much energy you are using?
Let us use the concept of power to understand how much energy is
used up by an appliance and how much electrical energy costs.
From what we have learned in the previous lesson, power is the
product of current and voltage, P=IV. And from the lesson in mechanics
energy transfer can be used to do work. The energy is needed to produce
power, E = 𝑃 △ 𝑡. Therefore, we can use current, voltage and time to express
energy.
Power companies charge us for energy and not power. The unit energy
used by the power companies to calculate our consumption is the kilowatt-
hour (kWh). This is the energy delivered in one hour at a constant rate of
1kW. An electric meter is used to determine how much energy is consumed
over a given period of time.
For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb for 5 hours a day, you
will have used 200 watts of power, or 0.2 kilowatt-hours of electric energy.
(Dizon, Malabanan and Bautista, 2004)

Example Problem 3:
If a 40 watt lamp is turned on for three (3) hours, how many joules of
electrical energy have been converted by the lamp?
Given: Solution:
P = 40 watts E= 𝑃 △ 𝑡
t= 3 hrs E= (40 watts) (3 hrs))
Unknown: E E= 0.12 kWh

Example Problem 4:
Calculate the heat energy produced by an electric iron, which has a resistance
of 30 ohms and takes a current of 3 amperes when it is switched on for 15
seconds.
Given: Formula: Solution:
R= 30 Ω E= 𝑃 △ 𝑡 P= 𝐼 2 𝑅
I= 3A 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 P= (3𝐴)2 (30Ω)
t= 2hrs P= 270 watts
15 s=0.00h
Unknown: E 𝐸 = 𝑃∆𝑡
𝐸 = (270𝑤)(2ℎ)
E= 0.25kWh

22
LESSON 2: ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY
Of all energy sources, electricity has the greatest potential to cause serious
injuries or fatal accidents. The human body is an excellent conductor of electricity,
even nonfatal electric shocks can cause severe or permanent injury.
With all the household electrical appliances used everyday, it is important to
know how to use them safely. Here are some ways to ensure electrical safety:

Outlets and Extension Cords

• Check outlets that have loose-fitting
plugs, which can overheat and lead to
fire.
• Replace any missing or broken wall
plates.
• Place safety covers on all unused outlets
that are accessible to children.

Cords
• Make sure cords are in good condition – not frayed or
cracked. Make sure they are placed out of busy areas.
• Do not nail or staple cords to the wall,, baseboard or any
other object.
• Do not placed cords under carpets or rugs or rest any
furniture on them.

Plugs
• Make sure your plugs fit your outlets.
• Never remove the ground pin (the third prong) to make
sure a three-pronged plug fit into a two conductor outlet;
this could lead to electric shock.
• Unplug appliances that are not in use.

Light bulbs
• Use light bulbs with correct wattage for the size of the
fixture.
• Make sure light bulbs are screwed in securely; loose
bulbs may overheat.

23
 Circuit breakers Fuses

Circuit Breakers/ Fuses

• Circuit breakers and fuses should have the
correct size current rating for their circuit .If you
do not know the correct size, have an electrician
identify and label the size to be used.
• Always replace a fuse with the same size of fuse.

Adapted from: https://www.google.com/search?q=appliances

Appliances
• Never leave plugged-in appliances where they might
fall into water.
• Never reach into the water to pull out fallen
appliances – even if it’s turned off.
• First turn off the power source and then unplug the
appliance.
• Do not use appliances that has gotten wet. Use it
only after a qualified repair person has checked it

Source: Science and Technology for the Future pages169-170

24
The possible consequences of an electric shock on the body
The human body is a good conductor of electricity. This means
an electric current can easily travel through it. When current travels
through someone’s body accidentally, this is known as an electric
shock or electrocution.

1. A shock can cause muscle spasms.

Muscles are stimulated by electricity. The effect depends on the
intensity of the current and the type of muscle it travels through.
We’ve all felt a buzzing or tingling sensation that doesn’t cause
injury. That’s the effect of a current as low as 0.25 milliamperes (mA)
entering the body.
When a current above 10 mA travels through flexor muscles,
such as the ones in our forearms that close the fingers, it causes a
sustained contraction. The victim may be unable to let go of the
source of the current, making the duration of the contact longer and
increasing the severity of the shock.
When a current above 10 mA travels through extensor muscles,
it causes a violent spasm. If the muscles affected are the hip
extensors that lengthen the limbs away from the body, the victim may
be propelled, sometimes many meters away!
Muscles, ligaments and tendons may tear as a result of the
sudden contraction caused by an electric shock. Tissue can also be
burned if the shock is lasting or the current is high.

2. A shock can cause cardiac arrest

If a current of 50 mA passes through the heart, it can
cause cardiac arrest.
The heart is also a muscle, which beats to pump blood through
the body. The rhythm of our heartbeat is controlled by electric
impulses—it is these impulses that are monitored by an
electrocardiogram. If a current from outside the body passes through
the heart, it can mask these impulses and disturb the heart’s rhythm.
This irregular heartbeat is called arrhythmia and can even manifest
as a total disorganization of the rhythm, known as ventricular
fibrillation.

25
 When ventricular fibrillation occurs, the heart stops pumping
and the blood stops circulating. The victim rapidly loses
consciousness and dies if a healthy heartbeat is not restored with a
device called a defibrillator.
The arrhythmia can occur at the time of the shock or in the
hours following the electric shock.

3. A shock can cause burns to tissues and organs

When a current above 100 mA passes through the body, it
leaves marks at the points of contact with the skin. Currents above
10,000 mA (10 A) cause serious burns that may require amputation of
the affected limb.
Some burns are easy to recognize because they look like the
burns you can get from contact with heat. Others may seem harmless
but aren’t: tiny charred craters indicate the presence of much more
serious internal burns.
Electrical burns often affect internal organs. They are caused
by the heat generated from the body’s resistance to the current
passing through it. Internal damage may be much more serious than
the external injuries suggest.
Internal burns often have serious consequences: scarring,
amputation, loss of function, loss of sensation and even death. For
example, if a lot of tissue is destroyed, the large amount of waste
generated can cause serious kidney or blood circulation disorders.

4. A shock can affect the nervous system

Nerves are tissue that offers very little resistance to the passage
of an electric current. When nerves are affected by an electric shock,
the consequences include pain, tingling, numbness, weakness or
difficulty moving a limb. These effects may clear up with time or be
permanent.
Electric injury can also affect the central nervous system.
When a shock occurs, the victim may be dazed or may experience
amnesia, seizure or respiratory arrest.
Long-term damage to the nerves and the brain will depend on
the extent of the injuries and may develop up to several months after
the shock. This type of damage can also cause psychiatric disorders.

26
 5. A shock can have other unexpected consequences
Other disorders can appear in the weeks or months following
the shock, depending on which organs the current passed through.
For example, if the current passed through the eyes, cataracts may
develop over time.

Source: https://www.hydroquebec.com/safety/electric-shock/consequences-
electric-shock.html

Common Electrical Hazards

Electrical hazards come in a variety of forms, but all have the potential
to cause serious injury. Common types of electrical hazard include:
• Contact with live wires resulting in electric shock and burns,
• Fires due to faulty wiring,
• Exposed electrical parts,
• Ignition of fires or explosions due to electrical contact with potentially
flammable or explosive materials,
• Inadequate wiring,
• Improper grounding, sometimes caused by workers deliberately
removing the ground pin on an electric plug to fit a two-prong
extension cord,
• Interaction with overhead power lines,
• Damaged wire insulation, causing electrical conductors to make
contact with each other, tools, or a worker’s body,
• Overloaded circuits,
• Wet conditions.
Source: https://www.tpctraining.com/blogs/news/common-electrical-hazards

LESSON 3: DEVICES FOR MEASURING CURRENTS

AND VOLTAGES

Ammeters: A Device for Measuring Current

An ammeter measures the electric current in a circuit. The
name is derived from the name for the SI unit for electric current,
amperes (A).

27
 In order for an ammeter to measure a
device’s current, it must be connected in series
to that device. This is necessary because objects
in series experience the same current. They
must not be connected to a voltage source —
ammeters are designed to work under a minimal
burden, (which refers to the voltage drop across
the ammeter, typically a small fraction of a volt).

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-hysics/chapter/voltmeters-
and-ammeters/

Voltmeter: A Device for Measuring Voltage

A voltmeter is an instrument that measures the difference in
electrical potential between two points in an electric circuit. An analog
voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportion to the circuit’s
voltage; a digital voltmeter provides a numerical display. Any measurement
that can be converted to voltage can be displayed on a meter that is
properly calibrated; such measurements include pressure, temperature,
and flow.

Symbol for Voltmeter

Adapted from: https://www.slideshare.net/vishalgupta587/voltmeter-

70446953

In order for a voltmeter to

measure a device’s voltage, it must be
connected in parallel to that device.
This is necessary because objects in
parallel experience the same potential
difference.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-hysics/chapter/voltmeters-
and-ammeters/

28
Learning Task 4: Let’s Try This
Solve the following Problems. Show your complete solutions.
1. The heating element in a hair dryer is rated at 5kW and
220V . How much current does it draw?
2. A 15 A current flows in a device that has a resistance of
0.15Ω. Compute the rate of heat production by the device.

Learning Task 5: Complete

Complete the table by finding the electrical energy consumed by the each
appliance. Compute for the total Electrical energy consumed by all the
appliances listed.

Appliance Power Rating No. of Electrical

Hours Energy
W kW
used (h) Consumed
(per day) (kWh)
Electric fan 100 0.100 10
Computer 225 0.225 12

TV Set 36 0.036 8
Fluorescent Lamp 53 0.053 12
Total=

Learning Task 6: What’s on your mind?

As a Senior High School student, what energy saving tips can you give
to you schoolmates?

29
Learning Task 7:

1. List three (5) electrical hazards and write ways avoiding

electrical accidents.

2. Your mother asked you to buy a new light bulb for your room.
What kind of bulb should you buy if you want to conserve
electrical energy? Explain your answer

Learning Task 8: Post-test

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer from the given choices.
1. What is the SI unit of electric current?
A. Watt B. Ampere C.Ohm D.Coulomb
2. An instrument that measures the electric current.
A. Ammeter B. Wattmeter C. Rheostat D. Voltme
3. The unit of electric power was named after ________.
A. Georg Simon Ohm
B. James Watt
C. James Prescott Joule
D. Alessandro Volta
4. In a circuit, a 33 Ω resistor carries a current of 2A. What is
the voltage across the resistor?
A. 100V B. 80V C. 66V D. 33V

30
 5. A light bulb draws 300mA when a voltage across it is
240V. What is the resistance of the light bulb?
A. 400Ω B. 600Ω C. 800Ω D. 700Ω
I. True or False: Write T if the statement is correct and F if
the statement is incorrect.
6. An ammeter is used to determine how much energy is
consumed over a given period of time.
7. In buying light bulbs we should look into the wattage for
the size of the fixture.
8. The unit of power is joule
9. A galvanometer is a device used to measure the voltage.
10.In order for an ammeter to measure a device’s current , it
must be connected in series to that device.

31
Answer Key

What is it
Learning Task 1 What’s More
1. Curret Learning Task 4
2. Voltage 1. Given:
3. Resistance P=5kW=5,000W
4. Electric Circuit V= 220v
5. Ohmic
Unknown: I
Solution:
P = IV
What I Know I= P/V
Learning Task 2 = 5000W/220v
1. A I=22.73A
2. D
3. C 2. Given:
4. B I=15A
5. C R=0.15Ω
6. T
7. F Unknown: P
8. F Solution:
9. T P=𝐼 2 𝑅
10.F P=(15𝐴)2 (0.15Ω)
P = 33.75W

What’s In What’s More

Learning Task 3 Learning Task 5
1. wattage Electric fan = 1 kWh
2. electric meter Computer = 2.7 kWh
3. electric power TV Set = 0.29 kWh
4. voltmeter Flourescent Lamp = 0.64 kWh
5. kilowatt-hour TOTAL= 3.93 kWh
What I Have
learned What I can achieve
Learning Task 6 Learning Task 8
Answers may vary 1. B 6. F
2. A 7. T
3. B 8. F
What’s I can do 4. C 9. F
Learning Task 7 5. C 10. T
Answers may vary

32
 References

Books
Dizon, M. (2004) Science and Technology for the Future IV, Diwa Scholastic Press
Inc.
Halliday, D, Resnick,R and Walker, J (1997) John Wiley and Sons,Inc
Padua , A and Crisostomo, R(2003). Practical and Explorational Physics Modular
Approach. Vibal Publishing, Inc.
David, O (2017)DIWA Senior High School Series: General Physics.Diwa Learning
Systems Inc

ElectronicSources
What is Power? Retrieved February 6,2021 from https://courses.
lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/power/#:~:text=In%20
physics%2C%20power%20is%20the%20rate%20of%20doing%20work.,develop
er%20of%20the%20steam%20engine).

The possible consequences of an electric shock on the body. Retrieved

February 6,2021 from https://www.hydroquebec.com/safety/electric-
shock/consequences-electric-shock.html

What areCommon Electrical Hazards. Retrieved February 6,2021 from

https://www.tpctraining.com/blogs/news/common-electrical-hazards

33
Department of Education Division Rizal

Address: DepEd Bldg., Cabrera Rd., Bgy. Dolores, Taytay, Rizal 1920

Telephone number: 09274562115/09615294771