2

Functions and transformations

Skills check y

1. a) f(1) = (5 + 2) = 7
b) f(−2) = 5(−2) + 2(−2)3 = −10 − 16 = −26
y = x2 (x + 3)
c) f(−10) = 5(−10) + 2(−10)3 = −50 − 2000
= −2050 –3 –2 –1
0 x

d) f(8) = 5(8) + 2(8) = 40 + 1024 = 1064

3

e) f(−3) = 5(−3) + 2(−3)3 = −15 − 54 = −69
f) f(−1) = 5(−1) + 2(−1)3 = −5 − 2 = −7 e) y

2. a) y

1
y= x

y = x3
0 x

0 x

f) a > 0, so ∩ shaped
b) a > 0, so ∪ shaped
Roots at x = −4 and x = 5
Roots at x = −1 and x = 2
y-intercept at 20
y-intercept at −2
y
y
y = (x – 2)(x + 1)
20

y = (5 – x)(x + 4)
0 x
–1 2 0 x
–4 5
–2

c) y-intercept at 20 = 1
y
Exercise 2.1
1. a) f(3) = 3 − 2 = 1  Range: f(x) ≤ 1
b) f(−3) = 2(−3)2 = 18  f(1) = 2(1)2 = 2
y = 2x
f(0) = 0, so Range: 0 ≤ g(x) ≤ 18
0 x
c) f(−2) = (−2)3 + 4 = −4  Range: h(x) > −4
d) f(1) = 1, so f(x) ≤ 1
d) Cubic graph, a > 0
However, f(x) → 0 as x gets very large
Root at x = −3 and repeated root at x = 0
So 0 < f(x) ≤ 1
y-intercept at 3
e) g(−1) = 7(−1) + 1 = −6  g(3) = 7(3) + 1 = 22
Range: −6 ≤ g(x) ≤ 22
f) x 4 will always be positive or 0  Range: h(x) ≥ 0

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 1
2. a) y Range: f(x) ∈ R One-to-one
  b) When x = 2, 5 − 2x = 5 − 2(2) = 1
function Therefore range: f(x) > 1

x x 4. a) f(x) = 3[x 2 + 2x − 6]  =3[(x + 1)2 −1 − 6]

= 3(x + 1)2 − 21

b) x = 3 or x = −3,  y = 9 − 4 = 5  y b) Range f(x) ≥ − 21

Range: −4 ≤ g(x) < 5 5. x 2 − 8x + 16 ≥ 6 x

Many-to-one function x 2 − 8x + 10 ≥ 0

x Let x 2 − 8x + 10 = 0.
y
4–√6 4+√6
8 ± 64 − 40
–4 Then x =
2
c) x = −2, y = −(−2)3 = 8  Range: −1 ≤ h(x) < 8
x = 4 ± 6
x = 1, y = −(1)3 = −1 One-to-one function For x 2 − 8x + 10 ≥ 0, then x < 4 − 6 and
x > 4+ 6
y
so Domain: x < 4 − 6 or x > 4 + 6

6. h(x) = −(x 2 + 2x − 5)
= −[(x + 1)2 − 1 − 5]
x = −(x + 1)2 + 6
Range h(x) ≤ 6

7. f(x): when x = 2, f(2) = 4 − 1 = 3 and 2(2) − 1 = 3

d) y  f(4) = 1 For every value of x there is only one value of
y = (x–3)2
Range: f(x) ≥ 1 y including x = 2. Hence f is one-to-one and so is a
one-to-one function function.
(4,1)
x
g(x): when x = 2, g(2) = 22 + 2 = 6 and 2(2) − 1 = 3
g is not a function since when x = 2 there are two
different values of g(x). Hence g is a one-to-many
mapping.
e) y  f(1) = −1, f(3) = −5 8. y
Range −5 ≤ g(x) ≤ −1 6
y = 1–2x
y = 2x2 5
One-to-one function y = x3 + 1
4
x
(–1,–5)
3
2
1
f) y  Range: h(x) ≥ 0 one-to-one x
–2 –1 1 2
function
Minimum value of f(x) is f(x) = 0 when x = 0.
f(−3) = 2(−3)2 = 18
x
–1 f(2) = (2)3 +1 = 9
Maximum value of f(x) is f(x) = 18 when x = −3
3. a) x
45 Range: 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 18
40
35
30 9. a) i) x ∈ R ii) f(x) ∈ R
25
20 y = x2+1 iii) one-to-one
15 b) i) x ∈ R, x ≥ 0 ii) g(x) ∈ R g(x) ≥ 0
10
y = 5–2x
5 iii) one-to-one
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y c) i) x ∈ R, x ≠ 0 ii) h(x) ∈ R, h(x) > 0
iii) many-to-one

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 2
10. a) g(x) = (x + 5)2 − 25 + p 10.  fg(x) = f(x 2 + 2) = x 2 + 2 + 4 = x 2 + 6
  b) Range: g(x) ≥ p − 25   Range: fg(x) ≥ 6
x −1 x −1− x −1
−1
Exercise 2.2 ⎛x − 1⎞ =
11.  ff ( x ) = f ⎜ ⎟
x = x = x
⎝ x ⎠ x −1 x −1 x −1
1. a) fg(x) = f(x 2) = 5x 2 − 1 x x x
b) ff(x) = f(5x − 1) = 5(5x − 1) − 1 = 25x − 6 −1 1
= = = − 2  1 = −2 + 2x 2x = 3
c) gf(−3) = g(5 × −3 − 1) = g(−16)  x −1 1− x
= (−16)2 = 256 3
x =
d) gg(1) = g(1 ) = g(1) = 1 = 1
2 2
2

2. a) fg(−2) = f(3 − −2) = f(5) = 2(5)2 + 1  = 51 12.  fg(−1) = f  [(−1)2 + a(−1) + b)]
b) gf(x) = g(2x 2 + 1) = 3 − (2x 2 + 1)  = 2 − 2x 2   = f(1 − a + b) = a − (1 − a + b)
1 1   = 2a − b − 1 = −1  2a − b = 0  b = 2a
3. a) fg(x) = f(1 + x) = =
1+ x −3 x −2   gf(−1) = g(a − −1) = g(a + 1)
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 x −3+1   = (a + 1)2 + a(a + 1) + b = a2 + 2a + 1 + a2 + a +
b) gf ( x ) = g ⎜ ⎟= 1+ =
⎝ x − 3⎠ x −3 x −3 b
x −2   = 2a2 + 3a + b + 1 = 2a2 + 3a + 2a + 1
=
x −3   = 2a2 + 5a + 1 = −1  2a2 + 5a + 2 = 0
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 −5 1
c) ff (−2) = f ⎜ = f⎜ ⎟ = = =   (a + 2)(2a + 1) = 0  a = −2 or a = −
⎟ 1 −16 2
⎝ −2 − 3 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ −3 16
−5 5 1
  a = −2, b = −4 or a = − , b = −1
4. a) fg(x) = f(x 2 + 1)  2(x2 + 1) −1 =
 2x2 + 2 − 1 2
= 2x2 + 1 13. fg(x) = f(x 2 + 4) = 3(x 2 + 4) −1  3x 2 + 11
b) hf(x) = h(2x − 1) = 1 − (2x − 1) =
 1 − 2x + 1   gf(x) = g(3x − 1) = (3x − 1)2 + 4 = 9x 2 − 6x + 5
= 2 − 2x
  9x 2 − 6x + 5 = 3x 2 + 11
c) hg(−1) = h((−1)2 + 1) = h(2) = 1 − 2 = −1
  6x 2 − 6x − 6 = 0  6(x 2 − x − 1) = 0
d) gf(2) = g(2(2) − 1) = g(3) = (3)2 + 1 = 10   x 2 − x − 1 = 0
5. fg(x) = + f(2x + k) = 4(2x + k) − 1 = 8x + 4k − 1 y
14. fg(x) = f(x 2 − x) = x 2 − x − 2 ≥ 0
gf(x) = g(4x − 1) = 2(4x − 1) + k = 8x − 2 + k
  (x − 2)(x + 1) ≥ 0  x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 2
when 8x + 4k − 1 = 8x − 2 + k –1 2
x
1
then 4k − 1 = −2 + k  3k = −1  k = − 
3
2
6. gf ( x ) = g (3 x ) = 2 ⎡⎣3 x ⎤⎦ − 1 = 18x − 1 = 8
15. gf(x) = g(2x − 1) = (2x − 1)2 + (2x − 1)
1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
18x = 9  x =   = 4x 2 − 4x + 1 + 2x − 1 = 4x 2 − 2x = 4 ⎢ x 2 − x ⎥
2 ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡ 2
1⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
2
  = 4 ⎢⎛⎜ x −
1⎞ 1
7. 3 − x = g(x − 2) = (x − 2)2 − 19 = x 2 − 4x + 4 − 19 ⎟ − ⎥ = 4⎜ x − ⎟ −
⎣⎝ 4⎠ 16 ⎦ ⎝ 4⎠ 4
= x 2 − 4x − 15
0 = x 2 − 3x − 18 = (x − 6)(x + 3)
Exercise 2.3
x = 6 or −3
y−3 x −3
1. a) y = 2x + 3  = x   f −1 ( x ) = , x ∈ R
8. fg ( x ) = f ( 2 x ) = ( 2 x ) + 1 = 2x + 1 = 1.5
2  2
2 2
1 1 1 b) y = x 2 − 2  y + 2 = x 2  x = ± y+2
2x 2 =   x 2 =   x = ± −1
2 4 2 + x + 2 ,  x ≥ −2, x ∈ R
f ( x ) =
⎛ 1 ⎞= 1 1 1− y 1− x
9. hh( x ) = h ⎜ ⎟ = c) y = 1 − 4x  x =   f −1 ( x ) = , x ∈ R
⎝ x − 1⎠ 1 1 − ( x − 1) 4 4
−1
x −1 x −1 x −3 −1
d) y = , 2y + 3 = x  f ) 2 x + 3, x ∈ R
( x=
2−x x −1 2
= 1÷ = 1 1 1
x −1 2−x e) y =   x =   f −1 ( x ) = , x ∈ R, x ≠ 0
x y x
y x
f) y = 2(x − 1)  + 1 = 
x f −1 ( x=
) + 1, x ∈ R
2 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 3
2. a) y = 3 − x  x = 3 − y f −1: x → 3 − x, x ∈ R 4 (2) + 5 13 −8 + 5 −3
f −1 (2) = =   f −1 (−2) = =  
y+6 x +6 2 − (14 ) −12 2 + 14 16
b) y = 24x − 6  x =   g −1 : x → , x ∈ R
24 24 −3 13 −9 + 52 43
f −1(−2) − f −1(2) = + = =
y−2 y−2 16 12 48 48
c) y = 3x 2 + 2  x 2 =   x =  
3 3 x
8. a) y =   xy + 3y = x 3y = x −xy = x(1 − y)
x −2 x +3
h −1 : x → , x ∈ R, x ≥ 2
3 3y 3x
x =   f −1 ( x ) = = − 5 3x = −5 + 5x
2 2 2 1− y 1− x
d) y=   x= − 5   f −1 : x → − 5 , x ∈ R,
x +5 y x 5
5 = 2x  x =
x ≠ 0 2
2 2 2
e) y =   x= − 1  g −1 : x → − 1, x ∈ R, ⎛ 3x ⎞ 3x ⎛ 3x 3⎞
x +1 y x b) ff −1 ( x ) = f ⎜ ⎟= ÷⎜ + ⎟
x ≠ 0 ⎝ 1− x ⎠ 1 − x ⎝ 1 − x 1⎠
3x 3x + 3 − 3x 3x 1− x
f) =
y x − 3   y 2 + 3 = x  h −1: x → x 2 + 3, x ∈ R, = ÷ = × =x
1− x 1− x 1− x 3
x ≥ 0
x
1 1 1 9. y =   xy − y = x  xy − x = y x(y − 1) = y
3. y =   x= − 4  f −1 ( x=
) − 4  x −1
x +4 y x y
1 13 x =
f −1 (−3) = −4= − y −1

−3 3 x
f −=
1
(x ) = f (x )
1 + 2x x −1
4. y =   xy − y = 1 + 2x  xy − 2x = 1 + y  6 6 6
x −1 10.  a)  y =   xy = 6  x =   f −1 ( x ) =
1+ y x y x
x(y − 2) = 1 + y  x =
y−2   Hence self inverse
x +1   b)  y = 2x − 1  y + 1 = 2x 
f −1 ( x ) = , x ∈ R, x ≠ 2
x −2
y +1 x +1
x
= = g −1 ( x )   not self-inverse
5. a) x 2 + 2x − 1 = (x + 1)2 − 1 − 1 = (x + 1)2 − 2 2 2
b) when x = 0, f(x) = − 1,  when x = 2,  f(x) = 7 1 y y 1 x
 c)  y =   y− = 1  y − 1 =  =
Range: − 1 ≤ f(x) ≤ 7 1−
1 x x y −1 y
x
c) y = (x+1)2 − 2  y + 2 = (x + 1)2 y x 1
x =   h −1 ( x ) = =
x =− 1 ± y +2 y −1 x − 1 1− 1
x
−1
f : x → − 1 + x + 2 , x ∈ R,  −1 ≤ x ≤ 7 Hence self-inverse

d) ff−1(x) = f −i + ( x + 2) 11. a)  i) 2(x 2 − 6x + 4) = 2[(x − 3)2 − 9 + 4]

= 2[(x − 3)2 − 5] = 2(x − 3)2 − 10
=( x + 2)
2
− 2=x+2−2=x
f(x) ≥ −10
ii)
e) f(x) is reflected in y = x to get f −1(x).
 b) i) Smallest value of D = 3, since the function
y
8
g is one-to-one when x ≥ 3
6 y = 2(x − 3)2 − 10
ii) y + 10 = 2(x − 3)2
4 y + 10 y + 10
= ( x − 3)2  x= 3 ±
2 2 2

–2 0
x x + 10
–2
2 4 6 8 g −1 : x 6 3 + , x ≥ −10, x ∈ R
2
1 1 1 12. a) 4x − x 2 = − [x 2 − 4x] = −[(x − 2)2 − 4]
6. y= 2 +   y−2=   = 1− x
1− x 1− x y−2
= − (x − 2)2 + 4 = 4 − (x − 2)2
1 1
x= 1 −   f −1 ( x ) = 1 − ,  x ∈ R, x ≠ 2  b) y = 4 − (x − 2)2 (x − 2)2 = 4 − y
y−2 x −2
x − 2 =± 4 − y   x =2 ± 4−y
2x − 5
7. y =  7xy + 4y = 2x − 5  4y + 5 = 2x − 7xy
7x + 4 f −1 : x 6 2 +
4 − x , x ≤ 4, x ∈ R
4y + 5 4x + 5
4y + 5 = x(2 − 7y)  x =   f −1 ( x ) =
2 − 7y 2 − 7x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 4
 x −1 x −1 −3
13. a) y= 2 +   ( y − 2)2 =   x = 1 + 3(y − 2)2 ii) Translation by the vector  
3 3  0
x = 1 + 3y 2 − 12y + 12 = 3y 2 − 12y + 13
y

f (x) = 3x − 12x + 13
−1  2

 b) x ∈ R, x ≥ 2
y = f(x + 3)
y+a x +a
14. y = 4x − a  x =   f −1 ( x ) = 0 x
4 4 –4
1 + a
f=
−1
(1) = 2  1 + a = 8 a = 7
4
y −b x −b
y = b + ax  x =   g −1 ( x ) =
a a
−1 − b  0
g −1 ( −1) = = −3 iii) Translation by the vector  
a
−1
−1 − b = −3a = −21  b = 20
y
x −1
15. a) y =   xy + 2y = x − 1  2y + 1 = x − xy
x +2
y = f(x – 1)
= x(1 − y)
0 x
2y + 1 2x + 1 4
x =   f −1 : x 6 , x ∈ R, x ≠ 1
1− y 1− x
2x + 1
 
b) if = − 2 2x + 1 = − 2 + 2x
1− x
1 = −2 impossible. 2. a) y-intercept at 20 = 1
Asymptote is the x-axis.
Exercise 2.4 y
1. a) a > 0, so ∪ shaped
Roots at x = −1 and x = 3
y-intercept at −3
1 g(x) = 2x
y
0 x

f(x) = (x + 1) (x – 3) −2 
b) i) Translation by the vector  
 0
0 x y
–1 3

–3 4
y = g(x + 2)

0 
b) i) Translation by the vector  
1  y=0
0 x
y

 0
ii) Translation by the vector 
y = f(x) + 1  −1 
y
0 x

–2
y = g(x) –1

0 x
y = –1

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 5
  0 b) i) Reflection in the y-axis
iii) Translation by the vector  
 4 y

y = f(–x)
y = g(x) + 4
5
y=4

–2 0 2 x

0 x
–4

3. Graph is moved 5 units to the left, so translation ii) Reflection in the x-axis
−5
by the vector   y
 0
4. a) f(x) = x(x + 3) 4

f(x − 1) = (x − 1) (x − 1 + 3) = (x − 1)(x + 2)
y = –f(x)
3 + f(x − 1) = 3 + (x − 1)(x + 2)
= 3 + x2 + x − 2
= x2 + x + 1 –2 0 2 x

 1
b) Translation by the vector  
 3

5. y = x2 − x + 1 + 3 = x2 − x + 4 2. Reflection in the y-axis, then translation by the

6. This is f(x + 1) . 0 
vector  
y = (x + 1)2 − 3 = x2 + 2x 1 – 3 = x2 + 2x − 2 7 

3. a) Reflection in the x-axis

Exercise 2.5
y
1. a) a > 0, so ∪ shaped
B (2, 1)
Roots at x = −2 and x = 2 y = –f(x)

y-intercept at −4 0 x
y

f(x) = (x + 2)(x –2)

A(0, –3)

b) Reflection in the y-axis
y

–2 0 2 x
A (0, 3)
y = f(–x)

–4
0 x

B (–2, 1)
−4 
c) Translation by the vector   , then reflection
in the x-axis  0

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 6
 y
1
y = –f(x +4) b) i) Stretch with factor in the x-direction
2
B (–2, 1)
y

(0, 16)
0 x

y = f(2x)

A (–4, –3) (–2, 0)

0 (2, 0) x
d) Reflection in the y-axis, then reflection in the

0 
x-axis, then translation by   ii) Stretch with factor 4 in the y-direction
3 
y y
(0, 64)
B (–2, 4)

y = –3 – f(–x)
y = 4f(x)
A (0, 0)
0 x (–4, 0) (4, 0)
0 x


4. a) Reflection in the y-axis, so change the signs of 1
iii) Stretch with factor in the x-direction, then
the x-coordinates 4
reflection in the y-axis
P(3, 5), Q(2, −8)
y
(0, 16)
b) Reflection in the x-axis, so change the signs of
the y-coordinates y = f(–4x)
P(−3, −5), Q(−2, 8)
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
c) f(−x + 1) = f(−(x − 1)), so translation by the 0 x
 
vector 1  , then reflection in the y-axis
0 
P(2, 5), Q(1, −8) 2. a) Stretch with factor 4 in the y-direction

 0 y
Reflection in the x-axis, then translation by  
d)
−5
A (–2, 32)
P(−3, −10), Q(−2, 3)
4f(x)
5. y = −(3x2 + 2x − 8) = −3x2 − 2x + 8
O x
B(1, –4)
Exercise 2.6
b) Stretch with factor 2 in the x-direction, then
1. a) a > 0, so ∩ shaped
reflection in the y-axis
Roots at x = −4 and x = 4
y
y-intercept at 16
A(4, 8)
y
y = 4f(x)
(0, 16)

f(x) = –16 – x2
B(–2, –1) O x

(–4, 0)
x

0 (4, 0)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 7
 −1 b) Stretch with factor 3 in the y-direction, then
c) Translation by the vector   , then stretch with
 0 reflection in the x-axis
factor 4 in the y-direction, then reflection in the x=0

x-axis y

y = 2f(x + 1) y = –3f(x)

B(0, 2)
(–1, 0) 0 x
x –2
O O

y = –3

A(–3, 16)
3 
c) Translation by the vector   , then stretch with
0 
factor 2 in the y-direction
1
d) Stretch with factor in the x-direction, then
2 x=3
y
reflection in the y-axis, then translation by
0 
the vector  
1 
y
10 A (1, 9) y = 2f(x – 3)

8 y=2
y = 1 + 2f(– 2x) 6
4
0 x
1 2 1
B (– , 0)
2
O (–1, 0) O x

1
3. a) Stretch with factor in the x-direction
2 d) Stretch with factor 2 in the x-direction, then
reflection in the y-axis, then translation by
y 0 
the vector  
4 
x=0
y = f(2x)
y
y=1

0 x
–2 y = 4 – f( 1 x)
2
y=3

0 x
1
x=0

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 e) Stretch with factor 4 in the y-direction, then Summary exercise 2
0 
translation by the vector   1. a) 1 < f(x) ≤ 8
3 
b) 7 4 < g( x ) ≤ 7 9   14 < g(x) ≤ 21
x=0
1 1 −4
y c) x =   h( x ) = =  
4 1 15
−4
4
1 1 1 4
y = 3 + 4f(x) x = 1, h( x ) = = −   − ≤ h( x ) ≤ −
1− 4 3 3 15
y=7 1
d) <≤ ff(x)
(x ) < 1
16

2. a) when x = −1,  3x 2 + 2 = 5 and 5x − 1 = − 6.

f(x) is not a function because f(–1) = 5 and –6,
0 x
i.e. f is one-to-many.

when x = −1,  x 3 − 1 = −2 and 2x = − 2. g(x)
is a function because it is not one-to-many.
b) g is a one-to-one function since for each value
1
y = 4f(− x) 
f) of y, there is a unique value of x such that
2
g(x) = y.

Stretch with factor 2 in the x-direction, then 3. Domain: x ∈ R, x ≠ 1 y

reflection in the y-axis Range: f(x) ∈ R, f(x) ≠ 0

y x

y=1 4. a) gf(x) = g(4x − 2) = (4x − 2 + 1)2 = (4x − 1)2

0 x b) fg(x) = f(x + 1)2 = 4(x + 1)2 − 2

= 4x 2 + 8x + 4 − 2
= 4x 2 + 8x + 2 = 14  4x 2 + 8x − 12 = 0

x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0  (x + 3)(x − 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = −3
1 5. a) gh(x) = g(x 2) = x 2 − 5
4. Stretch parallel to x-axis with stretch factor , then
2
reflection in the x-axis b) fg(x) = f(x – 5) = 3( x − 5)= 3 x − 15
2 c) hg(–2) = h((–2) –5) = h(–7) = (–7)2 = 49
5. Translation by the vector   , then stretch parallel
0 
6. f(−2) = 4a + b = 2  f(4) = 16a + b = 14
to the y-axis with stretch factor 3, then translation
12a = 12  a = 1  4 + b = 2  b = −2
0 
by the vector   Ans a = 1, b = −2
4 
⎛ 1 ⎞
7. gf ( x ) = g ⎜ ⎟  =
8
−
1
  = 20
⎝ 2 x + 1 ⎠ 1 2 x + 1 3
24(2x + 1) − 3 = 20(2x + 1)  48x + 24 − 3 = 40x + 20
1
8x = −1  x = −
8

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 9
8. a) gf(x) = g(5 − 3x) = (5 − 3x − 1)2 For x ≥ −1, h is not a one-to-one function (it is
(4 − 3x)2 = 16 − 24x + 9x 2 ≤ 25 many to one). So, any inverse of h on this domain
would be one-to-many, and hence would not be
9x 2 − 24x − 9 ≤ 0  3x 2 − 8x − 3 ≤ 0
a function.
(3x + 1)(x − 3) ≤ 0
1 x2 + 1
− ≤ x ≤ 3 12. a) y =  2x 2y + y = x 2 + 1  2x 2y − x 2 = 1 − y
3 2x 2 + 1
y 1− y 1− y
x 2(2y − 1) = 1 − y  x 2 =   x =
2y − 1 2y − 1
0.33 3 x
1− x
f −1 ( x ) =
2x − 1
5− y
b) y = 5 − 3x 3x = 5 − y  x = 5
3  b) f(x) has domain x ≥ 2, so has range f(x) ≤ f(2) = .
5−x 5−x 9
f −1 ( x ) =   They meet when 5 −3x =
3 3 Hence the inverse function f  −1(x) is only defined
5 5
15 − 9x = 5 − x  10 = 8x  x = when x ≤ .
4 9
15 5 1− x
y= 5 − = However, for the inverse function f  −1(x) =
4 4 2x − 1
y 1− x
6
to be defined, we must also have ≥ 0,
y=x 2x − 1
1
5 i.e. < x ≤ 1.
4 2
f(x)
3 Putting these two together, we see that f  −1 (x) is
2 1 5
1
( 54, 54 ) defined for
2
<x≤ .
9
f –1(x)
⎛ 1− x ⎞ ⎛ 1− x ⎞ ⎛ 2 − 2x ⎞
1 2 3 4 5 6
x c) ff −1 ( x ) = f ⎜ ⎟=⎜ + 1⎟ ÷ ⎜ + 1⎟
⎝ 2x − 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2x − 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2x − 1 ⎠
9. a) fg(x) = f(3x + 4) = (3x + 4)2 − 1 1 − x + 2x − 1 2 − 2x + 2x − 1
= ÷  
= 9x + 24x + 15
 2 2x − 1 2x − 1
x 2x − 1
gf(x) = g(x 2 − 1) = 3(x 2 − 1) + 4 = × =x
2x − 1 1
= 3x 2 + 1
b) 9a2 + 24a + 15 = 4a + 3a2 + 1 13. a) fg(x) = f(x 2 + 1) = 3x 2 + 3 + 2 = 3x 2 + 5
6a2 + 20a + 14 = 0 gf(x) = g(3x + 2) = (3x + 2)2 + 1 = 9x 2 + 12x + 5
3a2 + 10a + 7 = 0  (3a + 7)(a + 1) = 0 3x 2 + 5 = 9x 2 + 12x + 5  0 = 6x 2 + 12x = 6x(x + 2)
a = 7 x = 0 or x = −2
− or a =
−1
3 y −5
 b) y = 3x 2 + 5  y − 5 = 3x 2  = x2
10. fg(x) = f(2x − 1) = 10(2x − 1) + (2x − 1)2 3
= 20x − 10 + 4x 2 − 4x + 1 y −5 x −5
x = ±   (fg)−1 : x 6 ± , x ∈ R, x ≥ 5
= 4x 2 + 16x − 9 3 3
= 4[x 2 + 4x] − 9  4[(x + 2)2 − 4] − 9  c) It is not a function since for all values of x ≥ 5,
= 4(x + 2)2 − 16 − 9  = 4(x + 2)2 − 25 we get two values for the inverse.

11. f(−1) = 2, f(5) = 20 so 2 ≤ f(x) ≤ 20 14. a)=

y 2 x + a   y 2 = 2x + a  y 2 − a = 2x
y−5 y2 − a
y = 3x + 5  3x = y − 5  x =   x =
3 2
x −5 x2 − a
f −1 : x 6   yes, inverse exists for 2 ≤ x ≤ 20. f ( x ) =
−1
, x ∈ R, x ≥ 0
3 2
g(0) = 4 so g(x) ≤ 4 b) f (2 x + =
  a) 2(2 x + a ) + a = 4 x + 3a
4− y
y = 4 − 2x 2 2x 2 = 4 − y  x 2 =
2 Thus 2 x + a= 4 x + 3a , 2x + a = 4x + 3a
4−y 4−x −2a = 2x  a = −x
x = +   g −1 : x 6
2 2
yes inverse exits for x ≤ 4.

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 10
 2 16. a) Reflection in the y-axis
15. a) Translation by the vector   y
0 
y y=2

y = f(–x)
y = f(x–2)
0 x

y = –2
O (2, 0) B (8, 0)
O x

 1
 b) Translation by the vector  
 0
A (4, –3) y

b)
  Reflection in the x-axis y=2
y y = f(x –1)
A (2, 3)
0 1 x
y = −f(x)
y = –2

B(6, 0)
O x 1
Stretch with factor
 c)  in the x-direction, then
2

reflection in the y-axis
1
c)
  Stretch with factor in the x-direction y
2 y=2
y
y = −f(2x)
B (3, 0) 0 x
O x y = –2

y = f(2x)
d)
  y = 3f(4 − x) = 3f(−(x − 4))
A (1, –3) 4 
Translation by the vector   , then reflection
0 
Reflection in the x-axis, then reflection in the
 d) 
in the y-axis, then stretch with factor 3 in the
y-axis
y y-direction
A (–2, 3)
y

y = –f(−x) y=6
B (–6, 0)
O x
y = 3f(4−x)
0 x
–4
e)
  y = 3 + f(1 − x) = y = 3 + f(−(x − 1))
1  y = –6
Translation
 by the vector   , then reflection
0 
0  1
in the y-axis, then translation by the vector   17. a) Stretch with factor in the x-direction
3  4
y y
A ( 12 , 4) C (2, 4)

y = f(4x)
B (–7, 3) O (–1, 3)

y = 3+f(1−x)

O B (1, 0) x
A (–3, 0) O x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 11
  b) y = f(3 − x) = f(−(x − 3)) 1
20. a) i) 
Stretch with factor in the x-direction
3  2
Translation by the vector   , then reflection y
0 
in the y-axis A (1, 8)

y
y = f(2x)
C (5, 4) A (1, 4)

1
y = f(3–x) B (12, 0)
0 x
 
O (3, 0)
B (–1, 0) O x
−1
ii)  Translation by the vector  
 0
−1 y
Translation by the vector   , then reflection
 c) 
 0 A (1, 8)
in the x-axis
y
y = f(2x)
O (–1, 0) B (3, 0)
O x
y = –f(x+1) B (2, 0)
x
–1 0
  
C (7, –4) 0 
A (1, –4)  b) Translation by the vector  
c 
A has moved from (2, 8) to (2, 3),
Reflection
d) 
  in the y-axis, then stretch with
so c = −5
factor 2 in the y-direction
y  −e 
Translation by the vector   , then stretch
 c) 
C (–8, 8) A (–2, 8)  0
with factor d in the y-direction
A has moved from (2, 8) to (4, 4).
y = 2f(–x) A translation in the x-direction will not affect
the y-coordinate.
B (–4, 0) O x

The y-coordinate of A moved from 8 to 4, so
1
18. Graph after reflection in the x-axis: y = −f(x) d =  .
2
4 
Then translation by the vector   : A stretch in the y-direction will not affect the
0  x-coordinate.
y = −f(x − 4)
0  
The x-coordinate of A moved from 2 to 4, so
Then translation by the vector   : e = −2.
3 
y = 3 − f(x − 4)
21.  Reflection in the x-axis, then translation by the
1
y = − 0 
x2 vector  
5 
1   0
Translation by the vector   , then stretch with
19.  22. a) Translation by the vector  
0   4
factor 2 in the y-direction, then translation by y
A (–1, 8)
0 
the vector  
2
y 4
y = 2f(x–1)+2

Q (3, 3)
P (0, 0) y=2 0 x
–2 3
0 x

x=1 B (2, –4)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 12
 1 23. a) Reflection in the x-axis, then a stretch with
b) Stretch with factor in the y-direction
2 factor 3 in the y-direction
y
y
A (–1, 2)

y = –3f(x)

0 x
–2 3 2

0 x
4

B (2, –4)

–12

b) Reflection in the y-axis and then a stretch
parallel to the x-axis, stretch factor 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Functions and transformations 13