b) One point of intersection occurs when Chapter 1 Review

the discriminant is zero.

1. a) Yes; vertical line test is satisfied
64 – 28k = 0
b) No; vertical line test is not satisfied
64 = 28k
16 2. a) Yes; each domain value has only one
k = ___
7 range value
c) No points of intersection occur when b) No; the domain value has four range
the discriminant is negative. values
64 – 28k < 0 3. a) domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ 2}
64 < 28k
16
k > ___7
{4
b) domain x ∊ ℝ, x ≤ __ ,
3 }
range {y ≤ 0, y ∊ ℝ}
12. (–16.8, –2.2), (24.5, 0.7)
4. Answers may vary.
13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The line
x = 3 is a vertical line that intersects or cuts 5. a) range {–5, –1, 3, 4, 11}
through the parabola such that part of the b) range {–7, –5, 1}
line is above the parabola and part of it is 6. a) 16
below.
y
8
14. a) y
28 4

24
—2 0 2 4x
20 —4 y = 7x — 5

16 —8

12 y = −x2 + 11x
b) –1
8 y

4 y = 4x − 18 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 x —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
—2 y = —1

b) (9, 18)
15. 10:30 < x < 14:30, or between 10:30 a.m. c) 9
and 2:30 p.m.
y
16. a) 7.1 s b) 112.8 m 8
17. 90 m by 160 m
6
18. y = x – 10
4
19. Two parabolas may have two, one, or no
points of intersection. Equations and 2 y = 4x2 — 12x + 9
sketches will vary.
20. a) Estimates will vary. Sample answer: 0 2 4 6 8 x

(–8, 6), (9.6, –2.8)

b) Estimates will vary. Sample answer:
(3.5, 0.9), (1.5, –3)
21. There are no real roots.

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 197

 d) 0 c) (–6, 1); minimum
y
8
1
( )
10. a) __, –3 ; minimum
2

6
(3
)
b) – __, 2 ; minimum
4
11. a) $25 000 b) $3000
4 __ ___
12. a) 7√3 b) 2√15
2 __ __ __ __
13. a) 2√7 –__2√3 __ b) 41√6 + 36 __ √7
c) –16__√2 – 2√__7 d) 36
___– 40 √3
—2 0 2 4 6 8 x
e) 48√__3 – 96√2 – 96 f) √10 – 2
—2
g) 3√5
—4 14. A = 128
1 1
—6
y = 2(x — 3)(x + 1)
15. x = __ or – __
3 6
__
—8 3± 7 √
16. x = ______
2
17. two distinct real roots
7. a) function; each domain value has a single
range value 18. 68.4 m by 131.6 m
19. a) y = –24x2 + 42x + 45
−7 8
b) y = –x2 + 10x – 22
−5 7
−3 6 20. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
−1 3 h = –4.8(x – 5)2 + 120
1 1
3 21. y = 5(x + 1)2
Domain Range (5
)
22. – __, –17 , (1, –3)
2
b) not a function; the values 2 and 3 in
23. one
the domain each have two values in the
range 24. –3
25. after 8.3 s
1 1

2 2 Chapter 1 Math Contest

3 3 1. B
4 4 2. D
Domain Range
3. A
4. B
8. a) the width of the pool 5. C
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ, x > 0.2},
6. A
range {w ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, where w is the
width of the pool 7. C
c) Yes; each element of the domain 8. B
corresponds with one element of the 9. D
range 10. C
d) w = 18 ft
9. a) (–3, 29); maximum
(
3
)
b) __, 16 ; maximum
2

198 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

 c) The inverse represents the time for an Chapter 2 Review
object to fall from a height of 100 m 1. a) No
above the ground. b) Yes
d) The object hits the ground when the c) No
height is 0 m. Substitute h = 0 in the 1
2. a) Yes; x ≠ __, x ≠ 0
inverse function and solve for t.
_______ 4
2x +1
100 – 0 b) No; g(x) = ______x ; x ≠ 2, x ≠ 0
√
t = _______
4.9 1
= 4.5 3. a) _____; x ≠ –8, x ≠ –2
x+2
The object hits the ground after 4.5 s. 2x – 3 3
b) ______; x ≠ – __, x ≠ –6
12. a) Yes; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in y = x x+6 4
b) Yes; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in y = x 4. a) 24a b; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
2

c) No; g(x) is a reflection of f(x) in the x-axis 5ab

b) ____; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0
18c
x2 + 5 c) 2; x ≠ –9, x ≠ __
4
13. a) f –1(x) = ______ 3
2
x–8
{ 5
b) f(x): domain x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ __ ,
2 } d) _____
x+4
; x ≠ –4, x ≠ –3, x ≠ 5
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ 0}; e) –2; x ≠ 4, x ≠ 3
f –1(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≥ 0}, x+8
f) _____; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 1, x ≠ 8
x–8
{
range y ∊ ℝ, y ≥ __
5
2 } 19
5. a) ____; x ≠ 0
c) 15x
7a + 4a – ab
b) ___________ ; a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
12ab2
2x2 + 8x + 23
c) _____________; x ≠ –2, x ≠ 1
(x – 1)(x + 2)
–2x2 + 13x
___________
d) ; x ≠ 3, x ≠ 4
2+x (x – 3)(x – 4)
14. a) f –1(x) = _____
3x 4x – 10x – 9
2
e) ____________; x ≠ –3, x ≠ 3
{ 1
b) f(x): domain x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ __ ,
3 } (x – 3)(x + 3)
–5
range {y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ 0}; f) _______; x ≠ –5, x ≠ –2, x ≠ 2
(x + 2)
f –1(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ, x ≠ 0},
6. a) s(x) = x – 6
{
range y ∊ ℝ, y ≠ __
1
3 } b) t(x) = x – 4
7. i) a) s(x) = (x + 2)2 – 8
360
_______ b) t(x) = (x –_____
5)2 + 1
15. a) n(a) =
180 – a
b) function: domain {n ∊ ℕ, n ≥ 3}, ii) a) s(x) =_____
√x + 2 – 8
range {a ∊ ℝ, 60 ≤ a < 180}; b) t(x) = √x – 5 + 1
inverse: domain {a ∊ ℝ, 60 ≤ a < 180}, 1
iii) a) s(x) = _____ – 8
x+2
range {n ∊ ℕ, n ≥ 3} 1
b) t(x) = _____
x–5+1
c)
1
8. a) base function: f(x) = __
x; transformed
1
function: g(x) = _____ – 3
x + 6 __
= √x ; transformed
b) base function: f(x)_____
function: g(x) = √x + 4 + 1
9. a) No
b) Yes; g(x) = f(–x)

216 MHR • Chapter 2 978-0-07-031875-5

 1
c) No b) a = __
5, c =__ –3; compress vertically by a
d) Yes; g(x) = –f(x) 1
factor of 5, then translate 3 units down
_____
10. a) g(x) = –√x – 1 – 8 c) d = –9, c = 8; translate 9 units left and
b) g(x) = –(x + 3)2 – 10 8 units up
1
c) g(x) = _____
x–7+2
1
d) k = __, c = 10; stretch horizontally by a
2
11. a) a = 9; vertical stretch by a factor of 9 factor of 2, then translate 10 units up
___
b) k =3; horizontal compression by a 14. a) g(x) = 3√2x
1
factor of __
3
2
__
c) a = 5 ; vertical compression by a factor
2
of __
5
1
d) k = __7 ; horizontal stretch by a factor
of 7 1
b) g(x) = _____+ 9
12. a) vertical stretch of f(x) = x by a factor x–4
of 13

1
c) g(x) = ___(x + 5)2
b) horizontal compression of f(x) = x2 by 16
1
a factor of __
5

d) g(x) = –2x – 7
__
c) horizontal stretch of f(x) = √x by a
factor of 3

15. a) y y=x
8

1
d) vertical stretch of f(x) = __
x by a factor f −1(x) 4
of 6
—4 0 4 8x
f(x)
—4

function: domain {–4, –1, 3, 6, 8},

range {–6, –2, 0, 3, 4};
13. a) a = 7, d = 1; stretch vertically by a factor inverse: domain {–6, –2, 0, 3, 4},
of 7, then translate 1 unit right range {–4, –1, 3, 6, 8}

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 217

 b) y b) Yes. For each additional day the ant
f(x)
y=x population increases by a common
4
factor of 3.
—4 0 4 x c) The ratio of the first differences is 3.
—4
The ratio of the second differences is
f −1(x) also 3.
d) Answers may vary. Sample answer: Yes,
function: domain {x ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ x ≤ 7}, the pattern will continue.
range {y ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 5};
e)
inverse: domain {x ∊ ℝ, –4 ≤ x ≤ 5}, First Second Third Fourth
Day Population Differences Differences Differences Differences
range {y ∊ ℝ, –7 ≤ y ≤ 7}
0 25
–x + 7
______
16. a) f –1(x) = 1 75 50
2
–1 4x + 3
______
b) f (x) = 5 2 225 150 100
_____
c) f –1(x) = 3 ± √_____
x–1 3 675 450 300 200
–1
d) f (x) = ±2√9 – x 4 2025 1350 900 600 400
5 6075 4050 2700 1800 1200
Chapter 2 Math Contest
2. a) The value 5 and the variable x have
1. C different positions in each function. In
2. C particular the value 5 is the coefficient in
3. B y = 5x, the exponent in y = x5, and the
4. D base in y = 5x. The variable x is multiplied
5. C with the 5 in y = 5x, is the base in
6. A y = x5 and is the exponent in y = 5x.
7. D The graph of y = 5x is a straight line
8. A with slope 5. The graph of y = x5 is a
9. C polynomial function of degree 5 and
10. B extends from quadrant 3 to quadrant 1.
11. 8 The graph of y = 5x is an exponential
4b – 3a
12. _______ function that extends from quadrant 2
8a – 6b to quadrant 1.
13. 50; 50 = 1 + 49; 50 = 25 + 25
b) y = 5x: domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
14. –25
y = x5: domain {x ∊ ℝ}, range {y ∊ ℝ}
15. 540
y = 5x: domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0}
Chapter 3 Exponential
Functions 3. Justifications may vary.
3.1 The Nature of Exponential a5 a × a × a × a × a
4. a) __5 = ________________
a×a×a×a×a
Growth a
b) 1
1. a) First Second c) a0 d) a0 = 1
Day Population Differences Differences
5. a) B
0 25
b) The constant 15 is the initial population.
1 75 50 The power 4n represents the daily
2 225 150 100 quadrupling.
3 675 450 300
6. a)–e) 1 f) –1
4 2025 1350 900
5 6075 4050 2700

218 MHR • Chapter 3 978-0-07-031875-5

 ______
______
√( ____
343 ) 49
1 1 2
; ___
3
c) i) 87% ii) 28.6% iii) 12.4% 10. a) √
5
(–32)4 ; 16 b)
d) approximately 5 h _______
3
c) √(–125)2 ; 25
8. a) l = p(1.20)n 1 1
__ 3
__ 1
__
b) t = q(0.83)n 11. a) 16– 2; __ b) 812; 729 c) 2568; 2
4
c) l = p(1.20)n represents exponential 12. a) s12
5
___
b) m7n15
__ 8
2 ___ 1
c) ___
3
___
growth; the ratio 1.20 is greater than 1. k14
9
2 ___
t = q(0.83)n represents exponential d) ___v10
32 __
decay; the ratio 0.83 is between 0 and 1.
2____
√A
d) l = 2.00(1.20)n; t = 0.50(0.83)n 13. a) s = __1 b) 5.39 m
e) l = 12.38 m; t = 0.08 m 34
f) 13 passes; approximately 0.04 m 14.a) y
g) 33 passes; approximately 820 m 12

10
Chapter 3 Review
8
1. a) C
b) 85 is the initial population; 3n represents 6
the constant ratio for tripling
4
2. a)–c) 1 d) –1 x

3. a) i) exponential ii) linear

2 f(x) = ( 61 )
iii) quadratic
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
b) i) For exponential functions the
—2
constant ratio of the first and second
differences is equal. —4
ii) For linear functions the first
differences are equal.
i) domain {x ∈ ℝ}
iii) For quadratic functions the second
ii) range {y ∈ ℝ, y > 0}
differences are equal.
iii) y-intercept is 1; no x-intercept
1 3
4. a) __3 b) __2 iv) decreasing for x ∈ ℝ
x b v) horizontal asymptote y = 0
5. a) w–4 b) –3b–8 b) y
1 6
6. a) ____ b) ____ 12
216 125
1 10
c) ___ d) 8
12
8
125 49
e) ____ f) ___
216 64 6
b10 b6
7. a) ___ b) – ___6 4
9 8a
x18 243d10 2
c) ____ d) ______ y = 4 × 3.5x
729 32c20
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x
16 2187
8. a) ___ b) _____ —2
9 128
c) –5 d) 9 —4
4
__ 3
__
9. a) ( –3125 )5 b) 325

232 MHR • Chapter 4 978-0-07-031875-5

 i) domain {x ∊ ℝ} 17. a) The function f(x) = 0.5x is stretched
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0} vertically by a factor of 2, stretched
iii) y-intercept is 4; no x-intercept horizontally by a factor of 3, and
iv) increasing for x ∊ ℝ shifted right 5 units. The corresponding
transformed equation is f(x) = 2( 0.53(x – 5) ).
v) horizontal asymptote y = 0 1
__

c) y
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0}. The equation of
2
the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
—6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 x 18. a) The equation of the transformed function
1 x is
—2 y=− ( )
—4
4
[( )
f(x) =– __
3 4
1 2( x + 4 )
1 __
] +6
b) domain {x ∊ ℝ},
—6
range {y ∊ ℝ, y < 6}. The equation of
—8 the horizontal asymptote is y = 6.
19. a) t P
i) domain {x ∊ ℝ} (years (population
ii) range {y ∊ ℝ, y < 0} since 1981) in millions)
iii) y-intercept is –1; no x-intercept 0 24.0
iv) increasing for x ∊ ℝ 2 24.7
v) horizontal asymptote y = 0 4 25.4

()
1 __t
15.a) A = 28 __ 5
2
6
8
26.1
26.8
b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: In
10 27.6
5 days half the amount, or 14 grams,
12 28.4
of the sample remain. The amount is
14 29.2
reduced as time passes.
c) The graph falls to the right, since the 16 30.0
amount of radioactive sample decreases. 18 30.8
The first point on the graph is (0, 28) 20 31.7
and the x-axis, or line y = 0, is b) P(t) = 24.0(1.014)t c) 31.3 million
the horizontal asymptote. d) 36.9 million
domain {t ∊ ℝ, t > 0}, e) approximately 2018
range {A ∊ ℝ, A > 0}
d) 4 mg Chapter 3 Math Contest
16. y 1. D
10 2. B
3. C
8 4. D
6
5. A
6. 6
4
y = 4−1.5x + 3 7. x = 0, 1
8. D
2
9. C
10. –20
—2 0 2 4 6 8 x
11. A
—2
12. D
13. {y ∊ ℝ, y < 2}

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 233

 ___
20
10. Prove sin4 θ+2 cos2 θ– cos4 θ = 1 for all θ. 4. √
___
__ cm
√3
L.S. = θ+2 θ– 12 5 12
sin4 cos2 θ cos4 5. a) sin θ = ___, cos θ = – ___, tan = – ___
5
13 13
= (sin2 θ)2 + 2 cos2 θ – cos4 θ 3 4 3
__ __ __
= (1 – cos2 θ)2 b) sin = – 5, cos = 5, tan =–
___ 4
+ 2 cos2 θ √96 5
– cos4 θ Substitute 6. a) cos G = – ____, tan G = _______
11
___ √96
___
sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ. √33 √33
____ ____
= 1 – 2 cos2 θ b) sin E = 7 , tan E =
4
+ cos4 θ
+ 2 cos2 θ 7. a) θ = 39° or θ = 141°
– cos4 θ Expand (1 – cos2 θ)2. b) θ = 110° or θ = 250°
c) θ = 24° or θ = 204°
=1 Simplify. __
Therefore, L.S. = R.S., and the statement √3 1
8. sin 120° = ___, cos 120° = – __,
is true for all θ. 2 __ 2
2
___
tan 120° = – √3 , csc 120° = __,
11. Answers may vary. √3
1__
12. 1 + cot2 θ sec 120° = –2, cot 120° = – ___
√3
13.–14. Answers may vary. 7 25 24
cos θ 9. a) sin θ = – ___, csc θ = – ___ ___
7 , cos θ = 25,
15. When θ = 90°, sin 90° = 1, so _______ has 25
1 – sin θ 25 7 24
a value of 0 in the denominator. Therefore, sec θ = ___, tan θ = – ___, cot θ = – ___ 7
24 24 ___
this part of the expression is undefined. 3 √ 34
b) sin θ = – ____
___ , csc θ = – ____,
Similarly, when θ = 270°, √34 3___
cos θ 5 √ 34
sin 270° = –1 , so ________ has a cos θ = – _______ , sec θ = – ____ 5 ,
1 + sin θ √34
value of 0 in the denominator. 3 5
tan θ = __
5, cot θ = 3
__
___
Therefore, this part of the expression is 9 √ 97
____ ____
undefined. c) sin θ = – ___, csc θ = – ,
√97 ___9
16.–25. Answers may vary. 4 √97
cos θ = _______ , sec θ = ____,
√97 4
26. a) No b) Yes 9 4
c) Yes d) No tan θ = – __, cot θ = – __
4 9 ___
3 √10
27. b) Answers may vary. Sample answer: d) sin θ = ____
___ , csc θ = ____ ,
Substitute an angle value and show that √10 3
___
1
the left side is not equal to the right side. cos θ = ____
___ , sec θ = √10 ,
√10
1
28.–34. Answers may vary. tan θ = 3, cot θ = __
3
35. cot2 θ (1 + tan2 θ) = csc2 θ 10. a) one solution; ∠B = 62°, ∠C = 47°,
36.–39. Answers may vary. c = 9.4 m
b) no solution
40. 1
c) two solutions; ∠B = 67°, ∠C = 69°,
Chapter 4 Review c = 12.5 mm or ∠B = 113°, ∠C = 23°,
1. Answers may vary. c = 5.2 mm
__ __
1__
2. a) – ____ b) 1 – √3 c)√3 + 1 d) one solution; ∠E = 103°, ∠F = 35°,
2√__
6 e = 12.4 km
√
3. a) i) 6 2 m ii) 6 m e) two solutions; ∠D = 50°, ∠F = 92°,
12 6__ f = 21.8 mm or ∠D = 130°, ∠F = 12°,
b) i) ___
__ m ii) ___ m f = 4.5 mm
√3 √3__
c) i) 12 m ii) 6√3 m f) no solution

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 241

11. 10.3 km or 1.0 km e) period is 6; amplitude is 3.5
12. a) 9.2 m b) 49° g) period is 3; amplitude is 3.5
13. 97.6 m 3.–5. Answers may vary.
14. 111.0 km 6. a) 6
b) –4
15. 84 km c) 3
16. a) 1 – sin2 θ b) 1 + cot2 θ d) 2
c) csc2 θ – 1 d) tan2 θ 7. Answers may vary.
1
e) 1 f) _________ 8. No, the period is not necessarily 6. For
1 + tan2θ instance, the following graph shows a
17. Answers may vary. periodic function with f(3) = f(9) = 2,
but the period is 10.
Math Contest
1. 2:1 y
__
2. 3√3 :4π 4
__
10√3
_____ 2
3. cm
3
4. D —8 —4 0 4 8 x
5. B —2
6. C
—4
7. B
8. A
9. B 9. a) y
10. D ON 2
11. C
1
Chapter 5 Trigonometric
Functions OFF 0 4 8 12
Time (s)
16 x

5.1 Modelling Periodic Behaviour b) It is periodic because the pattern for the
1. a) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at length of the flashes repeats at regular
regular intervals intervals.
b) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does c) 8 s
not repeat at regular intervals d) 1
c) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does
10. a) No
not repeat at regular intervals
b) Yes
d) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at
c) Yes
regular intervals
e) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at 11. Answers may vary.
regular intervals 12. a) y
Distance From Entrance (m)

f) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does 800

not repeat at regular intervals
g) periodic; pattern of y-values repeats at 600
regular intervals 400
h) non-periodic; pattern of y-values does
not repeat at regular intervals 200

2. a) period is 6; amplitude is 1.5

0 8 16 24 32 x
c) period is 360; amplitude is Time (min)
approximately 5

242 MHR • Chapter 5 978-0-07-031875-5

 3:30 p.m. occurs 15.5 h after c) 0.029 min, 0.046 min
12 midnight. Substitute x = 15.5 into 13. a) Graph ①: y = 10 sin 2400x + 12
the equation and solve for y. Graph ②:
y = 5 sin [30(15.5 − 3)] + 7 y = 10 sin [2400(x − 0.05)] + 12
≐ 8.3 Graph ③:
At 3:30 p.m. the depth of the water is y = 10 sin [2400(x − 0.1)] + 12
approximately 8.3 m. b) 0.15 cycles per second
c)
Chapter 5 Review
1. a) Yes; pattern of y-values repeats at regular
intervals
b) No; pattern of y-values does not repeat
7. a) maximum 18 m, minimum 4 m at regular intervals
b) 12 h c) No; pattern of y-values does not repeat
c) at regular intervals
2. Answers may vary.
3. a) x 2x y = sin 2x
0° 0° 0
d) midnight, 2 a.m., 12 noon, and 2 p.m. 45° 90° 1
90° 180° 0
1
8. a) __
5s
135° 270° –1
b) k = 1800 180° 360° 0
c) 8 V 225° 450° 1
d) V = 8 sin 1800t 270° 540° 0
315° 630° –1
9. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
360° 720° 0
[
72
]
y = 3 cos ___ (x − 172) + 12.3
73 b)
b) 12.8 h
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
April 26
10. a) period 0.017 s, amplitude 160 V
b) 160 V
360
c) V = 160 sin _____ t c) Similarities: The amplitude for each
0.017 graph is 1. The range for each graph is
11. a) y = 6.9 sin [15(x + 4)] + 22
b) Plot the points in the table and sketch a {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
graph of the equation on the same set Differences: The period for y = sin x
of axes. Then, check to see if the points is 360°, but the period for y = sin 2x is
lie on the graph of the equation. 180°. The zeros, or x-intercepts, of
c) i) 15.3 °C y = sin x are 0°, 180°, and 360°. The
ii) 28.7 °C x-intercepts of y = sin 2x are 0°, 90°,
iii) 22.9 °C 180°, 270°, and 360°.
12. a) y = 3.5 sin 7200x + 11.5 4. a)
b)

252 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

 2
b) y = __ cos 5x − 4; translate the function
3
2
28° left, g(x) = __ cos [5(x + 28°)] − 4.
3
b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1};
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ},
c) Similarities: The period of each graph
is 360°. The vertical asymptotes for {
range y ∊ ℝ, −___ 14 ≤ y ≤ −___
3 3}
10
each graph are x = n180°, where n is an
10. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
integer. The range for each graph is
a) y = −7 sin [2(x − 30°)]
{y ∊ ℝ, y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}.
b) y = −7 cos [2(x − 75°)]
Differences: The graph of y = –csc x is
a reflection of the graph of y = csc x in 11. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
the x-axis, so each branch of the graph a) y = 18 sin [30(x − 4.4)] + 8
opens in the opposite direction. b)
5. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
3 3
y = __ sin 4x; y = __ cos [4(x − 22.5°)]
4 4
6. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
y = 6 cos 4x; y = 6 sin [4(x − 67.5°)] c) There is a good fit because the graph
7. a) amplitude 5, period 120°, phase shift right passes through most of the points.
40°, vertical shift up 6 units 12. a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
1
b) amplitude __ , period 90°, phase shift left The depth of the water at low tide is a
4 minimum of 2 m, which is 6 m below
100°, vertical shift down 2 units
c) amplitude 7, period 540°, phase shift left average sea level. So, average sea level is
75°, vertical shift down 1 unit 2 + 6, or 8 m. This represents the
720° horizontal reference line of the graph.
d) amplitude 0.4, period ____ 7 , phase shift At high tide the maximum depth of the
right 60°, vertical shift up 5.6 units
water is 14 m.
8. a) Apply the amplitude of 7, y = 7 sin x; Since the maximum and minimum
apply the reflection in the x-axis, values are 6 m from the horizontal
y = –7 sin x; apply the vertical shift of reference, the amplitude is a = 6.
1 unit up, y = –7 sin x + 1; apply the The cycle takes 12 h to complete, so the
horizontal stretch by a factor of 2, period is 12 h and k = 30. At times 0 h,
1
y = −7 sin __x + 1; translate the 6 h, and 12 h, the water depth is 8 m.
2
function 30° right, Since the tide is coming in, it is high
tide 3 h past midnight, so the water
[
1
]
g(x) = −7 sin __ (x − 30°) + 1.
2 depth is 14 m. Low tide occurs
b) f(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, 3 h before the end of the 12-h cycle, so
range {y ∊ ℝ, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1}; at 9 h the water depth is 2 m. The graph
g(x): domain {x ∊ ℝ}, represents a 24-h period, so there will
range {y ∊ ℝ, −6 ≤ y ≤ 8} be 2 cycles on the graph.
2 2 Points on the graph will be (0, 8),
9. a) Apply the amplitude of __ , y = __ cos x;
3 3 (3, 14), (6, 8), (9, 2), (12, 8), (15, 14),
apply the vertical shift of 4 units down, (18, 8), (21, 2), (24, 8). Plot these points
2
y = __ cos x − 4; apply the horizontal and draw a sine curve to obtain the
3 following graph.
1
compression by a factor of __ 5,

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 253

 c) 6
1
d) ___
64
3. a) The first term is 5. Multiply each term by
5 to get the next term. Next three terms:
3125, 15 625, 78 125
b) i) y = 6 sin 30x + 8
b) The first term is 9. Subtract 2 from each
ii) y = 6 cos [30(x − 3)] + 8
term to get the next term. Next three
c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: In terms: 1, –1, –3
this situation the depth of the water at c) The first term is –4. Multiply each term
3 a.m. is 8 m, the average sea level, and by 2 to get the next term. Next three
the tide is coming in, so the maximum terms: –64, –128, –256
will occur 3 h later at 6:00 a.m. d) The first term is 300. Divide each term
This indicates that the graph is now by 10 to get the next term. Next three
translated 3 units to the right, so terms: 0.03, 0.003, 0.0003
d = 3, but all the other values remain e) The first term is 3. Multiply each term
the same. A sine equation that by 3 to get the next term. Next three
represents this situation is terms: 729, 2187, 6561
y = 6 sin [30(x − 3)] + 8, and a cosine f) The first term is ar3. Divide each term
equation is y = 6 cos [30(x − 6)] + 8. by r to get the next term. Next three
a a a
Math Contest terms: __r , __2 , __3
r r
1. B g) The first term is 0.11. Multiply each
2. D term by –3 to get the next term. Next
3. x = 3, y = 2, z = 5 three terms: 8.91, –26.73, 80.19
4. A 4. a) f(n) = 6n; domain {n ∊ ℕ}
5. 8, 9, 10 Term
6. C Number, First
7. D n Term, tn Differences
8. C 1 6
9. A 6
2 12
10. B 6
3 18
11. A 6
4 24
12. D __
13. 3√2 b) f(n) = 10 – 3n; domain {n ∊ ℕ}
14. B
Term
Number, First
Chapter 6 Discrete Functions n Term, tn Differences
6.1 Sequences as Discrete Functions 1 7
1. a) 3, 5, 7 –3
2 4
b) 1, –2, –5 –3
c) –1, 1, 3 3 1
–3
d) 9, 11, 13 4 –2
e) 1, 2, 4
f) –18, –54, –162
2. a) –27
b) 50

254 MHR • Chapter 6 978-0-07-031875-5

Chapter 7 Review 3. B
1
1. Principal, Interest Simple 4. − __
8
P Rate, r Time, t Interest, I 5. A
$627.00 6.5% 2 months $6.79
6. D
$389.15 9.25% 58 days $5.72
7. 12
$270.00 8% 3 years $64.80 9
1 8. ___
$425.00 7 __ % 145 days $12.66 49
2 9. 0, 3, –7
3
$380.21 4 __ % 6 months $9.03 10. tn = 1 and tn = 4(−2)1 − n
4
$178.50 8.6% 245 days $10.30 11. 30°
$3200.00 11.5% 4.5 months $138.00 12. B

2. $29.07 Practice Exam

3. a) $960 b) $4960
81
4. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Simple 1. ____
625
interest is paid annually on the principal
and is not reinvested. Compound interest 2. (–7)65
is earned annually but is reinvested with x28
the principal, so interest is earned on 3. ___
y42
interest. Simple interest accumulates at the 1
same rate and represents linear growth. 4. ____9
(5)
Compound interest accumulates at a rate 1
__
that has a constant ratio and represents 5. 485
exponential growth. 6. –8
5. a) $750.00 b) $936.28 7. exponential
c) $186.28 d) i) $2250 ii) $2436.28
8. 1
6. a) $1773.95 b) $173.95
9. y = 0
7. $1432.49
10. {y ∊ ℝ, y > 0}
8. 7.72%
11. y = 2x – 3
9. 15 years 1 month
12. y = 62x
10. 10.78%
13. increasing
11. a) $12 918.79 b) $1918.79
14. y = 2–3x
12. $933.09
15. y = –1
13. 8.14%
16. a) y = 7 sin [2(x – 30°)]
14. a) $2896.99 b) $3000 c) $103.01 b) y = –4 sin 3x + 2
15. $26 050.33
5x2 + 44x
17. __________________; the restrictions are
16. 3.5% (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4)
x ≠ –4, x ≠ 2, x ≠ 3
Math Contest 18. When simplified, f(x) = 11(x + 4) and
1. B g(x) = 11(x – 4), x ≠ –1. Therefore, f(x) is
2. C not equivalent to g(x).

Functions 11 Exercise and Homework Book • MHR 271