CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

Introduction:
Definition
Cell Discovery of cell
Parts of cell

Cell wall Cell membrane or Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell organelles

Plasma Membrane

Endoplasmic Golgi Mitochondria Plastids Vacuoles Lysosomes

reticulum (ER) apparatus

❖ Cell division: ● Mitosis

● Meiosis
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell - Definition

Represents

Wall Animal/Plant

Represents

Brick
Cell
● “Building blocks of life”
● “Fundamental unit of life”
● “Structural or functional unit of life”
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Discovery:
● First discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665
● Observed cork
● Cork is obtained from bark of tree

Robert Hooke

Cork Cork Under Microscope

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Discovery:
● Observation

Honeycomb Compartments
Dead Cork Cells

● Derived the name of cell from latin word Meaning Small room
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Discovery:
★ Some other discoveries:-
❖ Leeuwenhoek 1674 Free living cells in pond water
❖ Robert Brown 1831 Nucleus
❖ Purkinje 1839 Protoplasm

★ Cell Theory
➔ Presented by 2 biologists ➔ Schleiden (1838)
➔ Schwann (1839)
“All the plants and animals are composed of cells”
“Basic unit of life is cell”
➔ Expended by Virchow (1855)
“Cells arise from pre-existing cells”
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Characteristics:
● Thin, elastic/flexible
● Living
● Outermost covering
● Holds the content of cell
● Provides a definite shape Water Filled Balloon Balloon Burst

● Facilitates movement of some material because it is selectively permeable

● Composed of organic molecules (Lipids + Proteins)
● Flexibility enables the cell to engulf
● Engulf Food/other materials from external environment
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Movement Across Cell Membrane
1. Diffusion
“A spontaneous movement of molecules from a region of high
concentration to lower concentration.”
● Rate of diffusion -
Gases ＞ Liquids ＞ Soilds
● Showed by small size substances
Examples: ions/molecules, CO2, Oxygen, Water
● Due to cellular activities, CO2 production takes place.
Diffusion
● Concentration of CO Concentration of CO2 in
2
inside cell ＞ external environment

● CO2 leaves the cell through diffusion

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Movement Across Cell Membrane:
2. Osmosis:
Solution Solute + Solvent

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

Solute > Solvent Solute < Solvent Solute = Solvent

Shrinkage Swollen Equilibrium

● Endosmosis - Movement of water into the cell

● Exosmosis - Movement of water into the surrounding
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Movement Across Cell Membrane:
2. Osmosis:
● Movement of water from higher concentration to lower
● Cell absorbs water through osmosis
● No energy is required
● Process lasts upto equilibrium state

❖ Plasmolysis - Shrinkage of living plant cell due to exosmosis.

Plasmolysis
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Cell Wall
● Present in plant cell only
● Non living
● Freely permeable
● Determines shape of cell
● Protects the contents of cell
● Made up of cellulose
● Provides strength to cell
● Provides turgidity
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Differences between Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
Cell wall Cell membrane

● Occurs in plant cells ● Found in both plant and animal cells

● Lies outside the cells ● Outside of the cell in animal cell and
inner to cell wall in plant cell

● Non-Living ● living

● Rigid ● Flexible

● Permeable ● Selectively permeable

● Composed of cellulose ● Composed of lipids + proteins

● Functions ● Functions
○ Protection ○ Holds inner content of cell
○ Strength ○ Control passage of materials
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Nucleus
● Cellular component
● Centrally located
● Large in size
● Largest cell structure
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Nucleus
Components of Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope (NE) Nucleoplasm

● Composed of two Nuclear ● Liquid ground substance

membranes ● Covered by NE
● Covers Nucleus
● Separates nucleus and cytoplasm
● Pores are present called nuclear
pores
● Permit transfer of materials between
Nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Nucleus

Nucleoplasm

Nucleolus Chromatin material

A. Nucleolus
a. One or more in numbers
b. Form protein forming centres - Ribosomes

B. Chromatin Material
a. Entangled mass of thread like structures
b. During cell division, chromatin material gets organised into chromosomes
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Chromosomes:
❖ Thread like structures
❖ Visible during cell division

Components

DNA
Proteins
(Deoxyribonucleic
(Histones)
acid)

❖ DNA consist of genes

❖ Functional segment of DNA are called genes.
❖ Genetic information is transferred by DNA from one generation to next.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Cytoplasm
● Parts between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope.
● Cytosol - Aqueous ground substance of cytoplasm.
● Cell organelles are present in cytosol.

Structure of cell
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Types of Cell:

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

● Size (1 - 10𝝁m) ● Size (5 - 100𝝁m)

● Nucleus absent. ● Nucleus present.

● Nucleolus absent. ● Nucleolus present.

● Cell organelles absent. ● Cell organelles present.

● Chromosome - Single. ● Chromosome - More than one.

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell:
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Parts of Cell: Cell Organelles
➔ Membrane bound organelles.
➔ Present to support complex activity of cell.
➔ Different types.

1. Vacuoles -
➢ Membrane bound.
➢ Solid or liquid filled.
➢ Storage sac like.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Vacuoles
a. Vacuoles in animal cell -
i. Small.
ii. Temporary.
iii. Store glucose, glycogen, protein.
b. Vacuoles in plant cell -
i. Large, distinct.
ii. Permanent.
iii. Store cell sap.
iv. Plant cell vacuoles provide turgidity and rigidity.
v. Central vacuoles of some plant may occupy 50 - 90% of cell volume.
Cell sap consists -
➔ Amino acids.
➔ Sugars.
➔ Organic acids.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

❖ Membrane bound organelle

❖ Large network of tubes and sheets.
❖ Occurance in 3 forms
➢ Long tubules
➢ Vesicles (oblong bags)
➢ Cisternae (closed, fluid filled sacs)
❖ Attachment
➢ One side with plasma membrane
➢ Other side with outer nuclear
Types membrane

Rough ER Smooth ER
(RER) (SER)
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
➔ Ribosomes present on surface
➔ Ribosomes Protein synthesis sites
➔ Therefore appears Rough

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

➔ Ribosomes absent
➔ Therefore appears smooth
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Functions of Endoplastic Recticulum:
➔ RER synthesize proteins

➔ SER manufactures fat molecules

➔ ER shows Membrane biogenesis

➔ Protein and lipids act as hormones and enzymes

➔ ER forms network system

➔ ER serves Channel for transport of materials between Cytoplasm and Nucleus

➔ Cytoplasmic framework For biochemical activities

➔ Detoxify poisons and drugs

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
● First described by Camillo Golgi.
● Consists system of Membrane Bound Vesicles,
Cisternae and Vacuoles.
● Cisternae arranged parallel to each other.
● Cisternae arranged in stacks called cisterns.
● Present as network near nucleus in animal cells.
● Present as freely Dictyosomes in plant
distributed submits cells.

● It has two faces:

➔ Cis face towards Nucleus.
➔ Trans face towards plasma membrane.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Functions of Golgi apparatus
➔ Stores, modified packages the products.

➔ Simple sugars Form complex sugars in Golgi apparatus.

➔ Involved in formation of lysosomes.

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Lysosomes
● Membrane bound organelle.
● Spherical sac like structure.
● Filled with digestive enzymes.
● Enzymes are made by RER.
● Complex substances Breaks DE Simpler substances
● Kind of waste disposal system of cell.
● Help to clean cell by digesting foreign material and worn out cell organelle.
● Foreign materials bacteria, food, virurs.
● Known as Suicide bags of a cell
● When cell gets damaged, lysosomes may brust and enzymes digest their own cell.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Mitochondria
● Singular mitochondrion.

● Each mitochondrion is covered by two membranes.

● Outer membrane is porous.

● Inner membrane is deeply folded. Folds are called

cristae.

∴ Surface area Surface area of

of inner ＞ outer
membrane membrane.
● They have their own DNA and Ribosomes.

∴ Synthesize their own protein

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Functions of Mitochondria:
● Mitochondria is powerhouse of cell.

● It contains enzymes.
Oxidation
Food Stuff CO2 + water
Enzymes + O2

● Energy is released during oxidation.

● Energy is used to form ATP molecule.

● ATP is utilized by cell for energy.

● Energy is required for mechanical work and making chemical.

● Through oxidation, they do cellular respiration.

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Plastids
● Occur in most plant cells.

● Absent in animal cells.

● Plastids have own DNA and Ribosomes

● These are of two types:

(a) Chromoplasts (coloured plastids)

● Chloroplasts - Contain Chlorophyll pigment
● Chloroplasts also contain yellow & orange
pigments Chloroplast

(b) Leucoplasts (white and colourless plastids)

● Primary organelles
● Store starch, oils and protein granules
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Organelles: Plastids - Functions

Solar energy
(a) Chloroplasts Manufacture food Photosynthesis

(b) Chromoplasts impart colour to flowers and fruits.

(c) Leucoplasts store food.

Photosynthesis
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Division:
● Division of cells into new cells.
● Reason of division
➔ Growth of organisms
➔ Replace old, dead and injured cells
➔ For gamete formation

● It is of two types:
➔ Mitosis
➔ Meiosis
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
● It is of two types:

Mitosis Meiosis
One cell division occurs. Two cell divisions occur.

Two daughter cells are formed. Four daughter cells are formed.

Daughter cells are diploid. Daughter cells are haploid.

Daughter cells are identical. Daughter cells are different.

Occurs for growth & repair of tissues. Occurs for gamete formation.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Difference between Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Plant cell Animal cell

Cell wall present. Cell wall absent.

Cell membrane present. Cell membrane present.

Mature plant cells have permanent and Vacuoles are small and temporary.
large central vacuole.

Golgi apparatus is present as Prominent Golgi apparatus is present.

dictyosomes.
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Difference between Animal Cell and Plant Cell

Animal cell Plant cell

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Endocytosis:
➔ Type of Active transport

➔ Movement of particles into the cell from

external environment.

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Endocytosis: Phagocytosis
➔ Cell’s eating process.

➔ Large particles are taken into cell.

Process:
➔ Plasma membrane invaginates

➔ Vacuole formation

➔ Merging of vacuole with Lysosomes

➔ Vacuole formation

➔ Release of contents outside cell

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Endocytosis: Pinocytosis
➔ Cell’s drinking process

➔ Extracellular fluid is taken into cell

CLASS 9th - BIOLOGY - CHAPTER - THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Exocytosis
➔ Movement of particles from cell to external
environment

➔ Also called cell vomiting.

➔ Vomited particles are -

➢ Undigested residues from Endocytosis

➢ Enzymes and hormones