Matter in Our
Surroundings
Topics to be Covered
Introduction to Matter
Physical Nature of Matter
Characteristics of Particles of
Matter
States of Matter
Can Matter Change its State?
Evaporation
Introduction to Matter
“Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.”
e.g. table, chair, air, water, honey, etc.
MASS + SPACE
“MATTER”
Classification of matter:
MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Nature of Matter
MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES:
Matter is made up of tiny particles, these tiny particles are called atoms.
These particles are so small that we cannot see them with our eyes or a
regular microscope.
HOW SMALL ARE THESE PARTICLES OF MATTER?
Particles of matter are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked
eye. They can be observed using powerful microscopes.
The particles of matter are very small – they are small beyond our imagination!!!!
ACTIVITY 1.2 “Experiment ka funda”
Dissolve 2–3 crystals of potassium
permanganate in 100 mL of water.
Take 10 mL of this solution and add it
to 90 mL of clear water.
Repeat this 5 to 8 times.
Observation: The water remains colored even after many dilutions.
Conclusion: Just a few crystals can color a lot of water, showing there are millions of tiny
particles in each crystal.
“The particles of matter are incredibly small!”
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of Matter Have Spaces Between Them
The extent of these spaces varies in different states of matter (solids have
the least space, gases have the most).
Example: When sugar is dissolved in water, we will get a clear solution where
the sugar takes up the small interspaces in between the water, the sugar will
dissolve until all the spaces are occupied by them.
no change in
level of water
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of Matter are in Constant Motion
Particles of matter are always moving.
The movement is least in solids (vibrating in place), more in liquids (sliding
past each other), and most in gases (moving freely at high speeds).
Example: The smell of perfume spreads in a room because the perfume
particles diffuse through the air particles, smell of food being cooked.
The burning of incense stick produces gases or vapours having pleasant smell.
The particles of gases produced by the burning of incense stick move rapidly
in all directions, mix with the moving particles of air in the room and reach
every part of the room quickly along with the air.
es
am
pl Diffusion
ex
The mixing of a substance with another substance due to the motion
or movement of its particles is called diffusion.
Diffusion can take place in gases, liquids, and solids, though
it is fastest in gases and slowest in solids.
Energy possesed due to the motion of particles is called
Kinetic Energy.
Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of
particles, causing them to move faster and thus increasing the rate
of diffusion.
Heating makes diffusion faster because particles move more quickly.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
Particles of Matter Attract Each Other
Take an iron nail, a stick of chalk, and a
pen. Try to break each one of these.
Which one of these is easy to break?
In every substance, there is an inter-particle force of attraction acting between its
particles. To break something we need to overcome this force. The strength of the
force differs from one substance to another.
The inter-particle force of attraction and the kinetic energy of the particles primarily
determine the physical state of any matter.
We can move our hand through the air effortlessly because the particles in the air
have a negligible force of attraction. Similarly, moving our hand through water in a
bucket is fairly easy because the attraction between water particles is also weak.
However, trying to move our hand through a solid object like a wooden plank is
difficult and would likely hurt us because the particles in the wood are held together
by very strong forces.
Less Force of
High Force of attraction
attraction
In Short Kaam ki Baat
The important characteristics of particles of matter are the following:
The particles of matter are very, very small.
The particles of matter have space between them.
The particles of matter are constantly moving.
The particles of matter attract each other.
States of Matter
Solids Liquids Gases
Properties of Solids, Liquids
and Gases :
Property Solids Liquids Gases
More space than solids, less
Space Between Particles Very little space Particles are far apart
than gases
Strong, but not strong enough to
Force of Attraction Very strong Negligible
hold position
Can slip and slide over each
Particle Arrangement Closely packed, orderly Very disorderly
other, disorderly
Shape Fixed shape Takes the shape of the container No definite shape
No definite volume, fills
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume
container
Almost negligible
Compressibility Cannot be compressed Can be compressed easily
compressibility
Kinetic Energy Very low Higher than solids Maximum kinetic energy
Movement of Particles Vibrate in fixed positions Can move past one another Move freely in all directions
Example Ice, iron Water, oil Air, helium
a, b and c show the magnified
schematic pictures of the three
states of matter. The motion of the
particles can be seen and
compared in the three states of
matter.
GASES:
The particles are much farther apart from one another as
compared to solids and liquids.They have a very disorderly
arrangement of particles compared to the solids and
liquids.
The force of attraction between the particles is negligible,
hence particles of a gas move freely in all the directions.
Gases thus can mix or diffuse into other gases.
The particles of a gas have maximum kinetic energy. They move with high
speed in all directions and can exert pressure on the walls of its container.
Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.They fill up the
container completely.
Gases can be compressed easily. Example: the LPG cylinders used at home
and the CNG cylinders used in vehicles.
Soch kr bataao?
(a) What about a rubber band, can it change
its shape on stretching? Is it a solid?
(b) What about sugar and salt? When kept in different jars these take
the shape of the jar. Are they solid?
(c) What about a sponge? It is a solid yet we are able to compress it.
Why?
PLASMA
Plasma is often referred to as the fourth state of matter. It is a high-
energy, ionized state of matter where atoms have been stripped of
their electrons, resulting in a mixture of free electrons and ions.
Natural Plasmas: The sun and other stars are made up of plasma. The
high temperatures in stars cause atoms to ionize, creating plasma.
Man-Made Plasmas: Neon signs and other types of gas discharge tubes
use plasma to produce light. When an electric current passes through the
gas, it ionizes the gas particles, creating plasma that emits light.
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth
state of matter. Based on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state
of matter called the Bose-Einstein Condensate.
The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of
extremely low density to super low temperatures.
Satyendra Nath Bose Albert Einstein
Some Important SI Units
The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m 3 )
The common unit of measuring volume is litre (L) such that
3 3
1L = 1 dm , 1L = 1000 mL, 1 mL = 1 cm
The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). Other than this, temperature can be
expressed in degree C and Fahrenheit.
Important to Remember:
0 degree C = 273K
25 degree C = 298K
100 degree C = 373K
Round of 273.15 to 273
Q. Change the temperature in Celsius scale temperature
(a) 293 K
(b) 470 K
Can Matter Change its State?
Yes, matter can change its state under different conditions of
temperature and pressure.
Effect of Temperature
Increasing Temperature of Solids:
Increases kinetic energy, causing particles to vibrate
faster.
Heat overcomes attraction forces, making particles move freely.
Leads to melting when a solid converts to a liquid.
Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.
Melting Point: The minimum temperature at which a solid becomes a
liquid.
Indicates the strength of attraction between particles.
Ice melts at 273.15 K (0°C).
Fusion:
The process of solid changing to liquid.
During melting, temperature remains constant until all solid melts.
Heat energy used to overcome attraction forces is called latent heat.
Latent Heat of Fusion: Heat needed to convert 1 kg of solid to liquid at
melting point.
The heat is being absorbed by the particles of ice to overcome the force of
attraction between them and get converted to water.
Boiling: Heating water increases particle movement.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to gas at
atmospheric pressure (373 K for water).
Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid
gain energy to change into the gaseous state. For example, boiling
point of water is 100° C. (or 100° C = 273 + 100 = 373 K)
Latent Heat of Vaporization: Heat needed to convert 1 kg of liquid to
gas at boiling point.
The heat is being absorbed by the particles of water to overcome the force of
attraction between them and get converted to steam.
Sublimation: Solid changes directly to gas without becoming liquid.
Example: Ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor, naphthalene, dry
ice.
Deposition: Gas changes directly to solid without becoming liquid.
Q. When a Solid melts its temperature remains the same, so where
does the heat energy go?
Answer:
This heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces
of attraction between the aprticles.
Effect of Pressure
1) Physical state of matter can also be changed by increasing or decreasing
the pressure.
2) The gases can be changed into liquids by
increasing the pressure.
3) Solids can be changed into gases by
decreasing the pressure.
4) Gases can be liquefied by applying Pressure and Lowering Temperature.
Pressure and temperature together determine whether a substance is solid, liquid, or gas.
What is dry ice? why it is stored under high pressure?
Solid carbon dioxide, also known as dry ice, is stored under high pressure
because it directly converts to carbon dioxide gas when the pressure is
decreased. At room temperature, carbon dioxide is a gas, so it requires very low
temperatures and high pressure to convert it into a solid. When carbon dioxide
gas is compressed under high pressure, the particles get closer together and
eventually turn into dry ice.
EVAPORATION
The phenomenon of change of liquid into vapours at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation.
For example, the gradual drying of damp clothes is caused by the
evaporation of water to water vapour.
During evaporation, liquid particles gain energy
from their surroundings in order to overcome
the force of attraction between them. As a
result, heat energy is lost in the surrounding
environment.
Factors Affecting Evaporation
Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in
temperature.
Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in
surface area.
Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity.
Wind speed: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in wind
speed.
Cooling due to Evaporation
During evaporation, the particles of a liquid absorb energy from the
surroundings to overcome the inter-particle forces of attraction and undergo
phase change. The absorption of heat from the surrounding makes the
surroundings cool.
To keep our bodies cool, we sweat a lot. Evaporation is what
transpiration ultimately is. Our body’s water evaporates,
using energy in the process and lowering our body
temperature as a result.
To keep water cool, it is kept in earthenware containers.
Similar to the pores in cotton fabric, the pores in the
earthen pot’s surface area allow for more evaporation.
Q. Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?
During summer, we sweat more to cool down. Evaporation of sweat
absorbs heat from our body, making us feel cool. Cotton clothes
absorb sweat and expose it to the air, aiding evaporation and keeping
us cooler.
Q. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass
containing ice-cold water?
Water droplets form on the outer surface of a glass with ice-cold
water because water vapor in the air condenses on the cold surface,
turning into liquid. This process is called condensation.
Evaporation V/s Boiling
TOP 5 Questions
1. The boiling point of alcohol is 78°C. What is the temperature in kelvin
scale?
(a) 373K
(b) 351K
(c) 375K
(d) 78K
TOP 5 Questions
2. Which of the following phenomena always results in the cooling
effect?
a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Sublimation
d) None of these
TOP 5 Questions
3. When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed at the bottom
of water in a beaker, the water in the whole beaker turns purple on its
own, even without stirring. This is an example of :
(A) distribution
(B) intrusion
(C) diffusion
(D) effusion
TOP 5 Questions
4. Which of the following conditions is most favourable for converting
gas into liquid?
(a) High pressure, low temperature
(b) Low pressure, low temperature
(c) Low pressure, high temperature
(d) High pressure, high temperature
TOP 5 Questions
5. Which of the following phenomena would increase on rising
temperature?
(a) Diffusion, evaporation, compression of gases
(b) Evaporation, compression of gases, solubility
(c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases
(d) Evaporation, solubility, diffusion, compression of gases
