Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Chapter Eight

Complex Stresses
8.1 Stresses on oblique planes
Consider a bar under direct load F giving rise to stress σy vertically, as shown in
Fig. 8.1.

Fig. 8.1 Bar subjected to direct stress, showing stresses acting on any inclined plane.
Let the block be of unit depth, then considering the equilibrium of forces on the
triangular portion ABC:
resolving forces perpendicular to BC,

σθ × BC × 1 = σy × AB × 1 × sin θ
But AB = BC sin θ
∴ σθ = σy sin2 θ (8.1)
Now resolving forces parallel to BC,
τθ × BC × 1 = σy × AB × 1 × cos θ
Again AB = BC sin θ
∴ τθ = σy sin θ cos θ

1
= 2 σy sin 2θ (8.2)
The direct stress σθ has a maximum value of σy, when θ = 90° whilst the shear
1
stress τθ has a maximum value of 2 σy , when θ = 45°.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

8.2 Material subjected to pure shear

Consider the shear stresses is applied on an element to the sides AB and DC.
Complementary shear stresses of equal value but of opposite effect are then set up on
sides AD and BC in order to prevent rotation of the element. Since the applied and
complementary shears are of equal value on the x and y planes, they are both given the
symbol τxy .

Fig. 8.2 Stresses on an element subjected to pure shear.

Consider the equilibrium of portion PBC.

Resolving normal to PC assuming unit depth,

σθ × PC = τxy × BC sin θ + τxy × PB cos θ

= τxy × PC cos θ sin θ + τxy × PC sin θ cos θ

∴ σθ = τxy sin 2θ (8.3)

The maximum value of σθ is τxy when θ = 45°.
Similarly, resolving forces parallel to PC,

τθ × PC = τxy × PB sin θ − τxy × BC cos θ

= τxy × PC sin2 θ − τxy × PC cos2 θ

∴ τθ = − τxy cos 2θ (8.4)
The negative sign means that the sense of τθ is opposite to that assumed in Fig. 8.2.
The maximum value of τθ, is τxy when θ = 0° or 90° and it has a value of zero when
θ = 45°, i.e. on the planes of maximum direct stress.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

The system of pure shear stresses produces an equivalent direct stress system as
shown in Fig. 8.3, one set compressive and one tensile, each at 45° to the original shear
directions, and equal in magnitude to the applied shear.

Fig. 8.3 Direct stresses due to shear.

8.3 Material subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses

Consider the rectangular element of unit depth shown in Fig. 8.4 subjected to a
system of two direct stresses, both tensile, at right angles, σx and σy.
For equilibrium of the portion ABC, resolving perpendicular to AC,
σθ × AC × 1 = σx × BC × 1 × cos θ + σy × AB × 1 × sin θ

= σx × AC cos2 θ + σy × AC sin2 θ
1 1
∴ σθ = σx (1 + cos 2θ) + σy (1 - cos 2θ)
2 2
1 1
σθ = (σx + σy ) + (σx − σy ) cos 2θ (8.5)
2 2

Fig. 8.4 Element subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Resolving parallel to AC:

τθ × AC × 1 = σx × BC × 1 × sin θ − σy × AB × 1 × cos θ
τθ = σx cos θ sin θ − σy cos θ sin θ
1
∴ τθ = (σ − σy ) sin 2θ (8.6)
2 x
The maximum direct stress will equal σx or σy, when θ = 0 or 90°. The maximum
shear stress in the plane of the applied stresses occurs when θ = 45°,
1
∴ τmax = (σ − σy ) (8.7)
2 x

8.4 Material subjected to combined direct and shear stresses

Consider the complex stress system shown in Fig. 8.5 acting on an element of
material. The stresses σx and σy may be compressive or tensile and may be the result of
direct forces or bending. The shear stresses may be as shown or completely reversed
and occur as a result of either shear forces or torsion.

Fig. 8.5 Two-dimensional complex stress system.

1 1
σθ = (σx + σy ) + (σx − σy ) cos 2θ + τx y sin 2θ (8.8)
2 2
1
and τθ = (σ − σy ) sin 2θ − τx y cos 2θ (8.9)
2 x
The maximum and minimum stresses in the material can be determined as follows:
dσθ
For σθ to be a maximum or minimum =0
dθ

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

The maximum and minimum direct stresses are given by equation

1 1 2
σ1 or σ2 = (σx + σy ) ± √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y (8.10)
2 2

These are termed the principal stresses of the system.

The complex stress system of Fig. 8.5 can be reduced to the equivalent system of
principal stresses shown in Fig. 8.6.

Fig. 8.6 Principal planes and stresses.

From eq. (8.7) the maximum shear stress present in the system is given by
1
τmax = (σ − σ2 ) (8.11)
2 1

1 2
= √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y (8.12)
2

and this occurs on planes at 45° to the principal planes.

8.5 Principal plane inclination in terms of the associated principal stress

The angle of inclination can be expressed as the following
2τx y
tan 2θ = (8.13)
(σx − σy )
Yields two values of the inclination θ of the two principal planes on which the
principal stresses σ1 and σ2 act.
Consider the equilibrium of a triangular block of unit depth of material, the
principal plane AC on which a principal stress σp acts, and the shear stress is zero.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Fig. 8.7.
Resolving forces horizontally,
(σx × BC × 1) + (τx y × AB × 1) = (σp × AC × 1) cos θ

σx + τx y tan θ = σp

σp − σx
tan θ = (8.14)
τx y

The above equation for the inclination of the principal planes in terms of the
principal stress.

8.6 Graphical solution - Mohr’s stress circle

Consider the complex stress system of Fig. 8.5 as stated below that represents a
complete stress system in two dimensions.
In order to find graphically the direct stress σθ and shear stress τθ on any plane
inclined at θ to the plane on which σx acts, proceed as follows:
(1) Label the block ABCD.
(2) Set up axes for direct stress (as abscissa) and shear stress (as ordinate) (Fig. 8.8).
(3) Plot the stresses acting on two adjacent faces, AB and BC, using the following sign
conventions:
direct stresses: tensile, positive; compressive, negative;
shear stresses: tending to turn block clockwise, positive; tending to turn block
counterclockwise, negative.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

This gives two points on the graph, which may be labelled AB and BC
respectively to denote stresses on these planes.
(4) Join AB and BC.
(5) The point P where this line cuts the σ axis is then the center of Mohr’s circle, and
the line is the diameter; therefore the circle can be drawn.
Every point on the circumference of the circle then represents a state of stress on
some plane through C.

Fig. 8.8 Mohr’s stress circle.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Example 8.1
A circular bar 40 mm diameter carries an axial tensile load of 100 kN. What is
the value of the shear stress on the planes on which the normal stress has a value of
50 MN/m2 tensile?

Solution:
F 100 × 103
Tensile stress σy = = 2
= 79.6 MN/m2
A π × 0.02
( )

Now, the normal stress on an oblique plane is given by eq. (8.1):

σθ = σy sin2 θ

50 × 106 = 79.6 × 106 sin2 θ

θ = 52° 28'

The shear stress on the oblique plane is given by eq. (8.2):

1
τθ = σ sin 2θ
2 y
1
= × 79.6 × 106 × sin 104° 56'
2

= 38.6 × 106

The required shear stress is 38.6 MN/m2.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Example 8.2
Under certain loading conditions, the stresses in the walls of a cylinder are as follows:
(a) 80 MN/m2 tensile.
(b) 30 MN/m2 tensile at right angles to (a).
(c) shear stresses of 60 MN/m2 on the planes on which the stresses (a) and (b) act; the
shear couple acting on planes carrying the 30 MN/m2 stress is clockwise in effect.
Calculate the principal stresses and the planes on which they act. What would be
the effect on these results if owing to a change of loading (a) becomes compressive
while stresses (b) and (c) remain unchanged?
Solution:

Fig. 8.9.
The principal stresses are given by the formula
1 1 2
σ1 and σ2 = (σx + σy ) ± √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y
2 2

1 1
= (80 + 30) ± √(80 − 30)2 + (4 × 602 )
2 2

= 55 ± 5√(25 + 144)

= 55 ± 65
∴ σ1 = 120 MN/m2
and σ2 = − 10 MN/m2 (compressive)

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

The planes on which these stresses act can be determined from eqn. (8.14),
σp − σx
tan θ1 =
τx y
120 − 80
∴ tan θ1 = = 0.6667
60
∴ θ1 = 33° 41'
− 10 − 80
Also tan θ2 = = 1.50
60
∴ θ2 = − 56° 19' or 123° 41'
The resulting angles are at 90° to each other as expected.
If the loading is changed so that the 80 MN/m2 stress becomes compressive:
1 1
σ1 = (− 80 + 30) + √(− 80 − 30)2 + (4 × 602 )
2 2
= − 25 + 5√(121 + 144)

= − 25 + 81.5 = 56.5 MN/m2

and σ2 = − 25 − 81.5 = − 106.5 MN/m2

56.5 − ( − 80)
The tan θ1 = = 2.28
60
∴ θ1 = 66° 19'
and θ2 = 66° 19' + 90 = 156° 19'

Mohr's circle solutions

In the first part of the question the stress system and associated Mohr's circle are
as drawn in Fig. 8.10.
By measurement:
σ1 = 120 MN/m2 tensile
σ2 = 10 MN/m2 compressive
and θ1 = 34° counterclockwise from BC
θ2 = 124° counterclockwise from BC

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Fig. 8.10.

When the 80 MN/m2 stress is reversed, the stress system is shown in Fig. 8.11,
giving Mohr's circle as drawn.
The required values are then:
σ1 = 56.5 MN/m2 tensile
σ2 = 106.5 MN/m2 compressive
θ1 = 66° 15' counterclockwise to BC
and θ2 = 156° 15' counterclockwise to BC

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Fig. 8.11.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Example 8.3
A material is subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct stresses of 80 MN/m2
tensile and 50 MN/m2 compressive, together with a shear stress of 30 MN/m2. The
shear couple acting on planes carrying the 80 MN/m2 stress is clockwise in effect.
Calculate:
(a) the magnitude and nature of the principal stresses.
(b) the magnitude of the maximum shear stresses in the plane of the given stress system.
(c) the direction of the planes on which these stresses act.
Confirm your answer by means of a Mohr’s stress circle diagram, and from the diagram
determine the magnitude of the normal stress on a plane inclined at 20°
counterclockwise to the plane on which the 50 MN/m2 stress acts.
Solution:

Fig. 8.12.
(a) To find the principal stresses:
1 1 2
σ1 and σ2 = (σx + σy ) ± √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y
2 2
1 1
= (− 50 + 80) ± √(− 50 − 80)2 + (4 × 900)
2 2
= 5(3 ± √169 + 36) = 5(3 ± 14.31)
∴ σ1 = 86.55 MN/m2 and σ2 = − 56.55 MN/m2
The principal stresses are
86.55 MN/m2 tensile and 56.55 MN/m2 compressive.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

(b) To find the maximum shear stress:

(σ1 − σ2 ) 86.55 − (−56.55) 143.1
τmax = = = = 71.6 MN/m2
2 2 2
Maximum shear stress = 71.6 MN/m2
(c) To find the directions of the principal planes:
σp − σx
tan θ1 =
τx y
86.55 − (−50)
∴ tan θ1 = = 4.552
30
∴ θ1 = 77° 36'
∴ θ2 = 77° 36' + 90° = 167° 36'
The principal planes are inclined at 77° 36' to the plane on which the 50 MN/m2
stress acts. The maximum shear planes are at 45° to the principal planes.
Mohr's circle solution
The stress system shown in Fig. 8.12 gives the Mohr's circle in Fig. 8.13.

Fig. 8.13.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

By measurement
σ1 = 87 MN/m2 tensile
σ2 = 57 MN/m2 compressive
τmax = 72 MN/m2
155°
and θ1 = = 77° 30'
2
The direct or normal stress on a plane inclined at 20° counterclockwise to BC is
obtained by measuring from BC on the Mohr's circle through 2 × 20° = 40° in the same
direction. This gives σ = 16 MN/m2 compressive

Example 8.4
At a given section, a shaft is subjected to a bending stress of 20 MN/m2 and a
shear stress of 40 MN/m2. Determine:
(a) the principal stresses.
(b) the directions of the principal planes.
(c) the maximum shear stress and the planes on which this act.
(d) the tensile stress which, acting alone, would produce the same maximum shear
stress.
(e) the shear stress which, acting alone, would produce the same maximum tensile
principal stress.
Solution:
(a) The bending stress is a direct stress and can be treated as acting on the x-axis, so
that σx = 20 MN/m2; since no other direct stresses are given, σy = 0.
1 1 2
Principal stress σ1 = (σx + σy ) ± √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y
2 2
1 1
= × 20 + √202 + (4 × 402 )
2 2
= 10 + 5√68 = 10 + (5 × 8.246)
∴ σ1 = 51.23 MN/m2
and σ2 = 10 − 41.23 ∴ σ2 = − 31.23 MN/m2

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

σp − σx 51.23 − 20 31.23
(b) Then tan θ1 = = = = 0.7808
τx y 40 40
∴ θ1 = 37° 59'
− 31.23 − 20 − 51.23
tan θ2 = = = − 1.2808
40 40
∴ θ2 = − 52° 1' or 127° 59'
both angles being measured counterclockwise from the plane on which the 20 MN/m2
stress acts.
(c) Maximum shear stress
(σ1 − σ2 ) 51.23 − (−31.23) 82.46
τmax = = = = 41.23 MN/m2
2 2 2
This acts on planes at 45° to the principal planes,
i.e. at 82° 59' or ̶ 7° 1'
(d) the tensile stress
1 2
Maximum shear stress τmax = √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y
2
Thus, if a tensile stress is to act alone to give the same maximum shear stress (σy = 0
and τxy = 0):
1 1
maximum shear stress = √(σx )2 = σx
2 2
1
41.23 = σ
2 x
σx = 82.46 MN/m2
The required tensile stress is 82.46 MN/m2.
(e) the shear stress
1 1 2
Principal stress σ1 = (σx + σy ) + √(σx − σy ) + 4 τ2x y
2 2
Thus, if a shear stress is to act alone to give the same principal stress (σx = σy = 0):
1
σ1 = √(4 τ2x y ) = τx y
2
∴ τx y = 51.23 The required shear stress is 51.23 MN/m2.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Mohr's circle solutions

(a), (b), (c) The stress system and corresponding Mohr's circle as shown in Fig. 8.14.
(a) σ1 ≈ 51 MN/m2 tensile
σ2 ≈ 31 MN/m2 compressive
76°
(b) θ1 = = 38°
2
θ2 = 38° + 90° = 128°
(c) τmax ≈ 41 MN/m2
Angle of maximum shear plane
166°
θ = = 83°
2

Fig. 8.14.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

(d) If a tensile stress σx is to act alone to give the same maximum shear stress, then
σy = 0, τxy = 0 and τmax = 41 MN/m2. The Mohr's circle has a radius of 41 MN/m2 and
passes through the origin (Fig. 8.15). Hence, the required tensile stress is 82 MN/m2.

Fig. 8.15.
(e) If a shear stress is to act alone to produce the same principal stress, σx = 0, σy = 0
and σ1 = 51 MN/m2. The Mohr's circle has its center at the origin and passes through
σ = 51 MN/m2 (Fig. 8.16). Hence, the required shear stress is 51 MN/m2.

Fig. 8.16.

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

Problems

8.1 An axial tensile load of 10 kN is applied to a 12 mm diameter bar. Determine the maximum
shearing stress in the bar and the planes on which it acts. Find also the value of the normal stresses
on these planes. [44.1 MN/m2 at 45° and 135°; ± 44.2 MN/m2]
8.2 A compressive member of a structure is of 25 mm square cross-section and carries a load of 50
kN. Determine, from first principles, the normal, tangential and resultant stresses on a plane inclined
at 60° to the axis of the bar. [60, 34.6, 69.3 MN/m2]
8.3 A rectangular block of material is subjected to a shear stress of 30 MN/m 2 together with its
associated complementary shear stress. Determine the magnitude of the stresses on a plane inclined
at 30° to the directions of the applied stresses, which may be taken as horizontal. [26, 15 MN/m2]
8.4 A material is subjected to two mutually perpendicular stresses, one 60 MN/m 2 compressive and
the other 45 MN/m2 tensile. Determine the direct, shear and resultant stresses on a plane inclined at
60° to the plane on which the 45 MN/m2 stress acts. [18.75, 45.5, 49.2 MN/m2]
8.5 The material of Problem 8.4 is subjected to an additional shearing stress of 10 MN/m 2. Determine
the principal stresses acting on the material and the maximum shear stress. [46, ̶ 61, 53.5 MN/m2]
8.6 At a certain section in a material under stress, direct stresses of 45 MN/m 2 tensile and 75 MN/m2
tensile act on perpendicular planes together with a shear stress τ acting on these planes. If the
maximum stress in the material is limited to 150 MN/m 2 tensile, determine the value of τ.
[88.7 MN/m2]
8.7 At a point in a material under stress, there is a compressive stress of 200 MN/m 2 and a shear stress
of 300 MN/m2 acting on the same plane. Determine the principal stresses and the directions of the
planes on which they act. [216 MN/m2 at 54.2° to 200 MN/m2 plane; ̶ 416 MN/m2 at 144.2°]
8.8 At a certain point in a material, the following stresses act: a tensile stress of 150 MN/m2, a
compressive stress of 105 MN/m2 at right angles to the tensile stress and a shear stress clockwise in
effect of 30 MN/m2. Calculate the principal stresses and the directions of the principal planes.
[153.5, ̶ 108.5 MN/m2; at 6.7° and 96.7° counterclockwise to 150 MN/m2 plane]
8.9 The stresses across two mutually perpendicular planes at a point in an elastic body are 120 MN/m 2
tensile with 45 MN/m2 clockwise shear, and 30 MN/m2 tensile with 45 MN/m2 counterclockwise
shear. Find (i) the principal stresses, (ii) the maximum shear stress, and (iii) the normal and tangential
stresses on a plane measured at 20° counterclockwise to the plane on which the 30 MN/m2 stress acts.
Draw sketches showing the positions of the stresses found above and the planes on which they act
relative to the original stresses. [138.6, 11.4, 63.6, 69.5, ̶ 63.4 MN/m2]

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Chapter Eight Mechanics of Materials Complex Stresses

8.10 At a point in a strained material, the stresses acting on planes at right angles to each other are
200 MN/m2 tensile and 80 MN/m2 compressive, together with associated shear stresses, which may
be assumed clockwise in effect on the 80 MN/m 2 planes. If the principal stress is limited to 320
MN/m2 tensile, calculate: (a) the magnitude of the shear stresses.
(b) the directions of the principal planes.
(c) the other principal stress.
(d) the maximum shear stress.
[219 MN/m2, 28.7 and 118.7° counterclockwise to 200 MN/m2 plane; ̶ 200 MN/m2; 260 MN/m2]
8.11 A solid shaft of 125 mm diameter transmits 0.5 MW at 300 rev/min. It is also subjected to a
bending moment of 9 kN m and to a tensile end load. If the maximum principal stress is limited to 75
MN/m2, determine the permissible end thrust. Determine the position of the plane on which the
principal stress acts, and draw a diagram showing the position of the plane relative to the torque and
the plane of the bending moment. [61.4 kN; 61° to shaft axis]
8.12 At a certain point in a piece of material there are two planes at right angles to one another on
which there are shearing stresses of 150 MN/m2 together with normal stresses of 300 MN/m2 tensile
on one plane and 150 MN/m2 tensile on the other plane. If the shear stress on the 150 MN/m2 planes
is taken as clockwise in effect, determine for the given point:
(a) the magnitudes of the principal stresses.
(b) the inclinations of the principal planes.
(c) the maximum shear stress and the inclinations of the planes on which it acts.
(d) the maximum strain if E = 208 GN/m2 and Poisson's ratio = 0.29. ‫غير مطلوب‬
[392.7, 57.3 MN/m2; 31.7°, 121.7°; 167.7 MN/m2, 76.7°, 166.7°; 1810 με]
8.13 A 250 mm diameter solid shaft drives a screw propeller with an output of 7 MW. When the
forward speed of the vessel is 35 km/h, the speed of revolution of the propeller is 240 rev/min. Find
the maximum stress resulting from the torque and the axial compressive stress resulting from the
thrust in the shaft; hence find for a point on the surface of the shaft: (a) the principal stresses, and (b)
the directions of the principal planes relative to the shaft axis. Make a diagram to show clearly the
direction of the principal planes and stresses relative to the shaft axis.
[90.8, 14.7, 98.4, ̶ 83.7 MN/m2; 47° and 137°]
8.16 A shaft l00 mm diameter is subjected to a twisting moment of 7 kN m, together with a bending
moment of 2 kN m. Find, at the surface of the shaft, (a) the principal stresses, (b) the maximum shear
stress. [47.3, ̶ 26.9 MN/m2; 37.1 MN/m2]

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8.17 A material is subjected to a horizontal tensile stress of 90 MN/m2 and a vertical tensile stress of
120 MN/m2, together with shear stresses of 75 MN/m 2, those on the 120 MN/m2 planes being
counterclockwise in effect. Determine:
(a) the principal stresses.
(b) the maximum shear stress.
(c) the shear stress which, acting alone, would produce the same principal stress.
(d) the tensile stress which, acting alone, would produce the same maximum shear stress.
[181.5, 28.5 MN/m2; 76.5 MN/m2; 181.5 MN/m2; 153 MN/m2]
8.18 Two planes AB and BC in an elastic material under load are inclined at 45° to each other. The
loading on the material is such that the stresses on these planes are as follows:
1. on AB, 150 MN/m2 direct stress and 120 MN/m2 shear.
2. on BC, 80 MN/m2 shear and a direct stress σ.
Determine the value of the unknown stress σ on BC and hence determine the principal stresses which
exist in the material. [190, 214, ̶ 74 MN/m2]
8.19 A beam of I-section, 500 mm deep and 200 mm wide, has flanges 25 mm thick and web 12 mm
thick. It carries a concentrated load of 300 kN at the center of a simply supported span of 3 m.
Calculate the principal stresses set up in the beam at the point where the web meets the flange.
[83.4, ̶ 6.15 MN/m2]
8.20 At a certain point on the outside of a shaft, which is subjected to a torque, and a bending moment
the shear stresses are 100 MN/m2 and the longitudinal direct stress is 60 MN/m 2 tensile. Find, by
calculation from first principles or by graphical construction, which must be justified:
(a) the maximum and minimum principal stresses.
(b) the maximum shear stress.
(c) the inclination of the principal stresses to the original stresses.
Summarize the answers clearly on a diagram, showing their relative positions to the original stresses.
[134.4, ̶ 74.4 MN/m2; 104.4 MN/m2; 35.5°]

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