144 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.7-9 A slightly tapered bar AB of rectangular cross section

and length L is acted upon by a force P (see figure). The width of the A b1
B
bar varies uniformly from b2 at end A to b1 at end B. The thickness t P
b2
is constant.
(a) Determine the strain energy U of the bar.
(b) Determine the elongation
of the bar by equating the strain L
energy to the work done by the force P.

Solution 2.7-9 Tapered bar of rectangular cross section

A B b1
b2 P
b(x)
x dx

L
(b2  b1 )x P2 1 (b2  b1 )x L
b(x)  b2  U B ln B b 2  R R
L 2Et (b2  b1 )( L1 ) L 0

A(x)  tb(x)
P2 L L
(b2  b1 )x  B ln b1  ln b2 R
 t B b2  R 2Et (b2  b1 ) (b2  b1 )
L
P2L b2
(a) STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BAR U ln —
2Et(b2  b1 ) b1
[N(x) ] 2dx
U
2E A(x)

(Eq. 2-41) (b) ELONGATION OF THE BAR (EQ. 2-42)
2U PL b2



P2dx
L P2 L dx
  ln
 
(1) P Et(b2  b1 ) b1
—
2Et b(x) 2Et 0 b2  (b2  b1 ) Lx
0

dx 1 NOTE: This result agrees with the formula derived in
From Appendix C:  ln (a
bx)
a
bx b prob. 2.3-11.
Apply this integration formula to Eq. (1):

Problem 2.7-10 A compressive load P is transmitted through a rigid

plate to three magnesium-alloy bars that are identical except that initially P
the middle bar is slightly shorter than the other bars (see figure). The
s
dimensions and properties of the assembly are as follows: length L  1.0 m,
cross-sectional area of each bar A  3000 mm2, modulus of elasticity
E  45 GPa, and the gap s  1.0 mm.
(a) Calculate the load P1 required to close the gap. L
(b) Calculate the downward displacement
of the rigid plate when
P  400 kN.
(c) Calculate the total strain energy U of the three bars when
P  400 kN.
(d) Explain why the strain energy U is not equal to P
/2.
(Hint: Draw a load-displacement diagram.)
 SECTION 2.7 Strain Energy 145

Solution 2.7-10 Three bars in compression

P (c) STRAIN ENERGY U FOR P  400 kN

s = 1.0 mm
EA
2
U a
2L

L
Outer bars:
 1.321 mm
Middle bar:
 1.321 mm  s
 0.321 mm
EA
s  1.0 mm U [2(1.321 mm) 2
(0.321 mm) 2 ]
2L
L  1.0 m 1
 (135  106 Nm)(3.593 mm2 )
For each bar: 2
A  3000 mm2  243 N
m  243 J —
E  45 GPa
(d) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
EA
 135  106 Nm
L U  243 J  243 N . m
P
1
(a) LOAD P1 REQUIRED TO CLOSE THE GAP  (400 kN)(1.321 mm)  264 N
m
2 2
PL EA

In general,
 and P  P

EA L The strain energy U is not equal to because the
2
For two bars, we obtain: load-displacement relation is not linear.
EAs 400 B
P1  2 ¢ ≤  2(135  106 Nm)(1.0 mm) 400
L
300 270 A
P1  270 kN —
Load P
(kN) 200
(b) DISPLACEMENT
FOR P  400 kN
S = 1.0 mm
100
Since P  P1, all three bars are compressed. The
= 1.321 mm
force P equals P1 plus the additional force required Displacement
to compress all three bars by the amount
 s. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
(mm)

EA
P  P1
3¢ ≤ (
 s) U  area under line OAB.
L
or 400 kN  270 kN
3(135  106 N/m) P

 area under a straight line from O to B,
(
 0.001 m) 2
which is larger than U.
Solving, we get
 1.321 mm —
146 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.7-11 A block B is pushed against three springs by a force

P (see figure). The middle spring has stiffness k1 and the outer springs
each have stiffness k2. Initially, the springs are unstressed and the middle s
spring k2
is longer than the outer springs (the difference in length is denoted s). P
B k1
(a) Draw a force-displacement diagram with the force P as ordinate and k2
the displacement x of the block as abscissa.
(b) From the diagram, determine the strain energy U1 of the springs when
x
x  2s.
(c) Explain why the strain energy U1 is not equal to P
/2, where
 2s.

Solution 2.7-11 Block pushed against three springs

s
k2
P
B k1
k2

x
Force P0 required to close the gap: (b) STRAIN ENERGY U1 WHEN x  2s
P0  k1s (1) U1  Area below force-displacement curve

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATION BEFORE GAP IS CLOSED = + +

P  k1x (0  x  s)(0  P  P0) (2) 1 1 1

 P0 s
P0 s
(P1  P0 )s  P0 s
P1 s
2 2 2
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATION AFTER GAP IS CLOSED
 k1s2
(k1
k2 )s2
All three springs are compressed. Total stiffness
equals k1
2k2. Additional displacement equals U1  (2k1
k2 )s2 — (5)
x  s. Force P equals P0 plus the force required to P

compress all three springs by the amount x  s. (c) STRAIN ENERGY U1 IS NOT EQUAL TO
2
P  P0
(k1
2k2 )(x  s) P
1
For
 2s:  P1 (2 s)  P1s  2(k1
k2 )s2
2 2
 k1s
(k1
2k2 )x  k1s  2k2s
(This quantity is greater than U1.)
(x  s); (P  P0)
P  (k1
2k2 )x  2k2s
(3) (3)
U  area under line OAB.
P1  force P when x  2s
P

Substitute x  2s into Eq. (3):  area under a straight line from O to B, which
2
P1  2(k1
k2)s (4) is larger U.
P

(a) FORCE-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM Thus, is not equal to the strain energy because
2
Force P the force-displacement relation is not linear.
B
P1
Eq (3)
Slope = k1 + 2k2

Eq (2)
A
P0

Displacement x
0 s 2s
Slope = k1
 SECTION 2.7 Strain Energy 147

Problem 2.7-12 A bungee cord that behaves linearly elastically has an

unstressed length L0  760 mm and a stiffness k  140 N/m.
The cord is attached to two pegs, distance b  380 mm apart, and b
A
pulled at its midpoint by a force P  80 N (see figure).
(a) How much strain energy U is stored in the cord?
B
(b) What is the displacement
C of the point where the load is
applied?
(c) Compare the strain energy U with the quantity P
C/2.
C
(Note: The elongation of the cord is not small compared to its
P
original length.)

Solution 2.7-12 Bungee cord subjected to a load P.

DIMENSIONS BEFORE THE LOAD P IS APPLIED
A From triangle ACD:
L1
2 P  80 N

d L1 b 2
b D C  ¢ ≤
x2 (2)
2 B 2
L0 L1  b2
4x2 (3)
2
B EQUILIBRIUM AT POINT C
L0
L0  760 mm
 380 mm Let F  tensile force in bungee cord
2
b  380 mm F F
Bungee cord: C P
P = 80 N
k  140 N/m
L0 = 760 mm F P/2 C

From triangle ACD: F L12 P L1 1


F  ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
P2 x 2 2 x
1
d  L20  b2  329.09 mm (1) P b 2
2  1
¢ ≤ (4)
2B 2x
DIMENSIONS AFTER THE LOAD P IS APPLIED
A ELONGATION OF BUNGEE CORD
L1 Let
 elongation of the entire bungee cord
2
F P b2
b D x C
  1
2 (5)
k 2kB 4x
P
Final length of bungee cord  original length


L0
2 P b2
B L1  L0

 L0
1
2 (6)
2kB 4x
Let x  distance CD
Let L1  stretched length of bungee cord
148 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS From Eq. (5):

Combine Eqs. (6) and (3): P b2

 1
2  305.81 mm
P b2 2kB 4x
L1  L0
1
2  b2
4x2
2kB 4x 1
U  (140 Nm)(305.81 mm) 2  6.55 N
m
P 2
or L1  L0
b2
4x2  b2
4x2
4kx U  6.55 J
—
P
L0  ¢ 1  ≤ b2
4x2 (7) (b) DISPLACEMENT
C OF POINT C
4kx

C  x  d  497.88 mm  329.09 mm
This equation can be solved for x.
 168.8 mm
—
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (7):
(c) COMPARISON OF STRAIN ENERGY U WITH THE
(80 N)(1000 mmm) P
C /2
760 mm  B 1  R QUANTITY
4(140 Nm)x
U  6.55 J
 (380 mm) 2
4x2 (8)
P
C 1
142.857  (80 N)(168.8 mm)  6.75 J
760  ¢ 1  ≤ 144,400
4x2
(9) (9) 2 2
x
The two quantities are not the same. The work done
Units: x is in millimeters by the load P is not equal to P
C /2 because the load-
displacement relation (see below) is non-linear when
Solve for x (Use trial & error or a computer
the displacements are large. (The work done by the
program):
load P is equal to the strain energy because the
x  497.88 mm bungee cord behaves elastically and there are no
energy losses.)
(a) STRAIN ENERGY U OF THE BUNGEE CORD
U  area OAB under the curve OA.
k
2
U
k  140 Nm
P  80 N P
C
2  area of triangle OAB, which is greater
2
than U.

Load
P Large
displacement
80 N
A

Small
displacement
B
0

C Displacement
 SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 149

Impact Loading

The problems for Section 2.8 are to be solved on the basis of the
assumptions and idealizations described in the text. In particular, assume
that the material behaves linearly elastically and no energy is lost during
Collar
the impact.
Problem 2.8-1 A sliding collar of weight W  150 lb falls from a height
h  2.0 in. onto a flange at the bottom of a slender vertical rod (see figure).
The rod has length L  4.0 ft, cross-sectional area A  0.75 in.2, and L
Rod
modulus of elasticity E  30  106 psi.
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the maximum downward h
displacement of the flange, (b) the maximum tensile stress in the rod, Flange
and (c) the impact factor.

Probs. 2.8-1 and 2.8-3

Solution 2.8-1 Collar falling onto a flange

(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF FLANGE

WL

st   0.00032 in.
EA
Eq. of (2-53):
W
L
2h 12

max 
st B 1
¢ 1
≤ R

st
h
Flange  0.0361 in.
—

(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)

E
max
smax   22,600 psi
—
L

W  150 lb (c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)

h  2.0 in. L  4.0 ft  48 in.
max 0.0361 in.
Impact factor  
E  30  106 psi A  0.75 in.2
st 0.00032 in.
 113
—
150 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.8-2 Solve the preceding problem if the collar has mass
M  80 kg, the height h  0.5 m, the length L  3.0 m, the cross-sectional
area A  350 mm2, and the modulus of elasticity E  170 GPa.

Solution 2.8-2 Collar falling onto a flange

(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF FLANGE

WL

st   0.03957 mm
EA
W 2h 12
L Eq. (2-53):

max 
st B 1
¢ 1
≤ R

st

h  6.33 mm —
Flange
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)
E
max
smax   359 MPa —
L
M  80 kg (c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
W  Mg  (80 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
max 6.33 mm
Impact factor  
 784.8 N
st 0.03957 mm
h  0.5 m L  3.0 m  160 —
E  170 GPa A  350 mm2

Problem 2.8-3 Solve Problem 2.8-1 if the collar has weight W  50 lb,
the height h  2.0 in., the length L  3.0 ft, the cross-sectional area
A  0.25 in.2, and the modulus of elasticity E  30,000 ksi.

Solution 2.8-3 Collar falling onto a flange

(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF FLANGE
WL

st   0.00024 in.
EA
2h 12
Eq. (2-53):

max 
st B 1
¢ 1
≤ R

st
W  0.0312 in. —
L

(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)

h
Flange E
max
smax   26,000 psi —
L

(c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)

W  50 lb h  2.0 in.
max 0.0312 in.
Impact factor  
L  3.0 ft  36 in.
st 0.00024 in.
E  30,000 psi A  0.25 in.2  130 —
 SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 151

Problem 2.8-4 A block weighing W  5.0 N drops inside a cylinder

from a height h  200 mm onto a spring having stiffness k  90 N/m
(see figure). Block

(a) Determine the maximum shortening of the spring due to the Cylinder h
impact, and (b) determine the impact factor.

Prob. 2.8-4 and 2.8-5

Solution 2.8-4 Block dropping onto a spring

W  5.0 N h  200 mm k  90 N/m (b) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)

max 215 mm
(a) MAXIMUM SHORTENING OF THE SPRING Impact factor  

st 55.56 mm
W 5.0 N  3.9 —

st    55.56 mm
k 90 Nm
2h 12
Eq. (2-53):

max 
st B 1
¢ 1
≤ R

st
 215 mm —
152 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.8-5 Solve the preceding problem if the block weighs

W  1.0 lb, h  12 in., and k  0.5 lb/in.

Solution 2.8-5 Block dropping onto a spring (a) MAXIMUM SHORTENING OF THE SPRING
W 1.0 lb
W
st    2.0 in.
k 0.5 lbin.
h 2h 12
Eq. (2-53):

max 
st B 1
¢ 1
≤ R

st
k  9.21 in. —

(b) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)

max 9.21 in.
Impact factor  

st 2.0 in.
 4.6 —
W  1.0 lb h  12 in. k  0.5 lb/in.

Problem 2.8-6 A small rubber ball (weight W  450 mN) is attached

by a rubber cord to a wood paddle (see figure). The natural length of the
cord is L0  200 mm, its cross-sectional area is A  1.6 mm2, and its
modulus of elasticity is E  2.0 MPa. After being struck by the paddle,
the ball stretches the cord to a total length L1  900 mm.
What was the velocity v of the ball when it left the paddle? (Assume
linearly elastic behavior of the rubber cord, and disregard the potential
energy due to any change in elevation of the ball.)

Solution 2.8-6 Rubber ball attached to a paddle

WHEN THE RUBBER CORD IS FULLY STRETCHED:
EA
2 EA
U  (L  L0 ) 2
2L0 2L0 1

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Wv2 EA
KE  U
 (L  L0 ) 2
2g 2L0 1
gEA
v2  (L  L0 ) 2
WL0 1
g  9.81 m/s2 E  2.0 MPa
gEA
A 1.6 mm2 L0  200 mm v  (L1  L0 ) —
B WL0
L1  900 mm W  450 mN
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
WHEN THE BALL LEAVES THE PADDLE
(9.81 ms2 )(2.0 MPa)(1.6 mm2 )
Wv2 v  (700 mm)
KE  B (450 mN)(200 mm)
2g
 13.1 ms —
 SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 153

Problem 2.8-7 A weight W  4500 lb falls from a height h onto

W = 4,500 lb
a vertical wood pole having length L  15 ft, diameter d  12 in.,
and modulus of elasticity E  1.6  106 psi (see figure).
h
If the allowable stress in the wood under an impact load is
2500 psi, what is the maximum permissible height h?
d = 12 in.

L = 15 ft

Solution 2.8-7 Weight falling on a wood pole

STATIC STRESS
W
W 4500 lb
h sst    39.79 psi
A 113.10 in.2

d MAXIMUM HEIGHT hmax

2hE 12
Eq. (2-59):
smax  sst B 1
¢ 1
≤ R
Lsst
L
or
smax 2hE 12
 1  ¢1
≤
sst Lsst
Square both sides and solve for h:
Lsmax smax
h  hmax  ¢  2≤ —
2E sst
W  4500 lb d  12 in.
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
L  15 ft  180 in.
(180 in.)(2500 psi) 2500 psi
d2 hmax  ¢  2≤
A  113.10 in.2 2(1.6  106 psi) 39.79 psi
4
 8.55 in. —
E  1.6  106 psi
allow  2500 psi ( max)
Find hmax
154 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.8-8 A cable with a restrainer at the bottom hangs vertically

from its upper end (see figure). The cable has an effective cross-sectional
area A  40 mm2 and an effective modulus of elasticity E  130 GPa.
A slider of mass M  35 kg drops from a height h  1.0 m onto the
restrainer. Cable
If the allowable stress in the cable under an impact load is 500 MPa,
what is the minimum permissible length L of the cable?
Slider
L

h
Restrainer

Probs. 2.8-8 and 2.8-9

Solution 2.8-8 Slider on a cable

STATIC STRESS
W 343.4 N
sst    8.585 MPa
A 40 mm2

MINIMUM LENGTH Lmin

2hE 12
Eq. (2-59):
smax  sst B 1
¢ 1
≤ R
Lsst
W L or
smax 2hE 12
 1  ¢1
≤
sst Lsst
h
Square both sides and solve for L:
2Ehsst
L  Lmin  —
smax (smax  2sst )

W  Mg  (35 kg)(9.81 m/s2)  343.4 N SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

A 40 mm2 E  130 GPa 2(130 GPa)(1.0 m)(8.585 MPa)
Lmin 
h  1.0 m allow  max  500 MPa (500 MPa) [500 MPa  2(8.585 MPa) ]

Find minimum length Lmin  9.25 mm —

Problem 2.8-9 Solve the preceding problem if the slider has weight
W  100 lb, h  45 in., A  0.080 in.2, E  21  106 psi, and the
allowable stress is 70 ksi.
 SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 155

Solution 2.8-9 Slider on a cable

MINIMUM LENGTH Lmin

2hE 12
Eq. (2-59):
smax  sst B 1
¢ 1
≤ R
Lsst
or
smax 2hE 12
 1  ¢1
≤
sst Lsst
Square both sides and solve for L:
W L
2Ehsst
W  100 lb L  Lmin  —
smax (smax  2sst )
A  0.080 in.2 E  21  106 psi
h SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
h  45 in allow  max  70 ksi
2(21  106 psi)(45 in.)(1250 psi)
Find minimum length Lmin Lmin 
(70,000 psi) [70,000 psi  2(1250 psi) ]
STATIC STRESS  500 in. —
W 100 lb
sst    1250 psi
A 0.080 in.2

Problem 2.8-10 A bumping post at the end of a track in a railway

v
yard has a spring constant k  8.0 MN/m (see figure). The maximum
possible displacement d of the end of the striking plate is 450 mm.
What is the maximum velocity vmax that a railway car of weight k
W  545 kN can have without damaging the bumping post when it
strikes it? d

Solution 2.8-10 Bumping post for a railway car

v STRAIN ENERGY WHEN SPRING IS COMPRESSED TO THE
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AMOUNT

k
2max kd2
k U 
2 2
d
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Wv2 kd2 kd2
KE  U

v2 
k  8.0 MN/m W  545 kN 2g 2 Wg

d  maximum displacement of spring k

v  vmax  d —
B Wg
d 
max  450 mm
Find vmax SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

KINETIC ENERGY BEFORE IMPACT 8.0 MNm

vmax  (450 mm)
B (545 kN)(9.81 ms2 )
Mv2 Wv2
KE    5400 mms  5.4 ms —
2 2g
156 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.8-11 A bumper for a mine car is constructed with a spring v

of stiffness k  1120 lb/in. (see figure). If a car weighing 3450 lb is
traveling at velocity v  7 mph when it strikes the spring, what is the k
maximum shortening of the spring?

Solution 2.8-11 Bumper for a mine car

k  1120 lb/in. W  3450 lb Conservation of energy

v  7 mph  123.2 in./sec Wv2 k
2max
KE  U

g  32.2 ft/sec2  386.4 in./sec2 2g 2

Find the shortening
max of the spring. Wv2

Solve for
max:

max  —
B gk
KINETIC ENERGY JUST BEFORE IMPACT
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Mv2 Wv2
KE   (3450 lb)(123.2 in.sec) 2
2 2g
max 
B (386.4 in.sec2 )(1120 lbin.)
STRAIN ENERGY WHEN SPRING IS FULLY COMPRESSED  11.0 in. —
k
2max
U
2
 SECTION 2.8 Impact Loading 157

Problem 2.8-12 A bungee jumper having a mass of 55 kg leaps from

a bridge, braking her fall with a long elastic shock cord having axial
rigidity EA  2.3 kN (see figure).
If the jumpoff point is 60 m above the water, and if it is desired to
maintain a clearance of 10 m between the jumper and the water, what
length L of cord should be used?

Solution 2.8-12 Bungee jumper

SOLVE QUADRATIC EQUATION FOR
max:

WL WL 2 WL 12

max 
B¢ ≤
2L ¢ ≤R
EA EA EA
h WL 2EA 12
 B 1
¢1
≤ R
EA W

C VERTICAL HEIGHT
h  C
L

max
WL 2EA 12
hCL
B 1
¢1
≤ R
EA W

W  Mg  (55 kg)(9.81 m/s2) SOLVE FOR L:

 539.55 N hC
L —
EA  2.3 kN W 2EA 12
1
B 1
¢1
≤ R
EA W
Height: h  60 m
Clearance: C  10 m SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Find length L of the bungee cord. W 539.55 N
  0.234587
P.E.  Potential energy of the jumper at the top of EA 2.3 kN
bridge (with respect to lowest position) Numerator  h  c  60 m  10 m  50 m
 W(L

max) Denominator  1
(0.234587)
U  strain energy of cord at lowest position 2 12
 B 1
¢1
≤ R
EA
2max 0.234587

2L 1.9586

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 50 m
L  25.5 m —
1.9586
EA
2max
P.E.  U
W(L

max ) 
2L
2WL 2WL2
or

2max 
max  0
EA EA
158 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Numbers

Problem 2.8-13 A weight W rests on top of a wall and is attached to one

end of a very flexible cord having cross-sectional area A and modulus of
elasticity E (see figure). The other end of the cord is attached securely to W
W
the wall. The weight is then pushed off the wall and falls freely the full
length of the cord.
(a) Derive a formula for the impact factor.
(b) Evaluate the impact factor if the weight, when hanging statically,
elongates the band by 2.5% of its original length.

Solution 2.8-13 Weight falling off a wall

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
EA
2max
P.E.  U
W(L

max ) 
2L
2WL 2WL2
or
2max 
max  0
EA EA
W  Weight
Properties of Elastic cord: SOLVE QUADRATIC EQUATION FOR
max:

E  modulus of elasticity WL WL 2 WL 12

max 
B¢ ≤
2L ¢ ≤R
EA EA EA
A  cross-sectional area
L  original length STATIC ELONGATION

max  elongation of elastic cord WL

st 
P.E.  potential energy of weight before fall (with EA
respect to lowest position)
IMPACT FACTOR
P.E.  W(L

max)

max 2EA 12
Let U  strain energy of cord at lowest position  1
B1
R —

st W
EA
2max
U NUMERICAL VALUES
2L

st  (2.5%)(L)  0.025L
WL W EA

st 
 0.025
 40
EA EA W
Impact factor  1
[1
2(40) ] 12  10 —

Problem 2.8-14 A rigid bar AB having mass M  1.0 kg and length

L  0.5 m is hinged at end A and supported at end B by a nylon cord BC
(see figure). The cord has cross-sectional area A  30 mm2, length
b  0.25 m, and modulus of elasticity E  2.1 GPa.
C
If the bar is raised to its maximum height and then released, what is
the maximum stress in the cord?
b

A B
W
L
 SECTION 2.8 Impact Lading 159

Solution 2.8-14 Falling bar AB

2h 2h
From line AD : sin 2u  
AD L
From Appendix C: sin 2u  2 sin u cos u
C
2h b L 2bL
∴ 2¢ ≤¢ ≤ 2
L b
L
2 2
b
L
2 2 b
L2
b
bL2
A B and h (Eq. 1)
b2
L2
W
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
L
P.E.  potential energy of raised bar AD
RIGID BAR:
max
 W ¢h
≤
W  Mg  (1.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2) 2
 9.81 N EA
2max
U  strain energy of stretched cord 
L  0.5 m 2b

max EA
2max
NYLON CORD: P.E.  U
W ¢ h
≤ (Eq. 2)
2 2b
A  30 mm2 smaxb
For the cord:
max 
b  0.25 m E
E  2.1 GPa Substitute into Eq. (2) and rearrange:
Find maximum stress max in cord BC. W 2WhE
s2max  smax  0 (Eq. 3)
A bA
GEOMETRY OF BAR AB AND CORD BC
Substitute from Eq. (1) into Eq. (3):
D
W 2WL2E
h s2max  smax  0 (Eq. 4)
CG C A A(b2
L2 )

h b
 B SOLVE FOR max:
CG
max W 8L2EA
smax  B1
1
R —

max 2A B W(b2
L2 )
L
2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
CD  CB  b smax  33.3 MPa —
AD  AB  L
h  height of center of gravity of raised bar AD

max  elongation of cord
b
From triangle ABC: sin u 
b
L2
2

L
cos u 
b2
L2