PROCEEDINGS BOOK

ISBN: 978-605-2271-32-2
 © Copyright by
Department of Forest Industry Engineering
Trabzon, 2020
e-mail: orenko@ktu.edu.tr
Karadeniz Technical University
Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest
Industry Engineering 61080 Trabzon / TURKEY

PROCEEDINGS OF
INTERNATIONAL FOREST PRODUCTS CONGRESS
(ORENKO 2020)

Karadeniz Technical University

September 23-26, 2020

EDITORS

Prof. Dr. Ismail AYDIN

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin Derya GEZER
Dr. Aydin DEMIR

ISBN: 978-605-2271-32-2
 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

Organized by
Karadeniz Technical University
Department of Forest Industry Engineering

Chairman
Prof. Dr. Gürsel ÇOLAKOĞLU - Dean
Faculty of Forestry - Karadeniz Technical University

Honorary Committee
Prof. Dr. Hamdullah ÇUVALCI - President, KTU
Prof. Dr. Yalçın ÖRS - Emeritus Prof.
Prof. Dr. Ramazan ÖZEN - Emeritus Prof.
Prof. Dr. Harzemşah HAFIZOĞLU - Emeritus Prof.
Prof. Dr. Hüdaverdi EROĞLU - Emeritus Prof.

Congress Secretariat
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin Derya GEZER – Executive Secretary
Prof. Dr. Ismail AYDIN – Vice Executive Secretary

Organization Committee
Prof. Dr. Semra ÇOLAK
Prof. Dr. Turgay OZDEMIR
Prof. Dr. Esat GÜMÜŞKAYA
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cenk DEMIRKIR
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ilker AKYÜZ
Assistant Prof. Dr. Derya USTAOMER
Research Assist. Dr. Aydın DEMIR
Research Assist. Abdullah Ugur BIRINCI

Scientific Committee
Abdullah SÖNMEZ, Prof. Dr., Gazi University, Turkey
Abdülkadir MALKOÇOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Ali BAYATKASHKOLI, Dr., University of Zabol, Iran
Ali TEMİZ, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Andreja KUTNAR, Assoc. Prof. Dr., University of Primorska, Slovenia
Arif KARADEMİR, Prof. Dr., Bursa Technical University, Turkey
Ayben KILIÇ PEKGÖZLÜ, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Bartın University, Turkey
Ayhan AYTİN, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Düzce University, Turkey
Ayhan ÖZÇİFÇİ, Prof. Dr., Aksaray University, Turkey
Aytaç AYDIN, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Bekir Cihat BAL, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey
Benedetto PIZZO, Dr., CNR - Trees and Timber Institute, Italy
Birol ÜNER, Prof. Dr., Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey University, Turkey
Cengiz GÜLER, Prof. Dr., Düzce University, Turkey

Proceedings Book III

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

Cihat TAŞCIOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Düzce University, Turkey

Coşkun KÖSE, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Daniela TESAŘOVÁ, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Mendel University in Burno, Czech Republic
Douglas J. GARDNER, Prof. Dr., University of Maine, USA
Emilia Adela SALCA, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Transilvania University of Braşov, Romania
Erdoğan GAVCAR, Prof. Dr., Muğla University, Turkey
Erol BURDURLU, Prof. Dr., Gazi University, Turkey
Erol KARACABEYLI, Dr., FPInnovations, Canada
Fatih MENGELOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey
Füsun CURAOĞLU, Assist. Prof. Dr., Eskişehir Technical University, Turkey
George MANTANIS, Prof. Dr., University of Telessaly, Greece
Gökay NEMLİ, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Gökhan GÜNDÜZ, Prof. Dr., Bartın University, Turkey
Gülay HASDOĞAN, Prof. Dr., Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Hakan KESKIN, Prof. Dr., Gazi University, Turkey
Halil Turgut ŞAHİN, Prof. Dr., Isparta University, Turkey
Hasan SERIN, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey
Hasan VURDU, Prof. Dr. , Kastamonu University, Turkey
Holger MILITZ, Prof. Dr., Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
Hülya KALAYCIOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Hüseyin KIRCI, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Hüseyin SİVRİKAYA, Prof. Dr., Bartın University, Turkey
Ionannis A. BARBOUTIS, Prof. Dr., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
İbrahim YILDIRIM, Assist. Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
İlhan DENİZ, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
İlker USTA, Prof. Dr., Hacettepe University, Turkey
Jakub SANDAK, Dr., Innorenew COE, Slovenia
Jeffrey J. MORRELL, Prof. Dr., University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Jerzy SMARDZEWSKY, Prof. Dr., Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Jinzhen CAO, Prof. Dr., Beijing Forestry University, China
Julia MIHAJLOVA, Assoc. Prof. Dr., University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
K. Hüseyin KOÇ, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Kadri Cemil AKYÜZ, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Kemal ÜÇÜNCÜ, Assist. Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Louis GASTONGUAY, Dr., Institut de Recherche d'Hyrdo-Quebec, Canada
Mark IRLE, Prof. Dr., Ecole Supérieure du Bois, France
Mihaela CAMPEAN, Prof. Dr., Transilvania University of Braşov, Romania
Mehmet Hakkı ALMA, Prof. Dr., Iğdır University, Turkey
Mohini SAIN, Prof. Dr., University of Toronto, Canada
Musa ATAR, Prof. Dr., Gazi Üniversitesi, Turkey
Mustafa USTA, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Naz A.G.Z. BÖREKÇİ, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Németh Róbert, Prof. Dr., University of Sopron, Hungary
Nilgül ÇETIN, Prof. Dr., İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Turkey

Proceedings Book IV
 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

Nurgül AY, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

Nusret AS, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Osamah Ibrahim AHMED, Dr., University of Kirkuk, Iraq
Öner ÜNSAL, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Özlem ÖZGENÇ, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Paul COPPER, Prof. Dr. (Emeritus), University of Toronto, Canada
Pavlo BEKHTA, Prof. Dr., Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine
Rene CARMONA, Prof. Dr., University of Chile, Chile
Sahab HEDJAZI, Assoc. Prof. Dr., University of Tehran, Iran
Saim ATEŞ, Prof. Dr., Kastamonu University, Turkey
S. Nami KARTAL, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Saeed Kazemi NAJAFI, Prof. Dr., Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
Salim HIZIROĞLU, Prof. Dr., Oklahoma State University, USA
Samet DEMİREL, Assist. Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Sedat ONDARAL, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Selman KARAYILMAZLAR, Prof. Dr., Bartın University, Turkey
Sibel YILDIZ, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Tanja PALIJA, Assist. Prof. Dr., University of Belgrade, Serbia
Thomasz KRYSTOFIAK, Dr., Poznan University of Life Science, Poland
Tolga BENLİ, Assist. Prof. Dr., Yaşar University, Turkey
Tuncer DİLİK, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Turgay AKBULUT, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey
Ümit C. YILDIZ, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Yusuf Ziya ERDİL, Prof. Dr., Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
Vladislav ZDRAVKOVIĆ, Assoc. Prof. Dr., University of Belgrade, Serbia

Proceedings Book V
 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

PREFACE

This proceedings book contains selected papers of the ORENKO 2020 – International Forest
Products Congress held on September 23‐26, 2020. The congress, organized by the Forest
Industry Engineering Department at Karadeniz Technical University, has received abstracts
from different countries including Malaysia, Iran, Portugal Canada, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria,
Bangladesh and Turkey. After an initial review of the submitted abstracts, the 60 abstracts
were accepted for oral and poster presentation.
Although given the positive trends related to COVID-19 and easing of restrictions in some
countries and regions, there are still some restrictions for domestic and international flights
and people are still advised to stay away from crowded places and take necessary
measures i.e., using face mask, physical distance and hygiene. Our first priority is always the
health and safety of attendees of the congress. Therefore, The ORENKO 2020 Organization
Committee has decided to hold the ORENKO 2020 online. Our goal is trying our best to
generate an atmosphere where the participants can share their expertise, experience, and
resources virtually via webcam and microphone with others.
The purpose of this online congress is to provide an up‐to‐date discussion in the field of
forest products in general. ORENKO 2020 is focused on the theme "Outlining the Forefront
Research in The Field of Wood Science and Engineering". The topics that covered in the
congress include wood science, technology and engineering, wood and wood‐based
products, wood anatomy, wood raw materials, wood composites, wood‐plastic composites,
engineered wood products, wood drying, biomaterials, wood constructions, physico‐
mechanical properties of wood and wood‐based materials, nanotechnology applications in
wood science, nondestructive evaluation of wood, sustainable utilization of forest products,
wood preservation, wood modification, wood biomass, wood‐inhabiting insects and fungi,
marine borers, recycle/reuse/disposal of wood and wood based materials, non‐wood forest
products, wood chemistry, adhesives and bioresins, formaldehyde and VOC emission from
wood based panels, pulp and paper, advanced cellulosic products, fiber resources from non‐
woody plants, furniture design and manufacturing, wood coatings, wood finishing,
archaeological wooden structures, industry 4.0 in forest products industry, forest products
economics, forest products marketing, production management and operational research,
artificial intelligence in forest product industry, forest products ergonomics, environmental and
ecological issues in forest products and occupational health and safety in forest products
industry.
We would like to thank to all person of the organizing committee who have dedicated their
constant support and countless time to organize this congress. The ORENKO 2020 is a credit
to a large group of people, and everyone should be proud of outcome.

ORENKO 2020 Congress Secretariat

Proceedings Book VI
 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

CONTENTS

Page

ORAL PRESENTATIONS
POTENTIAL USAGE AREAS OF IIOT IN FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY ...............................................................2
GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF THE PARTICLE BOARDS PRODUCED WITH
PEANUT HUSK ADDITIVE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
INCREASING THE OUTDOOR DURABILITY OF UREA FORMALDEHYDE PARTICLE BOARD
WITH NEW GENERATION WATER-BORNE ACRYLIC COATINGS.............................................................................. 22
PRODUCTION OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS, PLEUROTUS CITRINOPILEATUS AND PLEUROTUS
DJAMOR IN DIFFERENT CONTENTS AND SOME PHYSICAL ANALYSIS ...............................................................31
METAL AND RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION OF SOME CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS ..................... 39
UTILIZATION OF UREA POWDERS WITH DIFFERENT SIZES AS A FORMALDEHYDE-
SCAVENGER IN THE PARTICLEBOARD MANUFACTURING .......................................................................................... 49
INFLUENCE OF THERMAL MODIFICATION OF ASH WOOD (FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR L.) AND
MACHINING PARAMETERS IN CNC FACE MILLING ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS USING
RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)......................................................................................................................... 59
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF BUILDING MATERIAL SELECTION AND DESIGN STYLE
ON KILN THERMAL PROPERTIES IN SOLAR KILNS ..............................................................................................................71
A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY TO EXAMINE THE APPLICATION OF TOTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER PRODUCTS ................................ 86
LOCATION SELECTION FOR THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY BY USING A GOAL PROGRAMMING
MODEL................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97
DECAY RESISTANCE OF WEATHERED BEECH WOOD ................................................................................................... 105
WATER ABSORPTION, ANTI-SHRINK EFFICIENCY AND DECAY RESISTANCE OF TREATED
WOOD BY SILICA BASED SOLUTIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 110
PREDICTION OF RETENTION LEVEL AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF PLYWOOD TREATED
WITH FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS .................................................... 116
THE EFFECTS OF WOOD SPECIES, NAIL SIZE, GRAIN DIRECTION AND LAYER NUMBERS ON
LATERAL NAIL STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD PANELS ......................................................................... 129
AN ASSESSMENT OF CARBON FOOTPRINT IN MDF MANUFACTURING: A CASE STUDY OF
WOOD BASED PANEL PRODUCTION IN TURKEY.............................................................................................................. 137
EVALUATION PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCT DESIGN FOR THE FURNITURE-WOOD
INDUSTRY VIA QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT AND PARETO ANALYSIS ........................................... 152

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PRODUCED

FROM PINE AND SPRUCE GROWN IN TURKEY .................................................................................................................. 167
INVESTIGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH COREBOARD PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES ................................. 176
EFFECTS OF SANDING AND VARIOUS SURFACE SMOOTHING PROCESSES ON SURFACE
ROUGHNESS AND VARNISH ADHESION OF BEECH, OAK AND PINE MASSIVE PARQUETS .......... 183
BRICS COUNTRIES AND TURKEY’S COMPETITION COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE
FURNITURE INDUSTRY SECTOR ........................................................................................................................................................ 190
A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF STARCH TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON PACKAGING PAPER
PRODUCTION IN SIZE PRESS MACHINE ................................................................................................................................... 201
THE EFFECT OF LEACHING CONDUCTED IN NATURAL AND LABORATORY CONDITIONS
ON SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ANATOLIAN CHESTNUT
(CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.) WOOD ................................................................................................................................................ 208
THE EFFECTS OF POLYSTYRENE SPECIES AND FIBER DIRECTION ON THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF PLYWOOD........................................................................................................................................................ 220
SITUATION OF FOREST CARBON PROJECTS IN CARBON MARKETS ................................................................ 226
A STUDY ON THE BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TURKEY: EXAMPLE OF WOOD
PELLETS ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................240
PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS AND WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS SECTORS
COMPETITION ANALYSİS: BRICS COUNTRIES AND TÜRKİYE ................................................................................ 247
WOODLOVERNESS AS A PATHWAY TO CIVILIZATION CONNECTED WITH NATURE ........................ 255
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN HISTORICAL WOODEN STRUCTURES IN RİZE-FIRTINA VALLEY ............... 261
DETERMINATION OF DAMAGE AND DEFECTS IN HISTORICAL WOODEN STRUCTURES
USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST DEVICES................................................................................................................................ 268
EMISSIONS FROM DRYING IN THE WOOD-BASED BOARD INDUSTRY .......................................................... 276
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MYCELIUM BASED MDF ............................................................................................. 289
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOY INDUSTRY TODAY AND THE IMPORTANCE WOODEN TOY
IN TURKEY AND ITS COMMERCIAL VOLUME .......................................................................................... 295

POSTER PRESENTATIONS
LAND USE EVOLUTION OF MARITIME PINE IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT:
A PORTUGUESE CASE STUDY...........................................................................................................................................................308
PSEUDOTSUGA BARK SUBERIN LIQUEFACTION IN POLYALCOHOLS ............................................................... 316
LAND USE EVOLUTION OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT: A PORTUGUESE CASE STUDY ......................................................................................................................... 321
BIOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL IN PEELS OF IPOMOEA AND MONALISA POTATO ..................................... 329

Proceedings Book VIII

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and are not
necessarily the opinions or policy of the ORENKO 2020 Organization.

ORENKO 2020 SECRETARIAT

Karadeniz Technical University
Department of Forest Industry Engineering
61080 Trabzon/TURKEY

http://www.ktu.edu.tr/orenko2020
orenko@ktu.edu.tr

Proceedings Book IX
 ORAL
PRESENTATIONS
 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

POTENTIAL USAGE AREAS OF IIOT IN FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

Sabit Tuncel1 Zeki Candan2 Melisa Laci3

sabittuncel@gmail.com zekic@istanbul.edu.tr melisalaci@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-1796-1724) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-4937-7904) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-6558-5407)

1
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Tree & Landscape Co., Istanbul, TURKEY
2
Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Department of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul, TURKEY
3
Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, TURKEY

Abstract
The increasing usage of wood materials in the industry necessitates correct, effective and
sustainable use of existing raw material resources. In this context, the concept of Industry 4.0,
which includes smart production systems, smart objects, and smart management models, stands
out. Industry 4.0 is defined by the concept where human, machinery, robotic control equipment,
products and all related objects can communicate with each other; thus lines are arranged, and
eventually they work as a networked system. IoT (Internet of Things) is defined as the
communication of all elements/objects within the industry 4.0 system. In the light of current
developments, the use of technology in the routine life activities of people is expanding. The most
striking example of this is the progress in the telecommunication sector like smartphones. The aim
here is not only to ensure verbal communication between people, but also the communication
between objects, and objects with people. This creates the system referred as IoT. IIoT (Industrial
Internet of Things), also called industrial internet, is the use of IoT in industry/manufacturing. This
means that the whole supply chain works in interrelation. In this paper, the definition of IIoT
concept and its potential in the forest products industry are examined.

Keywords: IIoT, internet of things, industry 4.0, forest products industry

1. IIoT Concept
The Industrial Internet of Things or IIoT is defined as countless devices, machines,
computers and people connected by programming tools and data analytics for reflexive
business results. IIoT or Industry 4.0 as it is called in the market, utilizes the power of smart
machines and constant analytics to make use of the data that vehicles have accumulated in
industrial conditions for a long time. Two of the main reasons why IIoT has such an impact
on the industry is that smart machines are better at capturing and analyzing data in real
time than humans and better at delivering important information such as business decisions
from that data accurately and quickly.
Especially with machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, big data, and machine
learning, IIoT enables businesses to be more efficient and reliable in their processes. Achieving
this effect with connected sensors and actuators, IIoT helps businesses save time and money
by contributing to early detection of inefficiencies and problems in businesses and supporting
the effort to turn complex data into meaningful-usable information. The most potential usage
areas of IIoT are quality control, sustainable applications, supply chain traceability and

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 2

stages, such as preventive maintenance, advanced field service, energy management and
asset tracking.

2. How Does IIOT Work?

The IIoT ecosystem, a network of smart devices connected to build systems that
monitor, collect, exchange and analyze data, consists of:
• Smart objects: Objects that can detect, transmit and store information about
themselves
• All kinds of data communication infrastructure
• Analytical systems and applications that produce meaningful business information by
processing raw data
• People
Edge devices and basic functioning of smart objects; involves transmitting information
directly to the data communication infrastructure and converting it into actionable information
about how a particular machine part works in this infrastructure. This data would then be
able to be utilized to enhance operational cycles, such as preventive maintenance and
business processes.
Typical IIoT frameworks require information to be shared over various devices and
over numerous networks, from edge gadgets (such as sensors, remote devices, and
computers) to the cloud (central computing systems). Huge data volumes can easily
overwhelm a network, particularly a network spanning remote operations. In addition, strict
security requirements make the system more demanding. To manage increased data volume,
performance requirements, security risk and security certificates, interconnected systems
require new approaches (Canavan, L., 2020).
Managing the flow of data in IIoT systems is vital to ensuring that IIoT applications
work as designed. Unlike a database which manages past data at rest, the data bus
manages data in motion. Bus system makes operations and integration logic easier. Software
components communicate through shared and filtered data, rather than trading messages.
Applications straightforwardly read and write the value of these privately stored data objects.

3. IIoT and IoT Difference

The IoT (Internet of Things) and IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) are almost the same
thing but have very little difference in terms of the scope of their operation (Jeffrey Lee,
2017). IIoT focuses on improving network among devices, saving time, efficiency optimization
and other potential advantages, while IoT can be utilized for industrial, manufacturing and
agricultural tasks. It plays a significant role in the daily effect of businesses and their security.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 3

 Figure 1. Areas covered by IoT and IIoT. (2019)

The expression "IoT" includes all elements of IIoT as well as consumer use cases such as
smart home technologies and wearable gadgets. The focus of IoT it is the "consumer
perspective". So, IIoT is a subcategory of IoT. More clearly, IIoT is the use of IoT technologies
in the manufacturing and industrial sector. Industrial internet in manufacturing includes
machine learning, big data, sensor data usage, automation and machine-to-machine
communication technologies. Especially in production, the IIoT eco-system has great potential
to create quality control, sustainable and green practices, supply chain management and
overall efficiency (KUMAR & IYER, 2019). The basic idea behind IIoT is that smart machines
are superior to people at catching and transmitting information precisely. Briefly, IIoT is about
making machines more effective and simpler to follow.

4. Industry 4.0
The expression “Industry 4.0” represents the fourth industry revolution. It is perceived as
a higher degree of organization and command over supply chains. To be more precise,
industry 4.0 is based on the technological concepts of cyber-physical systems and Internet of
Things (IoT). Fourth industry revolution happened to guarantee the accessibility of current
data progressively by combining all components engaged with the value chain.
Today, from furniture to wood industry every sector and company are operating
different. Yet, a common problem is faced. It is the need to access information across
processes, products and people simultaneously. Here, Industry 4.0 does not just play the role
of investing in technologies and improving tools for manufacturing efficiency—it is about to
bring a new concept to the how whole business or company operates and grows (Ocak et
al. 2018; Tuncel et al. 2017; Tuncel et al. 2018a; Tuncel et al. 2018b; Tuncel et al. 2019).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 4

 5. Use Cases for Industrial IoT
accomplishing goals by saving time, increase profitability and empower organizations to jump
in front of competitors. IIoT is already demonstrating its welfare and flexibility with live
deployments in various businesses. Here are the most common IIoT use cases.

Figure 2. Industrial IoT Use Cases (Doyle, 2020)

Predictive Maintenance: These technologies track all the activities of hardware and
increase granular perceivability over all tasks. Producers utilize this review to decrease the
chances of system disappointment and hardware degradation. With the utilization of sensors,
cameras and data analytics, directors of businesses can know when an equipment will fail
before it does.
Smart Metering: Smart meters have gotten a great deal of prominence over the world
as of late. Enterprises are recognizing the advantages of smart meters. A smart meter is an
internet-capable gadget used for measuring energy, water or natural gas consumption of a
building or home (Silicon Labs, 2018). Smart meters additionally give power utilization
perceivability right to the meter, so utilities can streamline energy dissemination and make a
move to move request loads.
Simultaneous Asset Tracking: In recent studies it is discovered that an expected $1.9
trillion of monetary worth could be planned by the utilization of IoT gadgets and asset
tracking solutions in supply chain and logistics area (Top 5 Industrial IoT Use Cases. 2020).
Industrial IoT empowered asset tracking is playing out a more extensive part in the advanced
economy than at any other time. The majority of the organizations that have their properties
distributed over immense geological areas need to confront a large group of issues that
influence their profitability, operational expense, and staffing in addition to other things. The
purpose of simultaneous asset tracking is to allow an organization to locate and monitor
important assets, ensure quality issues, prevent theft, and maintain stock levels.
Fleet Management: For organizations that depend on transportation as a major aspect
of their business, fleet management encourages them to eliminate or limit the dangers related
with vehicle venture, improving effectiveness and profitability while reducing generally
transportation and staff costs. Shipping services are the best examples of this. They use real-
time traffic feeds and efficiency algorithms to convey more packages more efficiently, with
less mileage.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 5

 5.1. Potential of IIoT Use in Forest Products

Focusing on the provision of inter-machine communication in production facilities,

machine learning and the best use of big data, IIoT enables the wide use of IoT in sectoral
applications and enables the business to work more efficiently and securely. In fact, IIoT is
beyond the work of machines and physical objects connected with IoT over the internet. It
refers to the data flow between the software, information technologies, CNC and PLC
controls, operational technologies and the networking of all processes. In addition to these,
end-to-end data flow and traceability of the supply chain, the monitoring and control of the
sub-breakdown of production, logistics and operational functions, and the ability to provide
remote access as well as smart sensors bring great ease of use.
The effects of instantaneous data from sensors and other sources on decision
processes will be a factor in the enterprise's ability to make accurate and healthy analyzes
with the least amount of time, and therefore to work more efficiently. In a manufacturing
enterprise, the ability to make cost control by analyzing the financial data coming from the
internet or the network as well as the data coming from the machines and looms instantly,
the correct determination of the capacity of the enterprise with all the data on production
planning and the most optimum use of the capacity thanks to this accumulated data.
Knowing the stops in advance will minimize the lost times and contribute positively to the
profitability of the business. In addition, instant tracking of financial fluctuations will be used as
an important resource in creating future scenarios.
All of the cost analyzes currently made in many sectors are made with foresight, not in
line with net measurements. This creates negative differences compared to the actual cost.
Therefore, there is a possibility of loss of business here. By seeing exactly these problems,
Tuncel and Candan (2017) is able to calculate the real cost instantly by analyzing all the data
obtained from the field and within the enterprise in his study (GE-547285), which was
developed for "Smart Cost Analysis" (2017) and whose patent procedures were initiated in the
same year. This is one of the concrete results that will be achieved with IIoT. This and similar
applications will be very easily applicable not only in the forest products industry but also in
all sectors. This study will be used not only in costing but also in many areas such as
maintenance planning, line optimizations, and workforce optimizations.
We believe that the technological predisposition of the forest products industry will
provide rapid transition in adapting IoT and IIoT applications to businesses. The important
thing is for the systematic infrastructure to be designed correctly on an enterprise basis,
which will facilitate this transition.
The forest products industry is the 4th largest industry in the economy of Turkey. Under
this main roof; furniture industry, wood-based composites industry (plywood, particleboard,
MDF, OSB, LVL, sandwich panel, CLT, GLULAM etc.), paper products industry, parquet industry
(solid wood parquet, laminate flooring, laminated parquet), joinery industry (door and window
production), solid wood industry, wooden packaging industry (pallets, crates etc.), wooden
craft industry, wood-based stationery industries (pencil, etc.) take part.
Especially in recent years, due to the widespread use of the Internet, the increase in
information technologies, the diversification and complication of production and customer
demands, all these sub-sectors have come to the point of using IoT and IIoT technologies. All
investments to be made in this regard are not expected to be arbitrary, but to become a
necessity for the business to compete in the near future. This investment should not be
perceived as equipment and machinery. Since all personnel (engineers, industrial designers,
technicians, etc.) working in the factory will be involved in this process, technological
investment should be made in human resources.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 6

 6. IIoT Challenges
Organizations are profiting by embracing the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
advancements. They get better insight, more reliable, dynamic, more efficient, and improved
operating. However, those prizes accompany some challenges. In the end, the system is
getting more complex and these devices deal with sensitive systems. Below are primary
industrial IoT challenges:
• Data Storage&Management: Data storage is a significant challenge for organizations.
The information which was put away in past are now utilized for estimations. It is
obligatory for organizations to embrace an appropriate arrangement for a safe
storage of information before running IIoT in full mode.
• Sensors and actuators coordinated with modern gadgets create an great amount of
detected data streams with high speed. The detected data is stored in heterogeneous
IIoT gadgets. Handling, transmission, accessibility, and capacity of detected data is a
difficult errand and require enormous work. To cup with these difficulties, proficient data
management models are required (Khan et al., 2020).
• Security on IIoT: There had been various instances of digital attacks before and the
effective adoption of IIoT based frameworks by the business clients is influenced by the
trust on IIoT systems. IIoT is in its early stages and the greater part of the ongoing
researches indicates security and protection as a significant challenge faced by the
organizations.
• Actuators and Sensors: General requirements from all edge devices. For example
energy consumption, latency, security, stability from the viewpoint of the industrial user
(Gubbia, J., Buyyab, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M., 2013). Pertinence of detected data,
particularly that originating from outside the processing plant is vital if it is to be utilized
inside an atomatic industrial control.
• Economy: A need for an economic case that will obviously demonstrate advantages of
presenting new IIoT improvements on sensors and actuators is really important.
Moreover, deciding on viable models for paying for the provision to detected data.
More examination is additionally needed to help financial appraisals that show up in
the commercial area.

References
Canavan, L. (2020). What is IIoT? The Industrial Internet of Things Primer. Retrieved October
06, 2020, from https://www.rti.com/blog/the-iiot-primer
Doyle, M. (2020). [Digital image]. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from
https://blog.nextbigthing.ag/industrial-iot-12-use-cases-accelerating-success
Gubbia, J., Buyyab, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., Internet of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future directions, Future Generation Computer Systems, 29,
September 2013
Jeffrey Lee (2017), What Separates IIoT From IoT: Uses and Priorities, October 27, 2017, IoT
Zone, [online] https://dzone.com/articles/what-separates-iiot-from-iot?fromrel=true
Khan, W., Rehman, M., Zangoti, H., Afzal, M., Armi, N., & Salah, K. (2020). Industrial
internet of things: Recent advances, enabling technologies and open challenges.
Computers & Electrical Engineering, 81, 106522. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.106522
Kumar, A. and Iyer, E. (2019). AN INDUSTRIAL IOT IN ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES – BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES. Retrieved October 06, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Senthil_Kumar_Arumugam2/publication/336216692_AN_
INDUSTRIAL_IOT_IN_ENGINEERING_AND_MANUFACTURING_INDUSTRIES_-
BENEFITS_AND_CHALLENGES/links/5d94a462458515202b7c0557/AN-INDUSTRIAL-IOT-IN-
ENGINEERING-AND-MANUFACTURING-INDUSTRIES-BENEFITS-AND-CHALLENGES.pdf

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 7

Ocak, O., Tuncel, S and, Candan, Z. (2018). Industry 4.0 and ERP integration in wood industry.
5th International Furniture Congress, November 1-4, 2018, Eskisehir, Turkey.
Silicon Labs. (2018). Smart Meter Devices. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from
https://www.silabs.com/solutions/smart-meters
Top 5 Industrial IoT Use Cases. (2020). Retrieved October 9, 2020, from
https://www.hiotron.com/top-5-industrial-iot-use-cases/
What is Industrial IoT (IIoT) and how is it different from IoT? [Digital image]. (2019). Retrieved
October 8, 2020, from https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2019/03/what-is-industrial-iot-iiot-and-how-
is.html
Tuncel, S., Candan, Z. and Satir, A. (2017). Future vision in furniture industry: Industry 4.0.
Journal of Advanced Technology Sciences, 6(3): 152-159.
Tuncel, S. Candan, Z., Satir, A. and Laci, M. (2018a). Costing practices with industry 4.0
approach. The International Forest Products Congress, September 26-29, 2018, Trabzon,
Turkey.
Tuncel, S., Candan, Z., Gezer, M. and Seker, M. (2018b). An innovative method for determining
consumer behaviors in the furniture industry: face recognition system. 5th International
Furniture Congress, November 1-4, 2018, Eskisehir, Turkey.
Tuncel, S. Candan, Z. and Satir, A. 2019. Innovative approaches in wood industry. Wood
Industry and Engineering 1(2):81-87.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 8

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF THE PARTICLE BOARDS PRODUCED

WITH PEANUT HUSK ADDITIVE

Ersin Ercan1 Metin Gürü2 Musa Atar3

eercan@tse.org.tr mguru@gazi.edu.tr musaatargul@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-7335-7583) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-3944-5512)

Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Turkey

1

2
Gazi University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
3
Gazi University, Wood Products Industrial Engineering, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract
This study is conducted to determine the amount of CO and NO gas emissions generating
from the combustion of the particleboards produced with peanut husk additive. For this purpose,
wood chips consist of red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and Silver
poplar (Populus alba L.) mixed with peanut husk in 100% (B1), 75% (B2), 50% (B3) and 25% (B4)
proportions in order to produce 4 different types of boards. We used 3 different kinds of glue for
each type in board production such as 100% UF (G1), 95% UF+5% MF (G2) and 95% UF+5% FF
(G3). Finally, total of 12 boards were produced. The analysis of the gases performed according to
ASTM–E 160-50 principles.
As a conclusion, it was determined that peanut husk additive ratio are effective on CO and
NO gas emissions. The emission of CO gas was found higher in the combustion of B1 type boards.
CO gas amount values decreased significantly as the peanut husk ratio diminished in the
parameters of board production. Glue form has also effect on the amount of gas emission
resulting from the combustion of particleboards. CO emissions were less in the boards produced
with (G1) glue while NO gas emission was found higher produced with (G2) glue.

Keywords: Gas emissions, combustion, peanut husk, CO, NO, particleboard

1. Introduction
Due to the growing interest in fire safety, architects, construction companies emphasize
the fire performance of building materials and how to ensure the most effective fire safety.
Wood and wood-based materials are mainly organic materials containing carbon and
hydrogen and consist of compounds classified as flammable substances (Göker and Ayrılmış,
2003). In countries where the use of wood materials for construction is high, it is desirable
that such materials would be particularly resistant to burning. Under conditions where the
combustion condition occurs, the change in wood material can develop in a very short time
while material quickly differ from its original structure. Especially despite the technological
developments in recent years, there may be loss of life and property in the face of fires. The
ignition of the material and the toxic gases that emerge can cause death. However, the
important issue here is that whether wooden material can show a healthy performance in
such extraordinary conditions. In case of fire risk, a smoke layer is formed depending on type
of materials. This smoke layer can cause poisoning. 75% of the casualties in fires are caused
by smoke poisoning and suffocation. Considering this, it is imperative to provide smoke

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 9

control for the materials, primarily to prevent loss of life (Kars, 199). Wood combustion starts
with moisture loss and followed by hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin degradation (Browne,
1963). Wood is a flammable material. In order to burn itself, the temperature It must be
increased to 275 °C (Le Van and Winandy, 1990). In the combustion of biomass, the
transformation of the moisture is seen n the first phase where the temperature is less than 126
°C, the release of CO and light hydrocarbons (CH4 etc.) is seen in the second phase (126 °C-
426 °C), CO2 occurring and H2O formation take place in the third phase (426 °C - 676 °C)
(Kozinski and Zheng, 1998). At temperatures below 426 °C and above 876 °C, smoke
formation with a short-term yellow-blue flame is observed (Kozinski and Saade, 1998). CO
and NO flue gas emissions values of the pellet samples produced from pine shavings were
determined as 761 and 107 ppm, respectively. The addition of 9% zeolite binding agent to the
pellet samples decreased these values to 309 and 22 ppm (Tüplek, 2011).
Fidan Et. al. studied combustion characteristics of impregnated cedar. The result
showed that the CO content was the highest during combustion without flame for the winter
samples (28,907 ppm) while the NO content was the highest without flame combustion for the
spring samples (76.15 ppm) (Fidan et. Al, 2016) In the study investigating the combustion
properties of impregnated spruce wood, it is found that CO amount was the highest (19,866
ppm) in Tanalith-E treated specimens and lowest (15,841 ppm) in Wolmanith-CB treated
specimens (Yaşar et. Al,2017). A study was carried out to determine the carbon dioxide
amount in the combustion of European oak wood (Quercus petreae liebl.) bleached and
varnished. According to the results the amount of CO2 in the flame source side (ppm) is the
highest in the varnish level as (3.469) and the lowest as (1.236) (Atar et. Al, 2017).

2. Materials and Methods

Total of 12 different types of particle boards were produced with a mixture of Peanut
shell (Arachis hypogaea) and wood chips consist of Red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), Oriental
beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and Silver poplar (Populus alba L.). As binders; urea formaldehyde,
melamine formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde were used with different ratios. Boards
were produced on the basis of 0.650 g/cm3 density with 18 mm thickness and 500x500 mm2
size. Laying process was made to perform three-layer particle board. Production parameters
are given in Table 1.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 10

 Table 1. Boards production parameters
Board No Peanut husk ratio (%) Wood chips ratio (%) Glue content Density Thickness Size
type (%) (g/cm3) (mm) (mm)

1 100 0 %100UF (G1) 0,650 18 500x500

B1 2 100 0 %95UF+%5MF (G2) 0,650 18 500x500

3 100 0 %95UF+%5FF (G3) 0,650 18 500x500

4 75 25 %100 UF (G1) 0,650 18 500x500

B2 5 75 25 %95UF+%5MF G2) 0,650 18 500x500

6 75 25 %95UF+%5FF (G3) 0,650 18 500x500

7 50 50 %100 UF (G1) 0,650 18 500x500

B3 8 50 50 %95UF+%5MF (G2) 0,650 18 500x500

9 50 50 %95UF+%5FF (G3) 0,650 18 500x500

10 25 75 %100 UF (G1) 0,650 18 500x500

B4 11 25 75 %95UF+%5MF (G2) 0,650 18 500x500

12 25 75 %95UF+%5FF (G3) 0,650 18 500x500

Laying process is shown in Pictures 1-3.

Picture 1. Bottom Picture 2. Middle layer Picture 3. Top

surface layer (Thin (Coarse chipping) surface layer
chipping) (Thin chipping)

Gas emission analysis was performed according to ASTM E 160-50 (Table 2). Before
performing the test samples were conditioned at a temperature of 20 ± 2 0C and a relative
humidity of 65 ± 5% until they reached constant weight prior to impregnate and they were
weighed up to a precision of 0.01 g. Test specimens are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Test specimens

Test Standart Sample Sample
dimension number
(mm)
Gas analysis ASTM E 160-50 76 x 76 x 13 864

Each sample group was weighed prior to combustion and were stacked on a gauze
tripod. Samples of 12 types of boards were stacked in 12 levels so as to form a tetragonal
prism and were burned in the test. The source of flame was centered directly below the stack
and was burned for 3 min. to maintain combustion with flame (FS), then the source was
extinguished to maintain combustion without flame (WFS) and the glow (TS) stages. Analyses

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 11

of gases (CO and NO) have been performed with the sigma flue gas analyzer placed in the
flue. The visuals of the experiment are given in Picture 4 and Picture 5.

Picture 4. Preparation Picture 5. Performing the

of samples test

3. Results
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of peanut shell additive rate, glue
content on gas emissions during the combustion of the boards. In the research of this effect,
peanut shell additive rate with glue form were taken into account as independent variables
while gas emission values were dependent variable. Multiple analysis of variance (Anova) was
applied to the data with the MSTAT-C statistical evaluation program. When the difference
between groups was found significant, mean values was compared with the Duncan test. Thus
the ranking of the importance between the factors is determined by dividing them into
homogeneity groups according to the critical value of the smallest important difference (LSD).
Measured NO gas values according to combustion type, board type and glue content
are given in Table 3.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 12

 Table 3. NO gas values.
Glue Combustion Glue Combustion
Boards N Xmean Xmin. Xmax. Sd. Boards N Xmean Xmin. Xmax. Sd.
variety type variety type
FS 5 7.376 2.579 12.173 0.765 FS 5 6.234 1.437 11.031 1.93380
G1
G1 WFS 5 21.742 16.945 26.539 1.917 WFS 5 20.150 15.353 24.947 4.58476
GS 5 69.102 64.305 73.899 5.664 GS 5 69.406 64.609 74.203 10.226
FS 5 9.438 4.641 14.235 0.631 FS 5 9.190 4.393 13.987 0.399
B1 G2 WFS 5 30.970 26.173 35.767 2.358 B3 G2 WFS 5 29.604 24.807 34.400 0.438
GS 5 96.024 91.227 100.821 1.239 GS 5 93.130 88.333 97.927 7.775
FS 5 7.152 2.355 11.949 0.766 FS 5 6.269 1.472 11.065 1.935
G3
G3 WFS 5 20.052 15.255 24.849 3.025 WFS 5 20.088 15.291 24.885 5.331
GS 5 73.006 68.209 77.803 10.437 GS 5 69.366 64.569 74.163 13.227
FS 5 6.924 2.127 11.721 1.027 FS 5 6.004 1.207 10.801 2.319
G1 G1
WFS 5 21.752 16.955 26.549 1.917 WFS 5 19.198 14.402 23.995 5.344
GS 5 70.004 65.207 74.801 3.250 GS 5 66.783 61.986 71.580 6.270
FS 5 9.170 4.373 13.967 0.399 FS 5 8.576 3.779 13.373 1.820
G2 G2
B2 WFS 5 31.816 27.019 36.612 3.336 B4 WFS 5 27.628 22.831 32.425 5.997
GS 5 90.062 85.265 94.859 6.570 GS 5 97.112 92.315 101.909 10.048
FS 5 7.378 2.581 12.175 0.6129 FS 5 5.794 0.997 10.591 1.490
G3
WFS 5 18.132 13.335 22.929 2.777 G3 WFS 5 19.670 14.873 24.467 2.361
GS 5 72.944 68.147 77.741 11.432 GS 5 74.626 69.829 79.423 8.393
B1: Boards with 100% peanut husk add. B2: Boards with 75% peanut husk add. B3: Boards with 50% peanut husk add. B4: Boards with 25% peanut
husk add.
G1: 100% Urea formaldehyde G2: 95% Urea formaldehyde+5%Melamine formaldehyde G3: 95% Urea formaldehyde+5%Phenol formaldehyde FS: Flame
stage WFS: Without flame stage GS: Glowing stage

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 13

 According to results NO content (ppm) in flame stage was found highest at B1+G2
(9.438) and lowest at B4+G3 (5.794). In without flame stage highest value was found at B2+G2
(31.816), the lowest was found at B2+G3 (18.132). And for the glowing stage, the lowest value
was found at B4+G1 (66.783) while the highest was at B4+G2 (97.112).
Multiple variance analysis results regarding the effect of the board type and glue
content on the NO gas amount are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Variance analysis of NO gas emissions

Sum of Mean of
S D.V DF F α<0.05
squares squares
Bt NO 41.525 3 13.842 0.470 0.004
Gf NO 5711.656 2 2855.828 96.980 0.000
Cs NO 166556.951 2 83278.476 2828.032 0.000
Bt*Gf NO 55.122 6 9.187 0.312 0.930
Cs*Gf NO 3143.939 4 785.985 26.691 0.000
Bt*Cs NO 68.506 6 11.418 0.388 0.886
Bt*Gf*Cs NO 191.633 12 15.969 0.542 0.884
Error NO 4240.441 144 29.448
Corrected
NO 180009.772 179
Total
Total NO 419038.707 180
*
Statistically significant; Bt: Board type; GF: Glue form; S: Source;
CS: Combustion stage; D.V: Dependent variable

Board type, glue form and their binary interactions on NO emissions were found
statistically significant (α=0.05). The Duncan test was used to determine which groups differed
in significant outcomes. NO gas amount related to homogeneity groups of board type and
glue form are given in table 5.

Table 5. Duncan mean separation test for NO emissions according to board types
Gas B1 B2 B3 B4
Flame 1
NO 7.9887A 7.8241A 7.2309B 6.7914C
stage
1
LSD= ± 0,2134 (ppm)
Without
flame 2
NO 24.2547A 23.8998A 23.2804A 22.1656A
stage
2
LSD= ± 5,758 (ppm)
Glowing 3
NO 79.3773A 77.6700A 77.3008A 79.5070A
stage
3
LSD= ± 22,134 (ppm)

Amount of NO amount varied according to the type of combustion. It is found that

peanut husk additive ratio is effective only in flame stage. This relationship was not found in
other stages of combustion. Least NO amount was seen in B4 type plates during the flame
stage and without flame stage. B1 type boards have generally been the type of board in
which the amount of gas seen high. Duncan mean separation test for glue form is given
Table 6.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 14

 Table 6. Duncan mean separation test for NO emissions according to glue forms
GAS G1 G2 G3
Flame 1
NO 6.6346B 9.0935A 6.6481B
stage
1
LSD = ± 2.127 (ppm)
Without
flame 2
NO 20.7106B 30.0343A 19.4854B
stage
2
LSD = ± 7.775 (ppm)
Glowing 3
NO 68.8238B 94.0820A 72.4856B
stage
3
LSD = ± 17.596 (ppm)

It is determined that use of melamine formaldehyde had an effect on the amount of

NO while urea formaldehyde or urea +phenol formaldehyde has none. A considerable
increase was observed in the boards produced using melamine formaldehyde.
Measured CO gas values according to combustion stage, board type and glue form
are given in Table 7.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 15

 Table 7. CO gas values.
Glue Combustion Glue Combustion
Boards N Xmean Xmin. Xmax. Sd. Boards N Xmean Xmin. Xmax. Sd.
variety type variety type
FS 5 658.482 625.037 691.927 18.657 FS 5 590.101 556.586 623.467 6.123
G1 WFS 5 1529.292 1495.847 1562.735 21.168 G1 WFS 5 1244.541 1210.564 1277.028 24.135
GS 5 1078.862 1045.417 1112.306 49.021 GS 5 948.265 914.738 981.638 20.351
FS 5 692.902 659.457 726.344 10.098 FS 5 607.667 574.142 641.035 5.176
B1 G2 WFS 5 1594.201 1560.755 1627.642 26.224 B3 G2 WFS 5 1323.432 1289.964 1356.841 14.943
GS 5 1279.805 1246.358 1313.247 32.174 GS 5 1011.228 977.755 1044.632 40.158
FS 5 696.818 663.373 730.265 8.268 FS 5 610.029 576.568 643.495 6.892
G3
G3 WFS 5 1596.205 1562.755 1629.644 27.896 WFS 5 1322.454 1288.984 1355.635 18.311
GS 5 1285.800 1252.354 1319.243 146.590 GS 5 1013.257 979.764 1046.964 27.307
FS 5 580.604 547.155 614.049 48.685 FS 5 557.869 524.369 591.128 21.076
G1 G1
WFS 5 1391.003 1357.555 1424.448 76.134 WFS 5 1150.264 1116.764 1183.635 26.252
GS 5 1069.408 1035.955 1102.846 16.742 GS 5 748.286 714.764 781.851 21.253
FS 5 656.810 623.355 690.244 36.506 FS 5 599.865 566.334 633.238 23.847
G2 G2
B2 WFS 5 1561.804 1528.354 1595.243 27.197 B4 WFS 5 1255.056 1221.564 1288.562 16.537
GS 5 1142.411 1108.957 1175.844 52.846 GS 5 791.667 758.195 825.044 13.538
FS 5 667.863 634.358 701.245 25.635 FS 5 597.202 563.755 630.695 17.512
G3
WFS 5 1578.425 1544.956 1611.846 23.617 G3 WFS 5 1252.834 1219.355 1286.264 14.342
GS 5 1141.884 1108.355 1175.244 44.296 GS 5 790.667 757.169 824.044 23.222
B1: Boards with 100% peanut husk add. B2: Boards with 75% peanut husk add. B3: Boards with 50% peanut husk add. B4: Boards with 25% peanut husk add.
G1: 100% Urea formaldehyde G2: 95% Urea formaldehyde+5%Melamine formaldehyde G3: 95% Urea formaldehyde+5%Phenol formaldehyde FS: Flame stage
WFS: Without flame stage GS: Glowing stage

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 16

 According to results; CO content (ppm) in flame stage was highest at B1+G3 (696.518)
and lowest at B4+G1 (557.869). In without flame stage, highest value was found at B1+G3
(1596.205) and the lowest was found at B4+G1 (1150.264). And for the glowing stage lowest
value was found at B4+G1 (748.286) while the highest was found at B1+G3 (1285.800).
Multiple variance analysis results regarding the effect of the board type and glue
content on the NO gas amount are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Variance analysis of CO gas emissions

Mean of
S D.V Sum of squares DF F α<0.05
squares
Bt CO 2340315,785 3 780105,262 544,928 0,000
Gt CO 271826,448 2 135913,224 94,940 0,000
Ct CO 17958254,950 2 8979127,475 6272,198 0,000
Bt*Gf CO 24741,009 6 4123,502 2,880 0,011
Ct*Gf CO 29719,349 4 7429,837 5,190 0,001
Bt*Ct CO 637050,451 6 106175,075 74,167 0,000
Bt*Gf*Ct CO 62302,769 12 5191,897 3,627 0,000
Error CO 206146,937 144 1431,576
Corrected
CO 21530357,698 179
Total
Total CO 207738543,974 180
*
Statistically significant; Bt: Board type; GF: Glue form; S: Source;
CS: Combustion stage; D.V: Dependent variable

Except for binary interactions of combustion stage and glue form, all sources have
been found statistically significant (α=0.05). The Duncan test was used to determine which
groups differed in significant outcomes. CO gas amount related to homogeneity groups of
board type and glue form are given in table 9.

Table 9. Duncan mean separation test for CO emissions according to board types
Gas B1 B2 B3 B4
Flame 1
CO 682.734A 635.0667B 602.533C 584.933D
stage
1
LSD= ± 14.764 (ppm)

Without
flame 2
CO 1573.2307A 1510.4000B 1296.6000C 1219.3333D
stage
LSD= ± 52.962 (ppm)
2

Glowing 3
CO 1214.8207A 1117.8667B 990.8667C 776.8000D
stage
3
LSD= ± 86.335 (ppm)

CO gas emissions place in separate homogeneity groups according to the peanut husk
additive ratio. For all combustion stages highest amount of CO gas was observed in B1
boards while least values were found in B4 type boards.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 17

 Table 10. Duncan mean separation test for CO emissions according to glue form
GAS G1 G2 G3

Flame 596.720B 639.275A 642.954A

1
CO
stage
1
LSD = ± 35.774 (ppm)

Without
flame 2
CO 1328.6230B 1433.6000A 1437.4500A
stage
2
LSD = ± 57.639 (ppm)

Glowing 961.1655B 1056.2500A 1057.8500A

3
CO
stage
3
LSD = ± 48.962 (ppm)

According to the glue form, CO level was seen less in the boards produced with urea
formaldehyde. These boards placed in a separate homogeneity group.

4. Conclusion
The emission of CO gas was found higher in the combustion of B1 type boards. CO gas
amount values decreased significantly as the peanut husk ratio diminished in the parameters
of board production. The amount of CO gas emission was measured at the maximum level in
all (B1) boards produced with 100% peanuts husk additive. According to peanut husk ratio,
when peanut content decrease, CO gas amount decrease by 5,44%, 16,08% and 25,12%
respectively. It has been determined that glue form has an effect on the amount of CO
resulting from the combustion of particleboards. CO amount were less in the boards
produced with G1 (100% Urea formaldehyde). This can be explained by the fact that the
carbon content of G1 is lower than G2 (95% Urea formaldehyde + 5% Melamine
formaldehyde) and G3 (95% Urea formaldehyde + 5% Phenol formaldehyde). Using G1 glue
form (100% Urea formaldehyde) resulted in an 8,02% decrease in CO gas amounts.

Figure 1. Average CO gas amounts according to board type and glue form

We have found no relationship between NO gas amount and peanuts husk ratio except
for the flame stage. In Flame stage, when peanut husk ratio diminished, the amount of NO
gas decreased. The minimum amount of NO gas was found in B4 type boards (boards with
25% peanut husk add.) with 6.791 (ppm) in flame stage. NO gas emission was higher in

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 18

boards produced with G2 glue form (95% Urea formaldehyde + 5% Melamine formaldehyde).
This could be related to the presence of nitrogen in the structure of melamine. During
combustion nitrogen (N) could react with oxygen (O) to form NO gas.

Figure 2. Average NO gas amounts according to board type and glue form

Highest CO emissions were detected in B1 type boards for all combustion stages. While
the level of CO gas amount (ppm) in B1 type plates is in the range of 600-800, values varied
between 1500-2000 during the without flame stage and glowing stage. CO emissions were
lowest in B4+G1 boards and highest in B1+G3 boards for all combustion stages. Using G2 glue
form resulted in an 25,14% increase in NO gas amounts.

Figure 3. Values of CO and NO gases during the flame stage.

Figure 4. Values of CO and NO gases during the without flame stage

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 19

 Figure 5. Values of CO and NO gases during the glowing stage

When NO emissions are examined, the highest values were found in boards produced
with G2 glue form for all combustion stages. According to the results; in flame stage the
highest NO value (ppm) was determined in B1+G2 board (9.438) and lowest in B4+G3 board
(5.794). In without flame stage, B2+G2 board’s value (31.816) was found lowest and B2+G3
board’s value (31.816) was found highest. And for the glowing stage, B4+G2 board’s value
(97.112) was found highest while B4+G1 board’s value (66.783) was found lowest.
In the event of a fire, toxic gases such as CO and NO are released during the
combustion. These gases can be fatal when they reach significant amounts due to their effect
on the respiratory tract. In fact, most of the casualties in fires are caused by poisoning and
suffocation. Considering this, ensuring smoke control in materials is essential to prevent loss of
lives. Thus it is important that what the materials are made of.
In this context, it may be appropriate using boards which showed dense smoke with fire
retardants.

References
Atar M., Söğütlü C., Dereli M. and Keskin H. (2018) Carbon Dioxide Amount in the Combustion
of European Oak (Quercus petreae Liebl.) Wood Bleached and Varnished. In: Fırat S.,
Kinuthia J., Abu-Tair A. (eds) Proceedings of 3rd International Sustainable Buildings
Symposium (ISBS 2017). ISBS 2017. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 6. Springer,
Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63709-9_38
ASTM E-160-50 (1975). Standard test method for combustible properties of treated wood by
the cribe test. American Society For Testing and Materials, 4(7), 809-813
F. Browne, (1963). Theories of the Combustion of Wood and its Control, Report No. 2136, U.S
Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.
Fidan S. M, Yaşar S, Yaşar M, Atar M and Alkan E. (2016). Effect of seasonal changes on the
combustion characteristics of impregnated cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) wood,
Construction and Building Materials, 106 (2016) 711–720.
Göker Y and, Nadir A., ‘‘Yangında odun ve odun esaslı ürünlerin performans karakteristikleri
ve termal degredasyonu’’ Đ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, 54 (2): 1-22 (2003).
Gürü, M., Atar M. and Yıldırım, R. Production of polymer matrix composite particleboard from
walnut shell and improvement of its requirements, Material and Design, 29, 284-287, 2008.
Gürü M, Tekeli S and Bilici, D., (2006). Manufacturing of urea formaldehyde based composite
particleboard from almond shell, Materials and Design 27: 1148-1151
Koziński J A and Saade R (1998). Effect of biomass burning on the formation of soot particles
and heavy hydrocarbons. An experimental study. Fuel, 77(4), 225-237.
Kozinski JA and Zheng G (1998). Patterns of Metals and PACs During Heating of Biologically
Treated Deinking Byproducts. Combustion Science and Technology, 138(1-6): 363-380.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 20

Sözen E, Gündüz G, Aydemir D, and Güngör E (2017). Biyokütle Kullanımının Enerji, Çevre,
Sağlık ve Ekonomi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakultesi Dergisi, 19(1): 148-
160.
Tüplek A. (2011). Odun Talaşi ve Tozundan Pelet Biyoyakit Üretilmesi ve Yanma Analizi. Yüksel
Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya, 60-80.
Yaşar Ş. Ş, Fidan M. S, Yaşar M, Atar, Alkan E. (2017). “Combustion properties of impregnated
spruce ( Picea orientalis L.) wood,. Construction and Building Materials, , 143, 574–579.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 21

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

INCREASING THE OUTDOOR DURABILITY OF UREA FORMALDEHYDE PARTICLE

BOARD WITH NEW GENERATION WATER-BORNE ACRYLIC COATINGS

Özlem Özgenç1 Gökay Nemli1

oozgenc@ktu.edu.tr nemli@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-9428-5681) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-8172-1875)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
In general, urea formaldehyde glue has a low moisture resistance ratio and therefore,
particle boards produced with urea formaldehyde are suitable for use in closed areas. However,
the moisture resistance of melamine formaldehyde glue is relatively higher than that of urea
formaldehyde glue. Particle board products produced with melamine formaldehyde may be used
in semi-open outdoor conditions and indoor structures, except for common usage areas, where
there may be hot-cold water leaks, moisture deposits or steam, such as bathrooms, showers, sinks,
cellars or kitchen sinks.
In this study, it was aimed to increase the resistance of urea formaldehyde particle board
to semi-open outdoor conditions (temperature and humidity) by applying water-borne acrylic
coatings. The outdoor durability of urea formaldehyde particle boards (test panels) prepared with
two different water-borne acrylic coating formulations was compared to urea formaldehyde and
melamine formaldehyde particle boards (control panels). For the test and control samples, an
artificial weathering test was applied for 12 days (288 h). After the weathering test, some
mechanical (flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength) and physical (surface
roughness, water absorption, moisture and density) of the test and control samples were
determined.
After the outdoor test, the change in the mechanical and physical properties of the test
samples were found close to the control in the melamine formaldehyde particle boards. However,
it was determined that the semi-open outdoor durability of the test samples was quite higher than
the urea formaldehyde particle boards without coating applied. The results of this study showed
that, in semi-open outdoor conditions, urea formaldehyde particle boards may be preferred
instead of melamine formaldehyde particle boards.

Keywords: Urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, particle board, acrylic varnish,

outdoor durability, mechanical properties, physical properties

1. Introduction
Particle board is a very popular engineered wood-based panel produced from wood
particles and a synthetic resin. It is designed for a wide range of substrate applications
including furniture, kitchen worktops, interior signs, sliding doors, home constructions, flooring,
shelving and cabinets, office drivers, counters, walls and ceilings, tables and other industrial
products (Baharoğlu et al. 2014). The demand for particle board composites has recently
increased throughout the world. This increase may be attributed to the economic advantage
of low-cost wood and other lignocelluloses fibrous materials (Nemli et al. 2009).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 22

 Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin is prevalently used in manufacturing of particle board
because of its low price, short compression time and high reactivity. However, the main
disadvantage of UF resin is lack of resistance to water. For this reason, many researchers
have focused on developing new chemicals for solving this problem such as melamine
addition to UF, paraffin and polyethylene glycol usage and coating of particle board
surfaces with decorative papers (Nemli et al. 2005, Girods et al. 2008).
In recent years, the use of particle board as a structural building material has been
increasing. For this reason, the durability of particle board in semi-open outdoor conditions
becomes important. The best way to evaluate the durability of particle board in semi-open
outdoor conditions is to determine the changes in its physical and mechanical properties
during practical use (Geimer et al. 1973). For this purpose, "short-term accelerated aging tests"
regarding the durability of materials against semi-open outdoor conditions are applied, and
the performance of the materials are estimated from this information (Kajita et al. 1991).
Disadvantages such as increased surface roughness, increased thickness and loss of
mechanical resistance have been determined in particle boards exposed to semi-open
outdoor conditions. Particle boards are widely used as a substrate for thin coatings such as
resin-impregnated papers and vinyl films for aesthetic and strength purposes. The surface
roughness of particle board plays an important role in coating properties, because any
surface irregularities can be visible through thin coatings, which reduces the final quality of
the board. Raw material properties and production parameters affect the surface roughness
of particle board panels (Nemli et al. 2007). Additionally, wettability is defined as the state of
a surface that determines how quickly a liquid will wet the surface or whether it will be
sprayed on the surface. Wettability is crucial for good adhesion between the particle board
and the coating. Liquid surface coatings or adhesives have to wet, flow and penetrate the
cellular structure of wood to maintain close contact between the composite surface molecules
and the coating. Dimensional changes of wood-based panels in humid conditions are the
main disadvantage of using board as a building material (Sahin and Arslan 2011). Moisture
absorption causes a decrease in the strength of the particle board and destruction between
the wood and adhesive bonds. There is extensive research to improve the dimensional
stability of particle boards. Some of this are liquid surface coatings that are widely used to
improve the dimensional stability and water repellency of boards due to their low cost and
ease of use (Barnes and Lyon 1978, Kalaycıoğlu and Nemli 2006, Nemli and Aydın 2007).
The moisture resistance of melamine formaldehyde glue is relatively higher than that of
urea formaldehyde glue. Particle board panels produced with melamine formaldehyde may
be used in semi-open outdoor conditions and indoor structures, except for common usage
areas, where there may be hot-cold water leaks, moisture deposits or steam (Park et al.
2009, Young No and Kim 2007, Sun et al. 2011). The objective of this study is to increase the
resistance of urea formaldehyde particle board to semi-open outdoor conditions
(temperature and humidity) by applying water-borne acrylic coatings.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Manufacturing of The Particle Board Panels
Industrial wood particles (mixture of Pinus brutia Ten., Populus canadensis moench,
Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus cerris L. var. Cerris) obtained from a commercial particle
board factory were used as raw material for particle board manufacturing. The particle
boards were produced under commercial conditions at Starwood Forest Product Company,
Bursa, Turkey. The wood particles were processed into particle board furnish by passing
through a chipper and flaker. The wood particles were dried to 1% moisture content based
on the oven dry weight of them. A screening machine with meshes of 1 mm and 0.25 mm
aperture and a pneumatic system were used to obtain core- and surface-layer particles.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 23

Ammonium sulfate was added into the adhesive by about 1% based on the solid amount of
the adhesive as a hardener, with solid contents of 10% and 25% for the surface and core
layers, respectively. As a hydrophobic substance, 1% paraffin emulsion with a solid content of
32%, based on oven dry particle weight for the core and surface layers, was used. Three-
layered boards were compressed under a 220 °C press temperature, a 55-s press time and
3.0 N/mm2 pressure and produced in dimensions of 280 x 210 x 0.8 cm. Duplicate panels
were made for each group. After compression, the particle boards were conditioned at a
temperature of 20 °C and 65% relative humidity.

2.2. Coating Systems

The commercial water-based impregnation product, containing the active ingredients of
1.20% propiconazole and 0.30% iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, was used as a primer for
protection of the samples against biological deterioration, including soft rot and blue stain.
The primer was applied to the samples at a spread of 120 g/m² using a brush. Tinuvin 5333
DW as UV absorber was used in this study. Commercially produced finishing, containing
acrylic resins and three copolymer dispersion, was used as the topcoat for the specimens. A
small amount of defoamer and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentandiolemonoisobutyrate, a coalescing
agent was added in the topcoat formulation to reduce the effect of other additives on the
photostabilization performance. The characteristic features of the wood coating materials that
were used in the study are given in Table 1. These formulation products were supplied from
the BASF Company for the wood coatings (Table 2). Three layers of topcoats were also
applied to each sample at a spread rate of 100 g/m² by a brush. Later, the specimens were
sanded with a 240-grit size of sandpaper and kept at room temperature for two days
before applying the second layer of topcoat.

Table 1: Acrylic resin types for wood coating systems.

Products Description Physical Active content (%)
Acronal Eco Pure acrylic fliquid 50
6270
Joncryl 8226 Acrylic emulsions liquid 42
Tinuvin 5333 DW UV Absorber liquid 40

Table 2: The formulations of wood coating systems.

Formulation X AX Y AY
Acronal Eco 6270 73.7 50 - 23.7
Joncryl 8226 - 23.7 73.7 50
Tinuvin 5333 DW 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Film-forming agents 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
Defoamers 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Dispersing agent 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Rheology modifier 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Distilled water 16.73 16.73 16.73 16.73

The viscosity of the four different coatings applied in this study was determined by
using DIN cup/4mm/20 0C (ASTM D 1438, 1971).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 24

 Table 3: The physical characteristics of the four different coatings
Coating Systems Solid Content (%) PH Viscosity
X 39 8.2 80
AX 30 8.3 65
Y 44 8.5 120
AY 35 8.4 75

2.3. Artificial Weathering Test

Artificial weathering was performed in a QUV/spray accelerated weathering tester (Q-

Panel Lab Products, Cleveland, OH, USA) equipped with 313 nm fluorescent UV (UVB) lamps,
and the temperature in the chamber was approximately 60 °C (ASTM G 154-12a). The
weathering experiment was carried out in cycles of UV-light irradiation for 4h followed by a
condensation temperature of 50 °C for 4h in an accelerated weathering test cycle chamber
over 12 days (288 h). Eight replicate samples for each coating system were prepared for
each artificial weathering test condition.

2.4. Surface Roughness Test

A Mitutoya SurfTest SJ-301 instrument was employed for the surface roughness
measurements. The Ra and Rb roughness parameters were measured to evaluate the surface
roughness of the surfaces of the unweathered and weathered coated particle board and
uncoated particle board samples according to DIN 4768. Ra is the arithmetic mean of the
absolute values of the profile departures within the reference length, and Rz is the arithmetic
mean of the 4-point height of irregularities (DIN 4768). The cut-off length was 2.5 mm, the
sampling length was 12.5 mm, and the detector tip radius was 10 μm in the surface roughness
measurements.

2.5. Physical and Mechanical Tests

The panels were kept in a conditioned room with a relative humidity of 65% and a
temperature of 20 °C until they reached an equilibrium moisture content. They were then cut
into test samples based on the EN standards (EN 310, 1993; EN 319, 1993; EN 317, 1993). The
modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) from static bending, internal bond
strength (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) after 24 h immersion of the samples were determined.
Ten samples were cut from the test panels to measure their physical and mechanical
properties. The mechanical tests were performed with a Universal Introns testing machine.

3. Results
3.1. Change in Mechanical and Physical Properties

Some of the mechanical and physical properties of the test and control panels before
and after the artificial weathering test are given in Table 4. This table generally shows that
coating application increased the outdoor durability of the UF control panels.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 25

 Table 4: Mechanical and physical properties of experimental panels.

BEFORE WEATHERING
Density MC (%) MOR MOE IB Thickness Thickness
(g/cm3) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) swelling (%) swelling (%)
2 h 24 h
AX 4.90±0.77 6.65±0.74 13.8±1.69 1916±457 0.66±0.01 1.38±0.02 10.42±2.98
X 4.99±0.81 6.69±0.66 14.6±1.77 2316±434 0.72 ± 0.03 3.11±0.87 13.38±3.07
AY 5.06±0.89 6.54±0.47 13.9±1.72 1865±260 0.70 ± 0.02 3.62±0.79 13.01±3.12
Y 4.93±0.68 6.98±0.79 13.1±1.13 2109±478 0.64± 0.02 1.29±0.08 10.41±1.98
UF 5.00±0.92 7.18±1.11 13.8±1.22 2361±441 0.59 ± 0.01 11.5±3.89 20.58±4.05
MF 5.05±0.84 7.09±1.01 20.8±2.50 3393±593 1.77 ± 0.02 2.09±1.02 8.63±2.24
AFTER WEATHERING
Density MC (%) MOR MOE IB Thickness Thickness
(g/cm3) (N/mm )
2
(N/mm )2
(N/mm2) swelling (%) swelling (%)
2 h 24 h
AX 4.29±0.64 6.45±1.24 11.8±1.10 1499±170 0.59±0.02 5.85±1.52 18.51±3.94
X 4.41±0.75 6.32±1.21 12.9±1.12 1844±324 0.64±0.08 14.69±3.21 21.65±5.73
AY 4.32±0.89 6.54±0.78 13.3±1.22 1764±256 0.59±0.04 6.61±2.14 16.75±3.94
Y 4.43±0.75 5.86±0.86 12.3±2.81 1731±221 0.59±0.06 9.12±2.59 18.66±4.56
UF 4.14±0.79 6.94±0.98 7.80±1.89 1256±150 0.24±0.02 13.35±2.85 29.1±8.38
MF 4.47±0.76 7.11±1.18 16.8±2.32 2296±495 1.43±0.09 2.96±0.83 9.13±3.58

As seen in Figure 1, the coating application provided a very high protection of the UF
control panel against the weathering conditions. After the artificial weathering test, the lowest
decrease in the mechanical properties was found in the UF control panels applied coating,
and mechanical strength loss was determined in the AX variation close to the control MF
panel. After the weathering test, the highest loss of mechanical strength was in the UF control
panel.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
AX X AY Y ÜF MF

Reduction in IB (%) Reduction in MOR (%) Reduction in MOE (%)

Figure 1. Changes in mechanical strengths of experimental panels after weathering

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 26

 After the artificial weathering test, the best thickness swelling results for 2 and 24 hours
were determined in the MF control panel and the coating applied AY variations as the test
panels. After the weathering test, it was understood that the 2- and 24-hour thickness swelling
results were the highest in the UF control panel, and the coating application provided
significant protection in the thickness swelling results.

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
AX X AY Y MF ÜF

Before weathering ά (2.saat) Before weathering ά (24.saat)

After weathering ά (2.saat) After weathering ά (24.saat)

Figure 2. Changes in thickness swelling of experimental panels after weathering

3.2. Change in Surface Roughness Parameters

Table 5 shows the surface roughness index values and Ra and Rz roughness
parameters before and after the artificial weathering test of the control and test panels. After
the weathering test, the lowest change index of the Ra roughness parameter was in the Y
variation, and the index values of the AX variation and MF control panels were also
determined to be close to each other. The index values of the AY and X variations were also
found to be close. After the weathering test, the change index in the Rz roughness
parameter was the lowest in the AY variation, and the change index in the Y and AX
variations was also close. After the weathering test, the highest Rz change index values were
found in the UF and MF control panels.

Table 5: Changes in surface roughness parameters of experimental panels after

weathering
Coating Before weathering After weathering Change rate
Code Ra Rz Ra Rz RIa RIz
AX 1.46±0.21 15.4±1.74 1.73±0.19 18.4±2.08 0.19±0.12 0.18±0.11
AY 0.65±0.12 4.82±0.79 0.71±0.18 6.1±1.01 0.29±0.10 0.09±0.09
X 0.52±0.04 5.27±0.41 0.72±0.12 6.39±1.27 0.22±0.18 0.38±0.17
Y 1.73±0.28 16.7±2.47 1.96±0.25 19.4±1.99 0.17±0.07 0.13±0.08
MF 3.27±0.44 33.95±2.66 4.62±0.75 40.52±4.46 0.19±0.14 0.41±0.21
UF 3.68±0.76 34.82±5.25 6.07±0.87 45.04±4.27 0.31±0.15 0.64±0.24

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 27

 4. Discussion
The single most important factor contributing to the weather conditions of particle
boards is the change in moisture content. It appears that UV radiation and chemical changes
do not have a significant effect on the effect of weather conditions. Continuous changes in
moisture content create shrinkage and swelling stresses in the glue line between adjacent
particles in the particle board content, as well as in the particles themselves. It is absorption
and desorption of liquid water that causes excessive thick swelling of the sheet, surface
roughness and deterioration. Thickness swelling occurs due to the normal swelling of wood
particles and their swelling due to release of the compressible set (Kajita et al. 1991).
Based on the EN standards, 11.5, 13 and 1600 N/mm2 are the minimum requirements for
the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of particle board panels for general uses
and furniture manufacturing, respectively (EN 312-2 1996, EN 312-3 1996). In comparison to the
MF control panels, the X, AY and Y test panels met the minimum modulus of rupture
requirement of the EN standards for general uses after the artificial weathering test.
Additionally, the AX test panel satisfied the modulus of rupture requirement for furniture
manufacturing applications. The results showed that the X, AY and Y test panels complied
with the modulus of elasticity for interior fitments (including furniture). Moreover, with the
exception of the UF control panel, the other panels were found to comply with the internal
bond strength value for general uses, which is 0.24 N/mm2 as stated in the EN 312-2 (1996)
standard. According to the test results, the AX, AY, X and Y panels had the required level of
internal bond strength for interior fitments that is 0.35 N/mm2 according to the EN312-3 (1996)
standard. Figs. 1 and 2 show the changes in the mechanical strengths of the experimental
panels after weathering. Based on the EN 317 standard (1993), particle board should have a
maximum thickness swelling value of 8% (for 2-h immersion). The mean thickness swelling of
the specimens ranged from 5.85 to 14.69% for 2-h immersion. The X test and UF control
panels did not satisfy the thickness-swelling requirement for general uses. This was because
the X and Y coating systems separated from the UF chipboard surface during the 2-hour
immersion process. However, the thickness swelling values of the AX and AY wafers (5.85%
and 6.61% for 2-hour immersion) were very close to the required thickness swelling level of
panels for general use. Fig.2 illustrates the artificial weathering test effects on the thickness
swelling values (for 2- and 24-hour immersion) of the test and control particle boards.
From the observations given in Table 4, it is seen that, after the weathering test, the UF
control panels swelled by 13.35-29.1% of their original thickness while standing, and this
process was irreversible. This increase in volume was clearly reflected in the strength
properties of the boards. The tear modulus decreased by 40-45% due to the weathering test.
While the density was 5.00 g/cm3 in the UF control panels before weathering exposure, the
higher internal bond strength and rupture modulus values of the panels whose density
decreased to 4.14 g/cm3 after weathering exposure also decreased. The positive effect of
panel density on mechanical properties was mentioned in a similar study. However, the
increase in the board’s density resulted in poor thickness swelling properties, similarly to the
results of a previous study. Acrylic coating application significantly improved the rupture
modulus and thickness swelling values in the weathering conditions. This was due to the
reduction in the moisture absorption of the sheet surface in the weathering conditions with
coating application. Thus, the amount of decrease in the internal bond strength values of the
test plates applied with coating when exposed to weathering conditions was much lower than
the UF control panel and close to the MF control panel (Kalaycıoglu and Nemli 2007).
In fact, a coating film can delay and prevent excessive moisture ingress into the panel
at best, but it cannot stop it. Before coating, the gaps between the particles are closed, and
the effectiveness of the paints increases if the surface is smoothed. A normal acrylic coating
has a limited external life of about two years in particle boards. Therefore, a regular
maintenance coat is required to extend the service life of such structures. While smooth

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 28

surfaces are preferred in the end-use applications of chipboard panels, the thickness of the
panels should also be on acceptable levels. Surface roughness and bursting of wood particles
have also been serious problems due to the weathering conditions of particle boards. This
allows rainwater to stay on the surface of the board for a long time, thus increasing the risk
of more water penetrating the board. These defects can only be eliminated by using
microchips on the surface and making the surface of the card waterproof. Although particle
boards have large dimensions, their applications in buildings require many joints (Kajita et al.
1991, Şahin and Arslan 2011).

5. Conclusion
In this study, the durability of UF panels in semi-open outdoor conditions was improved
with 4 different waterborne acrylic coating systems. After exposure to the artificial weathering
test, the percentage of decrease in the physical and mechanical properties of the UF control
panels applied the waterborne acrylic coatings was close to that of the MF control panels.
The coating systems applied in the study positively affected the durability of the UF control
panel in semi-open weathering conditions. Additionally, the fact that waterborne acrylic
coatings are renewable preservatives may make a significant contribution to the particle
board industry. In semi-open outdoor conditions, the durability time of the UF control panel
was increased with the application of the waterborne acrylic coating system, and it reached
a durability level close to that of the MF control panel. It is recommended that this study is
evaluated in the industry by performing a cost analysis of application of waterborne acrylic
coating on the surface in UF particle board and MF particle board production.

6. Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the BOYSAN company, the sales representative of BASF
chemicals in Turkey, for supplying the coating formulation products and Starwood Forest
Product Company, Bursa, Turkey for producing the particle boards.

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waste grass clippings (Lolium perenne L.) in particle board composites, Waste
Management 29, 1129–1131
Park B.D., Lee S.M. and Roh J.K., (2009). Effects of formaldehyde/urea mole ratio and
melamine content on the hydrolytic stability of cured urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin,
Eur. J. Wood Prod., 67, 121–123.
Young No B. and G. Kim, M.G., (2007). Evaluation of Melamine-Modified Urea-Formaldehyde
Resins as Particle board Binders, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106, 4148–4156.
Sahin H.T. and Arslan M.B, (2011). Weathering performance of particle boards manufactured
from blends of forest residues with red pine (Pinus brutia) wood, Maderas. Ciencia y
tecnología, 13(3), 337-346.
Sun Q.N, Hse C.Y. and Shupe T.F., (2011). Characterization and performance of melamine
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Applied Polymer Science, 119, 3538–3543.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 30

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

PRODUCTION OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS, PLEUROTUS CITRINOPILEATUS AND

PLEUROTUS DJAMOR IN DIFFERENT CONTENTS AND SOME PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

Ceyhun KILIÇ1
ceyhunkilic@ogm.gov.tr
(ORC-ID:0000-0003-4722-0177)
1
Eastern Karadeniz Forestry Research Institute, Department of Wood and Nonwood Forest
Products, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
In this study, some physical analysis of oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus), yellow oyster
mushroom (P. citrinopileatus) and pink oyster mushroom (P. djamor) were investigated. Waste
sawdusts of beech, alder, chestnut and walnut wood were used as substrate. After sterilization of
sawdusts, 3% mycelium and 1% calcitic lime were added to the sawdusts and placed in the nylon
bags. There was only one type of sawdust in each nylon bags. The temperature of the cultivation
room was 15±2 oC, the humidity was 80 - 90%, and ventilation was made at certain intervals. In
the study, P. citrinopileatus was the fastest micellization mushroom type at the beech sawdust
substrate, Mycelium development was the slowest in the P. djamor type at the chestnut sawdust
substrate. Cultivated in chestnut sawdust substrate, the P. djamor is generally considered to be the
lowest width-length measure mushroom. For P. ostreatus cultivated in beech sawdust compost, the
mushroom produced can have the highest width-length dimensions. The lowest yield was 19.77% in
the P. djamor at the chestnut sawdust substrate. The highest yield was P. citrinopileatus species
cultivated in beech substrate with 31.02%. Following this, P. ostreatus cultivated in beech sawdust
substrate was very close with 30.99% yield. The lowest biological activity rate was 38.22% at the P.
djamor which cultivated in chestnut sawdust substrate. The highest biological activity rate was P.
citrinopileatus cultivated in beech sawdust substrate with 70.93%.

Keywords: P. ostreatus, P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, Physical analysis, Wooden substrate,

Micellization, Mushroom quality and yield, Biological activity.

1. Introduction
As known that Pleurotus species fall into the category of non-wood forest products.
Although there are about 40 species, 3 important species have been studied in this study
(Jose and Janardhanan 2001). Oyster mushrooms are formed by decomposing lignocellulosic
composts thanks to their enzymes (Zadrazil, 1978). Due to its easy breeding techniques and
wide adaptability, P. ostreatus has an important role in recycling organic waste (Das and
Mukherjee, 2007). Besides, they do not require environmental control and can be cultivated
simply and cheaply (Josiane et al., 2018).
Oyster mushroom that is grown by imitating natural conditions has an important
situation in the country's economy (Josiane et al., 2018). Increasing population and diversifying
agro-industrial wastes reach large volumes and cause environmental problems as well as
commercial exploitation. These wastes are sometimes left in the field, and sometimes they are
desired to be eliminated by burning. However, incinerated wastes return to the atmosphere
as carbon dioxide, which causes the release of greenhouse gases that cause global warming.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 31

Pleurotus mushroom comes into play at this point and turns the waste, which is a problem for
disposal, into three main outputs, making it beneficial to the environment and living beings.
Firstly, useful compost is created by using lignocellulosic waste. As the second output; a value-
added product with very high nutritional value is obtained from composts. As the third output;
composed composts after mushroom production are used as animal feed or fertilizer. The
composts content can be prepared depend to region. The variety of agricultural or forest
waste in its content creates differences in the oyster taste, nutritional value, scent and texture
of the oyster. Today, oysters are produced from many different composts and these oysters
are compared in terms of their nutritional values (Yıldız et al., 2017a; Yılmaz et al., 2016;
Yılmaz et al., 2017).
The main aim of the study is to investigate the usage possibilities of wood production
wastes in oyster production. It is also to put forth how which type of waste effects mycelium
growth and oyster quality and compare with each other.

2. Materials and Methods

The project was carried out in the laboratories of the Eastern Black Sea Forestry
Research Institute and in the laboratories of the Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of
Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Forest Biology and Wood Protection
Technology Department.

2.1. Materials

For the preparation of compost, the waste parts of the furniture production woods
were used in. Waste wood types were turned into sawdust which are consist of alder, walnut,
beech, and chestnut wastes and used. Micelles, chemicals and auxiliary elements required
were provided from commercial companies.

2.1.1. Compost Content and Preparation

Wood wastes that were turned into sawdust were sterilized in autoclave at 121 oC and
under high pressure for 30 minutes in order to eliminate harmful organisms. After this process,
they were allowed to cool. The prepared composts were then filled in 1 kg for each of 29 x
45 cm polypropylene bags. 4 bags were prepared for each varition (Yıldız et al., 2002).
Mycelium inoculation was carried out in a sterile cabinet with the help of a sterile spatula by
inoculating 3% mycelium to the upper part of the bags. 1% calcitic lime was added to the
bags to regulate the Ph balance. The remaining 96% was wood sawdust (Şanlı, 2014). Only
one type of wood sawdust was used in each bag. Combination variations with different
wood species have not been investigated. The reason composts are of one type is to
compare the impact and performance of wood on oysters.

2.1.2. Inoculation and Harvesting

Mycelium inoculation was carried out in the micelle development room where containing
25 ± 2 oC and 70-80% humidity also suitable light and ventilation. After the mycelium
development is completed, 5 cm wide cuts are made on both side surfaces of the bags to
encourage oyster formation. Oysters are mostly harvested by cutting them from the surface
with a knife when they reach the same size.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 32

 2.2. Methods

2.2.1. Measurement and Analysis

2.2.1.1. Mycelium Growth Rate: The time elapsed from grafting until the mycelium
grown around the bag was daily evaluated.

2.2.1.2. Mushroom Quality Analysis: Cap length, cap width, stipe length and stipe
width values were measured on the mushrooms.

2.2.1.3. Total Yield and Biological Efficiency Rate: Oysters yield was calculated as
total fresh weight of mushrooms obtained from 4 flushes in the harvest period (Royse, 1985).
Biological efficiencies were defined as the percentage ratio of the fresh weight of harvested
oysters over the dry weight of substrates (Chang et al., 1981).

3. Result

3.1. Mycelium Growing Time

P. ostreatus (white oyster mushroom), P. citrinopileatus (yellow oyster mushroom), and P.

djamor (pink oyster mushroom) were cultivated on four different wooden sawdusts which are
alder, walnut, beech, and chestnut. Mycelium Growing Time (day) is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Mycelium Growing Time (day) of Cultivated Oysters

Oyster Mushroom (X* ± SD**)
Substrates White Yellow Pink Oyster
Oyster Oyster
Alder 18 ± 0.82a 16 ± 0.82a 20,3 ± 0.96a
Walnut 18 ± 0.82a 15,5 ± 0.58b 20,3 ± 0.96a
Beech 16,5 ± 1,29 a
13 ± 0,82 b
20 ± 0,82a
Chestnut 19,8 ± 1,26b 18,3 ± 0,5c 21,3 ± 0,96a
a
Means having the same superscript letter(s) are not significantly different (p>0.05) by
Duncan's multiple range test. X*: Average, S.D.**: Standard Deviation

3.2. Mushroom Quality Properties

Mushroom Quality Properties (cap length, cap width, stipe length, stipe width of oysters)
of Pleurotus types of the current study are presented in Table 2.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 33

 Table 2. Mushroom Quality Properties of Cultivated Oysters

Mushroom Cap Length Cap Width Stipe Length Stipe Width

Substrates
type X S.D. X S.D. X S.D. X S.D.
White 2.20 a
0.38 8.07 b
1.36 2.63 a
0.23 0.49 a
0.09
Alder Yellow 2.46 a
0.56 6.23 a
2.16 2.67 a
0.26 0.45 a
0.19
Pink 2.44 ab
0.53 5.67 a
1.77 2.67 a
0.18 0.42 ab
0.09
White 2.16a 0.70 6.63a 1.36 2.63a 0.15 0.52a 0.11
Walnut Yellow 2.36 a
0.51 6.06 a
1.87 2.71 a
0.27 0.46 a
0.12
Pink 2.57 ab
0.44 5.66 a
1.71 2.66 a
0.17 0.48 b
0.10
White 2.30 a
0.78 8.70 b
1.08 2.61 a
0.16 0.50 a
0.16
Beech Yellow 2.71 a
0.72 7.07 a
1.40 2.61 a
0.20 0.40 a
0.11
Pink 2.83 b
0.71 6.94 a
1.58 2.73 a
0.29 0.38 ab
0.10
White 2.13a
0.61 6.49 a
1.24 2.57 a
0.18 0.45 a
0.08
Chestnut Yellow 2.16 a
0.42 5.83 a
1.08 2.63 a
0.18 0.41a
0.10
Pink 2.07a 0.29 5.33a 0.62 2.56a 0.10 0.35a 0.04
a
Means having the same superscript letter(s) are not significantly different (p>0.05) by
Duncan's multiple range test.

3.3. Total Yield

Total yield (%) of Pleurotus types of the current study are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Total Yield (%) of Cultivated Oyster Mushroom

Oyster Mushroom (X ± SD)
Substrates
White Oyster Yellow Oyster Pink Oyster
Alder 25,04 ± 1,68 a
25,15 ± 3,74 ab
22,73 ± 1,26b
Walnut 22,04 ± 4,19a 28,29 ± 2,29bc 21,44 ± 1,9ab
Beech 30,99 ± 3,88 b
31,02 ± 3,55 c
28,81 ± 2,34c
Chestnut 21,74 ± 1,07a 21,42 ± 1,09a 19,77 ± 1,07a
a
Means having the same superscript letter(s) are not significantly different (p>0.05) by
Duncan's multiple range test.

3.4. Biological Efficiency

Biological efficiency (%) of Pleurotus types of the current study are presented in Table
4.

Table 4. Biological efficiency (%) of Cultivated Oyster Mushroom

Oyster Mushroom (X ± SD)
SubstratesWhite Yellow Pink Oyster
Oyster Oyster
Alder 53,75 ± 2,29b 58,72 ± 5,39b 49,45 ± 3,42c
Walnut 54,65 ± 8,38b 62,04 ± 4,07b 44,75 ± 2,31b
Beech 61,16 ± 5,32b 70,93 ± 7,04c 66,57 ± 1,93d
Chestnut 42,50 ± 2,16a 41,60 ± 2,32a 38,22 ± 2,16a
a
Means having the same superscript letter(s) are not significantly different (p>0.05) by
Duncan's multiple range test.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 34

 4. Discussion

4.1. Mycelium Growing Time

In the study, considering the time it takes for the mycelium to spread out to the bag, it
was determined that P. citrinopileatus growing in beech sawdust completes the earliest
mycelium development within 13 ± 0,82 days while P. djamor mushroom grown in chestnut
sawdust was completed its development with 21,3 ± 0,96 days (Table 1). Küçükomuzlu and
Pekşen (2005) reported that Pleurotus spp. produced from straw and bran compost have
obtained the fastest mycelium development with 39.50 days. In another study, the mycelium
development period for P. ostreatus was reported as between 28-36 days (Upadyay and
Vijay, 1991). In another study, three types of Pleurotus; P. sajor-caju, P. platypus and P.
citrinopileatus mushrooms were grown on a variety of agricultural wastes, such as rice straw,
corn stalk, sugar cane pulp, coconut fiber and mixtures of these wastes. The beginning of
primordium was observed 22-27th days (Ragunathan et al., 1996). Ragunathanand and
Swaminathan (2003), in their similar study, cultivated three species of Pleurotus; P. sajor-caju,
P. platypus and P. citrinopileatus, on different agricultural wastes (cotton stalk, coconut fiber,
sorghum stems and mixtures of these wastes). Primordium beginning was observed between
21 and 30 days. The results of the cultivation of P. djamor, P. ostreatus, and P. pulmonarius
species on coffee waste and wheat straw are scrutinized. Primordium growing time was given
as 11-12 days in the wheat straw substrate for P. djamor at the earliest and 16-32 days for P.
pulmonarius mushroom at the latest. The same values varied between 13 and 31 days in
coffee waste (Salmones et al., 2005). In another study, according to the growing substrate
and mushroom species, the mycelium growing time is specified between 2-8 weeks by Oei
(1991). In a study, mycelium growth rates of substrates inoculated with five different Pleurotus
species were compared after 30 days. The lowest rate of development was observed in P.
djamor mushroom (Kalyoncu and Kalmış, 2007). The study was accordance with literature.
Indeed, the shorter mycelium growing time was determined in this study compared to the
literature. It can be explaned with the amount of substrates and type. In the study, the most
suitable sawdust for oyster production was the sawdust obtained from beech wood. Chestnut
wood sawdust were the substrate where the minimum mycelium development was obtained.
Chestnut tree's natural strength and being antifungal can be associated with this result. In
another study, it is stated that chestnut sawdusts pasteurization liquid, which is especially rich
in tannins, obtained significant resistance against C. puteana in scotch pine sapwood (Yıldız et
al., 2017b).

4.2. Mushroom Quality Properties

As seen Table 2, considering the cap length values, the shortest cap length was found
in P. djamor mushroom growing in chestnut sawdust compost; the longest cap length was
obtained from P. djamor mushroom grown in beech sawdust compost. Considering the cap
width values, the shortest cap width in P. djamor mushroom cultivated in chestnut sawdust
compost; the largest cap width value was obtained in P. ostreatus mushroom growing in
beech sawdust compost. Considering the stipe length values, the shortest stipe length was in
P. djamor mushroom grown in chestnut sawdust compost; the longest stipe length value was
obtained in P. djamor mushroom growing in beech sawdust compost. Considering the stipe
width values, the shortest stipe width in P. djamor mushroom growing in chestnut sawdust
compost; the largest stipe width value was obtained in P. ostreatus mushroom growing in
walnut sawdust compost. P. djamor (pink oyster) grown on chestnut sawdust stands out with
the lowest quality in general. P. ostreatus (white oyster) grown in beech sawdust compost is
the best quality mushroom among the produced mushrooms. In a study, P. citrinopileatus has

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 35

the largest cap (10,02 cm) and the longest stipe (5,42 cm) among P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P.
eous, P. citrinopileatus, P. fossulatus, P. flabellatus, P. platypus, P. ostreatus, H. ulmarius
mushroom species. P. ostreatus took the second place in terms of cap size (9,26 cm) and
stipe length (3,20 cm) at the same study. Moreover, P. ostreatus (1,73 cm) and P.
citrinopileatus (1,47 cm) had the thickest stipe in the reference study. P. citrinopileatus was the
most spore producing species among the others (Rout et al., 2018).

4.3. Total Yield

According to the results of the study, the lowest yield was P. djamor mushroom grown
in chestnut wood sawdust with 19.77%. The highest yield was P. citrinopileatus grown in beech
sawdust with 31.02%. Following that, total yield of P. ostreatus mushroom grown in beech
sawdust was very close to P. citrinopileatus with 30.99% (Table 3). Pleurotus spp, is one of the
fungi that causes white rot in wood. Beech is one of the most suitable trees for producing
mushroom, which is not resistant to fungal rot. In a study, beech, oak, pine, fir and hornbeam
trees were selected to investigate rot fungi in the wood. The tree species most exposed to
rot in the study was beech (Sertkaya et al., 2017). In another study, P. ostreatus gave the
highest yield at the first measurement compared to other fungal species (Zhai and Han, 2018).
In another study, pleurotus species were grown on cotton stipes. Yield was maximum in P.
citrinopileatus mushrooms (Ragunathanand and Swaminathan, 2003). When the study is
compared with the literature, it is seen that the results are in accordance with the literature.
Considering the mushrooms and yield results in the study, the results of P. ostreatus and P.
citrinopileatus show similarity with other studies.

4.4. Biological Efficiency

According to the results of the study, the lowest biological efficiency rate was found in
P. djamor mushroom growing in chestnut wood sawdust with 38.22%. The highest biological
activity rate was found in P. citrinopileatus mushroom growing in beech wood sawdust with
70.93% (Table 4). In a study, three species of Pleurotus, P. sajor-caju, P. platypus, and P.
citrinopileatus mushrooms were grown on various agricultural wastes such as rice straw, corn
stalk, sugar cane pulp, coconut fiber and a mixture of these wastes. Biological activity varied
between 25.18% and 38.63% (Ragunathan et al., 1996). In another study, three species of
Pleurotus, P. sajor-caju, P. platypus and P. citrinopileatus were grown on different agricultural
wastes (cotton stalk, coconut fiber, sorghum stems and mixtures of these wastes). Biological
activity ranged from 26.11% to 41.42% (Ragunathanand and Swaminathan, 2003). In a different
study, oyster mushroom that produced from coffee waste and wheat straw have been
studied. Salmones et al. (2005), found the biological efficiency rate between 30.5 and 80.5%.
Industrial paper waste was investigated in the production of P. citrinopileatus mushrooms.
Biological efficiency ranged from 3.3% to 94.5% (Kulshreshtha et al., 2013). As seen in the
studies, the biological efficiency rate varies between a wide scale depending on the type of
mushroom to be produced and the growing substrate. Therefore, it is seen that the results of
this study also support the literature studies.

5. Conclusion
As a result of the study, physical and quality analyses of the Oyster mushrooms species
produced in the different composts and under the specified conditions were carried out.
When oyster mushrooms want to be consumed as food, the cap part is generally consumed.
It is known that the stipe part is not consumed much in general. Considering the size of the
cap, the white oyster growing in beech compost can be recommended.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 36

 6. Acknowledgments
This study was supported by General Directorate of Forestry Research Projects Unit
[TZN – 03.7710 – 2017/2019]. And I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sibel YILDIZ and Ayşenur
GÜRGEN who made valuable contributions to the study.

References
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Das N. and Mukherjee M. (2007). Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on Weed Plants.
Bioresource Technology, 98(14), 2723-2726.
Jose N. and Janardhanan K. (2001). Antioxidant and Antitumour Activity of Pleurotus florida.
Current Science, 79(7), 941-943.
Josiane M.E.G. Estelle M.Y. Francis N.A. and Kamdem S.S.L. (2018). Effect of Substrates on
Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of P. ostreatus. Current Research in
Agricultural Sciences, 5(1), 15-22.
Kalyoncu F. Kalmış E. (2007). Pirinanın Farklı Pleurotus Türlerinin Yetiştiriciliğinde Kullanım
Olanaklarının Araştırılması. BAÜ-FBE Dergisi, 5(2), 87-92.
Kulshreshtha S. Mathur N. Bhatnagar P. Kulshreshtha S. (2013). Cultivation of P. citrinopileatus
on Handmade Paper and Cardboard Industrial Wastes. Industrial Crops Products. 41, 340-
346.
Küçükomuzlu B. Pekşen A. (2005). Yetişme Ortamı Ağırlıklarının Pleurotus Mantar Türlerinin
Verim ve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. OMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 64-71.
Oei P. (1991). Cultivation on Fermented Substrate. Manual on Mushroom Cultivation. Tool
Publications, Nederlands, 249.
Ragunathan R. Gurusamy R. Palaniswamy M. Swaminathan K. (1996). Cultivation of Pleurotus
spp. on Various Agro-Residues. Food Chemistry, 55(2), 139-144.
Ragunathan R. Swaminathan K. (2003). Nutritional Status of Pleurotus spp. Grown on Various
Agro-Wastes. Food Chemistry, 80(3), 371-375.
Royse D.J. (1985). Effect of Spawn Run Time and Substrate Nutrition on Yield and Size of The
Shiitake Mushroom. Mycologia, 77(5), 756-762.
Rout M.K. Swain S.K. Mohanty P. (2018). Studies on Growth Pattern and Fruit Body
Characteristic of Pleurotus spp In East and South-Eastern Coastal Plain Zone of Odisha.
Journal of Mycopathological Research 56(1), 57-60.
Salmones D. Mata G. Waliszewski K.N. (2005). Comparative Culturing of Pleurotus spp. on
Coffee Pulp and Wheat Straw: Biomass Production and Substrate Biodegradation.
Bioresource Technology, 96(5), 537-544.
Sertkaya B. Yalçın M. Akçay Ç. (2017). Düzce İlindeki Odunlarda Tespit Edilen Mantar Türleri.
İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 (3), 1133 – 1142.
Şanlı S.K. (2014). Farklı Tarımsal Artıkların P. eryngii Mantar Üretiminde Kullanım Olanakları,
Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
Upadyay R.C. Vijay B. (1991). Cultivaiton of Pleurotus Species During Winter in India. Science
and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Maher (ed.) Balkema, Rotterdam, 533-536.
Yıldız S. Yıldız Ü.C. Gezer E.D. and Temiz A. (2002). Some Lignocellulosic Wastes Used as Raw
Material in Cultivation of the P. ostreatus Culture Mushroom. Process Biochemistry 38, 301-
306.
Yıldız S. Yılmaz A. Can Z. Kılıç C. and Yıldız Ü.C. (2017). Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin
Contents and Antioxidant Properties of P. ostreatus and P. Citrinopileatus Cultivated on
Various Sawdust. The Journal of Food, 42(3), 315-323.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 37

Yıldız S. Yılmaz A. and Kılıç C. (2017). Utilization of Pasteurisation Liquid Obtained from
Chestnut (C. Sativa) Sawdust as Wood Preservative. Muğla Journal of Science and
Technology, 3 (1), 16-19.
Yılmaz A. Yıldız S. Yıldırım İ. and Aydın A. (2016). Trabzon'da Mantar Tüketimi ve Tüketim
Alışkanlıklarının Belirlenmesi, Mantar Dergisi, 7, 135-142.
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ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 38

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

METAL AND RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION OF SOME CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS

Sibel Yıldız1 Ayşenur Gürgen 1 Uğur Çevik2

sibelyildiz@ktu.edu.tr aysenur.yilmaz@ktu.edu.tr ucevik@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8448-4628) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-2263-7323) ORC-ID: 0000-0002-7513-5275)

Ahmet Çelik3 Hasan Hüseyin Doğan4

ahmet.celik@giresun.edu.tr hhdogan@selcuk.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-9618-3504) ((ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8859-0188)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Physics, Trabzon, Turkey
3
Giresun University, Department of Physics, Giresun, Turkey
4
Selçuk University, Department of Biology, Konya, Turkey

Abstract
Heavy metals and radionuclides of human origin and naturally occurring in nature are
accumulated in plants, animals and fungi. In particular, some fungal species have a high capacity
to absorb radionuclides. In this study, some metals (27Al, 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 75As,
111
Cd, 204Hg, 206Pb) and radionuclides (232Th, 238U, 40K, 137Cs) of culture mushrooms such as Pleurotus
eryingii, Pleurotus citrinopileatus (cultivated on alder and walnut tree sawdust, separately) and
Pleurotus djamor (cultivated on beech and walnut tree sawdust, separately) were investigated.
Metal accumulations were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometer
(ICP-MS). Radioactivity measurements were performed by using High Purity Germanium (HPGe)
detectors. Among the studied mushrooms, Pleurotus citrinopileatus has drawn attention with highest
52
Cr, 55Mn, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 204Hg, 206Pb content. Among the radionuclides 232Th, 238U content were
not determined in any mushroom species. 137Cs was not detected in any mushrooms except
Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated on alder tree sawdust (15 ± 3 Bq/kg.). The highest 40K
radionuclide content was determined in Pleurotus eryingii mushroom cultivated on alder tree
sawdust with 947 ± 32 Bq/kg. It was concluded that the metal and radionuclide content of
mushrooms were affected by mushroom type and cultivation conditions.

Keywords: Cultivated mushrooms, metal content, Pleurotus, radionuclide content

1. Introduction
The medicinal properties of both wild mushrooms and cultivated mushrooms have been
intensively studied in recent years (Mizuno 2002; Patel et al. 2012; Chaturvedi et al. 2018; Phan
et al. 2019; Shomali et al. 2019; Sevindik, 2020). With the increasing awareness of people about
mushrooms, consumption of mushrooms has also increased (Hess et al. 2017). Moreover,
mushroom cultivation has been both a source of income and a nutritious food for people
(Grimm and Wösten 2018). Pleurotus species have become more attractive as they can be
grown more easily among the other cultivated mushrooms (Sánchez 2010). In addition, some

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 39

types of Pleurotus have very beautiful colors (Pleurotus citrinopileatus-yellow, Pleurotus
djamor-pink) and these mushrooms are also used for visual purposes, especially in restaurants.
Mushrooms cannot produce metal ions themselves but it is known that the edible
mushroom species in nature or cultivated mushrooms can accumulate heavy metals and
radionuclides (Ban-nai et al. 1994; Chatterjee et al. 2017; Kalač and Svoboda, 2000).
Mushrooms directly or indirectly intake the nutrients and metal ions from the environment -soil
or substrate- and thanks to their absorption properties, they store them in high concentrations
(Michelot et al. 1998; Širić et al. 2016). For this reason, it is important to determine whether
metal ions, which have a detrimental effect on human health, are present in fungi taken
directly as food. In this way, it can be determined whether there is heavy metal
contamination in the growing area of mushroom.
Pleurotus species can be cultivated on many different lignocellulosic environments (Shah
et al. 2004; Das and Mukherjee, 2007) and the nutritional content of these mushrooms is
affected by their subsrates (Chang et al. 1981; Ahmed et al. 2009; Oyetayo and Ariyo 2013).
In the literature it was reported that the chemical configuration of substrates could affect the
mushrooms' nutritional elements, yield and the level of various toxic (Swulski et al. 2018). This
study was made for highlight the required that substrates used for cultivation of mushroom
species contain the lowest possible toxic levels to provide the safety of consumers. For that
purpose, some metals (27Al, 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 75As, 111Cd, 204Hg, 206Pb) and
some radionuclides (232Th, 238U, 40K, 137Cs) of cultivation mushrooms such as Pleurotus eryingii,
Pleurotus citrinopileatus (cultivated on alder and walnut tree sawdust, separately) and
Pleurotus djamor (cultivated on beech and walnut tree sawdust, separately) were investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Mushroom
In this study, some culture mushrooms such as Pleurotus eryingii, Pleurotus citrinopileatus
(cultivated on alder and walnut tree sawdust, separately) and Pleurotus djamor (cultivated on
beech and walnut tree sawdust, separately) were investigated in terms of metal and
radionuclide accumulations (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). P. eryingii, P. citrinopileatus and P.
djamor myceliums were obtained from a commercial firm located in Istanbul. Alder, walnut
and beech sawdust was supplied from workshop of Forest Industry Engineering, Karadeniz
Technical University, Trabzon. All mushrooms were cultivated as detailed in our previous
studies (Yıldız et al. 2017). The mushroom names were coded from 1 to 6. The mushroom
species and the substrate types on which they were cultivated were shown in Table 1 and
Figure 1.

Table 1. The mushroom and substrate types

Mushroom codes Mushroom types Substrate types
1 Pleurotus eryingii Alder tree sawdust
2 Pleurotus eryingii Walnut tree sawdust
3 Pleurotus Alder tree sawdust
citrinopileatus
4 Pleurotus Walnut tree sawdust
citrinopileatus
5 Pleurotus djamor Beech tree sawdust
6 Pleurotus djamor Walnut tree sawdust

All the mushroom samples were sliced and dried on a drying machine at 40 °C until
they were completely dehydrated. Then mushroom samples were crushed for passing a 40-

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 40

mm mesh sieve. For radioactivity measurements, mushroom powders were put in a plastic
cylindrical container of uniform size (50 mm in height, 60 mm in diameter) and sealed for a
period of 4 weeks in order to allow for radon and its short-lived progenies to reach secular
radioactive equilibrium prior to gamma spectroscopy (Turhan et al. 2007).

2.2. Metal accumulation

Metal accumulations of mushrooms were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma
– Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). One dissolution and three measurements were performed.
Internal standard masses were continuously measured simultaneously with the samples during
measurement: Li (6 no gas), Sc (45 Helium), Ge (72 Helium), Rh (105no gas), Rh (105 helium) Rh
(103 no gas), In115 (no gas), Tb (159 no gas), Lu (175), Bi (209).
The microwave procedure was as follows: Weights not exceeding 0.5 g but close to
that value were weighed (up to 0.5g) into the 50 ml heat and pressure resistant teflon
containers. 8 ml of suprapur purity 65% HNO3 and 2 ml of suprapur purity 30% H2O2 were
added.
Microwave programming: Maximum 1000W energy and 45 bar pressure limit values are
set. A temperature of 200 °C was reached from room temperature within 15 minutes. It
remained at a constant temperature of 200 °C for 15 minutes. Then the heating process has
ended. It was left to come to room temperature for half an hour.
Samples dissolved in microwave were transferred from teflon cups to 50 ml
polyethylene falcon tubes. Up to 50ml of ultra-pure water was added. Dilution factor for
each sample was determined. For example, dilution factor for 0.4167g sample weighed: Final
volume / weight of sample = 50ml / 0.4167g = 119.99. During the analysis, the calibration
values and results of the elements were measured as ppb = µg/kg. Measurements were made
in accordance with the standards of EPA 200.8, EPA 6020 for mushroom samples.

Pleurotus eryingii cultivated on walnut tree Pleurotus eryingii cultivated on alder tree
sawdust sawdust

Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated on walnut Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated on alder

tree sawdust tree sawdust

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 Pleurotus djamor cultivated on beech tree Pleurotus djamor cultivated on walnut tree
sawdust sawdust
Figure 1. The mushroom species and the substrate types on which they were cultivated

2.3. Radioactivity measurements

Radioactivity measurements were performed by using a HPGe computer-controlled
detector having the resolution of 1.9 keV for the 1332 keV energy line of 60Co with
conventional electronics and 15% relative efficiency (Canberra, GC1519 model) and Genie 2000
as the software. The detector was shielded with a 10 cm thick lead layer to reduce the
background due to the cosmic rays and the radiation nearby the system (Cevik et al. 2009).
Decay corrections were performed according to the sampling date. The energy
calibration and absolute efficiency calibration of the spectrometer were carried out using
calibration sources which contained 133Ba, 57Co, 22Na, 137Cs, 54Mn, and 60Co peaks for the
energy range between 80 and 1400 keV (calibration sources supplied by Isotope Products
Laboratories) (Cevik et al. 2008). The reference material of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA-375) and the Gamma Acquisition & Analysis program were used to calibrate
the efficiency of the gamma detector.
The gamma-ray lines of 295.2 keV from 214Pb, 352.0 keV from 214Pb and 609.4 keV from
214
Bi were used to evaluate the 238U activity concentration, while 583.1 keV gamma-ray from
208
TI, 238.6 keV from 212Pb and 911. keV from 228Ac were used to determine to the 232Th
activity concentration. The activity concentrations of 40K and 137Cs were determined by using
their 1460 keV and 661 keV gamma-ray lines, respectively. After the samples and gamma
spectroscopy system (with energy and yield calibrations) were prepared for measurement, the
radioactivity analysis of each sample was performed for 80.000 seconds. At the end of this
period, the spectra of the radioactive isotopes from the samples were calculated. The specific
activity of each sample was then calculated utilizing the following Equation 1 (Changizi et al.
2012).

𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐴𝐴 =
𝜀𝜀∗𝑙𝑙𝛾𝛾 ∗𝑡𝑡∗𝑚𝑚
(1)

where; Cnet was the net area of the total absorption line, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 was the activity of the
isotope in Bq/kg, Iᵧ was the absolute intensity of the transition, t was the sample measurement
time, ɛ was the full energy peak efficiency and m was the mass of the sample.
The minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the present measurement system was
calculated as follows Equation 2 (Currie 1968)

𝜎𝜎√𝐵𝐵
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 =
𝜀𝜀∗𝑃𝑃∗𝑡𝑡∗𝑤𝑤
(2)

where; MDA is in Bq/kg, 𝜎𝜎 was the statistical coverage factor equal to 1.645
(confidence level 95%), 𝐵𝐵 was the background for the region of interest of a certain
radionuclide, 𝑃𝑃 was the absolute transition of gamma decay, 𝜀𝜀 was the full energy peak
efficiency, 𝑡𝑡 was the counting time in seconds and 𝑤𝑤 was weight of the dried sample in kg.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 42

 2.3.1. Effective dose

A possible risk of radioactivity for human being that consume the mushrooms is
expressed by the effective dose (E) given in μSv/y. The average annual effective dose
equivalent that an individual receives due to the radionuclides ingestion from contaminated
mushrooms was calculated using the following Equation 3 (International Atomic Energy
Agency, 2001)

𝐸𝐸 = 𝐶𝐶 ∗ 𝐻𝐻 ∗ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (3)

where; 𝐸𝐸 was annual effective dose from consumption of nuclide in foodstuff (μSv/y),
𝐶𝐶 was the concentration of radionuclide in foodstuff (Bq/kg), 𝐻𝐻 was the consumption rate for
foodstuff p (kg/y) and 𝐷𝐷F was the dose coefficient for ingestion of radionuclide (μSv/Bq). The
values of this conversion factor for adults were: 0.28, 0.23, 1.3×10-2 and 6.2×10-3 μSv/Bq for 238U,
232
Th, 137Cs and 40K, respectively. In this study, the average annual consumption of mushrooms
by adult Turkish people was taken as 0.360 kg.

3. Results

3.1. Metal accumulation

Metal accumulation of studied mushrooms was presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Metal accumulation of studied mushrooms

Metal Mushroom codes
contents
(µg/kg) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Al 47880,6 32582,9 11480,3 12742,8 15511,6 17577,8
Cr 166,55 919,76 96,37 137,07 93,95 1360,56
Mn 8245,91 10571,9 8420,46 15067,4 13539,3 59275,2
Fe 49978,5 232626 41661,6 105689 122635 120888
Co 38,94 112,45 <0,00 6,29 6,65 467,74
Ni 225,79 853,76 522,88 3027,39 723,72 1359,45
Cu 5639,74 9410,69 9908,61 15359,2 6037,01 31122,7
Zn 34084,7 54583,7 81163,4 115226 105905 70250,6
As 37,83 152,39 2,43 27,06 15,59 228,3
Cd 175,96 43,5 269,78 284,07 421,49 1786,33
Hg <0,00 10,46 6,03 8,5 9,09 85,69
Pb <0,00 91,57 24,79 53,03 38,03 760,34

3.2. Radionuclide accumulation

Radionuclide accumulation of studied mushrooms was presented in Table 3.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 43

 Table 3. Radionuclide accumulation of studied mushrooms
Mushroom Radionuclides (Bq/kg)
codes 238
U 232
Th 137
Cs K
40

1 ND* ND ND 947 ± 32
2 ND ND ND 350 ± 13
3 ND ND 15 ± 3 367 ± 14
4 ND ND ND 495 ± 18
5 ND ND ND 306 ± 12
6 ND ND ND 455 ± 17
*ND: Not detected

3.3. Effective dose

Effective dose values of studied mushrooms were presented in Figure 2.

Effective dose (µS/y)

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Effective dose 21,137 7,812 8,893 11,048 6,829 10,155

Mushroom code
Figure 2. Effective dose values of studied mushrooms

4. Discussion
Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant metals in the earth's crust with a
concentration of 80 g/kg (Müller et al. 1997). In this study, Al content of studied mushrooms
were ranged between 11480,3 and 47880,6 µg/kg and the highest Al content was determined
in P. eryingii mushroom cultivated on alder tree sawdust. It was reported that Al contents of
some wild mushrooms in Poland were 25,9-6,0 mg/kg (Mleczek et al. 2013). Our Al results
were found very lower than that of reported data for wild mushrooms.
Chromium (Cr) essential for human metabolism in low concentrations because it is
enzyme activators, but it can be toxic as its concentration increase (Garcia et al. 2013). In the
literature, Cr content of 25 higher mushroom species were reported in the range of 0,05 and
4,51 mg/kg (Vetter, 1997). In this study, the highest Cr content was determined in P. djamor
cultivated on walnut tree sawdust with 1360,56 µg/kg.
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for the activity of a group of enzymes called
phosphotranferases (Knap et al. 2007). Researchers have been reported that Mn contents of
wild edible and cultivated mushrooms were 4.8-65.4 mg/kg (Akyüz and Kirbağ 2010). In this
study, Mn content of studied mushrooms were ranged between 8420,46 and 59275,2 µg/kg
and the highest Mn content was determined in P. djamor mushroom cultivated on walnut tree
sawdust with 1360,56 µg/kg.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 44

 Iron (Fe) is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintains various
physiological functions (Jomova and Valko, 2011). It has been reported that Fe content of 15
mushrooms were 467–3,280 mg/kg and also the tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for iron is 48 mg
for an average adult (60 kg body weight) (Kula et al. 2011). In this study, the highest Fe
content was determined in P. eryingii mushroom cultivated on walnut tree sawdust with
232626 µg/kg.
Cobalt (Co) can be either toxic or essential for living organisms depending on its
concentration level. Borovička and Řanda (2007) have reported that Co content of macro-
fungi is relatively low (mostly below 0.6 ppm), rarely in units of ppm. In this study, the highest
and lowest Co content was determined in P. djamor cultivated on walnut tree sawdust
(467,74 µg/kg) and P. citrinopileatus cultivated on alder tree sawdust, respectively (<0,00
µg/kg).
Nickel (Ni) is a nutritionally essential trace metal for at least several animal species,
micro-organisms and plants, and therefore either deficiency or toxicity symptoms can occur
when, respectively, too little or too much Ni is taken up (Cempel and Nikel, 2006). In a
previous study, Ni content of 25 higher mushroom species were reported in the range of 0,81
and 9,9 mg/kg and and the Ni content was noted under the toxicological limits (20mg/kg)
(Vetter 1997). In this study, the highest Ni content was determined in P. citrinopileatus
mushroom cultivated on walnut tree sawdust with 3027,39 µg/kg.
Copper (Cu) is an essential element and adverse effects can potentially be associated
with both very low and very high intakes (toxic levels) (Georgopoulos et al. 2006; Mleczek et
al. 2013). It was determined the Cu content of 6 wild mushrooms in Poland in the range of
8,20- 26.33 mg/kg. In this study, Cu content of the studied mushrooms were ranged between
5639,74 and 31122,7 µg/kg.
Zinc (Zn) is a masculine element that balances copper in the body, and is essential for
male reproductive activity (Duruibe et al. 2007). PTDI for Zn is 60 mg for an average adult
(60 kg body weight) (Kula et al. 2011). The Zn content of 6 wild mushrooms have been
reported as 31.92-88.71 mg/kg (Mleczek et al., 2013). In this study, Zn content of cultivated
mushrooms were determined in the range of 34084,7-115226 µg/kg.
Arsenic (As) is a toxic element and one of the most notorious compounds (Falandysz
and Rizal 2016). It has been reported that As content of 37 common edible mushroom taxa
was 0,0-146,9 mg/kg (Vetter 2004). In this study, the highest As content (228,3 µg/kg) was 100
times higher than the lowest As content (2,43 µg/kg).
Cadmium (Cd) is toxic at extremely low levels and in this study Cd content of
mushrooms were determined in the range of 43,5-1786,33 µg/kg. In a previous study, ten
times higher cadmium concentrations were determined in cultivated P. ostreatus than in A.
bisporus (Haldimann et al. 1995).
Mercury (Hg) is highly toxic for microorganisms, animals, and humans (Boening 2000). It
has been reported that Hg content of 6 wild mushrooms were 0.9-1.71 mg/kg (Mleczek et al.
2013). In this study, Hg content of studied mushrooms were ranged between 0,00 and 85,69
µg/kg and the highest Hg content was determined in P. djamor cultivated on walnut tree
sawdust.
Lead (Pb) is the most significant toxin of the heavy metals. Its inorganic forms are
absorbed through ingestion by food and water, and inhalation (Ferner 2001). In a previous
study, the Pb content of 15 higher mushrooms have been described as 0.69-9.15 mg/kg (Kula
et al. 2011). The highest Pb content was determined in P. djamor cultivated on walnut tree
sawdust with 760,34 µg/kg.
Uranium (238U), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K) are primordial radionuclides, while
cesium (137Cs) is anthropogenic radionuclide which are available in diverse environments such
oceans, rivers, streams, soils, rocks, vegetable, animals and human body (Hu et al. 2010). In
this study, uranium and thorium was not detected in any studied mushrooms. In our previous
study, uranium and thorium content of cultivated mushrooms were determined 14,6-26,6 and

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 45

2,1-9,2 Bq/kg, respectively (Gürgen et al. 2019). Cesium radionuclide was detected in only P.
citrinopileatus mushroom cultivated on alder tree sawdust. In a previous study, cesium (137Cs)
content of 27 wild mushrooms were described as 2,5- 2763 Bq/kg (Kirchner and Daillant
1998). Potassium content of studied mushrooms were ranged between 306-947 Bq/kg and the
highest potassium content was determined in P. eryingii cultivated on alder tree sawdust. It
has been reported that the average concentrations of 40K of 6 wild mushrooms varied from
254.17 to 416.07 Bq/kg (Faweya et al. 2015).
Effective dose values were ranged between 6,829 and 21,137 µS/y. P. eryingii cultivated
on alder tree sawdust and P. djamor cultivated on beech tree sawdust reached the highest
and the lowest effective dose values, respectively. All effective doses were found below the
world average value (290 μSv/y) (International Atomic Energy Agency 2014).

5. Conclusion
Important findings of this study can be sorted as below;
• In this study, among the studied mushrooms, P. djamor cultivated on walnut tree
sawdust had drawn attention with highest Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, As, Cd, Hg and Pb contents.
But there is no risk for human life because very low accumulation of metals.
• P. citrinopileatus cultivated on alder tree sawdust had drawn attention with Cs
(Cesium) content.
• All effective doses were found below the world average value (290 µS/y).
• It was concluded that the metal and radionuclide content of mushrooms were
affected by mushroom type and cultivation conditions.

6. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Karadeniz Technical University Scientific Research Projects
Unit [FBA-2017-5579].

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Swulski M., Rzymski P., Budka A., Kalac P., Budzyńska S., Dawidowicz L., Hajduk E., Kozak L.,
Budzulak J., Sobieralski K. and Niedzielski, P. (2019). The Effect of Different Substrates on
the Growth of Six Cultivated Mushroom Species and Composition of Macro and Trace
Elements in Their Fruiting Bodies. European Food Research and Technology. 245:419–431.
Vetter J. (1997). Chromium and Nickel Contents of Some Common Edible Mushroom Species.
Acta Alimentaria, 26, 163-170.
Vetter J. (2004). Arsenic Content of Some Edible Mushroom Species. European Food Research
Technology, 219, 71-74.
Yıldız S., Yılmaz A., Can Z., Kılıç C. and Yıldız Ü. (2017). Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin
Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus citrinopileatus
cultivated on Various Sawdust. The Journal of Food, 42, 315-323.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 48

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

UTILIZATION OF UREA POWDERS WITH DIFFERENT SIZES AS A FORMALDEHYDE-

SCAVENGER IN THE PARTICLEBOARD MANUFACTURING

Özcan Yüce1 İbrahim Halil Başboğa2 İlkay Atar3

oyuce@keas.com.tr ihalil.basboga@dpu.edu.tr iatar@ksu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-3303-7427) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-3272-7269) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-9527-1791)

Kadir Karakuş3 Fatih Mengeloğlu1

karakus@ksu.edu.tr fmengelo@ksu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-7088-4364) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-2614-3662)

1
Kastamonu Integrated Adana MDF Facility, R&D Chief of Kastamonu Integrated Adana MDF
Facility, Adana, Turkey
2
Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Department of Wood Product Industrial Engineering, Kütahya,
Turkey
3
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering,
Kahramanaraş, Turkey

Abstract
In this study, the effects of different size and rate of urea powder usage in particleboard
manufacturing on the formaldehyde emission of the boards were investigated. Two different sizes
(Large, Small) and five different rates of urea powder (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) were used for
particleboard manufacturing. Urea formaldehyde (1.35 moles) adhesive was used for production of
three layered particleboards. Formaldehyde contents were determined by perforator method
according to EN 120. Furthermore, mechanical and physical properties including bending strength,
modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, surface stability, thickness swelling and water
absorption of the samples were determined according to EN 310, EN 319 and EN 317 standards,
respectively. Formaldehyde emission values were decreased with the mixing of the urea powder
with chips prior to gluing and the produced boards had E0 grade in terms of formaldehyde
emission. The size and rate of the urea powder were statistically effective on the mechanical and
physical properties of the produced boards. In addition, all of the boards produced with small size
urea powders satisfied the required standards for mechanical, physical and formaldehyde emission
properties, except groups produced with 5% small size urea powder. It should be noted that slight
decrease of mechanical and physical properties were observed with the loading of urea powder.
As a result, it was determined that using of the small size urea powder provided better results
than large size.

Keywords: Formaldehyde emission, carcinogenic substance, perforator method,

particleboard, urea formaldehyde adhesive, urea powder.

1. Introduction
Due to the rapid growth of the world population, demand in the furniture industry has
increased. With this increase, the need for raw materials has also raised. Particleboard and
MDF are the most used wood-based boards in the furniture industry. Turkey has an important

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 49

place in Europe and the World for the wood-based panel sector and this is a fast-
developing sector in Turkey. Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF)
and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins are the most commonly used adhesives in the
manufacturing of these wood-based boards. Using the formaldehyde-based resins causes
some disadvantages for these kinds of boards. The main and also the most important
disadvantage of wood panels produced with formaldehyde-based resins is their
formaldehyde emission which is identified as “probably carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2A)
by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1995 (IARC 1995). In addition, the
definition was changed from Group 2A- “probably carcinogenic to humans” to Group 1-
"carcinogenic to humans"-“formaldehyde is carcinogenic to humans” by IARC (IARC 2006).
One of the main issues of panel manufacturers is solving this problem. Researchers have been
performed many studies on this area.
The most common method is the use of resin with a lower mole ratio for reducing
formaldehyde emission values. However, using lower mole ratio adhesive decreases the
formaldehyde emission values at the expense of strength values of the particleboards. Usage
of hardeners, fillers, and additives prepared in proper formulations in order to scavenge free
formaldehyde after hardening helps to improve formaldehyde emission properties (Şahin et al.
2011). Some researchers aimed to reduce the formaldehyde emission values by using tannins
in urea-formaldehyde resin (Beer, 1994, Çolak et al., 2009). The use of tannins in urea
formaldehyde resin has helped to reduce the formaldehyde emission values of the
particleboards. Besides, the addition of melamine in the second or third stage of urea-
formaldehyde adhesive manufacturing is another way to decline formaldehyde emission. The
reduction of free formaldehyde in the panels with melamine powder is a known fact, but the
rising of melamine powder usage caused to increasing of resin cost (Pizzi, 1994). In addition,
one of the other methods is using formaldehyde-scavenger chemicals in the mat during the
manufacturing of the particleboards or the resin for the decrease formaldehyde emission
values. Chemicals most commonly used as formaldehyde-scavengers are amine-based ones.
Boran et al. (2011) also added amine compounds in UF resin and produced medium-density
particleboards. It was determined that formaldehyde emission from medium-density
particleboard panels decreased by adding urea, propyl amine, methylamine, ethylamine, and
cyclopentyl amine solution. Furthermore, Atar et al. (2014) used a water solution of urea
powder (10 wt%) as a formaldehyde scavenger in UF resin. It was reported that usage of 1
wt% of the solution based on the solid weight of the UF resin decreased the formaldehyde
emission values but slight decrease in mechanical and physical properties was also observed.
In the literature, studies on the comprehensive usage of urea powder as a formaldehyde-
scavenger are quite shallow, except in resin manufacturing.
In this study, utilization of urea powders with different sizes and different rates as a
formaldehyde-scavenger in the particleboard manufacturing was investigated. For this
purpose, three-layer particleboards were manufactured with two different sizes (Large, Small)
and five different rates of urea powder (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%). Formaldehyde content (by
Perforator method), mechanical and physical properties of the samples were determined
according to EN 120, TS EN 310, TS EN 319, TS EN 311, and TS EN 317 standards, respectively.

2. Materials and Methods

Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin with a molar ratio of 1.35 (with 62% solid content) was
used as an adhesive for manufacturing of three-layer particleboards. Coarse and fine chips
consisting of a mixture of red pine and poplar wood supplied from Kastamonu Integrated
particleboard facilities (Tarsus/Turkey) were used. Commercial urea obtained from Comzest
Trading Fzc, which is used in manufacturing of adhesive for particleboard and MDF
production, was used as urea powder. Ammonium chloride supplied from Akça Chemical

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 50

Substances, Transportation, Trade Industry Incorporated Company was used as a hardener
for UF resin. Aqueous solution of Ammonium chloride (with 25% solid content) was prepared
as a hardener.

2.1. Classification of Urea Powder

Urea powders were screened with automatic vibrating sieve machine and passed from
0.2 mm sieve was used as small size urea powder. Urea powders in sizes between 1mm and
0.2mm sieve were used as large sized urea powder. (Included stayed on 1mm and 0.2mm
sieve).

2.2. Manufacturing of Particleboards

Fine particles were utilized in surface layers (SL) while coarse ones in core layer (CL).
Eleven different particleboard groups with three layers (two surface layers and one core
layer) were manufactured. The experimental design of the study was presented in Table 1.
The core layer was accounted for 67% of the total board weight. Surface layers were
contained 33% of the total board weight.

Table 1. Experimental Desing

*Same rate of Resin was used in both layers.

**Based on Dry Resin amount
***Ammonium Chloride with 25% solids content was used
based on the liquid amount of adhesive.

Depending on the Experimental design given from Table 1, first particles and urea
powders were dry-mixed in a high-intensity mixer. Then, UF resin which has hardener added
into the high-intensity mixer to produce a homogeneous blend. The blends were laid into
frame of 500mm x 500mm. A hot press was used for forming of particleboards (90-120 Bar).
The target thickness was 19mm. Pressing time and temperature were 210s and 205 °C,
respectively. After pressing, particleboards were conditioned at a temperature of 20 °C and
65% relative humidity. The conditioned boards were cut from four edges and grinded
thickness range of 0.50 – 1.00 mm. Then test samples were cut according to TS EN standards.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 51

 2.3. Testing of Manufactured Boards

Testing of the samples was conducted in a climate-controlled testing laboratory.

Densities were measured by air-dried density method according to the TS EN 323 standard.
Bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, surface soundness, screw
withdrawal strength, thickness swelling and water absorption of the samples were determined
according to TS EN 310, TS EN 319, TS EN 311 and TS EN 317 standards, respectively.
Mechanical properties testing were performed on Zwick Z010 (10KN).

2.4. Analysis of Data

Design-Expert® Version 7.0.3 statistical software program was used for statistical
analysis. The effectiveness of urea powder rate and size as a formaldehyde-scavenger in
particleboard manufacturing was evaluated.

3. Results and Discussion

Moisture Content after the Pressing (Table 2.) and Means of Density (Table 3.) were
given in the tables below.

Table 2. Moisture Content after the Pressing

The average moisture content of the produced particleboards after pressing varies
between 6.00% and 6.52%. The highest average moisture content (6.52%) was observed from
groups where the large size urea powders were used. In addition to that, the lowest average
moisture content (6.00%) was observed from groups which contained small size urea
powders. However, small size contained groups shows closed average moisture content with
control groups (6.20%).

Table 3. Means of Density

When the Table 3 examined, it is observed that the average density values of the
produced particleboards were close to each other. The close results to the targeted board
density values were obtained. Interaction graph of Density values was also shown in Figure 1.
If we handled Figure 1, it is seen that board densities were slightly decreasing with the
amount of urea powder increases. However, the effect of urea powder size (P = 0.2728) and
urea powder amount (P = 0.0625) on this change was not found to be statistically significant.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 52

 Design-Expert® Software

Density (Kg/m3)
Interaction
A: Urea Powder Size
A1 Small 810
A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder Size

750

Density (Kg/m3)
690

630

570

0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 1. Interaction graphs of Density.

As can see from the interaction graph given in Figure 2, when the first adding of urea
powder Formaldehyde Content (FC) was sharply declined. Decreasing on FCs were continued
with the loading of urea powder. However, after first loading, every 1% added was not as
effective on the FC as the first addition. The maximum allowable formaldehyde content for
E0, E1, and E2 class particleboard is 2, 8, 30 mg/100g dry particleboard sample according to
EN 312, respectively. The control group boards (10.59 mg/100g) in the E2 Formaldehyde
emission class were upgraded to E0 class by using 5% small urea powder (1.6 mg/100g).
Similar results were reported in previous studies (Costa et al., 2013, Atar et al., 2014). Large
urea powder groups showed parallel results with small one. It has been determined that the
size of the urea powder has a slight effect on formaldehyde emission values.

Design-Expert® Software

FC (mg/100g)
Interaction
A: Urea Powder Size
A1 Small 10.60
A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder Size

8.35
FC (mg/100g)

6.10

3.85

1.60

0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 2. The influence of urea powder size and rate on the formaldehyde content.

Based on results, both urea powder size and amount had significant effect on IB
strength values (P<0,0001). Interaction graphs of internal bond strength were shown in Figure
3. With the adding of urea powder IB values were reduced. This was well consistent with the
previous studies (Costa et al., 2013, Atar et al., 2014). Small size urea powder group were
provided better IB properties than the large ones. The all board produced with small size
urea powder groups satisfied standard requirements (P2 class particleboard: furniture boards
for the interior application) for IB properties (0.35 MPa), except 5%. For the 1% and %2 large
size groups satisfied the standards but others groups not. In the groups where 3% and more
large size urea powder was used, much lower IB values observed compared to those using
1% and 2%.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 53

 Design-Expert® Software

IB (MPa)
Interaction
A: Urea Powder size
A1 Small 0.87
A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder size

0.65

IB (MPa)
0.44

0.22

0.00

0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 3. Interaction graphs of internal bond strength.

The interaction graphs of bending strength and modulus of elasticity were given in
Figure 4. It was determined that the urea powder size had a statistically significant effect on
the bending strength (P = 0.0013). Larger urea powder sizes decreased the bending strength
values. Better results were obtained from boards produced using small size urea powder than
large size urea powder boards. It was observed that the amount of urea powder has also
statistically affected the bending strength values (P <0.0001). A decrease in bending strength
was observed with the increase in the amount of urea powder. But all the manufactured
boards were provided standard requirements (11 MPa) for P2 class boards in the standard,
except large size with 5% using.
In the MOE properties, parallel results were observed with bending strength properties.
As the size and amount of urea increased, the MOE tended to decline. Besides the results,
the size and amount of urea were significantly effective on the MOE (P <0.0001). As with
bending strength, all the produced boards were provided standard requirements (1600 MPa)
for P2 class boards in the standard, except large size with 5% using. In addition, in that
group, a modulus of elasticity (1567.99 MPa) close to the standard was obtained.

Design-Expert® Software Design-Expert® Software

Bending Strength (MPa)

Interaction MOE (MPa)
Interaction
A: Urea Powder Size A: Urea Powder Size
A1 Small 27.00 A1 Small 4300
A2 Large A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%) X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder Size X2 = A: Urea Powder Size
Bending Strength (MPa)

20.75 3700
MOE (MPa)

14.50 3100

8.25 2500

2.00 1900

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%) B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 4. The effects of urea powder size and rate on the bending properties.

Size of the urea powder has a statistically significant effect on the surface strength
feature (P <0.0001). Small size Urea powder groups provided better surface strength values
than large sizes. The amount of urea powder has a significant effect on surface strength
values (P = 0.0002). All the produced board groups showed higher results than the standard
value (≥0.8 MPa) required for P2 class particleboards.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 54

 Design-Expert® Software

Surface Soundness (MPa)

Interaction
A: Urea Powder Size
A1 Small 2.20
A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder Size

Surface Soundness (MPa)

1.78

1.35

0.93

0.50

0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 5. Interaction graphs of the surface soundness.

The maximum force was determined in the SWS test. Similar to the MOE values, all the
produced boards reached the standard requirements for SWS, except for samples having 5%
large size urea (min. 450 MPa). Urea powder size (P=0.0014) and amount (P<0.0001) had
significant effect on SWS properties. Better results were obtained in groups where small size
urea powder was used compared to the large size urea powder ones. SWS values were
decreased with the increase of the urea powder amount.

Design-Expert® Software

SWS (N)
Interaction
A: Urea Powder Size
A1 Small 1900
A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder Size

1450
SWS (N)

1000

550

100

0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 6. Interaction graphs of screw withdrawal strength.

Thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) tests were carried out as physical
properties of the produced boards. As a result of the test, the interaction graphs of TS and
WA were given in Figure 7. Amount (P<0,0001) and size (P=0,0006) of the urea powder were
significantly effective on TS properties. TS properties were getting worst with the rising of
urea powder amount. As it is mentioned previously, with the increase of the urea powder
amount, the quality of adhesion in the core layer was reduced leading to lower IB values.
Lack of good adhesion may ease the water penetration into the boards during TS test and
may cause an increase in thickness swelling values. The water absorption interaction graph
was also presented in Figure 7. Some changes were observed in the WA values for both
groups. It was determined that urea powder size had no statistical effect on these changes
(P = 0.8682), but the amount of urea powder had a statistically significant effect on the WA
feature (P <0.0001). While none of groups were satisfied the standard for TS (Max. 15%), all
groups provided standard requirements for WA (Max. 80%), except small size urea powder
with 5% (86.21%).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 55

 Design-Expert® Software Design-Expert® Software

T S (%)
Interaction WA (%)
Interaction
A: Urea Powder Size A: Urea Powder Size
A1 Small 43.0 A1 Small 90.0
A2 Large A2 Large

X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%) X1 = B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

X2 = A: Urea Powder Size X2 = A: Urea Powder Size

36.8 82.8

WA (%)
TS (%)
30.5 75.5

24.3 68.3

18.0 61.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

B: Urea Powder Amount (%) B: Urea Powder Amount (%)

Figure 7. Interaction graphs of thickness swelling and water absorption (at 24h).

Moreover, all the data and standard requirement were summarized in Table 4. While
values matched standards were painted in green, not matched values were painted in red.

Table 4. Summary of Study

*According to the EN 120 perforator method which stays in EN 13986

standard for European Countries, E1 limit for wood based boards such as
particleboard and MDF.

From Table 4, it was clearly seen that the size and amount of urea powder usage have
a significant effect on the board's properties. About the formaldehyde content, E0 and E1
class particleboard produced with different size urea powders. All the produced groups
satisfied the E1 class particleboards standard, except for control group. In addition, some
groups having small size (S4 and S5) and large size (L3 and L4) urea powders provided E0
class particleboards. All boards produced with small size urea powder were satisfied
standard requirements for all mechanical properties, except for S5 group. The boards
produced with large size urea powder up to 4% were fulfilled the standard requirements for
mechanical properties, except IB properties. L1 and L2 groups provided much higher IB values
than the standard values. These two groups were also satisfied the all other mechanical
properties required by standards. To mention on physical properties, while none of groups
were satisfied the standard for TS, all groups provided standard requirements for WA, except
small size urea powder with 5%. L3 group boards showed the maximum WA value of 80%. It
should be noted that there was no paraffin or equivalent products was used in this study.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 56

These physical property results might be improved by appropriate addition of water repellent
chemicals.

4. Conclusion
As results of the study, different size and amount of urea powder were successfully
utilized as a formaldehyde-scavenger in the manufacturing of particleboards with UF resin
and the following conclusions were reached;
1. The best results were obtained by using 5% of small size urea powders for
Formaldehyde content,
2. With the presence of a small amount of urea powder in the formulation,
Formaldehyde emission was sharply declined. Further, the increase in urea powder amount
provided moderate improvement not as effective as the first addition,
3. Both the amount and the size of urea powders had significant effect on panel
properties,
4. The physical properties of the some of the produced samples were not satisfied the
standard requirements. Using of some water repellent chemicals might help to overcome that
problem.
As a result of the studies, it has been observed that urea powder can be used as a
formaldehyde-scavenger. Reducing the formaldehyde emission, which is dangerous for human
health, is one of the main goals of every manufacturer. It is thought that this study can be
guide for wood-based board manufacturer. It should be investigated whether the studies are
suitable for mass production by working more and cost studies should be done.

5. Acknowledgments
This research was supported by KSÜ Scientific Research Fund. (BAP) (Project number:
2017/1-58 YLS). Authors would also like to thank Kastamonu Integrated Adana MDF Facility
for providing Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin and chips.

References
Atar İ., Nemli G., Ayrilmis N., Baharoğlu M., Sarı B. and Bardak S. 2014. Effects of Hardener
Type, Urea Usage and Conditioning Period On the Quality Properties of Particleboard.
Materials & Design (1980-2015) 56, 91-96.
Beer J., Schmidt H. and Bistram E.V. 1994. Method for the Fabrication of Particle Boards and
Fibreboards with Low Formaldehyde Content Using Tannin Based Binders. European
Patent Office. Patent number: EP0788866B1
Boran S., Usta M., Gümüşkaya E. 2011. Decreasing Formaldehyde Emission from Medium
Density Fiberboard Panels Produced by Adding Different Amine Compounds to Urea
Formaldehyde Resin. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 31(7):674-678
Costa N.A., Pereira J., Ferra J., Cruz P., Martins J., Magalhaes F.D., Mendes A. and Carvalho
L.H. 2013. Scavengers for Achieving Zero Formaldehyde Emission of Wood-Based Panels.
Wood Sci Technol (2013) 47:1261–1272.
Çolak S., Öztürk H., Demir A., 2009. Yonga Levhaların Formaldehit Emisyonu Üzerine Tanen ve
Kitosanın Etkileri.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1995) Wood dust and formaldehyde.
IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 62:1–405.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol
and 1-tertbutoxypropan-2-ol. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 88:1–478.
PMID:17366697.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 57

Pizzi A. 1994. Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Şahin H.T., Filiz M., Kaya A.İ., Usta P., Çiçekler M., Bozkurt C. (2011) Formaldehid Tutkalı ve
Formaldehid Emisyonu. Laminart, Sayı:39.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 58

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

INFLUENCE OF THERMAL MODIFICATION OF ASH WOOD (Fraxinus excelsior L.)

AND MACHINING PARAMETERS IN CNC FACE MILLING ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS
USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)

Vladislav Zdravković1 Tanja Palija1 Zoran Karadolamović2

vladislav.zdravkovic@sfb.bg.ac.rs tanja.palija@sfb.bg.ac.rs zoran.drvoart@gmail.com

1
University of Belgrade/Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade,Serbia
2
Technical school Drvo Art, Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract
The objective of this research was to analyse the effect of thermal modification of ash
wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) at moderate temperature of 160oC and three processing parameters:
spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut in CNC face milling operation on surface quality,
expressed by arithmetic surface roughness parameter (Ra).
In order to determine material properties, moisture content (MC), density, swelling, anti-
swelling efficiency (ASE) and contact angle for both untreated and thermo-treated ash wood
have been measured.
Highly effective, incomplete 33 Box-Behnken factorial design was made, with three levels of
cutting speed: 8.000, 12.000, and 16.000rpm; three levels of feed rate: 1.000, 1.500 and 2.000 mm/min;
and three levels of depth of cut: 2, 4, and 6 mm. According to the above design matrix, all groups
of 50x50x30mm samples have been machined with two machining strategies: raster and offset.
Surface roughness parameter Ra was measured per each run. Response - surface analysis (RSM)
was applied to the parameter Ra for all sets of samples. The 3-D response surface plots, polynomial
equations and ANOVA tables have been obtained per each observed input variable, for both
machining strategies (raster and offset).
The results indicated that the thermal modification of ash wood at 160 oC improved it`s
physical properties: decreased MC, improved wood density, improved ASE and increased wood
hydrophobicity.
Polynomial equations and ANOVA tables showed different behaviour of untreated and treated
ash wood regarding changing of machining parameters in experimental space. Offset processing
strategy, gave better results in the quality of wood surface, than raster processing strategy for all
types of samples. Thermal modification of ash wood at 160oC improved surface quality after
machining for both processing strategies.

Keywords: ash wood, thermo-wood, surface roughness, response surface methodology

(RSM), design of experiment (DOE), CNC face milling

1. Introduction
The effects of thermal modification on wood are well known since sixties. Some effects
of thermal treatments, on equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and on change of thickness
swelling (TS) of different wood species were stated by Kamdem et al. (2002), Akyildiz and
Ates (2008), Cao et al. (2010), Tjeerdsma et al. (1998) and Yildiz (2002), Lovrić et al. (2017).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 59

 Temperature greater than 180ºC causes significant changes in chemical properties in
wood (Tjeerdsma et al. 1998, Kotilainen 2000). High temperatures reduce hemicelluloses
(Rousset et al. 2004).
Another much more significant change in physical properties due to high temperatures
is greater dimensional stability, i.e. lower hygroscopicity of the wood (Tjeerdsma et al. 1998,
Kotilainen 2000, Yildiz 2002, Rousset et al. 2004).
Boonstra et al. (2006) indicate that during thermal modification at temperatures up to
200 oC in hard wood species such as ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) there is a collapse of
the trachea and deformation of wood fibers (libriforms) located in their immediate vicinity.
Damage to cell walls administratively on the direction of wood fibers occurs in the form of
transverse cracks and this leads to a decrease in bending.
According to Herrera et al. (2016) thermal modification causes a significant decrease in
the hemicelluloses content in the cell walls of ash wood and increases the content of lignin
and extractives, which is expressed at temperatures higher than 200 ºC.
The quality of the treated surface is most often determined by the surface roughness
parameter Ra, which is widely recognized and the most widespread in international
frameworks. Surface roughness parameter Ra analysis was carried out as research conducted
by Supadarattanawong & Rodkwan (2006), Rawangwong et al. (2011), Karagoz et al. (2011),
Sofuoglu (2015) and Hazır & Hüseyin Koç (2016).
But thermal modification of wood on lower temperatures also can improve it`s
machinability regarding power consumption and surface quality. The surface roughness
depends on many parameters of processing such as feed rate, grit number of sanding belt
during sanding (Palija et al., 2018), spindle speed, the depth of cut, feed rate, the angle of
processing and the type and material from which the tool was made during milling (Karagoz
et al. 2011).
Karagoz et al. (2011) examined the influence of thermal modification of wood on
surface roughness, during processing on the CNC machine. The samples are 50x50x150 mm in
size, of four wood species: white pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.), Oriental beech (Fagus
orientalis Lipsky.), Turkish dishes (Abies bornmülleriana Mattf.) and Canadian poplar (Populus
canadensis). Thermal modification was performed at temperatures of 120, 160 and 200°C.
Ender Hazır and Hüseyin Koç (2016) investigated optimization process by combined
approach of central composite face-centered (CCFC) experimental design and response
surface methodology (RSM). The second order mathematical models in terms of machining
parameters were developed for surface roughness using response surface methodology.
Ender Hazır and Hüseyin Koç (2016) in the second research used three steps Taguchi
technique to find “best” combination of inputs in CNC milling of Beech pine (Fagus orientalis
Lisky) regarding surface roughness parameter Ra.
Sufuoglu (2015) used an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling approach to predict
and controlof surface roughness (Ra and Rz).
The MAIN OBJECTIVE of this research was to analyze the effect of thermal
modification of ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) at moderate temperature of 160oC and three
processing parameters: spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut in CNC face milling
operation (with two machining strategies: raster and offset) on surface quality, expressed by
arithmetic surface roughness parameter (Ra).
The SECOND OBJECTIVE was to determine material properties, analyzing moisture
content (MC), density, swelling, anti-swelling-efficiency (ASE) and contact angle for both
untreated and thermo-treated ash wood.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 60

 2. Materials and Methods
The research material in the form of 32mm thick tangential planks of dried ash wood
(Fraxinus Excelsior L.), and 32mm thick tangential planks, thermally modified at temperatures
of 160°C has been taken from industrial production. From these planks 30 control samples of
the untreated ash wood and 30 samples of thermally modified ash wood has been made.
(Figure 1).

2.1. Material Properties

Material physical properties such as MC, density and swelling has been determined by
standard methods as described Zdravković et al. (2010), Islam et al. (2012), Zdravković et al.
(2013).

Figure 1. Untreated and thermo-treated ash wood samples for machining in two strategies:
offset and raster

Contact angle (θ) has been measured and expressed by usual method (Zdravković et
al. 2010, Islam et al. 2012) from digital photos (Figure 2). The measurement was performed
three times, for each droplet position, on two types of samples and was presented as a
mean.

Figure 2. Contact angle measurement (θ) on untreated and thermo-treated ash wood
samples

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 61

 Anti-swelling-efficiency (ASE) is measure of effectiveness of wood treatment. The samples
were oven-dried and after stabilization in the conditioning chamber, the specimens were
soaked in a water bath at temperature of 20±1oC for each type of sample for 7 days.

Anti-swelling-efficiency (ASE) has been calculated as follows:

S r − St
ASE (%) = ⋅ 100[%] (1)
St

V2 − V1
S (%) = ⋅ 100[%] (2)
V1
where
Sr – volumetric swelling coefficient of untreated samples
St - volumetric swelling coefficient of treated samples
V1 – volume of wood before soaking (cm3)
V2 - volume of wood after soaking (cm3)

2.2. Experimental Design (ED)

Incomplete 33 Box-Behnken factorial design was made, which requires 15 runs for the
analysis, unlike 27 runs for full factorial design. Box-Behnken factorial design is widely
accepted in industrial experimentation (Box, Behnken 1960; Myers, R. H., Montgomery, D. C.,
1995; Zdravković 1999; Dong-Hee Lee, Kwang-Jae Kim 2011; Ender Hazır and Hüseyin Koç
2016).
The values of three experimental variables were chosen carefully to cover the feasible
range of each variable, as follows:

 1.000, 1.500 and 2.000 mm/min for feed rate

 8.000, 12.000, and 16.000 rpm for spindle speed
 2, 4, and 6 mm for depth of cut.

After computer analysis by software Statgraphics Centurion XVI (StatPoint Technologies,

Inc.), ANOVA tables, second order polynomial equations and 3-D response surface plots have
been obtained.
The general form of the second order polynomial equation is:

y = β + β x + β x + β x + β x + β x + β x + β x x + β x x + β x x +r
2 2 2
1i 2i 3i 1i 2i 3i 1i 2i 1i 3i 2i 3i i
(3)
i 0 1 2 3 11 22 33 12 13 23

Yi -response for the ith run

β0 -constant
β1 -linear influence of the first factor
β2 -linear influence of the second factor
β3 -linear influence of the third factor
β11 - second order parameter to estimate curvature for the first factor
β22 - second order parameter to estimate curvature for the second factor
β33 - second order parameter to estimate curvature for the third factor
β12,β13,β23 - parameters of interaction
x1 – feed rate (m/min)
x2 – spindle speed (rpm)

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 62

 x3 – depth of cut (mm)
ri - residual error

The ANOVA table partitions the variability in observed sets of data into separate
pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the statistical significance of each effect by
comparing the mean square against an estimate of the experimental error. Polynomial
equations which have been fitted to the data are displayed at the bottom of ANOVA tables
below. Values of the variables are specified in their original units.

2.3. CNC Face Milling Operation

According to the computer-generated experimental design matrix, all groups of

50x50x30mm samples have been machined on CNC machine (BDARK 2120 PRO, Turkey) in
face milling operation, with two machining strategies - offset and raster (Figure 3). The CNC
machine was programmed by software Autodesk ArtCAM 2018 (Autodesk, Inc. USA).

Figure 3. CNC machine (BDARK 2120 PRO, Turkey) in face milling operation

2.4. Measurements of Arithmetic Surface Roughness Parameter (Ra)

The average arithmetic surface roughness parameter (Ra) was measured on 4

reference lengths of (2.5mm), per each sample, in the latewood zone. The measurement was
carried out by stylus contact tester (model TimeSurf TR200, manufacturer Beijing TIME High
Technology Ltd.), in accordance with ISO 4287:1997 protocol (Figure 4). The diameter of the
diamond stylus tip was 2 μm, and the stylus was pressed on the surface by the force of 4
mN.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 63

 Figure 4. Stylus contact tester (TR200 TIME, China) for measurement of parameter R

3. Results

3.1. Physical properties: MC, ratio βt/βr, ASE, contact angle (θ)

Control (untreated) samples of ash wood had an average MC of 7.58%, while thermally
modified samples at a temperature of 160⁰C had an average MC of 4.42%.
Thermally modified samples at a temperature of 160⁰C had an average tangential
swelling of 3.54%, while the average tangential swelling in the control samples was 6.90%.
Thermally modified samples at a temperature of 160⁰C had an average radial swelling
of 4.51%, while average radial swelling in the control samples was 5.68%.
Wood anisotropy, expressed through the ratio of tangential and radial swelling βt/βr, is
a very important indicator of the impact of physical properties on the quality of the surface
processed wood. This βt/βr swelling ratio of wood over water and βt/βr swelling ratio of
wood in the water is shown in table 1.
It can be noted that the ratio in tangential and radial direction in control(untreated)
samples of ash wood is highest and it is 1.61%, while in thermally modified samples at
temperature of 160 ⁰ C, this ratio is 1.44% what idicates that thermal modificatione make
wood more stabile.
Anti Swelling Efficinecy parameter (ASE) was as expected (28.19%), considering relatively
low temperature of thermal treatment of 160oC.

Table 1. Tangential - radial swelling ratio βt/βr

Type of Tangential - radial swelling ratio βt/βr
samples Swelling over water (7 days) Swelling in water (7 days)
Untreated 1.61 1.84
Thermo-treated
1.44 1.51
at 160⁰C
Anti-Swelling Efficiency parameter (ASE) 28.19%

Table 2 shows the value of the contact angle of the water droplet, whose change was
tracked from the starting zero position, (0s) to a total of 20 seconds. The contact angle value
was measured every 10 seconds. The decline of the contact angle over time (and the
increase in its cosines) is faster in the control (untreated) samples of the ash wood.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 64

 Table 2. Wettability of ash wood-contact angle θ
Type of o
samples Contact angle θ ( )

0 s 10 s 20 s

No treated 33.98 13.43 5.78

Treated at 160 °C 61.79 53.93 46.31

3.2. Arithmetic Surface Roughness Parameter (Ra)

ANOVA tables and second order polynomial equations showed different behaviour of
untreated and treated ash wood regarding changing of machining parameters in experimental
space. The main indicator of machined surface quality was arithmetic surface roughness
parameter (Ra) expressed by polynomial equations and response surface graphs. Response
surface graphs has been shown in the function of feed rate and spindle speed, with depth of
cut fixed at 4mm in every observed case.
The ANOVA table partitions the variability in sets of data into separate pieces for each
of the effects.
The accuracy of the fitted model was tested by R-Squared statistic who indicates in which
percent the fitted model explains the variability in the process.
The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any
significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in the data file. Since in all
observed cases the P-value was greater than 0.05, there were no indication of serial
autocorrelation in the residuals.

Table 3. ANOVA table for surface roughness parameter Ra and polynomial equation
(untreated. raster)
Sum of Degrees of
Variable Variance ratio F value P – value
Squares freedom
A: feed rate 0.071442 1 0.071442 0.34 0.5859
B: spindle speed 0.0117811 1 0.0117811 0.06 0.8226
C: depth of cut 1.88277 1 1.88277 8.93 0.0305
AA 0.520039 1 0.520039 2.47 0.1772
AB 0.400689 1 0.400689 1.90 0.2266
AC 0.0484 1 0.0484 0.23 0.6522
BB 0.0344134 1 0.0344134 0.16 0.7030
BC 0.0995403 1 0.0995403 0.47 0.5227
CC 0.462596 1 0.462596 2.19 0.1987
Residual error 1.05475 5 0.21095
Total 4.66747 14
(corrected)
Ra (untreated. raster) = 9.05771 – 0.0070315×A– 0.000312906×B + 1.0221×C
+0.00000150117×A + 1.5825E-7×A × B +0.00011×A × C + 6.03386E-9×B2–0.0000197188×B × C–
2

0.0884896×C2
R2=0.774
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 77.402% of the
variability in (untreated. raster).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 65

 Analysis showed the highest influence of factor C (depth of cut) on arithmetic surface
roughness parameter Ra, followed by A2 (feed rate-squared) and C2 (depth of cut-squared)
and interactions AB (feed rate x spindle speed).

Figure 5. Surface roughness Ra response surface graph for untreated wood and raster
processing strategy

Table 4. ANOVA table for surface roughness parameter Ra and polynomial equation (Т160
⁰C. raster)
Degrees
Sum of Variance
Variable of F value P – value
Squares ratio
freedom
A: feed rate 0.00418612 1 0.00418612 0.02 0.8945
B: spindle speed 0.0489845 1 0.0489845 0.23 0.6534
C: depth of cut 0.15429 1 0.15429 0.72 0.4358
AA 0.34498 1 0.34498 1.60 0.2613
AB 0.00416025 1 0.00416025 0.02 0.8948
AC 0.116281 1 0.116281 0.54 0.4953
BB 0.159616 1 0.159616 0.74 0.4285
BC 0.00038025 1 0.00038025 0.00 0.9681
CC 0.000310256 1 0.000310256 0.00 0.9712
Residual error 1.07602 5 0.215205
Total 1.87842 14
(corrected)
Ra (Т160 ⁰C. raster) = 7.81071 – 0.00411075 ×A – 0.00026325×B–0.190021×C +
0.00000122267×A2–1.6125E-8× A×B +0.0001705×A×C + 1.29948E-8×B2–0.00000121875×B×C
+0.00229167×C2

R2=0.4272
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 42.716% of the
variability in (Т160 ⁰C. raster).
The factor A2 (feed-rate squared) showed the highest influence on arithmetic surface
roughness parameter Ra, while other factors were unsignificant.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 66

 Figure 6. Surface roughness Ra response surface graph for treated wood at 160oC and
raster processing strategy

Table 5. ANOVA table for surface roughness parameter Ra and polynomial equation
(untreated. offset)
Degrees
Sum of Variance
Variable of F value P – value
Squares ratio
freedom
A: feed rate 0.166176 1 0.166176 0.59 0.4765
B: spindle speed 0.5 1 0.5 1.78 0.2396
C: depth of cut 0.0294031 1 0.0294031 0.10 0.7594
AA 0.0711254 1 0.0711254 0.25 0.6362
AB 0.000064 1 0.000064 0.00 0.9885
AC 0.0135722 1 0.0135722 0.05 0.8347
BB 0.144084 1 0.144084 0.51 0.5059
BC 0.042436 1 0.042436 0.15 0.7135
CC 0.549308 1 0.549308 1.96 0.2208
Residual error 1.40422 5 0.280844
Total (corrected) 2.98345 14
Ra (untreated. offset) = 4.20571 – 0.00163425×A– 0.000288312×B +0.559854×C + 5.55167E-
7×A2 + 2.E-9×A×B +0.00005825×A×C + 1.23463E-8×B2 +0.000012875×B×C– 0.0964271×C2

R2=0.529
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 52.933% of the
variability in (untreated. offset).
Factors C2 (depth of cut-squared) and B (spindle speed) showed the highest influence
on arithmetic surface roughness parameter Ra, while other factors were unsignificant.

Figure 7. Surface roughness Ra response surface graph for untreated wood and offset
processing strategy

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 67

Table 6. ANOVA table for surface roughness parameter Ra and polynomial equation (Т160⁰C.
offset)
Sum of Degrees of
Variable Variance ratio F value P – value
Squares freedom
A: feed rate 0.111628 1 0.111628 2.05 0.2112
B: spindle speed 0.905185 1 0.905185 16.66 0.0095
C: depth of cut 0.326432 1 0.326432 6.01 0.0578
AA 1.02564 1 1.02564 0.00 0.9990
AB 0.047961 1 0.047961 0.88 0.3906
AC 0.00801025 1 0.00801025 0.15 0.7168
BB 0.0195866 1 0.0195866 0.36 0.5744
BC 0.00042025 1 0.00042025 0.01 0.9333
CC 0.000400641 1 0.000400641 0.01 0.9349
Residual error 0.271625 5 0.0543251
Total 1.69188 14
(corrected)
Ra (Т160⁰C. offset) = 1.81558 + 0.00071225× A + 0.000112406×B +0.0284167×C + 6.66667E-
10× A2– 5.475E-8× A ×B +0.00004475× A ×C– 4.55208E-9×B2–0.00000128125×B×C +
0.00260417×C2

R2=0.83945
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 83.945% of the
variability in (Т160⁰C. offset).
The highest influence on arithmetic surface roughness parameter Ra, indicated factor B
(spindle speed), followed by C (depth of cut) and factor A (feed rate), while other factors
were unsignificant.

Figure 6. Surface roughness Ra response surface graph for treated wood at 160oC and
offset processing strategy

4. Discussion
Analysis of tangential - radial swelling ratio βt/βr proved that thermal modification of
ash wood at 160oC improved it`s physical properties: decreased MC, improved ASE and
increased wood hydrophobicity. Anti-Swelling-Efficiency parameter (ASE) was as expected
(28.19%), considering relatively low temperature of thermal treatment of 160oC. Other authors
have found much more significant change in physical properties due to higher temperatures.
Dimensional stability was greater, i.e. lower hygroscopicity of the wood (Tjeerdsma et al. 1998,
Kotilainen 2000, Yildiz 2002, Rousset et al. 2004). But thermal modification of ash wood at
160oC is good balance between it`s physical properties imrovement and surface quality after
CNC face milling.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 68

 Karagoz et al. (2011) examined the influence of thermal modification of wood on
surface roughness, during processing on the CNC machine. They found that the values for the
parameter Ra were higher in the radial than in the tangential direction, while the overall
results suggest that the Ra was lower with the thermal modification temperature rising.
Analyses showed that offset processing strategy, gave better results in the quality of
wood surface, than raster processing strategy for all types of samples. Uddin et al. (2007)
found the same results by exploring the 2D trajectory of the work tool movement during
CNC milling operation. They found that the spiral (offset) processing strategy obtained better
quality of the treated surface compared to raster processing strategy.
Sofuoglu (2015) found the similar results: smallest values for the surface roughness
parameters Ra and Rz were obtained at spindle speed of 16000 rpm. The parameter Rz was
smaller in offset processing strategy, while Ra parameter values were approximate. The most
optimal processing was offset strategy, with spindle speed of 16000 rpm and feed rate of
1000 mm/min.

5. Conclusion
 Average MC of no-treated ash wood was 7.58% while average MC of thermally
treated ash wood at 160 ⁰C was 4.42%.
 Anisotropy of thermally treated ash wood at 160⁰C was stabilized what was indicated
by βt/βr ratio: on samples over water it was lowered from 1.61 to 1.44 and on samples
submerged into water it was lowered from 1.84 to 1.51. It means that swelling in tangential
and radial direction was more uniform, and wood has become more stable.
 The decrease of contact angle was faster over time (spilling), with control (untreated)
samples.
 Anti-Swelling-Efficiency parameter (ASE) was as expected (28.19%), considering
relatively low temperature of thermal treatment of 160oC.
 Polynomial equations and ANOVA tables showed different behavior of untreated and
treated ash wood regarding changing of machining parameters in experimental space.
 Offset processing strategy, gave better results in the quality of wood surface, than
raster processing strategy for all types of samples. Thermal modification of ash wood at
160oC improved surface quality after machining for both processing strategies.

References
Akyildiz, M. H.; Ates, S., (2008). Effect of heat treatment on equilibrium moisture content (EMC)
of some wood species in Turkey, Research J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4 (6): 660-665.
Boonstra M., Rijsdijk J.F., Sander C., Kegel E., Tjeerdsma B., Militz H., Van Acker J., Stevens M.
(2006). Microstructural and physical aspects of heat treated wood. Part 2:
Hardwoods, Maderas, Ciencia y Tecnología 8: 209-217
Box G.E.P., Behnken D.W. (1960). Some New Three Level Designs for the Study of Quantitative
Variables., Technometrics, november, Vol. 2, No 4.
Cao, Y.; Lu, J.; Huang, R., (2012). Increased dimensional stability of Chinese fir through steam-
heat treatment, Eur. J. Wood Prod., 70: 441- 444.
Dong-Hee Lee, Kwang-Jae Kim (2011). A Review on Posterior and Interactive Solution
Selection Methods to Multiresponse Surface Optimization, Journal of Quality Vol. 18, No. 4
Hazır E., Hüseyin Koç K. (2016). Optimization of wood surface machining parameters in CNC
routers: Response surface methodology (RSM) approach, International Journal of Scientific
Research Engineering &Technology, ISSN 2278-0882 Volume 5, Issue 10

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 69

Hazır E., Hüseyin Koç K. (2016). Determination of wood cutting parameters using taguchi
method, International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology, ISSN 2278-
0882 Volume 5, Issue 11
ISO 4287:1997 Geometrical Product Specifications (Gps)– Surface Texture: Profile Method —
Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters
Yildiz, S., (2002). Physical, mechanical, technological and chemical properties of beech and
spruce wood treated by heating, PhD disertation, Karadeniz Tech. Univ., Trabzon, Turkey.
Karagoz U., Akyildiz M.H., Isleyen O. (2011). Effect of heat treatment on surfaceroughness of
thermal wood machined by CNC, Pro Ligno 7(4): 50-58
Kamdem, D.; Pizzi, A.; Jermannaud, A., (2002). Durability of heat-treated wood, Holz Roh-
Werkst., 60: 1-6.
Lovrić A., Zdravković V., Popadić R., Milić G., (2017). Properties of Plywood Boards Composed
of Thermally Modified and Non-modified Poplar Veneer: BioResources12(4), 8581-8594
Myers, R. H. and Montgomery, D. C., (1995), Response Surface Methodology: Process and
Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
Palija, T., Jaić M., Džinčić I., (2018): The Impact of Sanding System on the Surface Roughness
of Medium Density Fibreboard, International Forest Products Congress -ORENKO 2018,
Trabzon, Turkey, pp. 310-316
Rawangwong S., Chatthong J., Rodjananugoon J. (2011). The study of proper conditions in face
coconut wood by CNC milling machine, International Conference on quality and reliability
(ICQR), Bangkok, pp. 455-459
Rawangwong S., Chatthong J., Rodjananugoon J., Boonchouytan W. (2011). A Study of Proper
Conditions in Face Milling Palmyra Palm Wood by Computer Numerical Controlled Milling
Machine, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya,
Songkhla, Thailand, Silpakorn U Science & Tech J Vol. 5(2): 33-39
Sofuoglu S.D. (2015). Using Artificial Neural Networks to Model the Surface Roughness of
Massive Wooden Edge-Glued Panels Made of Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a
Machining Process with Computer Numerical Control, BioResources 10(4): 6797-6808
Sofuoglu S.D. (2015). Determination of Optimal Machining Parameters of Massive Wooden
Edge-Glued Panels Made of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) using Taguchi Design
Method, BioResources 10(4): 7772-7781
Tjeerdsma, B. F.; Militz, H., (2005). Chemical changes in hydrothermal treated wood: FTIR
analysis of combined hydrothermal and dry heat-treated wood, Holz Roh- Werkst 63:
102-111.
Zdravković, (1999), Model of peeled veneer quality prediction by some elements of theory of
reliability, PhD Thesys, Faculty of Forestry of Belgrade University.
Zdravković, V.; Lovrić, A., 2010: Influence of thermal treatments on wettability and water
spread on the surface of poplar veneer, Paper presented at First Serbian Forestry
Congress, held on 11-13 November, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade.
Zdravković V., Lovrić A., Stanković B., (2013): Dimensional Stability of Plywood Panels Made
from Thermaly Modified Poplar Veneers in the Conditions of Variable Air Humidity. Drvna
Industrija 64 (3).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 70

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF BUILDING MATERIAL SELECTION AND DESIGN

STYLE ON KILN THERMAL PROPERTIES IN SOLAR KILNS

Kemal Üçüncü1 Aytaç Aydın1

kucuncu@ktu.edu.tr aytac @ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-6294-6112) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-7460-9618)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Natural and technical drying methods are generally applied in timber drying. Although
energy is not used in natural drying, the drying time is long and timber cannot be dried until the
desired humidity for interior spaces. Despite the fact that timber can be dried up to the degree of
humidity desired in technical drying, drying costs are high. In the timber industry, 70% of the
energy is spent during the drying phase. Depending on the tree type and timber thickness, the
energy spent varies between 600-1000 kWh for 1 m3 of timber. In recent years, the drying of
timber with solar energy is being studied as an alternative drying method in order to reduce
energy costs in drying. For this purpose, various types of solar energy timber drying ovens are
designed and drying trials are carried out. In most of these studies, it was concluded that solar
furnaces can be used economically if fuel prices increase and solar collectors costs can be
reduced. In these studies, the effects of wall building materials on the temperature regime have
not been evaluated. In terms of drying quality, drying temperatures appropriate for the
characteristics of the dried timber should be applied. During the sunbathing period, the
temperature rises first, it drops again after reaching the maximum value between 12:00 and 14:00.
The specific heat and heat conduction coefficients of the wall materials also have important
effects on the change of the oven temperature. The negative effects of intense energy
consumption on costs and environmental pollution in timber drying have strengthened the
tendency to benefit from solar energy in recent years. Although drying of timber in flat collector
solar ovens takes more time than conventional drying, energy costs are low and there are no
negative environmental effects.
In this study, the selection of building materials and design type to be used in the design of
solar furnaces are evaluated in terms of thermal properties. Materials with different thermal
capacities create different thermal features in different designs. Therefore, it is possible to control
the course of the temperature distribution throughout the solar timber drying ovens by choosing
different building materials and design types.

Keywords: Solar kilns, timber drying, drying economy, furnace design

1. Introduction
Natural and technical drying methods are generally used in drying timber. Although
energy is not consumed in natural drying, the drying period is long and timber cannot be
dried to the desired result humidity for interiors. Although the timber can be dried to the
desired result humidity level in technical drying, drying costs are high. 60-70% of the energy in
the timber industry is spent during the drying phase. The energy consumed depending on the

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 71

tree type and timber thickness varies between 600-1000 kWh per 1 m3 of timber (Comstock,
1978).
In recent years, drying timber with solar energy has been studied as an alternative
drying method in order to reduce energy costs in drying. For this purpose, various types of
solar-powered timber drying furnaces are designed and drying trials are carried out. In most
of these studies, it has been concluded that solar furnaces can be used economically if the
fuel prices increase and the costs of solar collectors can be reduced. In these studies, little
coverage has been given to the effects of wall building materials on the temperature regime
(Read et al., 1978; Gaugh, 1977; Bois, 1977; Yang, 1980; Chen, 1981; Little, 1984; Örs and
Üçüncü, 1992).
In terms of drying quality, drying temperatures suitable for the properties of the dried
timber should be applied. In solar furnaces, the temperature varies according to solar energy
values and shows significant differences throughout the day. During the sunbathing period,
the temperature first rises and decreases again after reaching the maximum value between
12:00 - 14:00. The width of the hourly temperature change interval negatively affects the
drying time and quality. In Figure 1, possible hourly variations in temperature during the day
are shown for a solar furnace. The temperature of the furnace, which decreases to the
lowest level at night, reaches its maximum value between 13:00 and 14:00 during the day due
to the effect of solar radiation, and this temperature difference between this temperature
difference negatively affects the drying.

Figure 1. Hourly change graph of temperature in solar furnace

The specific heat and heat conduction coefficients of the wall materials also have an
important effect on the change of furnace temperature. Therefore, by choosing the wall
building materials to be used, a more homogeneous distribution of the oven temperature can
be achieved. Greenhouse type solar furnaces have been considered in this study and these
furnaces can be designed up to 10 m3 capacity. In the study, the effects of the wall designs
of the greenhouse type solar furnace with a lumber capacity of 10 m3 and a collector area
of 60 m2 on the temperature regime were examined.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Material
The collector area of the examined greenhouse type solar furnace is 60 m2 and its
timber capacity is 10 m3. 34.5 m2 of the solar collector designed in the position of the roof of
the oven has a 30o and 25.5 m2 slope of 60o (Üçüncü, 1995).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 72

 Figure 2. Solar furnace

In order to examine the effects of wall designs and materials on temperature regime, 4
types of walls were designed (Figure 3).

B type wall:
A type wall: 1. 2 cm cemented particle board
1. 2 cm cemented particle board 2. 8,5 cm brick
2. 5 cm glass wool 3. 5 cm glass wool
3. 2 cm cemented particle board 4. 2 cm cemented particle board

C type wall: D type wall:

1. 2 cm cemented particle board 1. 2 cm interior plaster
2. 8,5 cm brick 2. 8,5 cm brick
3. 5 cm glass wool 3. 5 cm glass wool
4. 8,5 cm brick 4. 8,5 cm brick
5. 2 cm cemented particle board 5. 2 cm interior plaster
Figure 3. Wall design and building materials
2.2. Method
The furnace temperature was calculated using the thermal equilibrium equation
(Dağsöz, 1977).

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (1)

Here, Qg is the useful solar radiation (W) entering the furnace, Qd is the energy stored
in the furnace walls (W), Qk is the heat lost from the furnace (W).

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 Useful solar radiation entering the oven

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝜂𝜂 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 (2)

Here, η is collector efficiency, Ac collector field and Ie is the instantaneous solar

radiation incident on the collector surface. Hourly solar radiation values coming to the
collector surface are calculated from Trabzon's average irradiance values for many years
and given in Table 1 (Kılıç and Öztürk, 1983). The value of 45% was taken as a basis for
collector efficiency (Üçüncü, 1991).

Stored heat

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 − 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) (3)

Lost heat

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝐾𝐾 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) (4)

Table 1. Hourly solar radiation coming to the collector surface in Trabzon and monthly
average values of outdoor temperature, Ie (W/m2).
Hours Tempreture
Months Total
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 (oC)
january 0 8 112 232 310 344 344 310 232 112 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 7,4
February 0 58 191 315 397 436 436 397 315 191 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2794 7,3
March 21 116 234 336 407 437 437 407 336 234 116 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3102 8,3
April 69 177 298 400 463 493 493 463 400 298 177 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3800 11,4
May 102 216 334 424 487 517 517 487 424 334 216 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4160 15,8
June 119 242 335 447 506 539 539 506 447 335 242 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4376 20,0
July 100 213 320 401 457 482 482 457 401 320 213 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3946 22,6
August 77 179 287 370 430 454 454 430 370 287 179 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3594 23,1
September 36 135 249 345 406 441 441 406 345 249 135 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3224 20,0
October 0 79 212 324 401 436 436 401 324 212 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2904 16,5
November 0 19 151 273 362 396 396 362 273 151 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2402 13,2
December 0 3 90 211 288 322 322 288 211 90 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1828 9,7
Average 52 138 251 353 421 452 452 421 353 251 138 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3334 16,1

Here, m wall mass (kg), specific heat of Cp wall material (Wh / kgoC), ∑mCp sum of
thermal capacities of furnace walls (WH/oC), furnace temperature at ti i (oC), ti-1 initial furnace
temperature (oC), to outdoor temperature (oC), K is the total heat transfer coefficient of the
furnace (W/m2oC), Ad is the furnace wall area (m2). Based on the equations given, the
following equation is obtained for the oven temperature.

𝜂𝜂 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼+ ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 +𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜

𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚+𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
(5)

In the calculation of the total heat transfer coefficient, the heat transfer coefficient of
the wall and the heat losses resulting from air renewal are taken into account. The furnace
volume is approximately 150 m3 and the rate of air regeneration in the furnace has been
taken as 4, considering the required moist air requirement for drying. Equations and equation
coefficients regarding the possible temperatures that will occur in the furnace according to
the designed walls are given below.

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 For wall type A:
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 = 0,0250 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 0,7868 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 + 0,2132 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 (6)
For wall type B:
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 = 0,0175 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 0,8366 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 + 0,1634 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 (7)
For type C wall:
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 = 0,0118 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 0,9026 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 + 0,0974 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 (8)
For wall type D:
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 = 0,0153 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 0,8740 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 + 0,1260 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 (9)

3. Findings
The temperature in solar furnaces varies significantly throughout the day due to reasons
such as the constant change of solar energy during the day, the variation in terms of the
seasons, and none at night. With these features, drying in solar ovens can be considered
within the concept of batch drying. Although intermittent drying does not have a direct
harmful effect on drying quality, the continuous and sudden change in temperature may
affect the drying quality as well as increase the drying time. Wall materials also have a
significant effect on the furnace temperature in solar furnaces. In order to examine the effect
of wall materials on temperature, the annual average hourly temperature distribution,
standard deviation, maximum, minimum and change interval values for four types of furnace
walls designed in Trabzon climatic conditions are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Furnace temperature values according to wall types

Wal Hours
l S MA Mİ
2 2 2 2 t1 CI
typ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 1 2 3 4 5 1 X N
0 2 3 4
e
1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 3
A 51 21 19 18 18 17 16 16 52 16
6 8 4 0 7 3 8 2 0 5 0 5 0 7 4 2 0 3 6
1 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
B 21 31 41 31 21 19 18 18 17 11 45 15
5 7 6 6 0 3 5 4 8 4 8 6 4 2 0 8 9
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C 19 31 31 21 9 39 15
5 6 3 7 4 7 9 9 8 7 5 3 9 8 7 5 4 3 3 2 8 4
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D 31 21 11 45 15
5 7 0 5 0 5 9 2 4 4 2 9 6 3 9 7 6 4 3 2 0 0 9 9

In Table 3, the monthly average furnace temperature and standard deviation values for
four types of furnace walls. Here, t1 and S1 are solar furnace temperature (oC) and standard
deviation with wall type A, t2 and S2 solar furnace temperature and standard deviation with
wall type B, t3 and S3 solar furnace temperature and standard deviation with wall type C, t4
and S4 D-type wall furnace temperature and standard deviation.

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 Table 3. Monthly average temperature and standard deviation values of furnace types
A B C D
Months
t1 S1 t1 S1 t1 S1 t1 S1
january 17,1 9,2 16,0 6,9 16,0 5,2 16,8 6,5
February 20,8 12,1 19,3 9,2 19,2 6,9 20,3 8,5
March 23,2 12,7 21,6 9,6 21,5 7,2 22,7 9,0
April 29,7 14,8 27,7 11,2 27,6 8,4 29,1 10,5
May 35,8 15,7 33,6 12,0 33,5 9,0 35,2 11,2
June 41,1 16,4 38,7 12,5 38,6 9,3 40,4 11,6
July 41,6 14,8 39,5 11,3 39,4 8,4 41,1 10,5
August 40,4 13,8 38,5 10,5 38,4 7,8 40,0 9,8
September 35,5 12,9 33,8 9,8 33,7 7,3 35,1 9,2
October 30,5 12,4 28,9 9,4 28,9 7,0 30,1 8,8
November 24,8 10,8 23,5 8,2 23,5 6,1 24,5 7,6
December 18,5 8,5 17,5 6,4 17,5 4,8 18,3 6,0
Average 29,9 12,8 28,2 9,7 28,2 7,3 29,5 9,1

Average oven temperature has the highest value in A type oven and the lowest in C
type oven. In A type oven, the highest value of the average oven temperature during the
day (24 hours) occurred in July with 41.6 oC, and the lowest value occurred in January with
17.1 oC. The same values in B, C and D type furnaces, respectively; 39.5; 39.4; 40.1 °C and
16.0; 16.0; It became 16.8 oC. Standard deviation also increases in high temperature average
values. The largest standard deviation was observed in A type furnace with 12.8 oC, the
smallest standard deviation was observed in C type furnace with 7.3 oC.
In Figure 4, the temperature changes of solar furnaces with wall types A, B, C and D
are shown by months depending on time. In Figure 5, hourly temperature distribution for wall
types is shown. In solar furnaces, the maximum temperature for any type of wall material is
generally reached between 14:00 and 15:00 hours. In the solar oven for all wall types, the
temperature of the oven does not fall to the ambient temperature the next day, when the
solar radiation starts. In the furnace with a wall with a high thermal capacity, the difference
between the final temperature and the ambient temperature is greater.

45
40
35
A t1
30 A S1
Temreture

25 B t1
20 B S1

15 C t1
C S1
10
D t1
5
D S1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months
Figure 4. Monthly average temperatures

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 55
50
45
40
35
Tempreture

30
25
20
15
10 A B C D
5
0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5
Hours
Figure 5. Hourly temperature distribution according to wall types

5. Discussion and Conclusion

Since materials with high thermal capacity will store large amounts of heat, the furnace
temperature decreases in furnaces built of these materials. However, despite the low
temperatures that occur in the oven during the sunbathing period, the temperature drop is
less after the sunbathing ends and at night. In furnaces built of materials with low thermal
capacity, the temperature of the furnace, which is higher during the sunbathing period, is
greater at night. Accordingly, although the average temperature is lower in furnaces built with
materials with high thermal capacity, the variation interval and standard deviation are also
small, so they may have more positive effects on the drying quality. This type of furnace has
more suitable features in terms of ensuring homogeneous and high quality drying.
In solar systems where high temperatures are desired during the sunshine period, the
selection of low thermal capacity building materials can be recommended. However, it would
be beneficial to use materials with higher thermal capacity in solar ovens where activity is
desired throughout the day. According to theoretical calculations, it is seen that more stable
temperature values will be formed in solar furnaces to be built from C and D type walls.
In terms of heat loss in solar furnaces, since the heat losses caused by air renewal are
more effective than the thermal conductivity of wall materials, the thermal insulation thickness
of 5 cm is taken as a basis instead of the 8 cm thermal insulation thickness recommended in
the literature. For the same reason, it is possible to use polyurethane or styrofoam for thermal
insulation.

References
Bois, P.J., (1977). Construction and operating a small solar heated lumber dryer. Forest Prod.
Util Tech. Rep. 7, USDA
Chen, P.Y.S., (1981). Design and tests of a 500 BF solar kiln. Forest Prod. J., 31(3): 33-38.
Comstock, G.L., (1978). Energy requirement for drying of wood products. Forest Prod. J., 28(3):
22-26.
Dağsöz, A.K., (1977). Heat transfer. ITU Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, İstanbul.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 77

Gaugh, D.K., (1977). The design and operating a small solar timber kiln. Fiji Timbers and Their
Uses, 67:17.
Kılıç, A. ve Öztürk, A., (1983). Solar energy. ITU Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, İstanbul.
Little, R.L., (1984). Industrial use of solar heat in lumber drying: a long – term performance
report. Forest Prod. J., 34(9): 22-26.
Örs, Y. ve Üçüncü, K., (1992). Investigations on lumber drying possibilities at 41o north parallel.
TÜBİTAK Nature Magazine, 16: 22-37.
Read, W.R., Choda, A. and Cooper, P.I., (1974). A solar timber kiln, fiji timbers and their uses,
15:309-316.
Üçüncü, K., (1991). Investigation of Drying Possibilities of Timber (Eastern Spruce) with Solar
Energy in 41o North latitude (Trabzon). Doctoral Thesis (Unpublished), KTU Institute of
Science and Technology, Trabzon.
Üçüncü, K., (1995). Greenhouse type solar furnace design and economic analysis for small
capacity timber cutting and furniture plants in the climatic conditions of the Black Sea
Region. I. National Black Sea Forestry Congress, 2. Volume, Proceedings, Trabzon.
Yang, K.L., (1980). Solar kiln performance at a high latitude, 48oN. Forest Prod., 30(3): 37-40.

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY TO EXAMINE THE APPLICATION OF TOTAL

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Aytaç Aydın1 Kemal Üçüncü1

aytac @ktu.edu.tr kucuncu @ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-7460-9618) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-6294-6112)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
The total quality management approach is a management style in which the human factor
stands out, continuous development and improvement is adopted, group work is emphasized in
the enterprise, and quality responsibility spreads to all of the employees. The goal of total quality
management is to provide continuous and excellent service to the customer with well-trained and
motivated employees.
Within the scope of this study, some features (customer orientation, management leadership,
full participation, systematic process analysis and human understanding first) of total quality
management activities implemented in forest products industry are examined. For this purpose, 377
engineers and foremen working in 14 large-scale companies with ISO 9001 Quality Management
System Certificate were reached through a survey method. The questionnaire used consists of two
parts. In the first part, some demographic features of the employees were evaluated with 13
questions. In the second part of the survey, the management system applied in the enterprises
was researched with 50 questions. The survey data were evaluated with the Structural Equation
Model (SEM) prepared in SPSS and AMOS statistical package programs and the results were
revealed.
As a result, a statistically acceptable scale has been put forward for researchers who want
to examine the total quality management studies in the forest products industry.

Keywords: Total Quality Management, Scale Development, Forest Products İndustry, Quality
Management System

1. Introduction
The unique elements, technologies, production and management processes of the socio-
cultural and economic structure, which differ completely from the past, are also changing
today, when the environmental conditions change rapidly and the world takes the
globalization process. Organizations need to establish an effective quality system and
management in order to survive in increasingly difficult competition conditions. Today it is the
"Total Quality Management" (TQM) model that can provide these (Kaptan, 2007).
TQM is the integration of all functions and processes of an organization to be
successful in continuously improving the quality of its goods and services. The goal is
customer satisfaction. TQM understanding not only increases the quality but also increases the
efficiency of the organization. Employee satisfaction is also taken into consideration in
production and service activities that are carried out by considering customer satisfaction
(Swift, 1998).

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 TQM is the art of achieving perfection. It is an effective method to achieve the ideal.
Total quality management is the set of principles and philosophy that represent developing
organizations. It is quantitative methods and human resources application that improve all
processes within the organization. To deliver more than current and future customer
expectations. TQM is a discipline carried out with inferential management techniques, existing
development efforts and technical tools (Besterfield,1999).
The basic elements of total quality management, in which the human factor comes to
the fore, aims at continuous development and improvement, group work is emphasized in the
enterprise, and quality responsibility is in all business employees, are the issues that businesses
that adopt the total quality management approach should know. Within the scope of this
study, the characteristics of total quality management activities applied in the forest products
industry (customer focus, management leadership, full participation, systematic process analysis
and human understanding first) are examined and a scale that can be used by researchers
who will work in this field is presented.

2. Materials and Methods

Within the scope of this study, the characteristics of total quality management activities
(customer focus, management leadership, full participation, systematic process analysis and
human understanding first) applied in the forest products industry were examined. For this
purpose, 377 engineers and foremen working in 14 large-scale companies holding ISO 9001
Quality Management System Certificate were reached by survey method. In the study, a
questionnaire form prepared by compiling from the survey studies applied on TQM and
performance was used (Eroğlu, 2003; Serin, 2004; Yağar, 2007; İnce, 2007; Aydın, 2007). The
questionnaire used consists of two parts. In the first part, some demographic characteristics of
the employees were evaluated with 13 questions. In the second part of the questionnaire, the
management system applied in businesses was investigated with 50 questions.
The obtained data were checked with reliability and validity analysis. Although there are
many models used in reliability analysis, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was used in this study.
This coefficient takes values between 0 and 1 (Kalaycı, 2009). In our study, values with α
coefficient of 0.80 and above were accepted. In our study, factor analyzes were conducted
to measure the construct validity. At this stage, KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Bartlett tests
were applied to determine the suitability of the data for factor analysis.
After determining the suitability of the data for factor analysis, factor analysis was
started. Within the scope of the analysis, the principal component factor extraction method
and the varimax vertical rotation method were preferred. One of the conditions in the
implementation of structural equation models is that each scale should consist of a single
dimension and at least 3 variables belonging to that scale should be included in the analysis
(Eroğlu, 2003). Within the scope of the study, in order to increase the reliability of the SEM, a
limitation has been introduced to be 70% and above explanatory factor analysis. After these
stages, the model prepared was transferred to the AMOS (Analytic Moment of Structure) 16.0
package program, analyzes were performed and the results were presented.

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. General Information of Participants

Some general information about the employees who participated in our survey is given
in Table 1.

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 Table 1. General information about the participants

Age Frequency Percentage Position in business Frequency Percentage

20-24 19 5,0 Engineer 183 48,5
25-29 77 20,4 Foreman 152 40,3
30-34 85 22,5 Unanswered 42 11,1
35-39 50 13,3
40-44 22 5,8 Working time in the Frequency Percentage
position (years)
45-49 18 4,8 0-5 154 40,9
>50 3 0,8 6-10 92 24,4
Unanswered 103 27,3 11-20 61 16,2
<21 13 3,4
Gender Frequency Percentage Unanswered 57 15,1
Male 301 79,8
Female 42 11,1 Total working time Frequency Percentage
(years)
Unanswered 34 9,0 0-5 173 45,9
6-10 101 26,8
Marital Frequency Percentage 11-20 56 14,9
status
married 200 53,1 >21 15 4,0
Single 98 26,0 Unanswered 32 8,5
Other 4 1,1
Unanswered 75 19,9

As seen in Table 1, 42.9% of the employees surveyed are between the ages of 25-35,
79.8% are male, 53.1% are married. 48.5% of the participants are engineers and 40.3% are
foremen. 40.9% of them have been working in this position for a maximum of 5 years. It was
determined that the maximum working time (45.9%) was 5 years.

3.2. Compliance with normal distribution

Kurtosis values were used to examine the data distribution. The purpose of kurtosis
measures is to reveal how the variables are distributed around the mean. If the kurtosis value
of the variable is between -3 and +3, it indicates that the values of the variables come from
a typical normal distribution (Kalaycı, 2009). For this purpose, kurtosis values of each variable
are given in Table 2.

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 Table 2. Kurtosis values of the variables

Variables Kurtosis Variables Kurtosis Variables Kurtosis

co1 0,907 huf1 -0,477 fp7 -1,286
co2 1,374 huf2 0,306 fp8 0,939
co3 0,502 huf3 -0,432 fp9 0,842
co4 0,583 huf4 0,189 fp10 -0,147
co5 0,963 huf5 -0,459 fp11 -0,845
co6 0,206 huf6 -,0615 fp12 0,535
co7 0,359 huf7 0,117 fp13 0,762
co8 0,013 huf8 -0,505 spa1 1,134
co9 -0,508 huf9 -0,180 spa2 0,390
co10 -0,010 fp1 0,173 spa3 0,390
co11 0,694 fp2 0,634 spa4 0,448
co12 0,071 fp3 0,390 spa5 0,596
co13 -0,024 fp4 0,211 spa6 0,442
co14 0,920 fp5 1,312 spa7 0,365
co15 0,421 fp6 1,013

As seen in Table 2 kurtosis values of all variables are within the specified limits (-3 / +3).
For this reason, it was accepted that the data had a normal distribution and the analysis
continued.

3.3. Reliability and Validity Analysis

At this stage, the scales were analyzed for reliability and validity, and after obtaining
appropriate values, they were subjected to factor analysis. The α coefficient for each scale
and the results of factor analysis reduced to a single scale are given in the table.

Table 3. α coefficient for each scale and the results of factor analysis

Scales Crocbach α Variables Explained Variance

(%)

Customer orientation 91,7 co4, co6, co7 73,372

Human understanding first 84,4 huf6, huf8, huf9 73,662

Full participation 87,5 fp1, fp2, fp3 74,402

Systematic process analysis 85,7 spa2, spa4, spa5, 70,735

spa6

Management leadership 89,3 ml1, ml2, ml3, ml4 72,953

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 3.4. Results of the Measurement Model

After the reliability and validity analysis of the scales, the results of the measurement
model were examined. The measurement model is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Measurement model

The goodness of fit indexes of the measurement model shown in Figure 1 are shown in
Table 4.

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 Table 4. The goodness of fit indexes of the measurement model

Fit indexes Measurement model Adjusted measurement model

Chi-Square statistic 242,326 212,083
Degrees of freedom 109 107
Chi-Square / Degrees of
2,223 1,982
freedom
GFI 0,929 0,938
AGFI 0,901 0,911
CFI 0,964 0,972
RMR 0,034 0,033
RMSEA 0,057 0,050
NFI 0,937 0,945
IFI 0,964 0,972

As seen in Table 4, the "Chi-square / degree of freedom" of the goodness of fit indices
of the measurement model was above the acceptable limit of 2, therefore a modification was
applied to the model. Since the corrected measurement model obtained indexes of goodness
of fit are within the limits mentioned earlier, it is accepted that the measurement model is
supported by the data.
By applying Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to the improved measurement model, it
was revealed to what extent latent variables could be explained by the observed variables.
In addition, variance estimates and reliability of the factors calculated in order to determine
the validity and reliability of the measurement model are given in Table 5.

Table 5. CFA results for the improved measurement model

Latent Variable Observed Factor Standard t- Explained Reliability

Variable Load Error value Variance
cf4 0,730 0,060 13,746
Customer focus cf6 0,800 0,072 14,877 0,60 0,82
cf7 0,794 - -
huf6 0,714 0,070 13,780
Human
huf8 0,813 0,071 15,513 0,61 0,82
understanding first
huf9 0,813 - -
fp1 0,737 - -
Full participation fp2 0,795 0,071 14,934 0,62 0,83
fp3 0,820 0,075 15,398
spa2 0,741 0,053 15,604
Systematic process spa4 0,713 0,059 14,584
0,59 0,85
analysis spa5 0,782 0,056 16,525
spa6 0,841 - -
ml1 0,820 - -
Management ml2 0,889 0,052 20,008
0,63 0,90
leadership ml3 0,744 0,055 16,694
ml4 0,684 0,058 14,144

Table 5 shows the factor loadings, standard errors, t values, explained variances and
reliability levels of the variables in the measurement model. Considering the factor loads of
the variables, it is seen that they change between 0.684 and 0.889. Therefore, except for ml4,

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all other factor loads have values above the critical value of 0.70. In addition, the t values of
these predictions were found to be significant at the 0.05 significance level. Therefore, the
validity of the measurement model was provided.
In the measurement model, two types of reliability measures were used, namely the
explained variance of the factors and the reliability coefficients of the factors. The explained
variance estimates of the factors show the total variance value explained by each factor in
the relevant observed variables. As seen in Table 5 the explained variance values of the
found factors are above the lower limit (50%). Reliability coefficients of the factors, another
reliability criterion, indicate the internal reliability of the factors. Reliability coefficients of the
factors have taken values above the lower limit of 0.70. Therefore, it can be stated that the
measurement model is reliable.

5. Conclusion
In this study, it is aimed to develop a scale to be used to examine the applications of
total quality management in enterprises. The questionnaire form prepared for this purpose
was applied in the forest products sector. After the necessary statistical analysis, a scale
applicable at sectoral level has been established. Scale developments can be made on
different sample groups to examine total quality management practices.

6. Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Fund of Karadeniz
Technical University, Trabzon Turkey; Project no. 113.002.2.

References
Aydın, S. (2007). The Role of Human Resources in Total Quality Management. Master Thesis.
Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences. Istanbul.
Besterfield, H.D. (1999). Total Quality Management, Carol Newjersey
Eroğlu, E. (2003). Analysis of Total Quality Management Applications with Structural Equation
Model. Doctoral Thesis. İ.Ü. Social Sciences Institute. Istanbul.
İnce, C. (2007). A Research on the Effects of Total Quality Management on Employee
Satisfaction in Hotel Businesses in Nevşehir Region. Doctoral Thesis, C.Ü. Social Sciences
Institute. Sivas.
Kalaycı, Ş. (2009). SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistics Techniques. Asil Publication Distribution.
ISBN: 975-9091-14-3. Ankara.
Kaptan, K.B. (2007). The Effect of Total Quality Management Applications on the Human
Resources of the Organization, Master Thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Social Sciences,
Ankara
Serin, H. (2004). Total Quality Management Doctorate Thesis in Furniture Industry Enterprises
in Organized Industrial Zones, KTU Institute of Science, Trabzon.
Swift, J. A., Ross, J. E. ve Omachonu, V. K. (1998). Principles Of Total Quality. St. Lucie Pres,
Boca Roton, Florida, Second Edition.
Yağar, H. (2007). Relationship between Total Quality Management and Organizational
Performance and Financial Sector Practice. Master Thesis. YTU Graduate School of
Science, Istanbul.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 85

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER PRODUCTS

Hilal Singer1 Şükrü Özşahin2

hilal.singer@hotmail.com sukru@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0884-2555) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8216-0048)

1
Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Bolu, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
In this study, laminated veneer lumber, parallel strand lumber, and laminated strand lumber
were evaluated via multicriteria decision-making methods. Within the model, nine evaluation criteria
were defined: moisture content, density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compression
strength parallel to grain, dynamic bending strength, tensile strength parallel to surface, tensile
strength perpendicular to surface, and screw holding capacity. The weights of the criteria were
computed using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). The evaluation based on distance
from an average solution (EDAS) and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal
solution (TOPSIS) were employed to determine the ranking of the alternatives. After the borda
count method was used, an integrated ranking was obtained. According to the results, the first
three important subcriteria were density, bending strength, and modulus of elasticity. Furthermore,
laminated veneer lumber was determined as the best alternative. Consequently, this study can
present a road map to evaluate wooden materials.

Keywords: Structural composite lumber, Multicriteria decision-making, FAHP, EDAS, TOPSIS

1. Introduction
Structural composite lumber (SCL) is a family of engineered wood products. It includes
laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL),
and oriented strand lumber (OSL) (Bayatkashkoli and Faegh, 2014). LVL is manufactured from
wood veneers that are rotary peeled, dried, and laminated together with parallelly oriented
grains under heat and pressure with an adhesive (Çolak et al., 2007). PSL is manufactured by
adhesively bonding long, thin, and narrow strands of wood under high pressure (Arwade et
al., 2010). LSL consists of oriented wood flakes that are glued and compressed to form panels
up to 90 mm thick (Moses et al., 2003). OSL is similar to LSL. The SCL products are commonly
used for rafters, headers, beams, joists, studs, and columns (APA, 2016). The advantages of
SCL are high strength, flexibility, high stiffness, and excellent preservative treatability (Yazdani
et al., 2004).
A large number of experimental studies have been conducted to evaluate the various
properties of the SCL products (Moses et al., 2003; Yazdani et al., 2004; Çolak et al., 2007;
Arwade et al., 2010; Ahmad and Kamke, 2011; Bayatkashkoli and Faegh, 2014; Bal, 2016; Çolak
et al., 2019). In light of the experimental studies, it can be said that there are many factors
that must be carefully evaluated. Therefore, it is important to use methods providing
supportive and logical results in the evaluation process. Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM)
methods can be used to evaluate decision elements. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

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(FAHP), the evaluation based on distance from an average solution (EDAS), and the
technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) have been widely
used to deal with decision-making problems and obtain quite reliable results (Chauhan and
Singh, 2016; Karakuş et al., 2017; Ecer, 2018). Therefore, in this study, these methods are used
to evaluate the SCL products.
The MCDM methods have been efficiently applied to the various fields of wood
science. Smith et al. (1995) employed the AHP method to analyze factors affecting the
adoption of timber as a bridge material. Azizi (2008) selected the best wood supply
alternative by employing the analytic network process (ANP) and the BOCR approach.
Lipušček et al. (2010) employed the AHP method to classify wood products in terms of their
impact on the environment. Azizi and Modarres (2011) selected the best construction panel by
using the AHP and ANP methods. Azizi et al. (2012) used the AHP method to select the best
medium density fiberboard (MDF) product. Kuzman and Grošelj (2012) compared different
construction types by utilizing the AHP method. Sarfi et al. (2013) used the AHP method to
analyze factors influencing the markets of particleboard and MDF. Karakuş et al. (2017)
employed the TOPSIS method, the multiple attribute utility theory, and the compromise
programing to predict the optimum properties of some nanocomposites. Singer and Özşahin
(2018, 2020a, 2020b) prioritized some factors influencing the surface roughness of wood and
wood-based materials in sawing, planing, and CNC machining. Özşahin et al. (2019) employed
AHP and MOORA to select the best softwood species for construction.
Consequently, the literature review has demonstrated that there are many attempts on
the use of MCDM methods for solving various decision-making problems in wood science.
However, the literature has a gap in evaluating the SCL products by MCDM methods.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate LVL, PSL, and LSL by the MCDM analysis.
In order to determine the priorities of the alternatives, an evaluation model containing FAHP,
EDAS, and TOPSIS is proposed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Preparation

The experimental data used in this study were obtained from the literature (Sizüçen,
2008; Özçifçi et al., 2010). The experimental process could be briefly explained as follows.
Poplar (Populus tremula L.) veneers with the thickness of 3 mm were used to produce LVLs.
Poplar (Populus tremula L.) strands were used to produce PSLs and LSLs. The size of strands
in PSLs was 3 mm thick by 20 mm wide by 600 mm long. The size of strands in LSLs was 1.2
mm thick by 20 mm wide by 300 mm long. The veneers and strands were conditioned at a
temperature of 55±2 ºC and a relative humidity of 6±1% until they reached an average
moisture content of 3%. Phenol formaldehyde was chosen as the adhesive. It has density,
viscosity, and pH value of 1.195-1.205 kg/m3, 250-500 MPa s, and 10.5-13, respectively. The
materials were pressed for 7 minutes at a temperature of 180±3 ºC and a pressure of 30
kg/cm2 (ASTM D 5456, 1996). After pressing, the samples were conditioned at a temperature
of 20±2 ºC and a relative humidity of 65±5% (TS 642/ISO 554, 1997). The moisture content
and density values of the samples were determined according to TS 2471 (1976) and TS 2472
(1976). The bending strength and modulus of elasticity tests were carried out according to the
procedure of TS EN 310 (1999). The compression strength parallel to grain, dynamic bending
strength, screw withdrawal, and tensile strength tests were carried out according to TS 2595
(1977), TS 2477 (1976), ASTM D 1761 (2000), and ASTM D 1037-06a (2006), respectively.

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 2.2. Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Numbers
The fuzzy set theory was developed by Zadeh (1965) in order to represent the
uncertainty, vagueness, and ambiguity of judgments (Chauhan and Singh, 2016). In the classical
set theory, an element belongs or does not belong to a set. The element of a fuzzy set
naturally belongs to the set with a membership value from the interval [0,1] (Kahraman and
Kaya, 2010). The most commonly utilized fuzzy numbers are triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy
numbers. In this study, triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) will be employed owing to their ease
of use. The following equation is the membership function of a TFN denoted as (l, m, u):
0, x < l or x > u
𝜇𝜇M
� (x) =� (x − l)⁄ (m − l ), l≤x≤m � (1)
(u − x)⁄(u − m), m≤x≤u
l, m, and u indicate the lower value, the mid-value, and the upper value, respectively.
The main arithmetic operations for two TFNs are as follows:
�1 ⊕ M
M � 2 = (l1 + l2 , m1 + m2 , u1 + u2 ) (2)
M � 2 = (l1 l2 , m1 m2 , u1 u2 )
�1 ⊗ M (3)
-1
� 1 = (1⁄u1 , 1⁄m1 , 1⁄l1 )
M (4)

2.3. The FAHP Method

AHP is a useful method to solve complex MCDM problems (Saaty, 1980). In the AHP
method, the elements of the same level are compared in pairs with respect to an element
located at the higher level. However, AHP is based on crisp judgments. In reality, it is very
hard to acquire precise data owing to uncertainties on the judgments of decision-makers.
Each decision-maker prefers natural language expressions rather than crisp numbers (Heo et
al., 2010). Therefore, FAHP will be used to obtain the weights of the criteria. The steps of the
FAHP method used in this study can be summarized as follows (Chang, 1996; Somsuk and
Laosirihongthong, 2014):
Step 1: The value of fuzzy synthetic extent with respect to the ith object is computed.
-1
m n m

Si = � Mjgi ⊗ �� � Mjgi � (5)

j=1 i=1 j=1

Step 2: The degree of possibility of Si = (li ,mi ,ui ) ≥ Sj = (lj ,mj ,uj ) is calculated using the
following equation:
1, mi ≥ mj
⎧
0, lj ≥ ui
V(Si ≥ Sj ) = (6)
⎨ lj −ui
, otherwise
⎩ (mi −ui )−(mj −lj )

where i = 1,2,…,n, j = 1,2,…m, and i ≠ j.

Step 3: The degree of possibility of Si over all the other fuzzy numbers is calculated.
V(Si ≥ Sj |j = 1,2,…m; i ≠ j) = minV(Si ≥ Sj |j = 1,2,…m; i ≠ j (7)
Step 4: Compute the weight vector of a fuzzy matrix. Assume that w'i = minV(Si ≥
Sj |j = 1,2,…m; i ≠ j).
w'i
wi = (8)
∑ni=1 w'i
Here, wi is a non-fuzzy value. The evaluation scale used in this study is given in Table 1.

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 Table 1. The evaluation scale
Linguistic scale Triangular fuzzy scale
Equal (1,1,2)
Moderate (2,3,4)
Strong (4,5,6)
Very strong (6,7,8)
Extremely preferred (8,9,10)

2.4. The EDAS Method

EDAS is a MCDM method that uses distances from average solutions (AV). The
evaluation of alternatives is carried out according to the higher values of the positive
distance from the average (PDA) and the lower values of the negative distance from the
average (NDA). The EDAS procedure consists of the following steps (Keshavarz Ghorabaee
et al., 2015):
Step 1: The decision matrix D of n alternatives and m criteria is formed.
x11 x12 ⋯ x1m
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
D = ⎢ x21 x22 ⋯ x2m ⎥ (9)
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ xn1 xn2 ⋯ xnm ⎦
Step 2: AV values are calculated.
∑ni=1 xij
AVj = (10)
n
Step 3: The values of PDA and NDA are computed.
max(0,�xij − AVj �)
⎧ , if j∈B
⎪ AVj
PDAij = (11)
⎨max(0,�AVj − xij �)
⎪ , if j∈NB
⎩ AVj
max(0,�AVj − xij �)
⎧ , if j∈B
⎪ AVj
NDAij = (12)
⎨max(0,�xij − AVj �)
⎪ , if j∈NB
⎩ AVj
B and NB are associated with benefit criteria and non-benefit criteria, respectively.
Step 4: The weighted sums of PDA and NDA are calculated with Equations (13) and
(14).
m

SPi = � (wj PDAij ) (13)

j=1
m

SNi = � (wj NDAij ) (14)

j=1

Here, wj is the weight of the jth criterion.

Step 5: The normalized values of SP and SN are determined as follows:
SPi
NSPi = (15)
maxi (SPi )

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 SNi
NSNi = 1 − (16)
maxi (SNi )
Step 6: The appraisal score (AS) is calculated.
NSPi + NSNi
ASi = , 0 ≤ ASi ≤ 1 (17)
2

2.5. The TOPSIS Method

TOPSIS is a MCDM method that obtains a solution which is closest to the positive ideal
solution (PIS) and farthest from the negative ideal solution (NIS). The TOPSIS procedure
consists of the following steps (Hwang and Yoon, 1981):
Step 1: The decision matrix is formed (see Equation (9)).
Step 2: The normalized decision matrix is obtained.
xij
rij = 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,…,n; j = 1,2,…,m (18)
n 2
� i=1 xij
∑

Step 3: The weighted normalized decision matrix is obtained according to Equation (19).
Vij = wj rij (19)
Step 4: PIS and NIS are determined using Equations (20) and (21), respectively.
A+ = {v+1 ,v+2 ,…v+n } = �(maxvij |j∈B), ( min vij |j∈NB )� (20)
A- = {v-1 ,v-2 ,…v-n } = �(minvij |j∈B), ( max vij |j∈NB )� (21)
Step 5: Calculate the distance of alternatives from PIS and NIS.

m
2
d+i = �� (vij − v+j ) (22)
j=1

m
2
d-i = �� (vij − v-j ) (23)
j=1

Step 6: The relative closeness to the ideal solution (Ci) is computed.

d-i
Ci = (24)
d+i + d-i

2.6. The Borda Count Method

The borda count method can be employed to incorporate different ranking results. An
alternative gets m votes for the first-ranked criterion, m–1 votes for the second-ranked
criterion, and 1 vote for the last-ranked criterion. The alternative with the largest sum of
scores is the winner (Laukkanen et al., 2005).
2.7. Application
In the present study, a MCDM model is proposed to evaluate LVL, PSL, and LSL. This
model consists of the following main phases: (1) prioritization of the criteria by FAHP, (2)
prioritization of the alternatives by EDAS and TOPSIS, and (3) determination of the final
ranking of the alternatives by Borda. The evaluation model is shown in Figure 1.

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 Figure 1. The evaluation model used in the study

In order to evaluate the alternatives, two main criteria are defined as physical
properties (PP) and mechanical properties (MP). The subcriteria of physical properties are
moisture content (PP1) and density (PP2). The subcriteria of mechanical properties are bending
strength (MP1), modulus of elasticity (MP2), compression strength parallel to grain (MP3),
dynamic bending strength (MP4), tensile strength parallel to surface (MP5), tensile strength
perpendicular to surface (MP6), and screw holding capacity (MP7). The hierarchical structure
of the problem is portrayed in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The decision hierarchy

A decision-making team consisting of five experts who have experience with the
research topic is constructed to evaluate each criterion. The experts use the linguistic terms
(see Table 1) to compare the criteria. The linguistic terms are then converted to TFNs. The
geometric means of the fuzzy values are computed to obtain the overall results of each
evaluation matrix.

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 3. Results and Discussion
The importance of each criterion is determined using FAHP. The comparison matrices
can be seen from Tables 2-4.

Table 2. The comparison matrix of the main criteria

Criterion PP MP
(0.608, 0.750,
PP (1.000, 1.000, 1.000)
0.944)
(1.000, 1.000,
MP (1.059, 1.332, 1.644)
1.000)

Table 3. The comparison matrix of the subcriteria within physical properties

Criterion PP1 PP2
(0.758, 0.903,
PP1 (1.000, 1.000, 1.000)
1.217)
(1.000, 1.000,
PP2 (0.822, 1.108, 1.320)
1.000)

Table 4. The comparison matrix of the subcriteria within mechanical properties

Criterion MP1 MP2 MP3 MP4 MP5 MP6 MP7
(1.000, (1.084, (1.149, (1.084, 1. (0.871, (0.871, (1.320,
MP1 1.000, 1.185, 1.380, 380, 1.035, 1.035, 1.719,
1.000) 2.000) 2.169) 1.741) 1.431) 1.431) 2.491)
(0.500, (1.000, (1.246, (0.922, (1.059, (1.059, (1.320,
MP2 0.844, 1.000, 1.476, 1.246, 1.246, 1.246, 1.719,
0.922) 1.000) 2.297) 1.644) 1.888) 1.888) 2.491)
(0.461, (0.435, (1.000, (0.803, (0.699, (0.699, (1.000,
MP3 0.725, 0.678, 1.000, 0.966, 0.903, 0.903, 1.380,
0.871) 0.803) 1.000) 1.320) 1.320) 1.320) 1.888)
(0.574, (0.608, (0.758, (1.000, (0.944, (0.944, (1.084,
MP4 0.725, 0.803, 1.035, 1.000, 1.185, 1.185, 1.476,
0.922) 1.084) 1.246) 1.000) 1.741) 1.741) 2.000)
(0.699, (0.530, (0.758, (0.574, (1.000, (1.000, (1.431,
MP5 0.966, 0.803, 1.108, 0.844, 1.000, 1.000, 1.933,
1.149) 0.944) 1.431) 1.059) 1.000) 2.000) 2.433)
(0.699, (0.530, (0.758, (0.574, (0.500, (1.000, (1.431,
MP6 0.966, 0.803, 1.108, 0.844, 1.000, 1.000, 1.933,
1.149) 0.944) 1.431) 1.059) 1.000) 1.000) 2.433)
(0.401, (0.401, (0.530, (0.500, (0.411, (0.411, (1.000,
MP7 0.582, 0.582, 0.725, 0.678, 0.517, 0.517, 1.000,
0.758) 0.758) 1.000) 0.922) 0.699) 0.699) 1.000)

The weights are presented in Table 5. As seen in Table 5, mechanical properties (0.734)
are more important than physical properties (0.266). The most significant subcriterion is density
(0.147). Other important subcriteria are ranked as follows: bending strength (0.132), modulus of
elasticity (0.132), moisture content (0.119), tensile strength parallel to surface (0.114), and tensile
strength perpendicular to surface (0.112). The lowest priority value belongs to screw holding
capacity (0.040). It is followed by compression strength parallel to grain (0.093).

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 Table 5. Summary of the weights
Local Local Global
Main criterion Subcriterion
weight weight weight
Physical 0.266 Moisture content 0.448 0.119
properties Density 0.552 0.147
Mechanical 0.734 Bending strength 0.180 0.132
properties Modulus of elasticity 0.180 0.132
Compression strength parallel to
0.127 0.093
grain
Dynamic bending strength 0.151 0.111
Tensile strength parallel to
0.156 0.114
surface
Tensile strength perpendicular to
0.152 0.112
surface
Screw holding capacity 0.054 0.040

The decision matrix is given in Table 6. The physical and mechanical properties of the
alternatives are evaluated by EDAS and TOPSIS. The results are presented in Tables 7 and 8.
According to the results obtained by using the FAHP-EDAS approach, the best SCL product
is LVL with an AS of 0.693. PSL with an AS of 0.597 is positioned at the second rank, while
LSL with an AS of 0.491 is placed at the third rank. According to the results of the equal
weighted EDAS analysis, the ASs of LVL, PSL, and LSL are 0.776, 0.474 and 0.328,
respectively. These values show that the best SCL product is LVL.

Table 6. The decision matrix

PP1 PP2 MP1 MP2 MP3 MP4 MP5 MP6 MP7
(%) (g/cm3) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (kgm/cm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
LVL 8.13 0.40 64.51 7907.20 49.87 0.46 25.97 805.01 6.10
PSL 8.00 0.44 60.23 7864.55 43.85 0.50 25.88 796.66 5.46
LSL 8.34 0.50 61.83 8022.48 41.91 0.40 26.04 775.88 5.89

Table 7. The EDAS results

FAHP−EDAS Equal weighted EDAS
Rankin Rankin
SPi NSPi SNi NSNi AS SPi NSPi SNi NSNi AS
g g
LV 0.02 0.01 0.38 0.69 0.02 0.55 0.77
1.000 1 1.000 0.012 1
L 0 6 5 3 5 2 6
PS 0.01 0.70 0.01 0.49 0.59 0.01 0.01 0.37 0.47
2 0.571 2
L 4 5 3 0 7 4 7 7 4
LS 0.02 0.98 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.65 0.02 0.00 0.32
0.491 3 3
L 0 2 6 0 6 6 7 0 8

Table 8. The TOPSIS results

FAHP−TOPSIS Equal weighted TOPSIS
d+i d-i Ci Ranking d+i d-i Ci Ranking
LVL 0.020 0.014 0.419 3 0.015 0.017 0.518 1
PSL 0.015 0.016 0.528 1 0.015 0.016 0.517 2
LSL 0.018 0.019 0.520 2 0.019 0.015 0.448 3

When the results of the FAHP-TOPSIS analysis are examined, it is seen that PSL (0.528)
is the best alternative. According to the results of the equal weighted TOPSIS analysis, the

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ranking of the SCL products in descending order with respective weights is LVL (0.518) > PSL
(0.517) > LSL (0.448). Borda is employed due to different ranking results. Consequently, the
ranking of the alternatives is as follows: {LVL – PSL – LSL}. In light of the results, it can be
said that LVL is the best SCL product.
In Sizüçen’s work, the experimental results of LVL, PSL, and LSL are reported. However,
the ranking of them is not reported. This shortcoming is eliminated by the MCDM analysis.

4. Conclusion
The objective of this study is to evaluate LVL, PSL, and LSL by taking into account their
physical and mechanical properties. In order to achieve the objective, an evaluation model
containing FAHP, EDAS, and TOPSIS is proposed. FAHP is used to obtain the weights of the
criteria. The weights are used in EDAS and TOPSIS to determine the ranking of the
alternatives. Borda is employed to incorporate the ranking results. According to the results,
the first three important subcriteria are density, bending strength, and modulus of elasticity.
Moreover, it can be said that LVL possesses better properties when compared with PSL and
LSL. Consequently, the evaluation model proposed in this study can provide beneficial insights
for researchers in terms of the evaluation of wooden materials.

5. Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Hamdullah Sizüçen for providing the experimental data
used in this paper. The authors also acknowledge the experts for their contributions to this
study.

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ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 96

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

LOCATION SELECTION FOR THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY BY USING A GOAL

PROGRAMMING MODEL

Hilal Singer1 Şükrü Özşahin2

hilal.singer@hotmail.com sukru@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0884-2555) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8216-0048)

1
Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Bolu, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
The location of a facility plays a significant role in minimizing costs and maximizing the
utilization of resources. Therefore, in this study, a goal programming model was proposed to
determine an appropriate location for the furniture industry. Seven provinces in the Western Black
Sea Region of Turkey were considered as candidate places. The objectives of this study were
identified as follows: proximity to raw materials, the number of qualified people, proximity to
markets, population, and distances to other provinces in the region. The proposed model was
solved using an optimization tool. The results demonstrated that Karabük was the best choice.
Consequently, the model proposed in this study can be used as a guideline for furniture firms.

Keywords: Goal programming, Facility location problem, Furniture industry, Western Black
Sea Region, Turkey

1. Introduction
The furniture industry is a labor-intensive and dynamic sector. It includes the
manufacturing of furniture parts and their assembly with appropriate finishing operations.
Wood, medium density fiberboard, plywood, hardboard, and oriented strand board are some
basic materials used in the furniture industry (Gordić et al., 2014). One of the countries that
have abundant raw materials for furniture production is Turkey. The emergence of the
furniture industry in Turkey dates back to the nineteenth century. The Turkish furniture industry
has developed along with rapid globalization. The country's furniture industry is mainly divided
into wooden furniture (massive and veneered), metal furniture, and others. The number of
companies engaged in furniture production is 33,924 and the number of employees in the
sector is 151,904 (Web-1). The furniture sector has a share of ̴10% of the Turkish
manufacturing industry (Karademir and Koc, 2020).
One of the most important problems faced by furniture manufacturing companies is
location selection. Facility location selection is the determination of the best geographic
location for a facility. The decision-making process includes the identification, analysis,
evaluation, and selection among options (Ertuğrul and Karakaşoğlu, 2008). Location selection
is a vital strategic decision owing to its important effects on the economic operation of plants
and the sustainable development of regions (Govindan et al., 2016; Johansson and Olhager,
2018). Wrong selection results in inadequate qualified work forces, unavailability of raw
materials, increased operating expenses or disastrous effects due to political and societal

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 97

interferences (Mousavi et al., 2013). Hence, it is important to develop location strategies for
business units such as factories, distribution centers, and stores.
Facility location problems have been studied for many years. Many different decision-
making methods have been used to solve these problems. Safari et al. (2012) employed a
fuzzy extension of the TOPSIS method for facility location selection. Cebi and Kahraman
(2013) selected an appropriate wind energy plant location by employing the Choquet integral.
Ozgen and Gulsun (2014) solved the capacitated multi-facility location problem by using the
probabilistic linear programming approach and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP).
Chadawada et al. (2015) utilized the AHP-QFD approach to select the best facility location.
Güler et al. (2016) used the goal programming (GP) approach to determine the optimal
location of a feed factory. Mahmud et al. (2016) determined the most appropriate location of
a mango supplying business by employing the AHP method and the analytic network process
(ANP). Bolturk and Kahraman (2018) proposed the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy
combinative distance-based assessment for wave energy facility location selection. Kheybari
et al. (2019) used the best-worst method to determine the optimal location of a bioethanol
facility. Yücenur et al. (2020) employed the step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis and the
complex proportional assessment to select the best location for a biogas facility. Seker and
Aydin (2020) evaluated different locations for hydrogen production plants by using the
Entropy-TOPSIS approach extended with interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets.
There are also some studies seeking solutions to such problems in the field of wood
science. Azizi and Modarres (2007) used the ANP method to evaluate different locations for
plywood and veneer plants. Imren et al. (2016) determined the optimal location of a furniture
company by employing the AHP method. Azizi and Ramezanzadeh (2016) employed the AHP
method to select the best location for the particleboard industry. Üçüncü et al. (2017) selected
the best location for the furniture industry by employing the TOPSIS method. Azizi (2017) used
the TOPSIS method for the location selection of solar wood drying units. Yeşilkaya (2018)
utilized AHP, TOPSIS, and PROMETHEE to determine the optimal location of a paper factory.
In the present study, the GP approach is employed for the location selection problem
of a furniture manufacturing company in Turkey. Hence, this study contributes to the existing
literature by introducing the use of the GP approach on determining the most appropriate
location for the furniture industry. The study will help the furniture industry in improving the
effectiveness of decision-making processes on the identification of the best facility location.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area and Data Collection

This paper focuses on the determination of the most appropriate facility location for
the Turkish furniture industry. The Western Black Sea Region of Turkey is selected as the study
area. The region consists of the following provinces: Kastamonu, Düzce, Bolu, Zonguldak,
Bartın, Karabük, and Sinop. Figure 1 shows the study area.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 98

 Figure 1. The study area

Within the model, five evaluation criteria are defined as proximity to raw materials, the
number of qualified individuals, proximity to markets, population, and distances to the
provinces in the region. To analyze the alternatives and to solve the location selection
problem, data are required for possible facility locations. The data of this study are obtained
from the General Directorate of Turkish Highways (Web-2), the Turkish Statistical Institute
(Web-3), and Google Maps (Web-4). Figure 2 illustrates the criteria used in this study.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)
Figure 2. The criteria used in this study: (a) proximity to raw materials, (b) the number of
qualified individuals, (c) proximity to markets, (d) population, and (e) distances to the
provinces in the region

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 99

 2.2. Goal Programming
GP is an important class of multicriteria decision models. The GP approach can be
employed to obtain satisfying solutions for multiple and contradictory objectives (Gür and
Eren, 2018; Ruben et al., 2020). GP attempts to minimize deviations from goals and determines
a point that satisfies these goals. The achievement function is the key element of a GP model.
This function represents the mathematical expression of unwanted deviation variables (Diaz-
Balteiro et al., 2013). The mathematical structure of a GP model is as follows (Özcan et al.,
2017):
m

Min Z = � (𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖+ + 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖− ) (1)

i=1

𝑛𝑛

� 𝑎𝑎ij 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 − 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖+ + 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖− = 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖 = 1, … ,m, 𝑗𝑗 = 1, … ,n (2)

j=1

𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖+ , 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖− , 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ≥ 0 (3)

where 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 is the decision variable, 𝑎𝑎ij is the coefficient of the decision variable, 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 is the
aspiration level, and 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖+ and 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖− are positive and negative deviations, respectively.
According to Rifai (1996), the key steps of the GP structure can be explained as follows:
identification of goals, conversion of these goals into constraints, examination of each goal to
determine correct deviation variables, and establishing a hierarchy of importance among
goals. Once the above-mentioned steps are completed, the decision-making problem can be
quantified as a GP model. Table 1 shows the general structure of this model (Karagül, 2018).

Table 1. The general structure of a GP model

Deviation variable to be
Goal Acceptable situation
minimized
𝑎𝑎ij 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ≤ 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 Underachievement 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖+
𝑎𝑎ij 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ≥ 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 Overachievement 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖−
𝑎𝑎ij 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 = 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖 Exactly achievement 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖+ + 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖−

3. Application
The GP approach attempts to minimize the total deviation of targets. This approach
considers all of the targets simultaneously by establishing an achievement function that
minimizes deviations from targets (Choudhary and Shankar, 2014). Therefore, this study
employs a GP model to determine the most appropriate facility location for furniture
production. The study area is the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Kastamonu, Düzce,
Bolu, Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, and Sinop are considered as candidate locations (see
Figure 1). The criteria determined to evaluate the alternative locations are proximity to raw
materials, the number of qualified individuals, proximity to markets, population, and distances
to the provinces in the region. The proposed approach applied to the location selection
problem of the furniture industry is displayed in Figure 3.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 100

 Candidate Data GP model
Selection criteria
locations collection formulation

Computation
with GAMS

Find the best facility

location

Figure 3. The procedure for location selection

Several objectives are defined to establish the mathematical model. The objectives
involved in this study are as follows:
Goal 1: Minimizing the distance between the facility and the source of raw materials
Goal 2: Minimizing the distance between the facility and the market
Goal 3: Minimizing the distance of the facility to the provinces in the region
Goal 4: Minimizing the distance between the facility and the skilled-labor abundant
locations
Goal 5: Minimizing the distance between the facility and the densely populated places
Once the objectives of the study are defined, the mathematical model is formulated.
The mathematical formulation of the proposed GP model and the notations employed in this
model are presented below.
Notations
i, j : provinces
k: goals
1 if there is a facility at location 𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = �
0 otherwise
dij: Distance between facility location i and province j
𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 : The distance of facility location i to the source of raw materials
𝑚𝑚i : The distance of facility location i to the market
𝑢𝑢i : The distance of facility location i to the provinces
𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 : The number of qualified individuals in province j
ℎ𝑗𝑗 : The population of province j
𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 : Priority level
𝑑𝑑𝑘𝑘+ : Positive deviation variable for the kth goal
𝑑𝑑𝑘𝑘− : Negative deviation variable for the kth goal

Mathematical Model
5

Min Z = � 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑘𝑘+ (4)

k=1

� 𝑟𝑟i 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑑𝑑1− − 𝑑𝑑1+ = 0 (5)

i=1

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 101

 7

� 𝑚𝑚i 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑑𝑑2− − 𝑑𝑑2+ = 0 (6)

i=1

� 𝑢𝑢i 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑑𝑑3− − 𝑑𝑑3+ = 0 (7)

i=1

7 7

� 𝑏𝑏𝑗𝑗 � 𝑑𝑑ij 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑑𝑑4− − 𝑑𝑑4+ = 0 (8)

𝑗𝑗=1 i=1

7 7

� ℎ𝑗𝑗 � 𝑑𝑑ij 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑑𝑑5− − 𝑑𝑑5+ = 0 (9)

𝑗𝑗=1 i=1

� 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 1 (10)
𝑖𝑖=1

𝑑𝑑𝑘𝑘+ , 𝑑𝑑𝑘𝑘− ≥ 0 𝑘𝑘 = 1, … ,5 (11)

𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∈ {0,1} 𝑖𝑖 = 1, … ,7 (12)

Equation (4) is the objective function of the GP model. The aim of the GP model is to
minimize the sum of the positive deviations. Constraint (5) attempts to minimize the distance
between the facility and the source of raw materials. Constraint (6) tries to minimize the
distance between the facility and the market. Constraint (7) ensures a low distance between
the facility and the provinces in the region. Constraint (8) attempts to minimize the distance of
the facility location to the skilled-labor abundant locations. Constraint (9) tries to minimize the
distance between the facility and the densely populated places. Constraint (10) indicates that
the facility will be located in only one location. Lastly, constraints (11) and (12) ensure the non-
negativity and binary restrictions on the decision variables.
The GP model described above is used to determine the best facility location. The
codes required to solve the facility location selection problem are written in GAMS. The
results of the analysis are summarized in Table 2. From Table 2, it is possible to see that the
solutions obtained by the GP model are x6 = 1 and x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = x5 = x7 = 0. The results
indicate that Karabük is the best place for building a furniture manufacturing plant.

Table 2. The results of the GP model

Variable Level Marginal
x1 0 4.7423E+8
x2 0 4.2018E+8
x3 0 4.0485E+8
x4 0 3.4066E+8
x5 0 3.9870E+8
x6 1 3.3145E+8
x7 0 8.5451E+8

The demand for furniture products has increased in parallel with the increase in human
population. Furniture manufacturing companies should choose the most suitable location to
meet their customers’ expectations at minimum costs and to support their long-term
competitive structures. In order to select the best location, decision-makers should apply an

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 102

appropriate method. The contribution of this paper is the presentation of an effective
approach for solving the location selection problem of furniture manufacturing companies.
With the help of GP, decision-makers could get an alternative ranking list in solving the
problem.

4. Conclusion
Selection of the most appropriate location for the furniture industry is an important
phase in the construction process because the results of this decision can have long-term
effects on various factors such as profitability, accessibility, and sustainability. Developing a
location selection model is needed for decision-makers to avoid undesired negative results. In
this study, a GP model is proposed to determine an appropriate location for the Turkish
furniture industry. Kastamonu, Düzce, Bolu, Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, and Sinop are
evaluated using the following criteria: proximity to raw materials, the number of qualified
individuals, proximity to markets, population, and distances to the provinces in the region. The
proposed model is solved via an optimization tool. Based on the results of this study, it can
be said that Karabük is the most appropriate location. Consequently, the proposed GP model
can present a road map for decision-makers to make a dispassionate and objective location
selection. In further research, this model can be combined with different decision-making
methods to have an integrated decision support system that may assist decision-makers for
the evaluation of candidate locations.

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ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 104

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

DECAY RESISTANCE OF WEATHERED BEECH WOOD

Şebnem Sevil ARPACI1 Merve CAMBAZOĞLU1 Eylem DİZMAN TOMAK1

sebnem.arpaci@btu.edu.tr mrvcmbzz@gmail.com mrvcmbzz@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-2591-2837) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8001-686X) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8654-0005)

1
Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Industry Engineering Department, Bursa,
Turkey

Abstract
Wood is susceptible to photo-degradation in outdoor applications, and deformations occur
on its surface such as micro or macro cracks, color changes etc. Especially, cracks make wood
material more vulnerable to biotic attacks. In this study, decay resistance of natural and
accelerated weathered beech samples was investigated by a brown (Coniophora puteana) and
white rot (Coriolus versicolor) fungi attacks. For this purpose, beech samples exposed to natural
weathering (NW) for 393 days, and accelerated weathering (AW) for 1512h, and then subjected to
decay test in malt extract agar medium for 2 and 4 weeks. After 2 weeks of decay testing,
weight loss of samples by C. versicolor was found to be 24.30% for controls, 13.29% for AW
samples and 24.38% for NW samples. In the case of C. puteana, it was found as 21.15%, 21.49%
and 30.61% for controls, AW samples and NW samples, respectively. Weight loss of samples by C.
versicolor was found to be 61.82% for controls, 30.72% for AW samples and 37.62% for NW
samples, after 4 weeks of decay testing. The weight loss by 4 weeks exposure of C. puteana was
found to be 21.43%, 28.44% and 37.67% for controls, AW samples and NW samples, respectively.
Natural weathering caused more weight loss than accelerated weathering test for both fungi
species.

Keywords: White rot, brown rot, natural weathering, accelerating weathering, beech.

1. Introduction
During outdoor exposure, wood may undergo serious changes of its physical and
structural properties due to the combined effect of sunlight (UV), oxygen, moisture,
atmospheric pollutants and microorganisms. The combination of oxygen and UV rapidly
causes the oxidation of lignin and hemicellulose, and depolymerisation of cellulose. Most of
the reaction products are water soluble, so they are easily removed from the wood surface
by rain, resulting in weight loss, roughness and color changes (Xie et al., 2005; George et al.,
2005; Evans, 2008; Lionetto et al., 2012). Weathering studies of wood can be both performed
in laboratory and real outdoor conditions. Laboratory weathering test also known as artificial
weathering test includes ultraviolet light and moisture cycles, and this procedure is generally
accepted as a simulation of outdoor conditions. However, in reality there are many other
degradation factors in outdoor such as colonization of microorganisms, aerosols, mechanical
effects of wind, human, etc. Therefore, both experiments in laboratories and outdoor
exposure tests in ground and above ground situations are essential for service life assessment
of wood (Metsa-Kortelainen et al., 2017; Brischke and Meyer-Veltrup, 2015; Tomak et al., 2018).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 105

 In outdoors, wood undergoes biological decay by white, brown and soft rot fungi.
Basidiomycetes are responsible for most of wood decay (Bari et al., 2015). During exposure to
fungal attack, significant changes occur in wood chemical composition, resulting in significant
weight loss, mechanical strength loss and aesthetical defects. Weathering tests prior to decay
tests can accelerate wood degradations, and can help the simulating of outdoor
degradations in shorter time. The combination of the weathering tests and decay tests may
become a new strategy to test wood preservatives in future. Studies on decay test of wood
and/or wood based composites after weathering tests showed that weathering affected
decay process. Catto et al. (2016) investigated the effect of natural weathering and decay
test by Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Fuscoporia ferrea.
The results showed that natural weathering accelerated fungal degradation by influencing
fungal growth. Decay resistance of weathered albizzia and sugi wood samples was studied
by Sudiyanni et al. (1996). They found that weathered samples had higher weight loss than
control samples. In another study, oak wood was naturally and artificially aged, and then,
were inoculated with brown and white rot fungi. In that study, brown-rot caused greater
change in weight-loss in naturally aged samples than white-rot did (Chow and Bajwa, 1998).
Reinprecht and Grznárik (2015) reported that the artificial ageing decreased the the decay
resistance of the modified or the modified and painted pine sapwood. Decay test of
weathered beech samples showed that samples had darker color than that of controls due
to the weight loss after C. puteana attack (Reinprecht and Hulla, 2015).
In this study, decay resistance of natural and accelerated weathered beech samples
was investigated by a brown (Coniophora puteana) and white rot (Coriolus versicolor) fungi.
Samples were exposed to natural weathering (NW) for 393 days, and accelerated
weathering (AW) for 1512h, and then were subjected to decay test in malt extract agar
medium for 2 and 4 weeks. Weight loss of samples was compared with un-weathered
samples (control).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Beech samples were obtained from Sulekler Forest Industry, Bursa, Turkey. Samples with
dimensions of 2 mm (radial) x 75 mm (tangential) x 150 mm (longitudinal) were prepared for
artificial and natural weathering tests. After weathering tests, the samples were cut into 2 mm
(radial) × 5 mm (tangential) × 30 mm (longitudinal) for the decay test. Samples without any
visible defects such as cracks, strain and knots were selected prior the experiments, and then
oven-dried. Malt extract agar sourced from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

2.2. Method

2.2.1. Artificial weathering

Artificial weathering was carried out in the Atlas UV Test machine (Illinois, USA)
according to ASTM G154 (2016) standard. The weathering cycle consisting of a continuous UV
(340 nm, 0.89 W/m2) for 8 h at 60 °C followed by a condensation for 4 h at 50 °C was
applied for 1512 h.

2.2.2. Natural weathering

Samples were exposed to outdoor conditions in south at an angle of 45° to the

horizontal in Bursa Technical University campus with an altitude of 162 m in Bursa, Turkey for
the period from November 2018 to November 2019 according to ASTM G7 (2013) and EN
927-3 (2003) standards.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 106

 2.2.3. Decay test

The decay test was performed according to EN 113 (1997) principles, with some changes
in sample size and kolle flasks. 6 replicates were used for each group. Malt extract agar
solution of 4.8% concentration, and the samples were sterilized in an autoclave (Tomy SX700,
Japan) at a pressure of about 0.1 MPa at 120 °C for 25 min. Fungi cultures of the brown rot
fungus Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst. (Mad-515) and white rot fungus, Coriolus
versicolor (Linnaeus) Quelet (1030) were inoculated to sterile malt extract agar medium in the
petri dishes. Samples were incubated at 20 °C and 70% RH for 2 and 4 weeks. After the test,
oven dry weights of samples were determined. The weight loss was calculated by the
following equation:

Weight loss (%) = (Mint-Mend/ Mint) × 100

Where,
M is the weight of the samples and the subscripts “int” and “end” refer to the oven-dry
weight at 103 °C before and after the decay test, respectively.

3. Results and Discussions

The weight loss of the samples is illustrated in Fig. 1 for C. versicolor, and Fig. 2 for C.
puteana attack. The weight loss of control samples showed that the decay test was valid,
and the test conditions were suitable for growth of the fungi. Test fungi showed suitable
growth and colonization of the mycelium on all samples.

80
70
Weight loss by C. versicolor

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Control AW NW Control AW NW
2 weeks 4 weeks

Fig. 1. Weight loss of samples caused by C. versicolor attack

After 2 weeks, natural weathering and control samples degraded almost similarly
around 24% by C. versicolor attack. Fungal degradation was found to be less in the artificial
weathering samples (13.29%) than in the others. This may be explained by the rapid
degradation of the chemical components of wood due to artificial degradation. Samples
thickness was around 2mm, and this could accelerate the photo-degradation. At the end of
the 4 weeks, the weight loss of beech samples was 61.82, 30.72 and 37.62% for control,
artificial weathering and natural weathering samples, respectively (Fig. 1). Panek et al. (2014)
stated that beech sample of artificial weathering exhibited less weight loss than the untreated
control samples. At the end of the test, natural weathering samples did not lose as much
weight as control samples. It may be concluded that the chemical components in the control

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 107

samples are higher than the weathering samples, and thus may create a more suitable
medium for fungi growth.

50

Weight loss by C. puteana

40

30

20

10

0
Control AW NW Control AW NW
2 weeks 4 weeks

Fig. 2. Weight loss of samples caused by C. puteana attack

Artificial weathering and control samples degraded almost similarly after 2 weeks of C.
puteana exposure. At the end of the 4 weeks, the weight loss of beech samples was 21.43,
28.44 and 37.67% for control, artificial weathering and natural weathering samples,
respectively. Natural weathering samples degraded more than artificial weathering and
control samples. Cracks and voids in the natural weathered samples could cause an entrance
for fungi mycelium, an increase in the moisture uptake during the decay test, and therefore
an increase in weight loss.
In Fig. 1, control samples showed higher weight loss than weathered samples however in
Fig. 2, weathered samples had higher weight loss than controls. The decay mechanism of C.
versicolor and C. puteana might be the main reason for this finding.

4. Conclusion
In the study, effect of natural and artificial weathering on decay resistance of beech
samples was investigated. The results showed that fungi species and weathering types
affected the decay resistance of samples. 4 weeks of exposure to C. versicolor caused more
weight loss than C. puteana for all samples. In all cases natural weathering samples exhibited
less decay resistance than artificial weathering samples.

5. Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Sulekler Forest Industry, Bursa, Turkey for supplying the
free-sample of woods materials. Weathering tests of this study was financially supported by
Turkish Scientific and Research Council (TUBITAK) under the project number of 118O759.

References

ASTM G154. (2006). Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV
Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM G7. (2013). Standard Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of
Nonmetallic Materials.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 108

Bari, E., Nazarnezhad, N., Kazemi, S. M., Ghanbary, M. A. T., Mohebby, B., Schmidt, O., and
Clausen, C. A. (2015). Comparison between degradation capabilities of the white rot fungi
Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor in beech wood. International Biodeterioration
& Biodegradation, 104, 231-237.
Brischke, C., and Meyer-Veltrup, L. (2015). Moisture content and decay of differently sized
wooden components during 5 years of outdoor exposure. European Journal of Wood
and Wood Products, 73(6), 719-728.
Catto, A. L., Montagna, L. S., Almeida, S. H., Silveira, R. M., and Santana, R. M. (2016). Wood
plastic composites weathering: Effects of compatibilization on biodegradation in soil and
fungal decay. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 109, 11-22.
Chow, P., and Bajwa, D. S. (1998). Weathering effects on the decay resistance of creosote-
treated oak. In V: Ninety-fourth annual meeting of the American Wood-preservers'
Association. Scottsdale, Arizona Vol. 94.
EN 113. (1997). Wood preservatives. Test method for determining the protective effectiveness
against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. Determination of toxic values.
EN 927-3. (2003). Paints and varnishes - Coating materials and coating systems for exterior
wood - Part 3: Natural weathering test.
Evans P.D. (2008): Weathering and photo-degradation of wood. In: Development of Wood
Preservative Systems, ACS Washington DC, USA: 69–117.
George, B.; Suttie, E.; Merlin, A and Deglise, X. (2005). Photodegradation and
photostabilisation of wood: The state of the art. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 268–274.
Lionetto, F., Del Sole, R., Cannoletta, D., Vasapollo, G., and Maffezzoli, A. (2012). Monitoring
wood degradation during weathering by cellulose crystallinity. Materials, 5(10), 1910-1922.
Metsa-Kortelainen, S., and Viitanen, H. (2017). Durability of thermally modified sapwood and
heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce in the modified double layer test. Wood
Material Science & Engineering, 12(3), 129-139.
Panek, M., Reinprecht, L., and Hulla, M. (2014). Ten essential oils for beech wood protection-
Efficacy against wood-destroying fungi and moulds, and effect on wood
discoloration. BioResources, 9(3), 5588-5603.
Reinprecht, L., and Grznárik, T. (2015). Biological durability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
sapwood modified with selected organo-silanes. Wood Research, 60(5), 687-696.
Reinprecht, L., and Hulla, M. (2015). Colour changes of beech wood modified with essential oils
due to fungal and ageing-fungal attacks with Coniophora puteana. Drewno: prace
naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty, 58.
Sudiyanni, Y., Imamura, Y., and Takahashi, M. (1996). Weathering effects on several properties
of chemically modified wood. Wood Research Institute Kyoto University, 83: 55-58.
Tomak, E. D., Ustaomer, D., Ermeydan, M. A.,and Yildiz, S. (2018). An investigation of surface
properties of thermally modified wood during natural weathering for 48 months.
Measurement, 127, 187-197.
Xie, Y.; Krause, A.; Mai, C.; Militz, H.; Richter, K.; Urban, K. and Evans, P.D. (2005). Weathering
of wood modified with the N-methylol compound 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-
dihydroxyethyleneurea. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 89, 189–199.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 109

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

WATER ABSORPTION, ANTI-SHRINK EFFICIENCY AND DECAY RESISTANCE OF

TREATED WOOD BY SILICA BASED SOLUTIONS

Eylem DİZMAN TOMAK1 Ebru D. ŞAM PARMAK2 Şebnem Sevil ARPACI1

eylem.dizman@btu.edu.tr ebrudevrim.sam@btu.edu.tr sebnem.arpaci@btu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8654-0005) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-1675-9487) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-2591-
2837)

1
Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Industry Engineering Department, Bursa,
Turkey
2
Bursa Technical University, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Bursa, Turkey

Abstract
In this study, the effect of two different silica (SiO2) based solutions on water absorption,
anti-shrink efficiency and decay resistance of Scots pine wood was studied. Sol-gel process was
used in order to prepare SiO2 based solutions. One of the SiO2 based solutions (Sol-gel 1) was
prepared by using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), ethanol and de-ionized water (TEOS:H2O=1:1/2). The
same precursors was used for preparing the other solution (Sol-gel 2) but with a different molar
ratio of TEOS:H2O=1:4. Scots pine wood samples were first vacuum impregnated with the solutions
and then cured. The level of water absorption and anti-shrink efficiency were determined with
cyclical wetting tests, total of 14 days. Samples were exposed to brown rot fungus, Coniophora
puteana attack according to EN 113 standard to determine the best SiO2 based solution for
sufficient decay resistance. Leached samples were also suspected to decay test in order to
evaluate any loss in effectiveness in decay resistance due to possibility of silica leaching. Both
solutions had similar weight percent gains in wood, around 25%. SiO2 treated samples decreased
water absorption of wood as 20% in comparison with un-treated controls. Anti-shrink efficiency of
wood was found as 26% for Sol-gel 1 solution and 35% for Sol-gel 2 solution at the end of the
test. Decay resistance of treated samples was in the range of 63-91% in comparison with controls.
Sol-gel 2 solution were found efficacious in suppressing Coniophora puteana attack when no
leaching prior the decay test was used, however, Sol-gel 1 solution seemed to be ineffective
against fungus attack that exhibited more than 3% weight loss. Leached samples had higher
weight loss than un-leached samples. The remained silica inside leached wood supposed to be not
sufficient enough to prevent brown rot fungus attack on wood. Results clearly showed Sol-gel 2
solution had better water absorption and anti-shrink efficiency rates, and decay resistance than
Sol-gel 1 solution.

Keywords: Scots pine, sol-gel, decay resistance, anti-shrink efficiency, water absorption.

1. Introduction
Wood has been used as an environmentally friendly material in indoor and outdoor
applications. However, wood has disadvantages such as biodegradability, dimensional
instability, flammability and photo-degradation. To overcome those disadvantages,
appropriate preservation methods are needed. Due to increasing environmental concerns,
new methods and chemicals are still searching to be an alternative to traditional ones.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 110

 One of the strategies of the recent studies is to protect wood with using inorganic
silicon compounds. Actually, silanes are known as modifying agents in the plastic, textile,
construction and paper industries. They are used for hydrophobization of ceramics, scratch
resistant surfaces, soil proofing and anti-graffiti coatings, or as an adhesion promoter
between organic and inorganic materials (Donath et al., 2004). Wood treated with
tetraalkoxysilanes showed improved dimensional stability, durability and fire resistance to a
certain degree (Mai and Militz, 2004). In addition, wood treatment with tetraethoxysilane and
alkyltriethoxysilanes provide strong hydrophobicity and partial fungal resistance (Donath et al.,
2004; Mai and Militz, 2004; Gholamiyan et al., 2015). Donath et al. (2004) compared
performance properties of wood samples impregnated with three different sol-gel precursors,
namely: TEOS, methyl triethoxysilane, and propyl triethoxysilane. They observed that wood
properties – such as cell wall bulking, anti-swelling efficiency, moisture uptake, and durability –
improved significantly in wood samples treated with the monomeric sol-gel precursors
compared to those samples that were treated with oligomeric sol-gel particles. Sebe et al.
(2004) showed that n-propyl-trimethoxysilane reacted by alcoholysis with hydroxyl groups
present in the wood substrate. This study showed that despite the sensitivity of the C-O-Si
bond to hydrolysis, a significant amount of silane remained in the wood even after 14 days in
water. Tanno et al. (1998) investigated the application of sol-gel formulations to wood to
increase its dimensional stability and resistance to termites and fire, and also developed a
sol-gel system that increases the fungal resistance of wood. In that study, the sol-gel system
consists of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursor mixed with small amounts of 2-
heptadecafluorooctyl trimethoxysilane and 3- (trimethoxysilyl) -propyl- (carboxymethyl) -
desylmethyl ammonium hydroxide. In the study of Saka and Tanno (1996), TEOS as a silane
component was compared with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS). The weight percent gain
(WPG) of wood treated with MTMOS and TEOS was similar, but MTMOS resulted in a higher
volume although the concentration in the impregnation solution was lower.
In this study, the effect of two different silica (SiO2) based solutions on water
absorption, anti-shrink efficiency and decay resistance against C. puteana attacks of Scots
pine was investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Wood samples from sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with dimensions of 15
mm (radial) x 5 mm (tangential) x 30 mm (longitudinal) were prepared for the study. Samples
without any visible defects such as cracks, strain and knots were selected for the experiments,
and then oven-dried prior the treatments. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and ethanol were sourced
from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Two SiO2 based solutions were prepared. One of
the SiO2 based solutions (Sol-gel 1) was prepared by using TEOS, ethanol and de-ionized
water (TEOS:H2O=1:1/2). The same precursors was used for preparing the other solution (Sol-
gel 2) but with a different molar ratio of TEOS:H2O=1:4.

2.2. Method

The samples were first vacuum impregnated with solutions at 700 mmHg for 45 min,
and were then immersed in the solutions for 60 min at atmospheric pressure. The samples
were cured at 100°C for 24h. Weight percent gain of the samples (WPG, %) was calculated
on the basis of the oven dry weight of samples before and after impregnation. Then, samples
were conditioned at 20°C and 65% RH for 2 weeks.
Six replicates of treated and untreated wood samples were placed into beakers filled
with deionised water. After defined times (24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 144h, 168h and 336h), the

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 111

samples were removed from the water, dabbed of with tissue and weighed. The dimensions
of the samples were measured. This procedure continued for a total of 14 days. Relative
water uptake (WA, %) (Eq. 1) and anti-shrink efficiency (ASE, %) (Eq. 2) were determined.

WA = [(W2- W1) / W1] × 100 (1)

ASE = [(Su- S) / Su] × 100 (2)
Where,
W2 = wet weight of wood samples after wetting with water
W1 = initial dry weight
Su = volumetric swelling of untreated wood
S = volumetric swelling of treated wood

Decay test was performed according to principles of EN 113 (1997) both for leached (L)
and unleached (UL) samples with 6 replicates for each group. Water immersed samples were
used as leached samples. Brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst. (Mad-
515) was used in the test. Malt extract agar of 4.8% concentration and samples were
sterilized in an autoclave at pressure of about 0.1 MPa at 120°C for 25 minutes. Fungi cultures
were inoculated to sterile malt extract agar medium in the petri dishes. After incubation
period of inoculated petri dishes, one impregnated and one control samples were placed on
the growing mycelium in each petri dish. The petri dishes were then incubated at 20ºC and
70% RH for 8 weeks. After the test, all wood samples were removed from the petri dishes
and cleaned from the surface mycelium. Then, they were dried at a temperature of 103±2°C,
weighed, and the weight loss (WL, %) was calculated on the basis of oven dry weight before
the test. Decay resistance of impregnated samples defined as a percentage change was
calculated based on the weight loss of control samples.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Weight gain (WPG), water absorption rate (WA) and anti-shrink efficacy (ASE)

Weight percent gain of samples was found to be 25.02 (±1.99) and 26.29 (±2.53)% for
sol-gel 1 and sol-gel 2, respectively. Both solutions had similar weight percent gains in wood.
The average values of water absorption and anti-shrink efficiency of samples are
shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Water absorption of the control samples increased from 69.48% to
155.04% during immersion in water. All treated samples had lower water absorption than that
of the controls after 14 days. Impregnated samples had water absorption rate from 93.11 to
124.65%. At the end of the water immersion test, treated samples decreased water absorption
of wood as 20% in comparison with controls. In the beginning periods of the test, up to 120h,
treated samples absorbed more water than controls. A continuous increase was observed on
absorbed water by controls while a slight increase on WA values was observed with treated
samples along with water immersion periods. A remarkable difference on WA was not
observed between two solutions. Donath et al. (2006) found that water repellence of samples
treated with three types of silanes strongly diminished after a longer submersion time (24 h). It
was reported that the reduction in hydrophobicity after longer submersion time was not
caused by removal of silanes during submersion. This was explained by continued
condensation of unreacted silanol groups in the aqueous functional silanes during the wetting-
drying cycles.
Anti-shrink efficiency of Sol-gel 1 was found to be 32.12% for 24h and 25.90% for 336h.
In the case of Sol-gel 2, it was found as 40.56 and 35.04% for 24h and 336h, respectively.
The ASE values decreased during 72h but then they tend to increase slightly until the end of
the test. The reduction of ASE from beginning to end of the test was 19% for Sol-gel 1 and
14% for Sol-gel 2. This could be due to Si–O–C-bonds are susceptible to hydrolysis (Brinker

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 112

and Scherer 1990). Sol-gel 2 exhibited better dimensional stability than Sol-gel 1. Sol-gel 2
might penetrate and polymerize in the wood better than Sol-gel 1 since it was prepared with
less molar ratio of TEOS to H2O (1:4). High rate of un-reacted silanol groups might presence
on wood impregnated with Sol- gel 1.

180
160
140
Water absorption (%)

120
100
sol-gel 1
80
sol-gel 2
60
Control
40
20
0
24h 48h 72h 96h 120h 144h 168h 336h

Water immersion time (h)

Fig. 1. Water absorption of samples during 14 days of water immersion

45
40
Anti-shrink efficiency (%)

35
30
25
20 Sol-gel 1
15 Sol-gel 2
10
5
0
24h 48h 72h 96h 120h 144h 168h 336h

Water immersion time (h)

Fig. 2. Anti-shrink efficiency of samples during 14 days of water immersion

3.2. Decay resistance of samples

Fig. 3 summarizes the average values and standard deviations of the weight loss
caused by C. puteana attack. The control samples were severely degraded by the fungus.
The weight loss of the control samples was found to be greater than 25%. All treated
samples exhibited better decay resistance than controls. Weight loss of samples treated with
Sol-gel 1 was higher than required a maximum weight loss (3%) for a candidate wood
preservative according to EN 113 (1997). Anti-fungal effect could not be proven, the slightly
improved decay resistance was achieved by water repellency. Sol-gel 2 was found

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 113

efficacious in suppressing C. puteana attacks when no leaching prior the decay test was
used, however, it seemed to be ineffective after leaching. This probably related with
hydrolysis and condensation reaction of silanes. This finding is also compatible with ASE
results. SEM images can help to understand the protection mechanism of Sol-gel 2 and are
needed for further studies.

35

30

25
Weight Loss (%)

20

15

10

5 3%
0
UL L UL L UL L
Sol-gel 1 Sol-gel 1 Sol-gel 2 Sol-gel 2 Control Control
Fig. 3. Weight loss of decayed samples by C. puteana

4. Conclusions
In this study, two different silica based solutions were evaluated in order to investigate
their water absorption and anti-shrink efficiency rate, and decay resistance against C.
puteana attacks. Results showed that solutions increase water repellency and dimensional
stability of wood. However the efficiency tends to decrease after longer water immersion
periods, probably related with hydrolysis of silanes. Sol-gel 2 gives a promising result on
preventing attack of C. puteana. However after leaching, sufficient decay resistance was not
obtained with Sol-gel 2. As a consequently, the performance of the solutions are far poorer
than that of the commercially available formulations in outdoors. However, impregnated
wood can be used for interior purposes (Hazard class 1) and for internal humid conditions
and protected external use (Hazard class 2).

References
Brinker, C.F., Scherer, G.W. (1990). Sol-gel-science, Academic, San Diego.
Donath, S., Militz and H., Mai, C. (2006). Creating Water-Repellent Effects on Wood by
Treatment with Silanes, Holzforschung, Vol. 60, pp. 40–46.
Donath, S., Militz, H, and Mai, C. (2004). Wood modification with alkoxysilanes. Wood Science
and Technology, 38(7), 555-566.
EN 113. (1997). Wood preservatives. Test method for determining the protective effectiveness
against wood-destroying basidiomycetes. Determination of toxic values.
Gholamiyan, H., Tarmian, A., Ranjbar, Z., Abdulkhani, A., Azadfallah, M. and Mai, C. (2016).
Silane nanofilm formation by sol-gel processes for promoting adhesion of waterborne
and solvent-borne coatings to wood surface. Holzforschung, 70(5), 429-437.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 114

Mai, C. and Militz, H. (2004). Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Treatment systems
based on organic silicon compounds—a review. Wood Science and Technology, 37(6),
453-461.
Saka S. and Tanno F. (1996). Wood-Inorganic Composites Prepared by Sol-Gel Processing VI.
Effects of a property-enhancer on fireresistance in SiO2-P2O5 and SiO2-B2O3 wood-
inorganic composites. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42:81–86.
Sebe, G., Tingaut, P., Safou-Tchiama, R., Petraud, M., Grelier, S. and De Jeso, B. (2004).
Chemical reaction of maritime pine sapwood (Pinus pinaster Soland) with alkoxysilane
molecules: A study of chemical pathways. Holzforschung, 58(5), 511-518.
Tanno, F., Saka, S., Yamamoto, A. and Takabe, K. (1998). Antimicrobial TMSAH-added wood-
inorganic composites prepared by the sol-gel process. Holzforschung-International
Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Wood, 52(4), 365-370.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 115

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

PREDICTION OF RETENTION LEVEL AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF PLYWOOD

TREATED WITH FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICALS BY ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Sukru Ozsahin1 Aydin Demir2 Ismail Aydin2

sukru@ktu.edu.tr aydindemir@ktu.edu.tr iaydin@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8216-0048) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-4060-2578) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0152-7501)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
The treatment with fire retardant chemicals is the most effective process to protect wood
and wood based products from fire is. Therefore, use of fire retardant chemicals has been
increased. However, the fire retardant chemicals have an effect on other physical, mechanical and
some technological properties of the materials treated with them. In this study, firstly, the retention
level prediction model was developed with the artificial neural network (ANN) to examine the
effects of wood species and concentration aqueous solution on the retention levels of veneers.
Then, the effects of wood species, concentration aqueous solution and retention level on the
mechanical properties of plywood were investigated with the mechanical strength prediction
model developed with ANN. The prediction models with the best performance were determined
by statistical and graphical comparisons. It has been observed that ANN models yielded very
satisfactory results with acceptable deviations. As a result, the findings of this study could be
employed effectively into the forest products industry to reduce time, energy and cost for
empirical investigations.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, fire retardant, plywood, concentration, retention level,
mechanical properties

1. Introduction
Wood and wood based panels have long used a material in the construction industry
because they have a great durability, high strength and versatility (Stevens et al., 2006).
Plywood, being a wood based product, one of the most important building and furniture
materials (Fateh et al., 2013). Plywood has some advantages when compared to solid wood
and other wood panels. Physical properties of plywood are better than other wood panels.
Bending strength and screw holding capacity of plywood is very high, and it is resistant to
deformation disorders such as distortion or twisting. Since plywood has a homogeneous
structure, its shrinkage and expansion are much less than solid wood. There are some
unfavorable characteristics of the plywood similar to wood and other wood-based composite
panels. It can be combusted easily, and this is one of the undesired characteristics of
plywood (Ozkaya et al., 2007).
The flammability and combustibility properties of such a solid material can be reduced
recommended several treatments (Fateh et al., 2013). The treatment with fire retardant
chemicals is the most effective process to protect wood and wood based products from fire
is. Therefore, use of fire retardant chemicals has been increased. It has also risen due to

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awareness of environmental protection and consumer safety, requirement standards to flame
retardants have been raised accordingly. Moreover, capability and properties of fire
retardant chemicals such as being harmless to human, animals, and plants and less release of
smoke and toxic gases when burned are important parameters for consumer to select a fire
retardant chemical. It was also shown the fire retardant chemicals have an effect on other
physical, mechanical and some technological properties of the materials treated with them.
Inorganic based fire retardant chemicals are extensively used in forest industry because they
have both good thermal stability, less release of smoke, corrosive toxic gases and less
strength loss (He et al., 2014; Yao et al., 2012).
Determination of the optimum concentration of aqueous solution and retention level
without further loss of mechanical strength is also very important from industrial view point.
For this aim, a lot of concentration values need to be tested to determine the optimum
values that cause the loss of much time and energy and high costs. Therefore, it is important
to find more economic methods providing desirable results concerning technological
properties (Demirkir et al., 2013). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely used in
the field of wood (Esteban et al., 2011). The neural network most commonly used is the
multilayer perception, whose nature as a universal function approximation makes it a
powerful tool for modelling complex relations between variables (Fernandez et al., 2012).
ANNs are capable of processing information in a parallel distributed manner, learning
complex cause-and-effect relationships between input and output data, dealing with nonlinear
problems, generalizing from known tasks or examples to unknown tasks. ANNs are good for
tasks involving incomplete data sets, fuzzy or incomplete information, and for highly complex
and ill-defined problems, where people usually decide on an intuitional basis. Moreover, they
can be faster, cheaper and more adaptable than traditional methods (Ceylan, 2008; Ozsahin
and Aydin, 2014).
In this study, firstly, the retention level prediction model was developed with the artificial
neural network (ANN) to examine the effects of wood species and concentration aqueous
solution on the retention levels of veneers. Then, the effects of wood species, concentration
aqueous solution and retention level on the mechanical properties of plywood were
investigated with the mechanical strength prediction model developed with ANN.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Collection

In this experimental study, 2 mm-thick rotary cut veneers with the dimensions of 500
mm by 500 mm were obtained from poplar (Populus deltoides), alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp.
barbata) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) logs. While the alder and poplar veneers were
manufactured from freshly cut logs, Scots pine logs were steamed for 12 h before veneer
production. The horizontal opening between knife and nosebar was 85% of the veneer
thickness, and the vertical opening was 0.5 mm in rotary cutting process. The veneers were
then dried to 6–8% moisture content with a veneer dryer. After drying, veneer sheets were
treated with some fire retardant chemicals. For this aim, 5, 7 and 10% aqueous solutions of
zinc borate, monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and ammonium sulphate were used. The
veneers were subjected to re-drying process at 110°C after they immersed in the fire
retardant solutions for 20 min. The retention level for each treatment solution was calculated
with the following equation.

GxC
R = x 10 kg/m3 (1)
V

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 Where
R = Retention level (kg/m3)
G = treatment solution absorbed by the sample
C = preservative or preservative solution in 100 g treatment solution.
V = volume of sample in cm3

Three-ply-plywood panels with 6 mm thick were manufactured by using urea

formaldehyde resin. The veneer sheets were conditioned to approximately 5–7% moisture
content in an acclimatization chamber before gluing. The glue mixture was applied at a rate
of 160 g/m2 to the single surface of veneer by using a four-roller glue spreader. Hot press
pressure was 12 kg/cm2 for alder and 8 kg/cm2 for scots pine and poplar panels while hot
pressing time and temperature were 6 min and 110°C, respectively. Two replicate panels were
manufactured for each test groups.
The bonding strength of plywood panels was determined according to EN 314-1 (1998)
with a universal testing machine. Samples manufactured with UF resin were tested after
immersion in water at 20°C for 24h. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity of
plywood panels was determined according to EN 310 (1993) with a universal testing machine.

2.2. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Analysis

In this study, the retention level and mechanical strength values of plywood were
modelled by ANN approach using the data obtained from the literature. First, the change in
retention level was modelled depending on the wood species and concentration of aqueous
solution. Then, modelling of the change in mechanical strength values based on wood species,
concentration of aqueous solution and retention level values was carried out. The proposed
ANN models was designed by software developed using the MATLAB Neural Network
Toolbox. The data were obtained from the experimental study. In order to examine the
effects of related variables on retention level and mechanical strength values; the
experimental data were randomly and homogeneously grouped as training and test data,
different data sets were created and used to train ANNs. Among these data, 18 samples
were selected for ANN training process, while the remaining 9 samples were used to verify
the generalization capability of ANN. The data sets used in the training and prediction
models are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The retention level and mechanical strength values
results obtained experimentally also presented in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
The obtained predicted values as a result of the testing process were compared with
the real (measured) values. The models providing the best prediction values with respect to
the root mean-square error (RMSE) ratio, calculated with Eq. 2, the mean absolute
percentage error (MAPE) ratio, calculated with Eq. 3 and coefficient of determination (R2)
with Eq. 4 was chosen as the prediction models.

1 N

∑ (t − tdi )
2
RMSE = i
(2)
N i =1

1  N  t i − td i 
MAPE = ∑
N  i =1  t i
  × 100 (3)

N

∑ (t i − td i ) 2
R2 =1 − i =1 (4)
N

∑ (t
i =1
i − t) 2

In Equations 2, 3 and 4, ti is the actual output values, tdi is the neural network predicted
values, and N is the number of objects.

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 Table 1. Training and testing data set and retention level prediction models results
Training Data
Concentration Retention Level
Fire Retardant Aqueous (kg/m3)
Wood Species
Chemicals Solution
Actual Predicted Error (%)
(%)
Poplar Zinc Borate 5 17.118 17.113 0.028
Poplar Zinc Borate 10 30.243 30.269 -0.084
Poplar MAP 5 11.233 11.298 -0.580
Poplar MAP 7 14.219 14.041 1.254
Poplar Ammonium Sulphate 7 11.594 11.514 0.693
Poplar Ammonium Sulphate 10 14.660 14.833 -1.183
Alder Zinc Borate 7 20.107 20.270 -0.809
Alder Zinc Borate 10 29.053 28.967 0.294
Alder MAP 5 10.233 10.238 -0.047
Alder MAP 10 18.601 18.565 0.194
Alder Ammonium Sulphate 5 9.781 9.520 2.664
Alder Ammonium Sulphate 7 11.350 11.559 -1.844
Scots pine Zinc Borate 5 13.800 13.824 -0.175
Scots pine Zinc Borate 7 19.915 19.907 0.040
Scots pine MAP 7 18.033 17.655 2.097
Scots pine MAP 10 23.402 23.979 -2.467
Scots pine Ammonium Sulphate 5 11.578 11.811 -2.010
Scots pine Ammonium Sulphate 10 24.993 24.548 1.779
MAPE 1.014
RMSE 0.230
Testing Data
Concentration Retention Level
Fire Retardant Aqueous (kg/m3)
Wood Species
Chemicals Solution
Actual Predicted Error (%)
(%)
Poplar Zinc Borate 7 20.854 21.648 -3.805
Poplar MAP 10 19.514 19.553 -0.200
Poplar Ammonium Sulphate 5 9.705 9.248 4.707
Alder Zinc Borate 5 16.324 15.980 2.110
Alder MAP 7 14.595 13.661 6.401
Alder Ammonium Sulphate 10 15.254 15.741 -3.192
Scots pine Zinc Borate 10 26.420 25.938 1.825
Scots pine MAP 5 12.689 13.656 -7.618
Scots pine Ammonium Sulphate 7 17.553 17.397 0.886
MAPE 3.416
RMSE 0.602

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 Table 2. Training and testing data set and mechanical strength prediction models results
Training Data
C. Bonding Strength Bending Strength Modulus of Elasticity
Retention
Wood Fire Retardant Aqueous (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Level
Species Chemicals Solution Error Predicte Error Error
(kg/m3) Actual Predicted Actual Actual Predicted
(%) (%) d (%) (%)
Poplar Zinc Borate 5 17.118 1.421 1.425 -0.253 70.870 71.035 -0.233 4891.00 4881.46 0.195
Poplar Zinc Borate 10 30.243 1.235 1.243 -0.637 60.710 58.914 2.958 4368.00 4367.45 0.013
Poplar MAP 5 11.233 1.270 1.283 -1.011 71.840 71.984 -0.201 4969.00 5014.80 -0.922
Poplar MAP 7 14.219 1.231 1.232 -0.078 71.310 69.919 1.950 4948.00 4890.57 1.161
Poplar A. Sulphate 7 11.594 1.186 1.192 -0.542 61.670 61.877 -0.336 4596.00 4601.34 -0.116
Poplar A. Sulphate 10 14.660 1.170 1.180 -0.816 60.180 61.988 -3.004 4584.00 4601.07 -0.372
Alder Zinc Borate 7 20.107 1.882 1.890 -0.418 87.500 89.667 -2.476 7585.00 7736.28 -1.994
Alder Zinc Borate 10 29.053 1.871 1.875 -0.213 87.880 87.302 0.657 7577.00 7550.38 0.351
Alder MAP 5 10.233 2.158 2.171 -0.598 96.040 94.782 1.310 7897.00 7812.04 1.076
Alder MAP 10 18.601 1.593 1.621 -1.766 94.500 93.358 1.209 7744.00 7727.46 0.214
Alder A. Sulphate 5 9.781 1.909 1.903 0.290 92.120 90.815 1.416 7748.00 7694.74 0.687
Alder A. Sulphate 7 11.350 1.798 1.802 -0.206 91.710 93.882 -2.368 7678.00 7708.33 -0.395
Scots pine Zinc Borate 5 13.800 1.070 1.076 -0.556 64.860 63.995 1.334 4840.00 4840.23 -0.005
Scots pine Zinc Borate 7 19.915 1.032 1.031 0.106 63.680 62.573 1.739 4820.00 4820.08 -0.002
Scots pine MAP 7 18.033 0.798 0.807 -1.183 64.300 63.440 1.337 4757.00 4757.15 -0.003
Scots pine MAP 10 23.402 0.793 0.781 1.474 56.760 58.804 -3.602 3956.00 3956.26 -0.007
Scots pine A. Sulphate 5 11.578 0.876 0.880 -0.428 61.630 63.441 -2.938 4856.00 4856.19 -0.004
Scots pine A. Sulphate 10 24.993 0.734 0.741 -0.893 59.470 58.776 1.166 4716.00 4716.33 -0.007
MAPE 0.637 1.680 0.418
RMSE 0.010 1.364 47.522
Testing Data
C. Bonding Strength Bending Strength Modulus of Elasticity
Retention
Wood Fire Retardant Aqueous (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Level
Species Chemicals Solution Error Predicte Error Error
(kg/m3) Actual Predicted Actual Actual Predicted
(%) (%) d (%) (%)
Poplar Zinc Borate 7 20.854 1.370 1.341 2.105 64.040 65.975 -3.022 4516.00 4661.80 -3.228
Poplar MAP 10 19.514 1.168 1.197 -2.479 67.980 66.898 1.592 4703.00 4603.33 2.119
Poplar A. Sulphate 5 9.705 1.256 1.207 3.872 66.150 63.965 3.303 4610.00 4582.56 0.595
Alder Zinc Borate 5 16.324 1.956 2.111 -7.930 95.680 92.758 3.054 7819.00 7782.16 0.471
Alder MAP 7 14.595 1.779 1.757 1.227 95.120 93.448 1.758 7864.00 7753.48 1.405
Alder A. Sulphate 10 15.254 1.675 1.630 2.703 90.790 92.471 -1.852 7594.00 7683.04 -1.172
Scots pine Zinc Borate 10 26.420 0.962 0.952 1.068 58.230 58.832 -1.034 4267.00 4312.14 -1.058
Scots pine MAP 5 12.689 0.833 0.863 -3.574 64.960 63.694 1.949 4654.00 4823.35 -3.639
Scots pine A. Sulphate 7 17.553 0.759 0.768 -1.193 62.480 63.331 -1.362 4857.00 4894.73 -0.777
MAPE 2.906 2.103 1.607
RMSE 0.059 1.717 97.516

Figure 1 shows the ANN models containing one input layer, one or two hidden layers
and one output layer. The selected ANN models represents the prediction models that
produced the closest values to the measured values for the retention level, bonding strength,
bending strength and modulus of elasticity. First, the wood species and concentration of
aqueous solution were used as the input variables, while the retention level values were used
as the output variable in the ANN models. The processing element numbers (neurons) of the
two hidden layers were 3-3 (first layer-second layer) for the models in Figure 1. Then, the
wood species, concentration of aqueous solution and retention level were used as the input
variables, while the bonding strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were used as
the output variable in the ANN models. The processing element numbers (neurons) of the two
hidden layers were 3-3 (first layer-second layer), 3 and 2-3 (first layer-second layer) for the
models in Figure 1.

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 Figure 1. The ANN architecture selected as the prediction models

A feed forward and back propagation multilayer ANN was used for solving problems,
and the network training and testing was carried out using the MATLAB software package. In
this study, the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid function (tansig) and the linear transfer function
(purelin) were used as the activation transfer functions, the levenberg marquardt algorithm
(trainlm) was used as the training algorithm, the gradient descent with a momentum back
propagation algorithm (traingdm) was used as the learning rule, and the mean square error
(MSE) with Eq. 5 was used as the performance function.
1 N

∑ (t − td i )
2
MSE = i
(5)
N i =1
Where, ti is the actual output (targeted values), tdi is the neural network output
(predicted values), and N is the total number of training patterns.
To ensure an equal contribution of each parameter in the models, the training and test
were normalized (-1, 1 range) due to the use of the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid function in the
models and network, which allowed the data to be translated into the original value, with a
reverse normalizing process for the interpretation of the results. The normalization (scaling)
operations were carried out by using Eq. 6.
X − X min
X norm = 2 × −1 (6)
X max − X min
Where, Xnorm is the normalized value of a variable X (real value of the variable), and
Xmax and Xmin are the maximum and minimum values of X, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

ANN models were trained and tested with the data obtained from the experimental
results of Demir et al. (2016). Change of retention level depending on the wood species and
concentration were modelled with obtained network parameters. The amount of error
variation depending on iteration of the selected ANN was shown in Figure 2. In addition,
changes of bonding strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity depending on the
wood species, concentration and retention level were modelled with obtained network
parameters. The amount of error variation depending on iteration of the selected ANN was
shown in Figure 2. The best training performance was 0.00049989 in the 154th iteration for
retention level, 0.00019427 in the 14th iteration for bonding strength, 0.004826 in the 19th
iteration for bending strength, 0.00058161 in the 500th iteration for modulus of elasticity.

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 Figure 2. A plot of error variation depending on iteration of the ANNs

Figure 3 and 4 shows the relationship between the real values and calculated values
obtained by the prediction models. The comparative plots of these values are given in Figure
5.

Figure 3. The relationship between experimental results of retention level and ANN predicted
results

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Figure 4. The relationship between experimental results of mechanical strength and ANN
predicted results

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 Figure 5. The comparison of the real and calculated values

In order to assess the validity of the networks and their accuracy, it is often useful to
perform regression analysis between the network response and the corresponding target. The
regression curves of the output variables for the experiment and ANN data set (training and
testing) are shown in Figure 3 (retention level, training R = 0.99931; testing R = 0.99154) and

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Figure 4 (bonding strength, training R = 0.99983; testing R = 0.99081, bending strength, training
R = 0.99506; testing R = 0.99371, modulus of elasticity, training R = 0.99818; testing R =
0.99946). As the correlation coefficients approach 1, prediction accuracy increases and
indicates good agreement between the experimental results and the models predication. This
value supports the applicability of using ANNs in the present study.
Comparisons of the results between the outcomes of ANN modelling and experimental
values for the retention level, bonding strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity
values are plotted in Figure 5. The results of graphic comparisons showed similarities between
the experimental study and the ANN models and supported the reliability of the models.
The results indicate a consistent agreement between the outcomes of the ANN
modelling and the experimental results. MAPE was used to evaluate the performance of the
proposed ANN in the prediction technique. The maximum absolute percentage errors (MAPE)
for retention level, bonding strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were 1.014,
0.637, 1.680 and 0.418 % for training and 3.416, 2.906, 2.103 and 1.607 %for testing,
respectively. These levels of error are satisfactory for the retention level, bonding strength,
bending strength and modulus of elasticity. As seen from the results, the ANN approach has
a sufficient accuracy rate for the prediction of retention level, bonding strength, bending
strength and modulus of elasticity values of plywood.
The intermediate values not obtained from the experimental study for retention level,
bonding strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were predicted from the
designed ANN modelling. The retention level, bonding strength, bending strength and modulus
of elasticity values predicted by the ANN models for different concentration of aqueous
solution are shown in Figure 6, 7, 8 and 9.

Figure 6. The change of retention level with increasing concentration of aqueous solution

Figure 7. The change of bonding strength with increasing concentration of aqueous solution

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 Figure 8. The change of bending strength with increasing concentration of aqueous solution

Figure 9. The change of modulus of elasticity with increasing concentration of aqueous

solution

The retention level increased with increasing concentration aqueous solution according
to Figure 6. Among the fire retardant chemicals, zinc borate caused more increase in
retention levels than the other chemicals for all of wood species. In the first model, the
retention levels estimated depending on the concentration values and in the second model
the mechanical strength values were estimated. As can be seen Figures 7-9, generally, the
mechanical properties of the panels can be adversely influenced by increased concentrations
of fire retardants. In literature, it was stated that the reasons for the reduction in mechanical
strength of fire-retardant plywood could be related to the acidity of fire retardant could
influence the strength of the veneers; The poor compatibility between fire retardant and UF
adhesive and the fast curing rate of the UF adhesive, accelerated by fire retardant, could,
theoretically, prevent a direct and effective contact between the veneer and the UF adhesive,
and hence affect the penetration of UF adhesive into the veneer (Cheng and Wang, 2011).
The second drying process performed after the impregnation may also contributed to
decrease in shear strength. Aydin (2004) indicated that the impregnation material layer in the
form of crystal remaining on the veneer surface after drying affected adversely wettability
with glue and so the mechanical strength values decreased. Among the fire retardant
chemicals, zinc borate generally caused less decrease in bonding strength than the other
chemicals for all of wood species. MAP generally caused less decrease in bending strength
and modulus of elasticity than the other chemicals for all of wood species. However, the less
decrease for modulus of elasticity values of Scots pine panels was obtain from ammonium
sulphate.
The different changes of mechanical properties were determined according to
concentration of fire retardants in the ANN models. For example, while the bending strength
values of alder plywood treated with ammonium sulphate showed a slight increase up to
7.5% concentration, there was a slight increase in bending resistance up to 6% concentration
in the treatment process with MAP. It is seen that the bending strength values of scots pine
plywood remain almost constant up to 8% in the treatment process with ammonium sulphate,
7.5% in the treatment with MAP and 6.5% in the treatment with zinc borate (Figure 8). The
modulus of elasticity of plywood treated with ammonium sulphate remained almost constant
at all concentration values for poplar, up to 8% for alder and 8.5% for scots pine. Similar

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results to ammonium sulphate were obtained in the treatment process with zinc borate in
scots pine plywood (Figure 9).
At ANN design, some experimental results were used for training and some others were
used for testing (Table 1 and 2). On the other hand, some data values for the poplar samples
treated at 7% concentration of aqueous solution with zinc borate was not available in
training set. However, the strength values for this concentration and fire retardant chemical
was available for alder samples (Table 2). It was stated in literature that, ANNs are capable
of processing information in a parallel distributed manner, learning complex cause and effect
relationships between input and output data, dealing with nonlinear problems, generalizing
from known tasks or examples to unknown tasks. ANNs are good for tasks involving
incomplete data sets, fuzzy or incomplete information, and for highly complex and ill-defined
problems for which humans would usually decide on an intuitional basis. Moreover, they can
be more adaptable than traditional methods and ANNs technology brings completely
different concepts to computing (Ceylan, 2008). As a consequence, the knowledge of the
neural network is spread overall the links in network with their weight values. So, the lack of
some data in a trained ANN does not significantly affect the network to produce accurate
information.

4. Conclusion
In this study, ANN models were developed to model the effects of wood species and
concentration values of aqueous solutions variables on the retention level and the effects of
wood species, concentration values of aqueous solutions and retention level variables on
mechanical strength values. As a results of the study, the retention level increased with
increasing concentration aqueous solution. In generally, mechanical properties of the panels
can be adversely influenced by increased concentrations of fire retardants. The different
changes of mechanical properties were determined according to concentration of fire
retardants in the ANN models. MAPE for retention level, bonding strength, bending strength
and modulus of elasticity were 1.014, 0.637, 1.680 and 0.418 % for training and 3.416, 2.906,
2.103 and 1.607 %for testing, respectively. RMSE for retention level, bonding strength, bending
strength and modulus of elasticity were 0.230, 0.010, 1.364 and 47.52 for training and 0.602,
0.059, 1.717 and 97.516 for testing, respectively. It can be concluded from this study that the
ANN method is reasonable for the modelling (the optimization) of retention level, bonding
strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity at various concentration without needing
the experimental study again and again.

5. Acknowledgments
In this study, the experimental results obtained from the study of Demir et al. (2016)
were used. Therefore, the authors acknowledge Dr. Aydin Demir, Dr. Ismail Aydin, and Dr.
Semra Colak for enabling data to be used.

References
Aydin I. (2004). Effects of Some Manufacturing Conditions on Wettability and Bonding of
Veneers Obtained from Various Wood Species, PhD Thesis, KTU Natural Science Institute,
Trabzon.
Ceylan I. (2008). Determination of Drying Characteristics of Timber by Using Artificial Neural
Networks and Mathematical Models. Drying Technology, 26(12), 1469-1476.
Cheng R. X. and Wang Q. W. (2011). The influence of FRW-1 fire retardant treatment on the
bonding of plywood. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 25, 1715–1724.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 127

Demir A., Aydin I. and Colak S. (2016). Effect of various fire retardant chemicals in different
concentrations on mechanical properties of plywood. In Proc. 2nd International Furniture
Congress, Muğla, Turkey, 13-15 October, pp. 411.
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of Adhesion and Adhesives, 46, 14-20.
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transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Fire Safety
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Ozkaya K., Ilce C. A., Burdurlu E. and Aslan S. (2007). The effect of potassium carbonate,
borax and wolmanit on the burning characteristics of Oriented Strand Board(OSB).
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Ozsahin S. and Aydin I. (2014). Prediction of the optimum veneer drying temperature for good
bonding in plywood manufacturing by means of artificial neural network. Wood science
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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

THE EFFECTS OF WOOD SPECIES, NAIL SIZE, GRAIN DIRECTION AND LAYER
NUMBERS ON LATERAL NAIL STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD PANELS

Aydin Demir1 Cenk Demirkir1 Ismail Aydin1

aydindemir@ktu.edu.tr cenk@ktu.edu.tr iaydin@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-4060-2578) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-2503-8470) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0152-7501)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
In the use of solid wood and wood-based composite materials in wooden structures, metal
elements such as nails, screws and bolts are used as fasteners. The strength of the connection
points depends on many factors. In this study, it was aimed to determine effects of wood species,
nail size, grain direction and layer numbers on lateral nail strength of structural plywood panels.
Scots pine, black pine and spruce were used as wood species for structural plywood production.
Five and seven-ply plywood panels, 10 mm and 14 mm thick, were manufactured by using phenol
formaldehyde glue resin. Lateral nail strength test was performed according to ASTM D1761. The
specimens were oriented so that the load was applied parallel and perpendicular to the grain of
the main axis of plywood panel during the test. Also, nail size was chosen as 6d and 8d for test.
As a result of the study, it was seen that the Scots pine plywood gave the highest lateral nail
strength values among other wood species. Lateral nail strength values of seven-ply plywood was
found higher than five-ply plywood. Lateral nail strength value of the samples using 8d nails was
found to be higher than those using 6d nails. Also, it was determined the lateral nail strength
values in perpendicular to grain were higher than those in parallel to grain.

Keywords: Lateral nail strength, structural plywood, nail size, grain direction, layer numbers

1. Introduction
Solid wood and wood-based composite boards are used in constructing buildings
because they have some excellent advantages, such as easy process ability, low price, good
aesthetic appearance, and light weight (Bal, 2017). Plywood, one of the most common wood
based panels, has many usage areas varied from furniture (indoor) to construction (outdoor)
and superior advantages compared to solid wood (Bal and Bektas, 2014).
Plywood-sheathed shear walls are widely used as bearing elements against horizontal
loads such as seismic forces and wind forces (Nagasse et al., 2018). Moreover, when a wood-
frame house is properly designed and constructed, plywood sheathing will not decay, and
hence, will retain sufficient strength in the long term (Nanami et al., 2000; Demir et al., 2019).
To achieve the highest performance of a shear wall, it should have not only a high load-
bearing capacity, but also a high ductility or ultimate deformation. Besides, the performance
of a shear wall is affected by the joints between the plywood and timber (Nagasse et al.,
2018).
The strength and stability of any structure depend heavily on the fastenings that hold its
parts together. One prime advantage of wood as a structural material is the ease with which
wood structural parts can be joined together with a wide variety of fastenings-nails, spikes,

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screws, bolts, lag screws, drift pins, staples, and metal connectors of various types (Rammer,
2010). When walls are covered with structural wood boards, fasteners represent the most
important part of strength of the structure (McCormick, 2005). As plywood attached with nails
in the frame, the lateral nail strength test are carried out in order to investigate nail
performance on strength and stiffness of wood-frame (Bott, 2005; Demirkir and Colakoglu,
2015).
Lateral nail strength is affected on many factors such as fastener specification, wood
properties, connection types and load application conditions. In this study, it was aimed to
determine effects of wood species, nail size, grain direction and layer numbers on lateral nail
strength of structural plywood panels.

2. Materials and Methods

Scots pine (Pinus slyvestris), black pine (Pinus nigra) and spruce (Picea orientalis L.) were
used in this study. The logs were obtained from Trabzon region. The logs were steamed for
12-16 hours before veneer production. A rotary type peeler (Valette&Garreau - Vichy, France)
with a maximum horizontal holding capacity of 800 mm was used for veneer manufacturing
and rotary cut veneer sheets with dimensions of 1.2x2.4 m by 2 mm were clipped. Vertical
opening was 0.5 mm and horizontal opening was 85% of the veneer thickness in veneer
manufacturing process. After rotary peeling, the veneer sheets were oven-dried at 110°C, for
5-7% moisture content in a laboratory scale jet veneer dryer (manufactured by Hildebrand
Holztechnik GmbH).
Five and seven-ply plywood panels, 10 and 14 mm thick, were manufactured by using
phenol formaldehyde (PF) glue resin with 47% solid content. Veneer sheets were conditioned
to approximately 6–7% moisture content in a conditioning chamber before gluing. The glue
was applied at a rate of 160 g/m2 to the single surface of veneer by using a four-roller
spreader. The assembled samples were pressed in a hot press at a pressure of 8 kg/cm2 and
at 140°C for 10 and 14 min.
Density of plywood panels manufactured in industrial plant were determined according
to EN 323 (1993) before the lateral nail strength test. Twenty samples were used for the
evaluation of plywood density. The density results of plywood panels are given Table 1.

Table 1. Test results of density of plywood panels

Wood Species Layer Numbers Density (g/cm3)
5 0.585
Scots pine
7 0.663
5 0.510
Spruce
7 0.487
5 0.566
Black pine
7 0.613

The lateral nail strength test was performed according to ASTM D1761 (2006). Lateral
nail connection specimens were made with nails driven flush at a distance of 51 mm from the
edge of the sheathing material. The nail size was chosen as 6d (63 mm × 2.5 mm) and 8d (76
mm × 2.8 mm). The nails were driven pneumatically to connect the framing member and the
sheathing material. Spruce timber was used as the primary member. The size of sheathing
member was 250mm × 76mm. All wooden materials were conditioned at 20°C and 65%
relative humidity prior to testing. The specimens were oriented so that the load was applied
parallel and perpendicular to the grain of the main axis of plywood panel during the test.
The step by step show of the prepared examples is given in Figure 1.

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 Figure 1. Preparation of specimens for lateral nail strength test

The specimen move was limited to one direction. The loading was set to a loading rate
of 12.7 in a minute. A 22.4 kN load cell, attached to a 10 kN universal testing machine, was
used to measure the applied load. The test was carried out at Forest Industry Engineering
Department Laboratory in Trabzon, Turkey. For each group of test, 4 replications were
performed. Figure 2 shows the test setup for the lateral nail strength and the changes that
occur as a result of the test.

Figure 2. Lateral nail strength test setup and changes at the end of the test

Figure 3. Analysis of a load-displacement curve (Pirvu 2008).

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 The following properties were calculated from this test, as illustrated in Figure 3:
• Initial stiffness, by selecting the points closest to 10% and 40% of the maximum load
and fitting a straight line to the intervening points;
• Ultimate load, as 80% of the maximum load;
• Displacement at ultimate load; was identified based on the calculated ultimate load.

3. Results and Discussion

It was showed in Table 2 that lateral nail strength test results of plywood specimens
according to wood species, layer numbers, nail size and grain direction.

Table 2. Results of Lateral nail strength of plywood panels

Wood Layer Lateral Nail Strength (kN)
Nail Size Grain Direction
Species Numbers X S
Parallel 2.08 0.01
8d
Perpendicular 2.12 0.06
5
Parallel 1.64 0.09
6d
Scots pine

Perpendicular 1.69 0.12

Parallel 2.85 0.03
8d
Perpendicular 2.96 0.03
7
Parallel 1.65 0.03
6d
Perpendicular 1.86 0.02
Parallel 1.29 0.12
8d
Perpendicular 1.56 0.07
5
Parallel 1.20 0.04
6d
Perpendicular 1.24 0.10
Spruce

Parallel 2.25 0.02

8d
Perpendicular 2.32 0.04
7
Parallel 1.70 0.06
6d
Perpendicular 1.72 0.03
Parallel 1.57 0.06
8d
Perpendicular 1.86 0.05
5
Parallel 1.33 0.01
6d
Black pine

Perpendicular 1.42 0.06

Parallel 2.03 0.05
8d
Perpendicular 2.10 0.03
7
Parallel 1.78 0.04
6d
Perpendicular 1.82 0.04
X: Arithmetic mean values S: Standard Deviation
In order to determine the effect of wood species, layer numbers, nail size and grain
direction on the lateral nail strength values of plywood panels, multiple variance analysis was
performed and Student-Newman-Keuls test results used to compare the mean values of
variance sources were given in Table 3.

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 Table 3. Student-Newman-Keuls test results of the samples (p<0.05).
Lateral Nail Strength
Variance Sources N
(kN)

Wood Species
Scots pine 32 2,18 c
Black pine 32 1,74 b
Spruce 32 1,66 a

Layer Numbers
5 48 1,58 a
7 48 2,09 b
Grain Direction
Perpendicular 48 1,89 b
Parallel 48 1,78 a
Nail Size
6d 48 1,59 a
8d 48 2,08 b
* Different letters indicate the statistically significant difference

As can be seen Table 2, scots pine plywood gave the highest lateral nail strength
values among other wood species. The mechanical properties of plywood produced from the
veneers of high-density wood are higher (Bal and Bektas, 2013). In Table 1, it is seen that
scots pine plywood gave the highest density values among other wood species. It is stated in
a study by Nanami et al. (2000) that there is a linear relationship between plywood density
and lateral nail strength. Nanami et al. (2000) determined that the nail resistance (1.71 kN) of
plywood panels with 9 mm thick and density of 0.63 g/cm3 was higher than the resistance
(1.36 kN) of same thickness panels with density of 0.59 g/cm3. The primary impact on the
density of the plywood is wood specie (Demirkır, 2012). In the literature, the density of the
Scots pine wood is determined as 0.49 g/cm3, and the density of spruce wood is determined
as 0.43 g/cm3 (Bozkurt and Erdin, 1992). Similarly, laminated materials obtained from wood
species with high density have high nail or screw holding resistance (Erdil et al., 2002). Former
studies also showed that lateral nail strength is affected by wood species (Wu, 1999; Stieda,
1990).
The lateral nail strength values of seven-ply plywood was found higher than five-ply
plywood. The reason for this can be shown that the density of seven-ply plywood is higher
than that of five-ply plywood (Table 1). In previous studies, it was determined that there is a
linear relationship between density and lateral s nail strength (Winistorfer and Soltis, 1994).
Lateral nail strength value of the samples using 8d nails was found to be higher than
those using 6d nails. The value given by APA for 6d straight nails is 180 lbf (0.80 kN) and the
limit value given for 8d straight nails is 220 lbf (0.98 kN) (APA, 2007). Considering these limit
values, the values obtained in this study are generally higher. These high values are due to
the density of the materials used (Bal et al., 2016). Also, it was determined the lateral nail
strength values in perpendicular to grain were higher than those in parallel to grain. It is
stated in the literature that the lateral nail strength of perpendicular to the grain is higher
than the lateral nail strength of parallel to the grain (Demirkır, 2012; Hunt and Bryant, 1990;
Nanami et al., 2000).
For the lateral nail strength, the displacement at maximum load, stiffness, ultimate load
and displacement values at the ultimate load using graphs showing the relationship between
displacements under the effect of applied load, while determining the maximum load are
given in Table 4.

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 Table 4. Results of displacement at maximum load, stiffness, ultimate load and displacement
values at the ultimate load according to the lateral nail strength
Displacement at Ultimate Displacement
Wood Layer Nail Stiffness
Grain Direction maximum load load at ultimate
Species Numbers Size (kN/mm)
(mm) (kN) load (mm)
Parallel 16.27 0.72 1.66 23.67
8d
Perpendicular 11.9 0.76 1.7 19.62
5
Parallel 16.48 0.76 1.31 25.31
6d
Scots pine

Perpendicular 14.15 0.69 1.35 20.65

Parallel 16.58 0.83 2.28 24.14
8d
Perpendicular 16.95 1.15 2.36 23.55
7
Parallel 17.15 0.6 1.32 19.04
6d
Perpendicular 16.21 0.66 1.49 21.84
Parallel 14.54 0.47 1.03 21.62
8d
Perpendicular 17.39 0.55 1.25 24.55
5
Parallel 12.76 0.35 0.96 20.7
6d
Perpendicular 14.7 0.41 0.99 22.76
Spruce

Parallel 16.27 0.6 1.8 22.37

8d
Perpendicular 11.91 1.08 1.85 19.62
7
Parallel 17.48 0.79 1.36 23.98
6d
Perpendicular 13.18 0.59 1.37 21.99
Parallel 15.5 0.89 1.26 24.44
8d
Perpendicular 20.2 0.7 1.49 29.83
5
Parallel 14.56 0.63 1.06 24.13
6d
Black pine

Perpendicular 14.78 0.54 1.14 22.17

Parallel 18.39 0.48 1.62 25.43
8d
Perpendicular 15.6 0.67 1.68 28.51
7
Parallel 14.72 0.57 1.42 29.88
6d
Perpendicular 17.23 0.8 1.46 28.77

Stiffness is one of the most important parameters for structural panels. If the panels
used for sheathing material in a shear wall which have higher stiffness, they will be more
resistant to earthquake loads. As shown in Table 4, stiffness values in perpendicular to grain
of plywood panels are generally higher than those of parallel to grain of the panels for all
wood species. Moreover, 8d nails and 7-ply plywood panels gave the highest stiffness values
among the groups. In literature, the results of some studies on the effect of grain direction on
stiffness supported these findings (Winistorfer and Soltis, 1994; Demirkir and Colakoglu, 2015),
while Pirvu (2008), determined that there was no effect of grain direction on stiffness of
panels. Some of the groups gave similar results. Besides the stiffness, higher max load and
higher displacement at ultimate load are desired for resisting to lateral loads such as
earthquakes. It can be concluded from the study that the plywood panels manufactured from
scots pine and black pine are more convenient for structural aims, since they have higher
stiffness, max load and displacement at ultimate load (Table 4). Displacement quantities at
ultimate load of all groups exceed the value (15.6 mm) described in ISO 16670 (2003). In
Ekwueme and Hart (2000), the maximum load and stiffness values of 8d common nails in 9.5-
mm plywood were determined to be 1.22 kN and 1.59 kN=mm, respectively.
The results also exceed the standards in the National Design Specifications for Wood
Construction (NDS) (National Forest Products Association, 2012) and ISO 16670 (2003), and

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 134

met the values described in American Plywood Association (APA) standards L350G and
L350A (2001, 2007).

4. Conclusion
The effects of wood species, nail size, grain direction and layer numbers on lateral nail
strength of structural plywood panels was investigated in this study. The highest lateral nail
strength values were obtained in scots pine plywood among the all groups. The seven-ply
plywood panels gave higher strength values than five-ply plywood panels. 8d nails resulted in
increased lateral nail strength according to 6d nails. The strength values of perpendicular to
grain were higher than those of parallel to grain. Stiffness and displacement values at the
ultimate load of plywood have been determined to be suitable according to the literature
and standards and it has been proved that domestic resources can be especially resistant to
earthquake risk.

References
American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM. (2006). Standard Test Methods for
Mechanical Fasteners in Wood, ASTM D 1761-06, West Conshohocken, United States.
APA The Engineered Wood Association. (2001). Diaphragm and Shearwalls, Form No. L350G/
Revised September 2001/0400.
APA The Engineered Wood Association. (2007). Diaphragm and Shearwalls, Design
/Construction Guide Form No. L350A. Revised October 2007.
APA The Engineered Wood Association. (2007). The Engineered Wood Association. Voluntary
Product Standard. PS 1-07 Structural Plywood with Typical APA Trademarks, Form No:
H860, February.
Bal B. C. (2017). Screw and nail holding properties of plywood panels reinforced with glass
fiber fabric. Cerne, 23(1), 11-18.
Bal B.C. and Bektaş I. (2013). Flexural Properties of Plywood Produced From Beech, Poplar
and Eucalyptus Veneers. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty, 13(2), 175-181.
Bal B.C. and Bektas I. (2014). Some mechanical Properties of Plywood Produced from
Eucalyptus, Beech, and Poplar Veneer. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 16(1), 99-108.
Bott J.W. (2005). Horizontal Stiffness of Wood Diaphragms. Master of Science in Civil
Engineering. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Bozkurt A.Y. and Erdin N. Wood Anatomy. İstanbul University Forestry Faculty Publisher, (1992),
415.
Demir A., Demirkir C. and Aydin I. (2019). The Effect of Some Technological Properties of
Plywood Panels on Seismic Resistant Performance of Wooden Shear Wall. Sigma, 10(1), 37-
45.
Demirkir C. (2012). Using Possibilities of Pine Species in Turkey for Structural Plywood
Manufacturing. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University Natural Sciences, Trabzon,
Turkey.
Ekwueme C.G. and Hart G.C. (2000). Non-Linear Analysis of Light-Framed Wood Buildings.
12WCEE: 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, p:1-8.[online]<
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/ article/2279.pdf
EN 323. (1993). Wood-based panels. Determination of density. European Standard, Belgium.
Erdil Y. Z. Zhang J. and Eckelman C. A. (2002). Holding strength of screws in plywood and
oriented strandboard, Forest Products Journal, 52(6), 55–62.
Hunt R.D. and Bryant A.H. (1984). Nailed Joints for timber Structures Proceeding of Pacific
Timber Engineering Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, May. pp. 616-621.

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ISO 16670. (2003). Timber structures - Joints made with mechanical fasteners - Quasi-static
reversed cyclic test method, Switzerland.
McCormick T.P. (2005). Seismic retrofit training for building contractors & ınspectors. Shear
walls. Publisher: Timothy P. McCormick, ISBN: N\A, edition 2005.
Nagase K., Kobayashi K. and Yasumura M. (2018). Estimation of failure lifetime in plywood-to-
timber joints with nails and screws under cyclic loading. Journal of Wood Science, 64(5),
612-624.
Nanami N., Shibusawa T., Sato M., Arima T. and Kawai M. (2000). Durability assessment of
wood-framed walls and mechanical properties of plywood in use, in Proceedings of the
World Conference on Timber Engineering”, British Columbia, University of British Columbia.
National Forest Products Association. (2012). National design specifications for wood
construction, Washington, DC.
Pirvu C. (2008). Structural Performance of Wood Diaphragms with Thick Panels. Canadian
Forest Service No. 13, Final report. FPInnovations Forintek, March.
Rammer D. R. Fastenings. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material: chapter 8.
Centennial ed. General technical report FPL; GTR-190. Madison, WI: US Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, (2010): p. 8.1-8.28., 190, 8-1.
Stıeda C.K.A. (1990). The Lateral Resistance Of Nailed Plywood To Wood Connections, Project
No: 54-43D-216, Forestry Canada No: 26B.
Winistorfer S.G. and Soltis L.A. (1994). Lateral and Withdrawal Strength of Nail Connections for
Manufacturing Housing. J Struct Eng-ASCE, 120(12), 3577-3594.
Wu Q. (1999). Screw-Holding Capacity of Two Furniture-Grade Plywoods, Composites and
Manufactured Products. Forest Prod J 49 (4).

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

AN ASSESSMENT OF CARBON FOOTPRINT IN MDF MANUFACTURING: A CASE

STUDY OF WOOD BASED PANEL PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

Mehtap ERDİL1 Nural YILGOR1

erdilmehtap@gmail.com yilgorn@istanbul.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-1194-7534) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-3417-5496)

1
Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract
Nowadays, carbon footprint (CF) is became an important topic closely related to the
ecological production of goods and services. Energy use and subsequent emissions of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) in all human facilities affect the world’s climate in the form of Global Warming in
recent decades. The dominant greenhouse gas arising from human activities is carbon dioxide
(CO2). Carbon footprint is CO2 and other GHGs that are released per unit product for a specific
period. The main purpose of this study is the determination of most important critic processes
about that contribute to the CF problem during medium-density production with Pareto analysis
method. Medium-density fiberboard is a kind of composite panel product which is typically
containing of cellulosic fibers with the combination of synthetic resins and additives becoming
under heat and pressure. For this purpose, a wood-based panel company is selected to examine
CF for its each process. As a conclusion this study makes an important contribution to the panel
based industry to see the emission problems with the help of Pareto analysis and help to perform
an environmental oriented production for the future. Moreover, two scenarios are built up to
decrease of total carbon footprint in the selected plant. So, the analysis results are supported with
two scenarios. Also, this study shall provide a general view and perception for the importance of
the carbon footprint in the wood panel based industrial sector.

Keywords: Carbon footprint, Medium-density fibreboard (MDF), Pareto analysis, Scenarios.

1. Introduction
Turkish wood-based panel industry is one of the most important industries for the
country. Turkey is among the worlds’ largest board producers in the world following China
and Germany (Yıldırım, Candan and Korkut, 2014). Because of the high capacity of industry,
energy supply and consumption become a significant topic for the industry. Besides, wood
supply has a big problem for the industry from past through today (Mahapatra and Mitchell,
1997; Ok, 2005, Ilter and Ok, 2007; Daşdemir, 2018). The industry runs out of substantial
amounts of energy in the forms of natural gas, biomass, and diesel fuel. So, greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions are released in atmosphere. Thus, increasing energy efficiency and
developing pollution reduction methods in this sector will be important for decreasing GHG
emissions in coming decades. The most important agreement of concerning global warming
and climate change is known as Kyoto Protocol and six greenhouse gases are defined as
CO, CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs(per fluorocarbons), and HFCs (hydro fluorocarbons) which cause
strongly global warming and it has been thought those gases are released by human
activities. (IPCC, 2006 ; IPCC, 2007 ; WBCSD/WRI, 2007 ; ECCM, 2008). The dominant GHG is

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carbon dioxide that partly derives from diesel fuel burning (Post, 2006; ETAP, 2007; Steinfeld
and Wassenaar, 2007; Da Schio and Fagerlund, 2013).
Carbon footprint concept was originated from the terminology of ecological footprint
which was proposed by Wackernagel and Rees in 1996 (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996;
Wackernagel et al., 1999; Ercin and Hoekstra, 2012). Carbon footprint is the total amount of
CO2 and other GHGs that occur over the full life cycle of a process or facility and it has
been described units of tones or kg equivalent (Brenton et al., 2008; Matthewset al, 2008; IEA,
2012; Radua et al., 2013). Some researchers explain it as a measure of amounts of CO2
emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels (Patel, 2006; Post, 2006 ; Carbon Trust,
2007 ;Grubb and Ellis, 2007; Wiedmann and Minx, 2007 ). The footprint is divided into two
groups as primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) (Energetics, 2007; Goodier, 2010; Atabey,
2013; Uribe et al, 2019).
There are many researches about carbon footprint and pareto analysis method in
wood industries throughout the world. But there are only a few researches in our country
even it is one of the most important developed industry in Turkey. Gustavson and Sathre
(2005) is presented a method for calculating the net carbon dioxide emission in the
construction of wooden frames. This method is applied in Switzerland and Finland. So,
emissions are calculated according to consuming types of fuel in each process. As a result,
amounts of greenhouse gas emission are reduced in this research. Garcia and Freire (2013)
calculated the carbon footprint of particleboard produced in Portugal. It was objected the
effect of different methods in the particleboard carbon footprint (CF) calculation in applying
four different CF measurement methods. Those methods are ISO-TS14067, the GHG Protocol
Product Standard, PAS 2050, and Climate Declaration. Two several of research (Wilson, 2010)
made and life cycle inventories are presented for as raw material usage, air, water and solid
emission for 1 m3 particle board and medium density fiberboard panel production. So,
environmental performances are analysed and evaluated for the productions. Moroşanu et al.
(2011) studied on identifying and evaluating of defects on oak veneer for four regions. The
researchers were used the Pareto analysis method for developing the quality of the studied
products. Pareto analysis was also used in order to determine the important carbon footprint
problem(s) each of process in this research. Lippke et al (2012) investigated different uses of
wood to see their efficiency by means of carbon and energy impacts to displace fossil
energy. The researchers found out when waste wood was consumed as a biofuel instead of
fossil fuels and so the emissions were decreased.
In this study, it is aimed to calculate CO2 emissions for each process in a MDF industry
in a plant scale of the largest producer in Marmara region, in Turkey. The plant named as
XYZ plant afterwards in this study. This study was prepared by the data of XYZ company
which belong to the year of 2015. The amount of annual production of MDF is 389561
m3/year in 2015. The study is also aimed to make some suggestions to decrease the emissions
for the future. So, two scenarios were produced and suggested. Carbon footprint values are
calculated as statistically with Tier 1 method (IPCC, 2007) during the MDF production, and
Pareto anaysis method is applied for determine the footprint’ problem.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Medium-density fiberboard

XYZ is a plant operating in forest products industry and it produces particle board,
medium density fiberboard (MDF), and parquet as products and it is also one of the largest
plant due to its capacity in this field in Marmara region. Work flow in concerning with MDF
manufacturing is shown in Fig. 1. The MDF production follow the processes such as chipping,
screening, evaporation, refiner, gluing, drying, laying, pressing, sizing, climatization, and
sandpapering. MDF is described as a wood based panel product manufactured from raw

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fibers of wood, wood chips, and small amount of other materials such as glues, binders and
additives.

Figure 1. Flow chart for medium-density fiberboard panel production in XYZ plant(Erdil, 2018).

In these processes, energy is consumed in the forms of natural gas, biomass, and diesel
fuel. Considering all the contributing factors, carbon footprints values are calculated using the
Tier 1 method according to IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IPCC, 2006). To produce 389561 m3 of
medium-density fiberboard in 2015, it was used 10275 tons of wood chips, 10972 tons of
emery powder, 8995 tons of edge trimming, and 7964 tons of fiber (dry) in boiler. On the
other hand, the plant used 43277505 m3 (460472653 kWh) natural gas energy, 141971971 kWh
biomass energy, and 29365 liters (315673,7 kWh) of diesel fuel for annual production in 2015.
The study is carried out in the XYZ plant considering the improvements of all of the energy
flow processes comprises of following steps:

1-Design a study plan

2-Calculate of carbon footprint for each process
3-Practising of Pareto analysis steps
4-Drawing the Pareto diagram
5-Designate major emission problem(s) according to 80/20 law by the help of Pareto
diagram
6-Make suggestions for the major emission problem(s)

2.2. Energy balance

In this plant, natural gas, biomass (dust, wood chips, fiber, trimmer, etc.) and diesel fuel
are consuming as the main (directly) inputs for obtaining energy. While natural gas and
biomass are consuming in MDF production process, diesel fuel is used by transportation
equipment (volvo, escalator and forklift) which are using in the field. Those inputs are primary
and direct energy sources for MDF production in process.

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 Figure 2. Energy balance flow chart 1 in medium density fiberboard (Erdil, 2018).

Natural gas is consuming in Turbine 1, 2, 3 and burner. As a result of the use of natural
gas, electricity energy is producing and waste heat releases. The waste heat is recovered in
evaporation, and air drying units as energy sources as seen in Fig.2. Those sources are called
as indirectly energy sources. Even though the company produces its own electricity in the
plant, in some cases the factory buys electricity from the electricity suppliers.

Figure 3. Energy balance flow chart 2 in medium density fiberboard (Erdil, 2018).

According to Fig. 3, biomass sources vary from wood dust, wood chips, bark, emery
powder, etc. It is generally composed of process wastes. As a result of the process, waste heat
is also released. The waste heat is recovered in evaporate as energy sources. Those sources
are called as indirectly energy sources (Erdil, 2018).

2.3. Calculation of Carbon Footprint (CF)

Carbon footprints (CF) were calculated for each process according to the inputs’
emission factors and then Tier 1 method was applied (IPCC, 2006 ; IPCC, 2007). Due to the
simplicity in application and suitability to the data available, Tier-1 method was used in this
study. Process based data related to energy and fuel consumption consumed for emission
calculations through the equation given below (Pekin, 2006; Atabey, 2013; Turanlı, 2015).
Before carbon footprint calculation, it must be known fuel consumption and emission factor.
Emission factor can be researched in literature (Defra, 2010; Lelyveld and Woods, 2010 ; Cefic,
2010; Web-1,Web-2). Emission is calculated according to the equation 1 is given in below and
CF is calculated according to equation 2 (IPCC, 2006; Erdil, 2017; Erdil,Yılgör and Güngör,
2017; Keskin, Erdil, and Sennaroğlu, 2017; Erdil, 2018).

Emission = Energy consumption x Emission factor x Oxidation factor (1)

(Oxidation factor is taken as 1)

CF = Emissions (kg CO2e)/ Amounts of annual production (m3) (2)

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 2.4. Pareto Analysis
Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist who lived in 19th century and evaluated
economic problems by applying mathematics and developed a method which was maintained
as his name and it was assisted to define and classify the problems according to the
significance of the percentage values. It is a way of assisting causes of problems to derive an
effective solution. This method uses due to 80/20 law in general. As a result of this method
diagrams are obtained which is useful tool in defining the important problems. Pareto
diagrams asist to build a relationship in between the problems and the reasons (Gitlow et al.,
2005; Erdil, 2017; Erdil,2018). Pareto diagrams are the graphical tool used in Pareto analysis
(Cravener et al.,1993; Leavengood and Reeb, 2002). Pareto analysis is a method which is used
to distinguish causes from less significant ones.
Pareto analysis follows the procedures in below (Akın, 1996; Akın and Oztürk, 2005;
Erdil, 2017; Erdil, Keskin and Sennaroğlu, 2017; Erdil, Yılgör and Güngör, 2017; Erdil, 2018):
1. Problems should be determined and then classified
2. Data are classified according to the problem. Total values which are in different categories
and their percentages are determined.
3. A bar chart was drawn. In this bar graph, while the y-axis establishes the totals and
percentages, the x-axis presents the classified groups.
4. Pareto diagrams are carried out to notice the biggest problem from beginning of the
upper right-hand corner of the first bar.

2.5. Building up scenarios for decreasing of carbon footprint

After calculation and exhibition of carbon and energy footprints’ of the MDF plant,
there were built up two different scenarios for decreasing carbon footprint. According to
scenario 1, biomass usage was suggested instead of natural gas in turbines (1, 2 and 3) as a
fuel. On the other hand, according to scenario 2, solar panel establishment seems to help to
decrease carbon footprint instead of usage an electricity.

3. Results
In this study, CF values were calculated for each process by means of primary and
secondary energy sources. Furthermore, Pareto analysis was applied to define carbon
footprint’ problem in the plant. Moreover, two scenarios are built up to decrease of total
carbon footprint in the plant.

3.1. Carbon footprints

The distribution of carbon footprints determined for the processes used in the plant as
primary and secondary sources are presented in Figure 4. As can be seen, CF of Turbine 3
the highest value at 88,08 kg-CO2e/m3MDF of all other processes as primary in Figure 4-a.
CF of MDF common (it’s a general classification for the plant) which has the highest value at
44,91 kg-CO2e/m3MDF of all other processes as secondary sources in Figure 4-b.

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Figure 4. CF for each effective process (a-Primary and their’ carbon footprints b-Secondary
and their’ carbon footprints).

3.2. Application of Pareto analysis

In this study, CF values were calculated for each process by means of primary and
secondary energy sources with Tier 1 method. After then, Pareto analysis procedures are
applied for drawn Pareto diagram. Pareto chart was drawn to define the problems which
were revealed by the help of 80/20 law. For this aim, firstly, calculated CF values of every
process’ sources were enumerated as presented in Table 1.

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 Table 1. CF data according to effective processes in MDF production.
Serial number Effective processes CF (kg CO2 e /m3 MDF)
1 Turbine 1 68,47
2 Turbine 2 61,69
3 Turbine 3 88,08
4 MDF Burner 0,43
5 Boiler (consumed) 5,47
6 Chipper 0,35
7 PB Chipping MDF rate 0,05
8 Woodyard other 0,45
9 Sandpapering 2,59
10 Boiler (produced) 1,43
11 Compressor 3 0,2
12 Compressor 4 0,34
13 Refiner 1 9,21
14 Glueing-1 0,05
15 Drying-1 2,79
16 Pneumatic separator-1 1,13
17 Laying-1 1,62
18 Pressing-1 3,01
19 Pressing-1 after 0,96
20 Mechanical Grinding 2,03
21 Refiner 2 6,8
22 Glueing-2 0,03
23 Drying-2 2,38
24 Pneumatic separator-2 0,78
25 Laying-2 1,89
26 Pressing-2 1,45
27 Pressing-2 after 0,87
Purchased electricity
28 from the electricity 1,52
establishment
Electricity transported
29 32,08
to other facilities
30 Turbine 1 drying process 35,45
Turbine 2 drying
31 32,55
process
Turbine 3 drying
32 2,93
process
33 Losses 1 40,54
34 MDF common 44,91
35 Absorption chiller 1,59
36 Losses 2 0,15
37 Transporation vehicles 0,22

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Table 2. CF datas in ranked from high to low, calculated percent and cumulative percent of
CF in medium-density fiberboard production.
Percent Cumulative
Serial number Effective processes CF (kg CO2 e/m3 MDF)
(%) percent (%)
3 Turbine 3 88,08 19,29506 19,30
1 Turbine 1 68,47 14,99923 34,29
2 Turbine 2 61,69 13,51399 47,81
34 MDF common 44,91 9,838113 57,65
33 Losses 1 40,54 8,880808 66,53
30 Turbine 1 drying process 35,45 7,765778 74,29
31 Turbine 2 drying process 32,55 7,130496 81,42
Electricity transported to other
29 32,08 7,027536 88,45
facilities
13 Refiner 1 9,21 2,017569 90,47
21 Refiner 2 6,8 1,489627 91,96
5 Boiler (consumed) 5,47 1,198274 93,16
18 Pressing-1 3,01 0,659379 93,82
32 Turbine 3 drying process 2,93 0,641854 94,46
15 Drying-1 2,79 0,611185 95,07
9 Sandpapering 2,59 0,567373 95,64
23 Drying-2 2,38 0,52137 96,16
20 Mechanical Grinding 2,03 0,444698 96,60
25 Laying-2 1,89 0,414029 97,02
17 Laying-1 1,62 0,354882 97,37
35 Absorption chiller 1,59 0,34831 97,72
Purchased electricity from the
28 1,52 0,332976 98,05
electricity establishment
26 Pressing-2 1,45 0,317641 98,37
10 Boiler (produced) 1,43 0,31326 98,68
16 Pneumatic separator-1 1,13 0,247541 98,93
19 Pressing-1 after 0,96 0,2103 99,14
27 Pressing-2 after 0,87 0,190585 99,33
24 Pneumatic separator-2 0,78 0,170869 99,50
8 Woodyard other 0,45 0,098578 99,60
4 MDF Burner 0,43 0,094197 99,70
6 Chipping 0,35 0,076672 99,77
12 Compressor 4 0,34 0,074481 99,85
37 Transporation vehicles 0,22 0,048194 99,89
11 Compressor 3 0,2 0,043813 99,94
36 Losses 2 0,15 0,032859 99,97
7 PB Chipping MDF rate 0,05 0,010953 99,98
14 Glueing-1 0,05 0,010953 99,99
22 Glueing-2 0,03 0,006572 100,00
TOTAL 456,49

Then enumerated values were ranked from high to low and the total amount of CF
was found as shown in Table 2. Besides seen in Table 2, percentage and cumulative
percentage were calculated for every sources’ of values were took place.

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 Figure 4. Application of Pareto analysis according to relationships between effective
processes and carbon footprint values.

Pareto chart was drawn with 3 axes. While y axes in the left side shows CF values, y
axes in the right side shows cumulative percent and x axes defines the sources in Fig.4.

3.3. Evaluation of scenarios to decrease of CF

As seen in Table 3, plant's total carbon footprint was calculated as 24,04 kg-CO2e/m3-
MDF taking into consideration of all the processes for production according to scenario 1.
The plant's total carbon footprint, taking into account of all the processes for production was
calculated as 158, 34 kgCO2e/m3-MDF according to scenario 2.

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 Table 3. Carbon footprints according to scenarios.
INPUT/ CF(kg CO2e/m3 MDF)
Effective processes
OUTPUT Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Turbine 1 5,55 -
Turbine 2 5,002 -
Primary Turbine 3 7,14 -
MDF Burner 0,43 -
Boiler 5,47 -
PrimaryTotal 23,82 -
Chipper - 0
Particle board Chipper
- 0
MDF rate
Woodyard other - 0
Sandpapering - 0
Boiler - 0
Compressor 3 - 0
Compressor 4 - 0
Refiner 1 - 0
Gluing-1 - 0
Drying-1 - 0
Pneumatic separator-1 - 0
Laying-1 - 0
Pressing-1 - 0
Pressing-1 after - 0
Mechanical Grinding - 0
Refiner 2 - 0
Secondary Gluing-2 - 0
Drying-2 - 0
Pneumatic separator-2 - 0
Laying-2 - 0
Pressing-2 - 0
Pressing-2 after - 0
Purchased electricity from
- 0
the electricity establishment
Electricity transported to
- 0
other facilities
Electricity sold to the state - 0
Turbine 1 drying process - 35,45
Turbine 2 drying process - 32,55
Turbine 3drying process - 2,93
Losses 1 - 40,54
MDF common - 44,91
Absorption chiller - 1,59
Losses 2 - 0,15
Secondary Total - 158,12
Primary
and Transportation vehicles 0,22 0,22
Secondary
Total 24,04 158,34

4. Discussion
Gorener and Toker (2013) by using Pareto Analysis method; calculated the firm engaged
in forest products industry which is specialized on medium-density fiber production. They
purposed to define and classify failure modes and then make offers due to their importance

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degree by Pareto analysis. They also researched the occurrence of waste process by
applying Pareto analysis. Bergman et al. (2014) investigated the carbon effects of wood
products. This research determines how carbon emissions savings when wood products are
consumed in constructing buildings in place of non-wood sources. Çetin et al (2014) are used
pareto analysis method on the scope and extent of extra work caused by management and
workers’ issues in Turkish furniture industry. In our research, according to the Pareto diagram,
it was clearly seen that Turbine 3, Turbine 1, Turbine 2, MDF common, Losses 1, and Turbine 1
drying processes are the first six effective processes constituting 74 % of the total problem
sources (Fig. 4). While these six effective processes cause 74% of total problem, there is no
problem of in remain which is composed of 26% of 37 effective processes.
Dodoo and Gustavson (2013) developed numbers of scenarios about the effect of
wooden frame design on the life cycle of primary energy use in buildings. So, comparisons
are made on the energy use and effects of carbon footprint for traditional and thermal
insulated houses with those scenarios (usage of electric resistance heaters, heat pumps,
cogeneration based heaters, and biomass based energy source heaters). Scenarios are
created to decrease of carbon footprint values. Carbon footprint value is reduced 89 % by
the use of biomass instead of natural gas energy according to scenario 1. According to
scenario 2, solar panels are used instead of electricity energy so the carbon footprint value is
reduced 1,41 % in this case. The objective of this research is to present and define factors that
decrease of efficiency through issues of management, production processes, supervision of
workers and aspects of the products themselves, therefore helping enterprises acquire
necessary measures. This research was based on occurring cause effect diagram and
evaluate the Pareto diagram to see the reasons which cause the highest emission problem(s).

5. Conclusion
In this study, it was demonstrated that the total amount of 6 effective processes which
take place in sequences of 37 effective processes in the process correspond to 74 % of total
amount of the processes with Pareto diagram by the help of 80/20 law. So primarily some
improvements can be proposed for these 6 processes which are called Turbine 3, Turbine 1,
Turbine 2, MDF common, Losses 1, and Turbine 1 drying process. It can be suggested that
these processes may use biomass energy instead of natural gas as an energy source.
Additionally, other renewables such as sun panels can be used as an energy source. Some
best available techniques (BAT) can also be recommended. These techniques are explained
below (Federal Environment Agency, 2011; BAT, 2014; Erdil, 2017; Erdil, 2018):
-Staff must be trained to develop environmental awareness periodically.
-Environmental management system must be applied for control of procedures and
carry out responsibilities by personnel.
-Equipments’ maintenance should be supplied regularly.
It is clear that, CF value is exhibited a very serious decline according to scenario 1 as a
result of calculations mentioned in above. However, it seems that the biomass waste are not
enough for obtaining energy as suggested in scenario 1. In case of being preferred scenario
1, biomass waste should be purchased out to carry out of this scenario. Also, it needs to be
investigated in terms of cost and availability. On the other hand, installation cost of solar
panels must be questioned for replacing the place of consumption of the electricity energy
according to scenario 2. Furthermore, if the biomass wastes can be achieved to convert with
high added-value products and high calorific products in MDF industry, which provide largely
sustainable resources from forests, it will be achieved an environmentally friendly production.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 147

 6. Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the İÜ Scientific Research Projects Corporation (İÜ BAP)
(Project Number: 23794).

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

EVALUATION PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCT DESIGN FOR THE FURNITURE-

WOOD INDUSTRY VIA QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT AND PARETO ANALYSIS

Ayşenur ERDİL
runesyalidre@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-6413-7482)
Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Business Administration, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract
Product design and development are often discussed from a strategic perspective by
industry experts. A common view is that product development is necessary, and companies are
advised to focus their efforts on it. In this study, the product development processes of companies
in this industry are examined. The literature and concepts of product development, user friendly
design, the state of innovation research in the furniture-wood industry and implementations of
these concepts in the system, marketing strategy for the industry are presented in order to
support the objective of this study. One purpose of this research is also to define the fundamental
concepts and properties of the span of activities leading to products that are new to the firm,
product development process and its key success factors but not necessarily new to the market
perception, to present the literature of the resource-based view of the firm and the organizational
capabilities approach approaching and to discover the principles towards the framework for
furniture-wood industry. The study shares common ground with several of the perspectives
described above.
This study aims to further the knowledge about product development in the furniture-wood
industry and to provide insights that can help management, make their business’ product
development process more effective. According to this objective, the research is to demonstrate a
general overview and assessment of product design-development in terms of management, quality
management, and furniture products with the customer and market-business requirements via
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Pareto Analysis (PA) for the wood-furniture industry.

Keywords: Wood-Furniture Industry, Pareto Analysis (PA), Product Development, Product

Design, Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

1. Introduction

Resource limitations, production process uncertainty, the vulnerabilities of the wood

material, and systemic limitations of supply chains to certain market segments were identified
by product Development managers in the qualitative study as obstacles to product
development. Research on forest product development can be classified according to the
specific fields of interest: organizational innovation (what are the determinants of
organizational innovation?); development of innovative goods (how can a good new product
be better developed?); and Innovation structures (what is the right way to promote
innovation in the composition and engagement of actors and institutions?). The numerous
product, process and business processes advancement categories have been recognized by
previous studies on advancement in the forest products industry. Researchers have given the

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highest importance to process creativity of these styles. For instance, the outsourcing
techniques of the joinery and furniture sector have caused a demand for personalized blanks.
Sector and consumer trends have contributed to process technology requirements (Hovgaard
and Hansen, 2004; Hansen et al., 2006).
Initial public offering increases productivity by increasing the shelf life of a company
and enabling cost savings for production and manufacture. Faster product production
contributes to better efficiency according with the cite models built by consultant firms and
other recent scientific studies (Robinson and Fornelli 1985; Griffin, 1997).
The increasing intensity encountered in the forest industry is rising as the availability of
timber tightens and the global market sharps. However, a 'fresh' trend in innovative and
environmentally sustainable building and refurbishment practices carries with it a tremendous
possibility for the sector to expand its market shares by increasing value (Brege et al., 2004).
Throughout the value chain of the building industry, the players have traditionally tried to
optimize their own profit, without recognizing the impact of the value chain as a whole on
the productivity (Nord, 2005). Previously, however, the emphasis on teamwork and the
maximization of overall interest has been expanded. The concept is that new building
practices and lean development strategies (e.g., modular architecture, off-site system
manufacturing, and just-in-time delivery) would improve the productivity of all the value chain
actors. Wood-based building technologies have numerous benefits in the manufacturing of
off-site parts (e.g., light weight, which enables the transport of prefabricated modules) and
are energy-efficient in both development and service (Sardén, 2005; Björnfot, 2006).
The latest developments in the retail market have included a broad variety of goods,
dynamic pricing, product quality and user-friendliness. As a result, manufacturers of wood
components are confronted with requests for vast quantities and a broad variety of ready-
to-use items in packaging options tailored for the market. We are also expected to comply
specifically with just-in-time delivery to retailers and fulfillment centers (Henningsson, 2005).
Industries also shifted downstream in the furniture and joinery industry, contracting their wood
processing operations and focussing on manufacturing, developing and selling device
solutions. The resultant demands on the manufacturers of wood goods provide just-in-time
production of specific blanks and parts, as well as technological and marketing assistance
(Fransson, 2005). Ultimately, cost limitations, manufacturing method complexities, wood content
vulnerabilities, and supply chains logistical deficiencies to certain consumer segments were
described as obstacles to product growth by research and development representatives in
the qualitative report.

2. Developments in the forest products industry - Marketing strategy

Marketing has highlighted the value of customers' position as collaborators in

manufacturing processes. Customers are not a silent group and operating together more
effectively in building meaning and meeting their specific desires is a ladder which often
increases mutual happiness (Vargo et al., 2007; Abdolmaleki and Ahmadian, 2016). The
opinions of management on product creation, as stated in the literature, revealed that
product production in their businesses are carried out intentionally in a more unstructured,
trial-and-error manner than suggested in the literature (Cooper and Kleinschmidt, 2004).
Managers' views often offer proof of a personal association between creativity in the
company, method and business model. This is compatible with some research (Schilling, 2008)
but in contrast with an earlier forest industry innovation analysis (Hovgaard and Hansen,
2004), which defines such kinds of innovation as more or less distinct methods. Great
consumer products do not market directly, so do not release classify themselves like an
afterthought to be dealt with late in the process. A well organized human and correctly
guided deployment is a finely balanced product marketing strategy, conducted with

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excellence. The delivery needs to be right resourced both in terms of individuals and funds
(March and Simon, 1958; Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000; Salomo et al., 2007).
Market costs of forest goods indicate a declining pattern, as demonstrated, for
instance, by the actual value of sawn wood shipped from Finland, which plummeted 15 per
cent from 1997 to 2004 (Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2005). Although, the belief in forest
as an environmentally friendly resource has never been higher (Gustavsson et al., 2006; Upton
et al., 2008). According to Hansen et al. (2014), forest strategic marketing work can be
classified according to the key fields of interest: corporate creativity (what are the
characteristics of innovation capability throughout companies?); new product creation (how
could a competitive new product be better formed?); and process innovations (what is the
structure of, and connection with, a new design?). Original forest product market innovation
work has identified the different commodity, method and company advancement types of
structures (Hovgaard and Hansen, 2004). Scientists have paid the most systems to perform
creativity of such styles (Hansen et al., 2014). Sirmon et al. (2007) offer a paradigm explaining
the mechanism through which organizations successfully build and optimize their capital and
capacity resources by resources development. The model of this study demonstrates the
mechanism by which resources are pooled and incorporated into capacity development, and
explains how additional capabilities and capacities are created or gained, partially as a
function of business sector impact.
Garcia and Calantone (2002) define the scale of creativity as the degree of product
innovativeness for product inventions. They say that product innovation is a measurement of
the possible misalignment that a product (method or service) in the marketing and/or
technical cycle may produce. From a macro viewpoint, innovativeness is the potential of a
technological product to establish a paradigm change within an industry's science and
technology and/or business structure. Innovativeness is the potential of a new product to
impact the current marketing strategies, technical capital, expertise, experience, strengths, or
policy of the business from a micro viewpoint. Another (common and commonly agreed
definition of product innovation according to Trott, 2005) is that proposed by Booz et al.
(1982): 'New-to-the-world goods' establish a different demand and typically require a major
technical change. The classification 'New Product Lines to the Business' encompasses goods
new to the Business that enable the Company to join for the first time in existing markets.
Additions to current product lines involve items of the same sort as established goods of the
business but with one or more substantial variations. The hanges and modifications of current
products segment involve improvements in the efficiency or functionality of established
products, which comprise the bulk of all new product development. Drucker (2002) argued
that innovation factors are contained in operational demands, business and consumer
developments, emerging technology, unintended progress or loss, incongruities, population
trends and paradigm adjustments. Throughout the Scandinavian forest industry several of
those drivers are noticeable. Improvements in technology and business have contributed to
new procedure demands, e.g. the restructuring practices of the joinery and furniture sector
have created demand for design blanks. Changes in legislation and attitudes surrounding
forest in multi-storey structures have contributed to growing interest in forest as a material
for construction, therefore generating a need for wood-based device solutions for the
construction sector (Nord, 2005).
Manufacturing process is also restricted, although in developed economies, trading is
confined to manufacturers and customers. There are few vendors and the segment’s main
performance drivers are product growth, and building a reputable reputation of a
trustworthy solution. Inventory control (e.g., at builders merchants) is an example of a
complementary business on the path to maturity during the late growth process.
Incrementally, a phase of supply problem is substituted by consumer expansion. The
consistency of the company model increases and standardizes around those mainstream
consumer structures have come a long way. Pressing costs is essential to product growth.

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 Industry analysts also address product creation from a technical viewpoint. A popular
opinion is that new creation is required, so it is prudent that businesses concentrate their
energies on it. There is also often guidance about what kinds of goods can be produced.
Nevertheless, no matter what kind of growth initiative, conventional approaches, hierarchical
processes and systems are obstacles to such progress in the forest industry (Nord, 2005).
Studies on creativity in the forest industry based largely on process improvement (Hansen et
al., 2014), and academics provided minimal guidance about how to successfully handle
product production and resolve certain obstacles.
The key research issue is: What is the structure and engagement of actors and
organizations that best promotes innovation? Studies into innovation processes are also the
result of guidance about how to implement sectoral, national or global (innovation) policies.
The Forest Development studies, a joint attempt to identify and incorporate the R&D
(Research and Development) strategy for the forest business focused on by European forest
owners' organizations (CEPF), the forest industry (CEIBois), and the paper industry (CEPI), are
modern illustration of industrial collaboration that departs from the viewpoint of sectoral
production schemes (www.forestplatform.org).

3. The Wood-furniture of Turkey

In Turkey, furniture is manufactured both in factories and in industrial-scale production

units. Furniture production among a large number of small workshops is extremely
decentralized. In manufacturing hand crafted and handmade furniture, these tiny workshops
play a significant role. Workshops are versatile institutions in design that have ample
resources that labor force to extend their manufacturing line and produce massive orders. By
using advanced mass-production processes, large-scale wood furniture companies
manufacture regular versions. Furniture-wood production in Turkey is concentrated primarily in
Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Kayseri, Izmir and Adana. The most significant furniture production
divisions are the center of Istanbul and Bolu-Düzce area, which is popular for its production
of wood products. The wood industry is expanding rapidly in Bursa-İnegöl region, the third
most important region of furniture production, which is accompanied by forest areas. The
wood furniture industry in İnegöl region is limited but has tremendous potential to develop
itself. Another significant furniture sector is Kayseri, which has a large manufacturing capacity
for sofa beds, sofa beds and seven of Turkey's twenty-two largest producers’ products
(Furniture Industry in Turkey Report, 2010; Mobilya İmalatı Sanayi, 2015).
The wood industry is expanding rapidly in the Bursa-İnegöl zone, the third most
important area of furniture production, which is surrounded by forest areas. The furniture
industry in İnegöl area is limited but has tremendous potential to develop itself. Another
significant furniture sector is Kayseri, which has a large manufacturing capacity for sofa beds,
sofa beds and seven of Turkey's twenty-two largest producers. It also has furniture
production districts named "Karabağlar and Kısıkköy" which supply furniture to the Aegean
Region. As with so many consumer goods, furniture production is susceptible to change in
design. Since the production of wood furniture is an important aspect of marketing, Turkish
manufacturers are actively pursuing customer trends in international markets and are
developing new designs and creating model modifications and enhancements. Turkish furniture
makers and exporters are mindful that industry dynamics and customer behaviour play an
important role in the production and design of new products (Furniture Industry in Turkey
Report, 2010; Mobilya İmalatı Sanayi, 2015).

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 4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Quality Function Deployment

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a recognized strategy that works successfully in

the manufacture and operation of high quality (Mazur, 2008; Sivasamy et al., 2015). Lam and
Dai (2015) also claimed that QFD is well recognized for being a system that offers customers'
expression in a comfortable way. QFD is regarded as an influencing device for companies to
identify their customer requests, expand market share and enhance customer satisfaction
strategies (Yeh et al., 2013). According to Khorshidi et al. (2016), QFD will help the creation of
an important factor for the performance of product or service.
QFD is a methodology used in more effective product creation and Consistency
Feature delivery improving consistency in many ways (Shen et al., 2000). The QFD approach
identifies customer requirements in detailed, complex companies and helps them to resolve
severe market strategies. QFD is a tailored quality control system (Kaulio, 1998) aimed at
increasing consumer loyalty. Vinodh and Chintha (2011) stressed the point that QFD is not
used to fix the issues, but is rather helpful in determining what needs to be done to improve
consumer penetration. The QFD aims at helping the company to identify the customer; to
meet with and prioritize client needs; to integrate demand for quality maximization; to
prepare a holistic management system for user satisfaction; and to develop products/services
approaches and practices that offer the greatest strategic advantage (Garver, 2012). A
variety of QFD productive ventures in the private corporations, including the business system
such as instruction (Koksal and Egitman 1998; Lam and Zhao 1998), difficult archives and
database systems (Chin et al., 2001)‚ public sector (Gerst, 2004), e-banking (Gonzalez et al.,
2004). QFD is a frequently used, cross - organizational group systemic construction analyzed
to determine and analyze significant issues related to customer satisfaction delivery,
operational activities, policy and procedures (Gonzalez et al., 2004). QFD is a foundational
solution to the development or enhancement of good quality and durable goods and
facilities, property, qualities and accountability.
Deployment method for consistency feature: Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a
visual connective process that provides communities with the complete development
programme focused on requirements of customers. It offers the means to provide consumers
with realistic technological specifications at any step of a development cycle of
customer/operation development. The usage of QFD can be checked well to minimize the
development period by 50% and development costs by 30% (Clausing and Pugh, 199;
Mukherjee, 2014).

Four steps of the activity of the QFD:

(i) The planning of products: quality house.
(ii) Product architecture and construction: emerging materials.
(iii) Preparing of the procedure.
(iv) Operating monitoring (illustrations of quality management).

A graph-matrix displays every phase of the QFD system cycle. QFD map is a graph
that determines the "whats," the "hows," the interactions between "whats (consumer
requirements)" and the parameters to determine which of the "HOWs (technical
characteristics)" would reach the highest and most significant customer loyalty (Zare
Mehrjerdi, 2011; Chahal and Thareja, 2012; Mukherjee, 2014).

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 As can be shown in figure 1, the house of quality (HoQ) comprises six steps:
1- Identify consumer specifications (WHATs) and decide certain weights for the left-hand
wall of the house;
2- Link the quality of the company or the delivery of service to the right-hand wall;
3- Convert the client requirements into features and service design criteria (HOWs) just
below the roof;
4- Decide the relation-core between WHATs and HOWs in the simple deployment
matrix or in the modeling process decided to name;
5- Determine the relationship between the various attributes of the material and service
architecture for the roof matrix and
6- Plan and develop the target utility conditions for the house's bottom floor, which are
of utmost significance to each product / service design's structures and specifications.
The QFD illustrations supply the community of goals on topics that are of utmost
interest to the customer and how they should be theoretically achieved.
To sum up, through benchmarking of technological, conceptual and consumer, the
rating of the opponent's products and services may be performed. The QFD model is a multi
- function system that can be extended throughout the whole partnership. This is an
approach for engineering to restart clear, fundamental data in a functional form-document.
This defines the customer's personality and general major shareholders for the context of
selling and utilizes it to recognize and exploit potential possibilities (Clausing and Pugh, 1991;
Chin et al., 2001).

4.2. Data and Methodology

In this part of the study, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) was implemented in this
component of the analysis to obtain assessment of product design in terms of management,
creativity, product-making quality control with the consumer and market-business expectation
for the furniture industry. QFD was evaluated in the wood- furniture industry of Turkey. In
this application, customer requirements, customer significance level and technical
characteristics were determined and scored with the experts and employee of all production
industrial sectors (TUSIAD-Turkish Industrialists and Business People Association). Besides, a
questionnaire was prepared for learning the opinions, perspectives of customers about the
sustainability of the lifecycle (design) of wood-furniture products. This step of the study was
very important to gather data and also to assist in the implementation of the research.

The research was focused on a quantitative perception by means of a questionnaire-

based survey determining the evaluation of the sustainability of the lifecycle (design) of or the
furniture industry with companies-firms in Turkey currently enrolled in the program. This
survey was e-mailed to approximately a total of 76 companies of Furniture production
Industry in Turkey with the help of the Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association
(TUSIAD) and Turkey Exporters Assembly (TIM). The results of this questionnaire were
assessed on the framework of environment-oriented production such as green production.
The sample size was 55, returning the survey from the textile companies in Turkey, with a 72%
rate of response.

4.3. Quality Function Deployment Application

Customer requirements in the term of the lifecycle –furniture design of furniture

products include some criteria. These are environmentally Eco-Friendly Design/Production-
multi-storey construction (Green Production), Timely Delivery/Providing Service, Economic-User
Friendly, fashion-Modular Design, Quality Production/drivers of product development, Long
Life Production/Service (Customer Oriented).

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 The Technical characteristics include groupings identified according to the questionnaire
on the environment which is focused on quality of product and sustainability of lifecycle of
the textile product. These characteristics which were determined according to the survey
questions and answers are shown in Table 1.
Some standards provide consumer expectations for quality-based products and
customer loyalty, depending on the company's distribution structure. The technical features
include quality control questionnaire defined, user-friendly interface based on product quality,
efficiency, safety, reality and sustainability of incorporation of the enterprise’s development
network. These features are seen in Table 1 and Table 2 and were calculated due to the
questionnaire and responses to questions.

Table 1. Technical Characteristics-Requirements (TCs-TRs)

Table 2. Quality Function Deployment Table –Matrix for Furniture Industry

For evaluated product categories from the furniture-wood industry, the QFD team
focuses on the relationship (improvement ratio) between customer needs compares
favourably to technical product specifications. The aim of this study is to decide how values
variations of some quality characteristics influence the values of the other parameters for
sustainability (Hows). Such research has a significant impact on the consistency and
environmentally sustainable qualities of car components in the creation of the latest
equipment, since the influence of intervention feedback on all business is shown. The outcome
of this evaluation is reported in the matrix of correlations. The effects of the appraisal are
reported in the framework of associations the make up the standard house without the roof.
The QFD implementation analyzes the degree of satisfaction of customers with the quality
attributes of customer demands (whats), associated with customer specifications, for analysed
furniture sectors ' products with technical specifications of all furniture products. Importance
weights (IW) – consumer requires degrees vary from 1 to 5 (5 – very important, 1 – not

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important), and the degree of connection intensity between consumer demands and
technological demands of the applications are vary from 0 to 9 (9 – really strong correlation,
0 – not correlated).
For the first column, the metric and calculation knowledge are only clarified in respect
to the requirement for consistency functions in the automotive industry, as seen below.
Equations (1) and (2), similar to the similarity values of the QFD Framework Table (Table 2),
are used for the scoring and comparisons of the other columns.
The numerical values in relationship matrix structures are an essential and simple
technique for the measurement of weights. Equation (1) is the absolute weight (AW) of the j th
functional criterion.
Absolute weight (AW): the calculation of IW weight and IR ratios brings one total
weight of the consumer wants. The easiest way to measure the weight of the functional
criterion is to assign symbol numbers in the reference matrix (Equation 1).
The following equation (1) shows the total weight of the functional specifications
characteristic:
In the following Equation (1) and (2) (Yılmaz, 2009; Talebi, 2014; Mukherjee, 2014) we can
show the level of importance of the corresponding features:

(1)

AW: Row absolute weight vector for degree of technical complexity of specific criteria-
Absolute weight
Wherever;
IW: Importance Weight - importance weight of customer’s requirement in respect with
IRij
IR : Improvement Ratio - weight appointed to the relationship matrix, weight dedicated
to the relationship matrix by row i and column j (i = 1,.2…,m m = 18 ; j = 1, 2, …..,n n = 5)
m = number of technical requirements
n = number of customer requirements.
Absolute importance weight (AW) is reported in the results matrix for each one of the
specified quality features-criteria and higher absolute weight values represent the greater
importance of the technical descriptor to represent VoC (Voice of Customer).

Consumer Need Weight (CNW-the relative importance): The AW value for each
functional condition splits the total AW and then measures the percentage ratio to produce a
weighted consumer required weight (Formula 2).

(2)

CNW in the first column = (The first total absolute weight in the first column/General
Total of the Absolute weight) x 100
In addition, for each standard characteristic-criterion the relative weight (CNW) is
determined in part as a share of the overall relative value of all property-criteria. From this
knowledge, the QFD committee must decide which of the product characteristics-specifications
would lead to greater consumer service in compliance with the requirements presented, and
which will therefore need growth. For the measurement of CNW, the scoring-weighting and
estimates in the other columns have been carried out, continue only as above formula (2).

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 Table 3. The groups of the priority order for the Technical Requirements (Depending on the
sorting (Rank) CNW -percentage value)

The CNW-percentage values (Table 3) are the values found by calculating in Table 2.
These values (CNW) are listed in Table 3 from high to low value in the application of quality
function distribution in terms of meeting the occupational health and work safety and
customer needs of the firm operating in the textile industry. With this ranking, suggestions
were made for the technical characteristic results of high value. First, three (s5; s12; s13)
technical characteristics, which gave the weight of customer needs with a percentage of
8.57%, secondly, four (s4; s14; s17; s18) technical characteristics, which gave the weight of
customer needs, third suggestions were made for the development and improvement of one
(s15) technical characteristics (CNW-technical characteristics which are listed in Table 3), which
give the customer requirement weight (CNW) with a percentage of 7.27% in the priority
ranking. It continues as shown in the Table 3.

5. Pareto Analysis Application

The Pareto analysis (PA) is adopted in a simple method to identify the root cause
and/or problem solving; therefore the first component addresses the largest amount of issues.
This is focused on the premise that as little as 20 percent of the problems will affect 80
percent of the issues.
Additionally, literature work shows that there is no doubt that the Technical
Requirements (TCs-TRs) are the real modification of consumer needs and requests, however
the actual TCs-TRs priority level. TRs are not appropriate, and can be further managed to
improve. Regardless of the general trigger one TR may have precedence over the other TR.
It can also be calculated that higher statistical importance of some TRs will do a stronger
role than all the other TRs that might architect an implementation of the 80/20 theory of
Pareto (Sankar and Prabhu, 2001).
Absolute weight (AW) values may be grouped into a Pareto diagram from the quality
function deployment matrix (Table 1) to demonstrate the functional aspects are most critical in
the fulfillment of consumer requirements.
A major risk threshold metric has been defined as a Pareto (PA) measurement of 80%,
with an emphasis upon risk factors that may arise in the development and adjustment of
quality-oriented engineering work and which has the gradation due to the magnitude of the
quality parameters and the estimation of the related relative metric percent (Sankar and
Prabhu, 2001). It is one of these types of studies which involve team preparation and analysis.
Of the value of activity research to a related commitment that encourages assessments
against possible errors to achieve a high-risk standard measured at the middle of the
Average Weight (AW) table.

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 A similar chart may be developed by categorizing the data range into categories (also
known as categories, bins or classifications). The Pareto chart's left-hand vertical axis is
labelled 'absolute weight' (AW-the number of numbers for
Every classification), the correct vertical axis of the pareto chart is the total AW
number, and the horizontal axis of the pareto chart is labelled with the specific criteria
section names. Data points are numbered. Evaluation by residing within each group and
constructing a Pareto diagram but unlike a bar diagram, the Pareto diagram is arranged in
descending frequency severity and customers describe the groups (Sander, 1987; Figure 1).

Table 4. The Cumulative Values of CNW of the Technical Requirements for Pareto Analysis

Figure 1. Pareto Analysis for the Prioritization of Technical Requirements

It is focused on the Pareto theory (also known as the 80/20 rule), which suggests that
only a limited number of factors decide the bulk of the issues or outcomes of each case. The
table 4 helps classify the vitally few participants who are accountable for most consistency
problems. The chart is a kind of histogram that orders any data obtained by frequency of
occurrence, and displays, for example, how many quality defects a specific category of
defined cause has produced. A Pareto chart is used to display failures in the processing of

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beneficiary data for the initiative. The study defined eighteen items-categories of problems
and calculated the amount of occurrence among the overall number of errors for each
group. Figure 1 displays the corresponding map, where the bars reflect every failure type. The
chart shows how 80% of errors could be reduced by improving data collection in 11 items-
categories.
Correspondingly, in order to assess the value of technologies while developing,
producing and refining the furniture products of the world furniture-wood industry in Turkey
based on the significance of quality-oriented engineering studies, the TR for the longevity of
the lifecycle of products following organized specifications is defined as an initial destination.
PA findings lead to specific recommendations-solutions for systems and criteria that give rise
to problems or issues with the proportion 80/20.

6. Discussion and Conclusions

According to the QFD, the resulting Pareto analysis (PA) review led to process
guidelines, which identified difficulties or concerns with the 80/20 ratio. Pareto analysis theory
advocates the determination of the top 20 percent of the causes that the needs to be
addressed to resolve 80 percent of the challenges (Sankar and Prabhu, 2001); these methods
are utilized with the most important forms of loss, in addition to address the original demand
and customer service conditions. This challenge can be found in both industrial and utility
industries. Failure Modes and Effect Analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision Making approaches
can use together for this topic with every area of analysis that can be combined into the
criteria of technology and the user.
It builds on the Pareto principle, which implies that only a small range of variables
influence the majority of the problems or results of each event. The pareto chart is a form of
histogram that points out any data collected by frequency of occurrence and shows, for
example, how many quality defects a certain category of specified cause has produced. The
Pareto diagram is used to demonstrate deficiencies in the collection of the beneficiary data
for the project. The research established 18 issues-categories of problems and estimated the
amount of instances between the total numbers of defects within each category. Figure 1
shows the related map, where the bars represent each type of failure. The graph illustrates
how 80 percent of errors could be minimized by optimizing the processing of data in 11
categories.
Accordingly the TR for the durability of the product lifecycle following structured
requirements is identified as its initial objective to assess the value of innovations during the
growth, production and refining of furniture products in the global furniture-wood industry in
Turkey based on the importance of quality-oriented technology studies. The results of the PA
lead to clear recommendations-solutions for processes and requirements that give rise to
challenges or concerns with an 80/20 ratio.

7. Conclusions

Pareto Analysis (PA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) classification have been
widely employed in the literature and such approaches are also used to identify the most
significant-threatening faults, remove or mitigate the most important forms of failures. Those
are control analytical methods that can be used to assess which form of truth required to be
assisted for improved improvement according to the measured and defined attributes. It can
be known as the House of Quality had the opportunity to demonstrate durability of the
technical facets of furniture product lifecycle by customer service demands, quality assurance
and setting the stage for further real-life changes. A working group of leaders would develop

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a business plan to improve and raise efficiency by focusing on the benefits and
disadvantages demonstrated by the equation of contact between the services of the
customer and the associated property.
In this situation, these two methods were merged and employed together to test
different requirements, boost quality of customer service and voice of customer (Customer
loyalty with VoC-Voice of Customer). QFD is a systematic method for creating a new
commodity or promoting sustainability, allowing the company to assess whether client
preferences are adequately converted into their needs. Accordingly, achieving or beating
consumer standards means more than maintaining or increasing service performance.
Producers that do this, that rely on creativity and imagination to stay competitive, and who
fulfill the expectations of their customers, will be able to compete in the global business
climate. The software helps with identifying and categorizing the requirements for quality
assessments to determine the lifecycle and longevity of furniture items.
The findings of the PA and QFD lead to simple recommendations-solutions for
procedures and criteria that give rise to 80/20 problems or concerns. In the event of
consideration of some recommendations to strengthen these criteria for the outcomes of
applicable methodologies, a part of the important recommendations in this scope of study is
explained as below;
-All specifications for the various stages of the life cycle should be determined in the
design process. Maintenance and cleaning are the most important things which can be
subject to particular criteria.
-The company helps a product to gain notice, among other items, by advertising it as a
distinct furniture product. This is the fundamental aspect that shows the consistency and
longevity of a furniture piece.
If the buyers are pleased with the advertised product, these consumers are converted
into loyal consumers of the brand. Depending on the marketing strategy, the company
allows the customer to buy new goods. The life-cycle of the product increases as the quality-
durability of the product increases.

8. Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the officials, employees of this firm-plant in this industry and
experts who shared for valuable information and discussions.

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT)

PRODUCED FROM PINE AND SPRUCE GROWN IN TURKEY

Abdullah Ugur Birinci1 Hasan Ozturk2

ugurbirinci@ktu.edu.tr hasanozturk@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-3273-3615) (ORC-ID: 0004-0002-5422-7556)

Cenk Demirkir1 Gursel Colakoglu1

cenk@ktu.edu.tr gursel@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-2503-8470) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-3795-281X)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Arsin Vocational School, Materials and Material Processing
Technologies, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Wooden buildings with many advantages such as being lightness, durability, earthquake
resistant, healthy, insulating, and esthetic are suitable for all kinds places especially earthquake
zones. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has increasingly become a viable alternative to other
structural materials, mainly because of its excellent properties related to sustainability, energy
efficiency, and speed of construction. This has resulted in the recent emergence of a significant
number of CLT buildings constructed around the world. This is a study on determining the
properties of CLT panels manufactured from wood species grown in Turkey and investigating of
the structural behaviour and seismic resistant performance of them. Lumbers of 100 mm (width) x
50 mm (thickness) x 2400 mm (length) used in CLT manufacturing were obtained from eastern
spruce (Picea orientalis L.) and scots pine (Pinus slyvestris) logs. Two replicate three-layered CLT
panels of 2400 mm × 2400 mm × 150 mm in size were manufactured for each group. Density of
the CLT panels was determined according to EN 323. The seismic resistant performance of the
CLT shear walls was determined according to ASTM E 72 standard. CLT panels manufactured
from scots pine gave higher seismic performance than those of CLT panels manufactured from
spruce. The maximum load capacity of the walls increased with increasing the density values of
the CLT panels.

Keywords: CLT (Cross Laminated Timber), structural behaviour performance, artificial neural
network, scots pine, spruce

1. Introduction
Timber constructions have undergone a revival of popularity over the last years; this
positive trend is associated to a combination of several factors. Firstly, wood-based structural
products generate fewer pollutants compared to the mineral-based building materials (e.g.
steel and concrete) because are obtained from sustainable and renewable resources.
Secondly, timber structural elements are prefabricated off-site and transported to the building
location, where they are quickly assembled. Finally, the high strength-to-weight ratio of wood
is a great advantage for structures erected in seismic-prone areas, because it limits the total

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 167

mass of the buildings (Izzi et al., 2018). Engineered wood products, such as glued-laminated
timber (glulam) beams and cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels, involve adhesive bonding
and/or mechanical metallic fastening of timber to make large structural sections and building
components (e.g. beams, columns, panels, walls, roofs) for construction applications.
Furthermore, these engineered wood products are alternatives to common structural materials
such as steel and concrete, and are consumed in large volumes worldwide (Sotayo et al.,
2020).
CLT is a solid wood board made of timber a structural composite sheets with an
orthogonal (90°) staggered assembly and is pressed by structural adhesives (FPInnovations,
2011). The use of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as a construction product has quickly grown
in the last 15 years (Christovasilisa et al., 2020). The annual global volume production of CLT
has seen exponential increases from production of 50,000 m3 in the year 2000, to 625,000 m3
in 2014 and an expected 3,000,000 m3 by 2025 (Dugmore et al., 2019). In recent years, Cross
Laminated Timber (CLT) has been widely used for different types of buildings such as offices,
commercial buildings, public buildings and multi-story residential complexes (Hashemi and
Quenneville, 2020).
The cross lamination provides good dimensional stability to the product, makes
prefabrication of long and wide panels possible, and provides higher splitting resistance in
connection systems (Gagnon and Pirvu, 2011). Cross laminated timber provides an alternative
to concrete and steel, with efficient structural properties and excellent environmental
attributes. It is a viable option for multistory buildings and large-scale structures because of its
light weight relative to concrete, high strength and stiffness relative to light-frame wood, and
its ease of assembly attributed to a high degree of prefabrication (Hossain et al., 2016). Given
that these panels are also the main lateral load-resisting elements, the seismic performance of
the system considerably depends on their lateral strength and stiffness. Thus, extensive
research on the seismic behavior of these structures has been initiated by many research
groups around the world to investigate the feasibility of adopting timber panelized structures
in very seismically active areas (Hashemi et al., 2020).
CLT passed a major milestone in North America in 2012 with the publishing of
ANSI/APA PRG 320, a recently updated standard that defined product manufacturing and
design specifications for producers and users (ANSI/APA, 2019). According to J. Elling of the
APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, WA. (personal communication, August
2019), there are currently six CLT manufacturers scattered around the U.S.; D.R. Johnson,
Freres Lumber Co., Inc., International Beams, Katerra, SmartLam, Sterling Solutions, and
Vaagen Timbers. (Scouse et al., 2020).
The adoption of cross-laminated timber in Central Europe, starting in Austria, has
generated interest in using local resources to create CLT panels elsewhere in Europe (Sikora
et al., 2016; Aicher et al., 2016), Asia (Okabe et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2018; Song and Hong, 2018),
Australia and New Zealand (Iqbaì, 2015), North America (Mohamadzadeh and Hindman, 2015;
Kramer et al., 2014; He et al., 2018; Crovella et al., 2019), and South America (Baño, 2016).
Currently, three main softwoods species including Spruce-Pine-Fir, Southern-Pine-Fir and
Douglas fir-Larch are used as the main raw materials for commercial production of CLT
panels (FPInnovations, 2013., ANSI/APA, 2017). However, due to lack of softwoods species in
some countries, many attempts have been focused on using local hardwood species to
produce CLT panels (Srivaro et al., 2020) Also, CLT panels are made from different timber
species that depend on local resources such as Kiri, Katsura, Sugi, Hinoki, Buna spruce pine
(Europe and Canada) and Radiata pine (Australia and New Zealand) (Navaratnam et al.,
2020).
When the literature analysis is examined, it was shown that every species from different
locations used in CLT manufacturing gave different mechanical performance. Research has
shown that lack of edge gluing and gaps can have an influence on the mechanical response
of CLT (Gardner et al., 2020).

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 In this study the seismic performance of cross laminated timber produced from wood
species grown in Turkey were investigated. Also, the current paper investigated the effect of
gluing methods on the technological properties of CLT panels.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Wood Materials and Manufacturing of CLT

In this experimental study, lumbers of 100 mm (width) x 50 mm (thickness) x 2400 mm

(length) were obtained from eastern spruce (Picea orientalis L.) and scots pine (Pinusslyvestris)
logs. The lumbers were oven-dried in a lumber dryer until to reach 8±3% equilibrium moisture
content. All sides of the lumbers were planned to reach to the desired thicknesses and widths
before manufacturing.
Polyurethane adhesive which has high resistance to water and temperature was used
for CLT manufacturing (KLEIBERIT PUR Adhesive 506.0). It is D4 according to DIN/EN 204.
Two different methods were applied in CLT panels manufacturing. In one, the adhesive was
only applied to the top surfaces of the lumbers. The narrow edges of them were not glued
(non-edge-gluing). In other method, the adhesive was applied to both of upper surfaces and
the narrow edges of lumbers (edge-gluing). Adhesive applying processes on CLT panels are
shown in Figure 1 for both methods. The adhesive was applied at a rate of 160 g/m2 by using
a roller glue spreader.

a b

Figure 1. a) Non-edge gluing, b) Edge gluing (The shaded area shows the surfaces where
gluing is applied)

Hydraulic cold press which can apply vertical clamping pressure and side clamping
pressure as shown in Fig. 2 was used for pressing of CLT panels. The panels were pressed
under a vertical clamping pressure (0.8 N/mm2) and side clamping pressure (0,276 - 0,550
N/mm2) for 40 min at ambient temperature.

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 Figure 2. Hydraulic cold press

In this study, two replicate three-layered CLT panels of 2400 mm × 2400 mm × 150 mm
in size were manufactured for each group. Then the panels were conditioned at 65 ± 5% RH
and 20 ± 2°C for 2 weeks prior to technological testing.

2.2. Testing Procedures

The seismic resistant performance of the CLT shear walls was determined according to
ASTM E 72 standard. Maximum load capacity and maximum displacement were also
detected for each group. A sketch of the test set-up with a specimen ready for testing is
shown in Fig. 3a (Popovski and Karacabeyli, 2012). CLT wall during the testing is shown in Fig.
3b. CLT shear walls in platform-type construction consist of two parts: connections and CLT
panels (Fig. 3b) (Shahnewaz et al., 2019).

a b

Figure 3. a) Sketch of the test setup used for CLT walls b) CLT wall during test

The CLT wall analyses were carried out according to the ASTM E72 (2014) standard for
displacements under loads of 354 kg, 712 kg and 1071 kg. After the shear wall was loaded as
specified to 354 kg, 712 kg and 1071 kg load it again to failure or until the total displacement

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 170

of the panel becomes 100 mm. The load was then loaded up to the maximum load that the
shear wall could carry and the displacements at maximum load were determined.
Density of CLT panels were determined according to EN 323 (1993).

3. Results and Discussion

The density of the panels was determined in accordance with relevant standard. The
obtained values are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Density of CLT panels

Scots pine Spruce
Density
Non-edge Non-edge
(gr/cm3) Edge gluing Edge gluing
gluing gluing
X 0,471 0,456 0,467 0,443
S 0,0137 0,0214 0,0313 0,0140
X: Arithmetic mean values, S: Standard deviation

According to Table 1, the density of CLT panels manufactured from scots pine logs is
the higher than spruce.
The CLT wall groups were tested according to ASTM E 72 (2014) and some calculations
were made for the seismic performance of the walls in the current study.

Figure 4. Analysis of a load-displacement curve (Pirvu 2008).

The following properties were calculated from this test, as illustrated in Figure 4:
• Initial stiffness, by selecting the points closest to 10% and 40% of the maximum load
and fitting a straight line to the intervening points;
• Ultimate load, as 80% of the maximum load;
• Displacement at ultimate load; was identified based on the calculated ultimate load.

Fig. 5 shows the response of the CLT walls tested under loading. Higher maximum load
displacements at maximum load were obtained from scots pine (non-edge gluing) CLT walls.
Spruce CLT wall groups were higher maximum load displacements values at maximum load
than those of scots pine CLT wall groups.

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 Figure 5. Load-displacement relationship for the test groups

Table 2. Results of seismic resistant performance test

Maximum Maximum Ultimate Displacement
Wood Gluing Stiffness
Load displacement load at ultimate
Species Method (kN/mm)
(kN) (mm) (kN) load (mm)
Non-
edge 125.09 90.94 2.81 100.07 127.96
Scots
gluing
pine
Edge
119.02 84,95 2.65 95.21 112.57
gluing
Non-
edge 98.35 89.33 2.72 78.68 130.4
Spruce gluing
Edge
80.09 93.78 1.25 64.07 128.99
gluing

As shown in Fig. 6, the main damages were found in the connecting elements at the
end of the tests. It is similar to the literature. Previous researches indicated that CLT shear
wall failure was mostly localized at the connections in a combination of sliding and rocking
behavior (Shahnewaz et al. 2018; Gavric et al. 2015).

Figure 6. Failure modes of CLT shear walls

Stiffness is one of the most important parameters for structural panels. If the panels
used for sheathing material in a shear wall which have higher stiffness, they will be more

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 172

resistant to earthquake loads (Demirkir and Colakoglu 2015). As shown in Table 2, CLT panels
manufactured with scots pine (non-edge-gluing) showed the highest stiffness, whereas CLT
panels manufactured with spruce (edge-gluing) showed the lowest stiffness value. In addition
to stiffness, ductility which is defined as the ability to deform structures especially with the
effect of the load, is also an important factor. The displacement values at ultimate load can
be compared in determining the ductility properties of the walls. According to Table 2, CLT
panels manufactured with spruce (non-edge-gluing) showed the highest displacement value at
ultimate load, whereas CLT panels manufactured with scots pine (edge-gluing) showed the
lowest value. Gavric et al. (2015) were examined cyclic behavior of CLT wall systems and they
found initial and plastic stiffness values between 0.47-0.96 kN/mm, 2.82-5.77 kN/mm,
respectively. In this study, the stiffness values were found in between 1.25 and 2.81 kN/mm.
Since CLT panels are rigid in comparison to their connections, the stiffness of CLT systems
mostly depends on the connections (Shahnewaz et al. 2018).
When the effect of wood species on the maximum load carried by the walls is
examined, the CLT walls manufactured from scots pine gave higher results than CLT walls
manufactured from spruce (Table 3). The reason of this, scots pine has the highest density
values (Table 1). It was stated that the lateral load resistance of a timber frame system
depends on the rigidity of the timber, the sheathing material and the connecting elements
used on the shear wall (Li et al. 2007). The highest displacement value at ultimate load was
obtained from the CLT shear walls manufactured from spruce. As can be seen from Table 2,
the maximum load values and displacement value at ultimate load of non-edge-gluing CLT
panels were higher than those of the edge-gluing CLT panels. The lateral resistance of shear
walls is generally influenced by 4 factors which are stiffness, bending strength, resistance at
break and ductility (Demirkir et al. 2019).
The current version of ANSI/APA PRG 320 (2018), the performance standard for CLT in
North America, has no provisions for gaps in CLT, and it is the authors’ understanding that
the committee that oversees PRG-320 is now considering a limitation on gaps. Under the
European standard (2015), gaps as large as 6 mm are acceptable between adjacent
laminations within a layer. Since edge gluing is not required under either standard, it is not
uncommon for small gaps to occur between edge joints during the manufacturing process
(Gardner et al., 2020).

4. Conclusion
The effects of production factors (wood species, gluing method) of CLT panels
manufactured from wood species grown in Turkey on seismic performance of the panels
were investigated in this study. CLT panels manufactured from scots pine gave higher
maximum load (kN) and ultimate load (kN) values than those of CLT panels manufactured
from spruce. Generally, CLT panels manufactured from non-edge-gluing of lumbers gave
higher seismic performance than those of CLT panels manufactured from edge gluing of
lumbers. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no need to glue the side surfaces which
cause loss of labor, time and cost. It is thought that the results presented in this study can
provide a basis for the use of CLT panels from wood species grown in Turkey, resulting to
widespread of CLT panel whole Turkey.

5. Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support of this study by TUBITAK (The Scientific
and Technical Research Council of Turkey) (Project No: 2170081).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 173

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Double-Angled Self-Tapping Screw Assemblies. J. Struct. Eng., 2016, 142 (11): 04016099.
Iqbaì A. (2015). Cross-laminated Timber for Building Structures, Branz Study Rep., SR336, 12.
Izzi M., Casagrande D., Bezzi S., Pasca D., Follesa M. and Tomasi R. (2018). Seismic Behaviour
of Cross Laminated Timber Structures: A state-of-the-art review. Engineering Structures,
170, 42–52.
Kramer A., Barbosa A.R. and Sinha A. (2014). Viability of Hybrid Poplar in ANSI
Approvedcross-Laminated Timber Applications. J. Mater. Civ. Eng.,
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000936.
Li J., Beall F. C. and Breiner T. A. (2007). Analysis of racking of Structural Assemblies Using
Acoustic Emission, Advances in Acoustic Emission. AEWG, AE Group, (6) 202.
Lu Z., Zhou H. Y. and Hu L. C. (2018). Effects of Surface Treatment and Adhesives on bond
Performance and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Made From
Small Diameter Eucalyptus Timber. Constr. Build. Mater, 161, 9–15.
Mohamadzadeh M. and Hindman D. (2015). Mechanical Performance of Yellow-Poplar Cross
Laminated Timber. Rep. No. CE/VPI-ST-15-13, 44.
Navaratnam S., Christopher P.B., Ngo T. and Le T.V. (2020). Bending and Shear Performance
of Australian Radiata Pine Cross-Laminated Timber. Construction and Building Materials,
232, 117215.
Okabe M., Yasumura M., Kobayashi K. and Fujita K. (2014). Prediction of Bending Stiffness and
Moment Carrying Capacityof Sugi Cross-Laminated Timber. Journal of Wood Science, 60,
49-58.
Pirvu C. (2008). Structural Performance of Wood Diaphragms with Thick Panels. Canadian
Forest Service No. 13, Final report. FPInnovations Forintek, March.
Scouse A., Kelley S.S., Liang S. and Bergman R. (2020). Regional and Net Economic Impacts
of High-Rise Mass Timber Construction in Oregon. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61,
102154.
Shahnewaz M., Alam S. and Tannert T. (2018). Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Shear
Walls for Platform-Type Construction. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE ISSN, 0733-
9445.
Sikora K.S., McPolin D.O. and Harte A.M. (2016). Effects of the Thickness of Cross-Laminated
Timber (CLT) Panels made from Irish Sitka Spruce on Mechanical Performance in Bending
and Shear. Constr. Build. Mater, 116, 141–150.
Song Y. J. and Hong S. I. (2018) .Performance Evaluation of the Bending Strength of Larch
Cross-Laminated Timber, Wood Res., 63, 105–116.
Sotayo A., Bradley D.F., Bather M., Oudjene M., El-Houjeyri I. and Guan Z. (2020).
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ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 175

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

INVESTIGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH COREBOARD PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES

Tamer Sözbir1 Sadık Gültekin1 Hüseyin Saygaz1

tamersozbir@kmkpaper.com sadikgultekin@kmkpaper.com huseyinsaygaz@kmkpaper.com

Cihangir H. Oba1 Muhammed M. Duymaz1

chakanoba@kmkpaper.com mustafaduymaz@kmkpaper.com

1
KMKPaper Co., R&D Center, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

Abstract
Some problems may arise from raw materials in packaging paper production factories used
as waste paper raw materials. As waste paper fibers that are not primary fibers are recycled
many times, the fibers can shortened and cut. This situation causes a decrease in the strength
properties of the produced paper. The aim of this study is to improve the strength properties of
coreboards produced from waste papers using commercial cationic starches (Cargill (Charge120),
Roquette (Hi-Cat c643a), ADM (Meribond 166)). Coreboards with 450 (gr/m2) grammages were
produced by using certain proportions of cationic starch. Tensile and burst strength tests were
carried out on the obtained coreboards, and the effect of cationic starches and dosage amounts
on the strength was investigated. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the
coreboards produced using Hi-Cat cationic starch gave the best strength values. It was found that
40 kg/ton paper of Hi-Cat cationic starch gave the best values in cationic starch dosages such as
20-40-50 kg/ton paper. The breaking lengths (cross and machine directions) and burst strength of
these coreboards were found to be 1.9 km, 3.9 km and 8.0 kg/cm2, respectively.

Keywords: Coreboard, cationic starch, waste paper, strength

1. Introduction
In addition to fiber raw materials and fillers, different chemicals are also used
extensively in paper production. These materials are used to improve the properties of the
paper, such as coating the paper, adjusting its interaction with liquids, providing durability in
wet and dry environments and colouring (Brander and Thorn, 1997). They are also used to
increase the efficiency of the operating conditions of the paper mill such as drainage,
retention, pitch prevention and foam extinguishing and to ensure effective operation.
Polymeric materials are widely used in paper production with different mechanisms in many
applications (Ondaral, 2007).
The importance of using waste paper as a raw material in the paper industry has
increased significantly in the last decade (Bajpai, 2014). It is possible in today's paper
production technologies to collect waste paper and to use paper and board products as
raw materials by recycling them after use. Thus, environmental pollution caused by the
disposal of used paper and cutting more trees can be prevented (Usta, 2004).
In addition to all the mechanisms that cause the interaction between the two fibers, the
interaction between the fibers in sheet formation and during drying is very important for the

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 176

strength of the paper (Ondaral, 2012). The fiber surfaces, which swell too much during the
web formation and drying, will be pushed together with the capillary forces created between
the fibers during the removal of water. This capillary force will deform the outer surfaces of
the fibers and an internal bonding will take place between the fibers forming the paper as in
the schematic representation given in Figure 1 (Ondaral, 2012).

Figure 1. Schematic representation of inter-fiber bonding

The strength of this bonding point depends on the molecular bonding area in the
bonding region, intermolecular forces, mechanical coupling between opposing surfaces, and
the possible presence of covalent bonds (Ondaral, 2012).
Some problems may arise from the raw material in the packaging paper production
factories used as recycled waste paper raw material. Since waste paper fibers that are not
primary fibers are recycled many times, the fibers can be shortened and cut (Casey, 1980).
This situation causes a decrease in the strength values of the produced paper. In order to
minimize these strength losses, some chemicals and additives are used during paper
production. The most commonly used substance among these is starch (Casey, 1981).
Starch is a basic substance used in various stages of paper production (bleached,
unbleached, coating, uncoated, mechanical or chemical, printing paper or wrapping paper) It
is used as glue are used corrugated cardboard as binder for bonding, glomeration and
reaction matter. It is used during the production and after surface treatments to improve the
properties of the paper. It is also used as glue in corrugated cardboard production (Bajpai,
2014). Starch and other additives improve the properties of paper and paperboard. It is used
in papermaking processes, for coating purposes or for bonding. It strengthens the packaging
products or improves the surface smoothness, gloss and opacity of the paper for better
printability (CEPI, 2003).
While some of the coreboard cardboard, one of the paper industry product groups, is
produced in our country, its value-added types are imported. According to Turkey Statistical
Institute (TUIK) data, 12.7 thousand tonnes of coreboard were imported in 2018.
Kahramanmaraş Paper Mill (KMK) aims to meet the national and domestic production needs
that can be substituted for imported products needed in our country with sustainable R&D
studies.
The aim of this study is to produce coreboard that has high Scott Bond value. While
there are similar results of the study in the world, it is a new product group with added value
for our country. It is aimed to develop an innovative product that is outside of standard
production. The main goal of the study is to produce another product group in the paper
and board category with added value.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 177

 2. Materials and Methods
The pulp samples used in this study were taken from the KMK pulp preparation unit
that is produced under operating conditions. The pulp samples used in all laboratory studies
were obtained from the same unit. For this reason, the produced papers have exactly the
same pulp properties. The freeness level of the pulps was determined on the Schopper
Riegler device according to the ISO 5267-1 standard. In addition, the properties of the pulp
such as conductivity, dry matter, pH and anionic charges were investigated.
In the study, 3 different types of modified starch, known under the trade names Charge
120 / HICAT c643a / Meribond 166, whose use as dry strength enhancer was supported in
literature studies were used. Starches were referred to as C (Charge120), H (Hi-Cat c643a), M
(Meribond 166) as seen in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Modified starch properties

Code Commercial pH Cationicity
Name (DS)
C Charge120 6-7 0,60-0,65
H Hi-Cat c643a 6-7 0,65-0,68
M Meribond 166 6-7 0,40-0,45

450 g/m2 coreboards were produced with using 20 kg/ton starch. In addition, base
(control) papers were produced under the same conditions. Then, the strength properties of
all coreboards were determined.
During the coreboards production, 0.2% silica and 0.05% CPAM as anionic contaminant
cleaner were added and the dry starch matter ratio was adjusted to be 3% in starch
cooking. Then, the starch solution was added to the pulp suspension in the amount to be
applied 0.02 kg of starch to 1 kg of dry paper and it was prepared for papermaking by
mixing at 250 rpm at constant speed for 30 minutes.
This section should provide sufficient details of the experiment, simulation, statistical test
or analysis carried out to generate the results such that the method can be repeated by
another researcher and the results reproduced. The cationicity requirement of the prepared
dough and its pH balance were adjusted. Coreboards were produced in Rapid Köthen paper
machine from prepared starch-added and starch-free base pulps. The breaking length and
burst indices of the coreboards were determined according to TAPPI T494 and TAPPI T403
standards. Ten test papers were produced from the pulps obtained from each experiment
and arithmetic means of the data were used for evaluation of the study.

3. Results
The properties of the pulp, white water and retention in wet-end during paper
production were given in Table 2 below.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 178

 Table 2. Pulp, white water and retention properties in coreboard production with using
different starches

Pulp White Water Total Filler

Starch
Dry Filler Dry Filler Retention Retention
Type °SR pH
matter (%) (%) matter (%) (%) (%) (%)
Base 1.10 42 7 15.4 0.19 53.6 85.7 68.3
C 1.10 42 7 15.0 0.12 66.7 89.4 75.4
H 1.10 42 7 14.9 0.11 58.4 92.9 83.6
M 1.10 42 7 14.2 0.14 57.2 89.4 81.2

Total and filler retention rates increased with the use of cationic starch in the pulp
slurry. The highest retention rate was obtained with the use of H starch. With the addition of
H starch to the system in coreboard production, the total retention rate increased by
approximately 8.4%. Using H starch gave the best filler retention rate compared to the other
starches and it increased the filler retention about 22.4% in coreboard production. Due to the
increase in retention, there were also decreases in the amount of dry matter and filler in
white water.
Some strength properties of the coreboards produced with using different starch types
were given in Table 3.

Table 3. The strength properties coreboards produced with using different cationic starches
Breaking Length (km)
Starch Machine Cross Burst Index
Types Direction Direction (kg/cm²)
(MD) (CD)
Base 3.87 1.83 5.7
C 3.91 1.85 6.6
H 4.28 1.92 7.0
M 4.19 1.89 6.8

The use of cationic starch has improved the strength properties of the coreboards. As
can be seen in Table 3, it was observed that the H cationic starch provided higher strength
properties compared to other starches as a result of the values obtained in the samples
produced with C, H and M cationic starches. With using H starch in production, breaking
lengths (MD and CD) and burst index values of the coreboards with 450 grammages
increased about 10.6%, 4.9 and 22.8%, respectively.
When the strength properties of coreboards made using different starches are
examined, the best properties were obtained by using H cationic starch. For this reason, H
starch was used in different dosages and the effect of starch dosage on the coreboards
strength properties was investigated. 20-40-50 kg/ton paper dosages of H cationic starch
were used in coreboard production and properties of pulp, white water and retention in wet-
end were given in Table 4 below.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 179

 Table 4. Pulp, white water and retention properties in coreboard production with using
different H cationic starch dosages

Pulp White Water

Dosages Total Filler
(kg/ton Dry Dry Retention Retention
Filler Filler
paper) matter °SR pH matter (%) (%)
(%) (%)
(%) (%)
0 1.22 44 7.10 23.0 0.12 50.3 87.3 74.1
20 1.23 43 7.05 23.4 0.11 53.3 88.7 76.4
40 1.28 44 7.10 22.8 0.12 56.7 90.4 78.1
50 1.19 43 7.03 23.1 0.10 57.4 91.1 80.6

According to Table 4, the dosage increases in the use of H cationic starch increased
the retention rates. The highest retention rate was obtained with the use of 50 kg/ton paper
of H cationic starch, and compared to the production of non-starch paper, it increased the
total and filler retentions by 4.4% and 8.8%, respectively.
The breaking length and burst index values of the 450 gr/m2 coreboards with using
cationic starch in different dosages were presented in Table 5.

Table 5. The strength properties coreboards produced with using different cationic starches
Dosages Breaking Length (km)
Burst Index
(kg/ton Machine Cross
(kg/cm²)
paper) Direction Direction
0 3.17 1.71 6.7
20 3.36 1.77 7.3
40 3.89 1.90 8.0
50 3.60 1.82 7.7

According to Table 5 above, as the cationic starch usage dosage increased, the
breaking length and burst index values of the coreboards improved. However, the strength
properties began to decrease in dosage increases after 40 kg/ton paper. With using 40
kg/ton paper H starch in coreboard production gave the best results in strength properties.
The breaking lengths (MD and CD) and burst index of the coreboards increased about 22.7%,
11.1% and 19.4%, respectively.

4. Discussion
The attachment of cationic starch to cellulose is explained by the ionic interaction
between the cationic groups and the acidic groups of the cellulose. However, hydrogen
bonding to a lesser extent also plays a role in starch adsorption (Ondaral, 2012). In pulp
systems obtained from waste paper, impurities such as ink residues, starch - glue residues in
the waste paper increase the anionic load of the system and reduce the bonding ability of
cellulose. For this reason, it is important to adjust the system water.
Corn and potato-based KNs have been used for 20-30 years as a cationic bonding
chemical for increasing the physical and especially strength values of papers in acidic or
alkaline paper production and for bonding in alkaline paper production. When these
substances are used at a dosage of 3-15 kg / ton depending on the application, their
contribution to adhesion is quite high (Doiron, 1998). As the system circulation water is used
under operating conditions, the cationic requirement may be higher. The formation conditions

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 180

of the dough used here are important. In works with fresh water, while an average of 10 kg /
ton KN can affect the strength as well as helping to hold, up to 40 kg / ton KN consumption
can be reached under operating conditions. And it has been seen that the highest efficiency
occurs at b dosage amounts.
Marton stated in a study that cationic starch selected to enhance a set of mechanical
properties of cationic starch in paper is a well known dry strength agent, especially for
improving interfiber bonding. (Marton and Marton, 1976). This study showed that the dosage
amount is important. Overdosed KN ensures that the dough suspension reaches cationic
saturation and acts as a filler. The addition of KN may have an adverse effect in suspensions
whose anionic balance cannot be established.

5. Conclusion
It has been determined that the coreboards obtained from pulp-cationic starch
suspension provide improvements in strength values compared to base papers. As a result of
the study, it was determined that the strength values increased in the internal bonding and
improvements in the tensile and bursting strength values. At the same time, when the pulp
and white water properties are controlled, the change in the amount of dry matter and ash
into white water can give an idea about the cohesion of cationic starch on the paper. When
the effects of cationic starches on pulp and white water properties and coreboard strengths
were examined, the best results were obtained with the use of Roquette (Hi-Cat c643a)
cationic starch compared with Cargill (Charge120) and ADM (Meribond 166) cationic starches.

6. Acknowledgments
This study was carried out and funded in the R&D department of Kahramanmaraş
Paper Inc. We would like to thank the R&D staff members who contributed to the study
(KMKPaper, project number: KMK R&D 2/2019).

References
Bajpai P. (2014). Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper. Elsevier, Patiala, India.
Brander J. and Thorn M. (1997). Carbonate Filler on The Hydrolysis Kinetics of Alkylketene
Dimer. I Surface Application of Paper Chemicals, Blackie Academic & Professional, pp.
208-228.
Casey J.P. (1981). Pulp And Paper Chemistry And Technology, Vol:3, Third Edition, A Willey-
Interscience Publication, Toronto.
Casey J.P. (1980). Pulp and Paper, Third Edition, Interscience Publisher Inc. New York.
CEPI (2003). Discovering the high potential of Pulp and Paper Production Residues, Bruselas:
CEPI.
Doiron E.B. (1998). Retention aid system. In: Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking,
J.M. Gess (Eds.). Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp. 157-176.
Expert A. and Expert B.C. (2008). Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Int. J. Nanotechnology and
Applications, 58, 171–176.
Hall B. and Maisonneuve M. (2005). The Nature of Nanofiltration Membrane Porosity," in
"Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Sep. Sci. Technol.," M.H. Weir and S. Vijay, Eds., Toronto, ON,
Canada, October 1–4, 2007, pp. 36–43.
Marton J. and Marton T. (1976). Wet end starch: Adsorption of starch on cellulosic fibers.
Tappi Journal 59(12): 121-124.

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Plan Z.A. Lin R.T. and Richer J.A. Nanotechnology Devices. in "The World of Nanotechnology,"
G.E. Goodfellow and A.T. Mann, Eds., Butterworth Publishers, Boston, MA (1989), pp. 61–67.
Ondaral S. (2007). The Synthesis of Water Soluble Cross Linked Polymers by Dispersion
Polymerization and Their Performance in Various Applications in Papermaking, pHd
Thesis, Karadeniz Technical Teknik University, Institute of Science and Technology,
Trabzon, Turkey.
Ondaral S. (2012). Paper Chemicals Textbook, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of
Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey.
Usta H. (2004). Paper Industry Profile Survey, İstanbul Chamber of Commerce, İstanbul,
Turkey.

Web sites:
Web-1: http://www.ktu.edu.tr, consulted 5 March 2018.
Web-2: http://www.ktu.edu.tr/orenko2018, consulted 18 March 2018.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 182

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

EFFECTS OF SANDING AND VARIOUS SURFACE SMOOTHING PROCESSES ON

SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND VARNISH ADHESION OF BEECH, OAK AND PINE
MASSIVE PARQUETS

Ismail Aydin1 Aydin Demir1 Turgay Ozdemir1

iaydin@ktu.edu.tr aydindemir@ktu.edu.tr turgay@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0152-7501) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-4060-2578) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-2484-828X)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine effects of sanding and various surface
smoothing processes on surface roughness and varnish adhesion of beech, oak and pine massive
parquets. First of all, the parquet samples were classified into four groups. Fifteen parquet samples
were used for each group. Parquet samples in first group were processed on thickness machine,
samples in second group were processed on plane machine, and samples in third group were
sanded with 60 grit sandpaper while the parquets in fourth group were sanded with 180 grit
sandpaper, parallel to grain direction. The surface roughness of the samples were determined
according to DIN 4768. After surface roughness measurements, parquet samples were coated
with cellulosic varnish by using a spray gun at a spread rate on 120 g/m2. The adhesion of
strength of the parquet samples were determined according to ASTM D 4541. According to the
study results, the highest surface roughness values were obtained in oak, and there was no
statistical difference between beech and pine. The adhesion strength values of beech parquets
were higher than pine and oak parquets. Processing of sanding with lower grit sandpaper resulted
in increased surface roughness while improved adhesion strength characteristics between the
coating and the substrate.

Keywords: Surface roughness, adhesion strength, parquet, sanding, varnish

1. Introduction
The primary function of any wood finish (paint, varnish, wax, stain, oil, etc.) is to protect
the wood surface, help maintain a certain appearance, and provide a cleanable surface
(Williams, 2010). Finishing of wood material is one of the most important processes influencing
overall quality of the final product. Physical characteristics in particular appearance of the
finished product are affected by not only the type of finish but also the interaction between
finish and the substrate. It is a well-known fact that species, wood density, and roughness of
the substrate are considered major parameters to have an effective finishing process
(Ozdemir et al., 2015).
Wood coatings prolong service life by safeguarding the substrate from, in particular,
outdoor conditions like UV light, high and/or changing humidity, mechanical damage,
chemicals, living organisms like fungi, termites, etc. Coatings can also further improve
aesthetics by providing colour or gloss (Nikolic et al., 2015). Successful wood coating involves
several stages including preparation of surfaces. Surface preparation is the most important

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 183

factor in developing a successful coating system. The purpose of surface preparation is to
remove all contaminants that can interfere with adhesion. Sanding or mechanical cleaning is
then required to remove loose or deteriorated surface on wood to obtain the proper surface
profile. The process of abrasive sanding is also essential in the manufacture of value-added
wooden furniture, which demands quality surface finish (Ratnasingam et al., 2002).
Improperly prepared surfaces can lead to premature finish failure and poor
performance (Carlson et al., 1991). Some mechanical pre-treatments such as sanding and
planning can also be applied to get a fresh surface which eliminates bonding problems and
improves glue bonding of wood (Aydin, 2004). Careful sanding to provide a smooth surface
is essential for a good finish because any irregularities or roughness in the surface will be
accentuated by the finish (Williams, 2010).
The wood surface texture can significantly affect the finishing requirements. New saw-
textured surfaces may contain loose wood particles or protruding wood fibers. Loose wood
material not removed prior to finishing or protruding fibers that are not thoroughly coated
may lift. Therefore, it is essential that all foreign matter or loose material is removed prior to
finishing (Carlson et al., 1991). The phenomenon of ‘grain-raising’ presents a major operational
problem for high-quality wood finishing and will require sanding operations. Sanding can be
considered as the last operation in the manufacturing process of the uncoated product. It is
carried out to remove the first wood layers, producing a smooth and uniform surface and
also eliminating blemishes due to previous operations such as gluing (Bulian and Graystone,
2009).
The objective of this work was to determine effects of sanding and various surface
smoothing processes on surface roughness and varnish adhesion of beech, oak and pine
massive parquets.

2. Materials and Methods

Beech, pine and oak massive parquets with the dimensions of 30 cm x 5 cm x 1.8 cm
were obtained from a commercial parquet plant located in Karadeniz Region in Turkey. First
of all, parquet samples manufactured from beech, pine and oak wood were classified into
four groups. Fifteen parquet samples were used for each group. Parquet samples in first
group were processed on thickness machine, samples in second group were processed on
plane machine, and samples in third group were sanded with 60 grit sandpaper while the
parquets in fourth group were sanded with 180 grit sandpaper, parallel to grain direction.
Surface roughness values of parquets were determined after planning and sanding
processes. Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-301 was employed for surface roughness measurements. Cut-
off length was 2,5 mm, sampling length was 12,5 mm and detector tip radius was 5 µm in the
surface roughness measurements. Fifteen measurements were taken from all parquet samples
across the grain orientation. Three roughness parameters, average roughness (Ra), mean
peak-to-valley height (Rz), and maximum roughness (Rmax) were used to evaluate surface
roughness of the samples according to DIN 4768 (1990). Samples were conditioned to an
equilibrium moisture content before the surface roughness measurements so that the moisture
content could not alter the results of measurements.
After surface roughness measurements, parquet samples were coated with cellulosic
varnish by using a spray gun at a spread rate on 120 g/m2. The coating was applied to
surface as 2 bases and 1 top layer. The mixture of cellulosic varnish for each layer had 100
parts varnish and 50 parts thinner by volume. Viscosity of varnish for the application was
determined as 98,74 mpa.s (cup Ø = 4 mm).
Once parquet samples were dried in ambient temperature after coating process, dry
film thickness of each samples were measured by using Erichsen P.I.G 445 measuring device

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 184

at an accuracy of 1µm, according to ASTM D 4138 (1971). Average dry film thickness of
cellulosic varnish was measured as 80 µm.
Pull-off test was used to evaluate adhesion of strength of the parquet samples
according to ASTM D 4541 (1978). Fifteen replicate measurements with a contact area of 20
mm circles were taken from each side of the samples. Erichsen-525 MC Adhesion tester with
a head glued to the surface of the samples was employed for the tests. The equipment runs
at a constant speed and applies tension force to the surface layer by pulling the coating
from the surface. Adhesion strength value of the coating is limiting value of the tension force
applied which is registered on the display of the equipment in N/mm2.

3. Results and Discussion

It was showed in Table 1 that surface roughness test results of parquet samples after
processing on thickness and plane machines and sanding.

Table 1. Surface roughness measurement results of parquet samples after processing on

thickness and plane machines and sanding (values in parenthesis are standard deviations)
Beech (µm) Pine (µm) Oak (µm)
Ra Rmax Rz Ra Rmax Rz Ra Rmax Rz
Processed on 5.60 48,35 41,86 5,85 45,31 39,23 10,08 95,99 84,15
Thickness (1.02) (9,01) (8,16) (0,81) (10,66) (5,74) (1,30) (10,35) (6,80)
Machine
Processed on 4.85 44.68 38.04 5.23 43.97 35.46 9.52 101.38 80.49
Plane Machine (1.10) (8.55) (5.71) (1.44) (14.07) (8.01) (2.32) (16.34) (6.68)
Sanded with 6.81 53.71 45.69 6.73 56.80 50.57 11.36 120.46 93.83
60 Grit (1.24) (7.09) (4.96) (0.99) (9.60) (8.33) (2.42) (21.54) (8.77)
Sanded with 3.69 37.28 30.38 3.97 41.52 32.47 5.66 75.27 61.76
180 Grit (1.63) (10.73) (8.57) (1.40) (9.49) (5.18) (1.28) (11.96) (6.00)

In order to determine the effect of various surface treatments on the surface roughness
values of beech, pine and oak massive parquet, multiple variance analysis was performed
and the results are given in Table 2. Student-Newman-Keuls test results used to compare the
mean values of variance sources were given in Table 3.

Table 2. Statistical analysis of the surface roughness test results

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean F- Sig.
Variation Squares Freedom Squares value level
A: Wood Species 66734.5 2 33367.3 673.46 ***
B: Surface 11062.8 3 3687.6 74.43 ***
Processing
Interaction: AB 1807.4 6 301.234 6.08 ***
Error 8323.76 168 49.5462
Total 87928.5 179

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 185

 Table 3. Student-Newman-Keuls test results of the samples (p<0.05).
Surface
Homogenous
Variance of Sources N Roughness
Group*
Rz (μm)
Effect of Wood Species
Beech 60 38.99 a
Pine 60 39.45 a
Oak 60 80.06 b
Effects of Surface Processing
Processing on thickness machine 45 55.08 b
Processing on plane machine 45 51.33 b
Sanding with 60 grit sandpaper 45 63.37 c
Sanding with 180 grit sandpaper 45 41.54 a
* Different letters indicate the statistically significant difference

According to the results of analysis of variance; both wood species and applied
surface processing and their interaction with each other on the surface roughness values of
parquets are significant with a probability of 0.1% error (Table 2).
Among the three wood species tested in Table 3, oak parquets gave the highest
surface roughness mean values (Rz) due to the most porous anatomical structure having the
roughest surface (Salca and Hiziroglu, 2014). Normally diffuse porous woods with small pores
tend to be the most evenly textured compared to the wood species such as oak, which has
very large and open pores. Therefore, species with a finer texture (smooth and glassy) such
as beech has a smoother surface roughness compared to species with a coarse texture (soft
and rough) such as oak (Thoma et al., 2015). According to this statistical evaluation, the
differences in surface roughness values for beech and pine were found not to be significant
at 95% confidence level.
The smoothest samples were obtained after sanding with 180 grit sandpaper for all
three parquet wood species while the highest surface roughness values were measured on
parquets sanded with 60 grit sandpaper. Sanding operation could reduce the inhomogeneity
of wood surfaces and make the wood surfaces more uniform. Therefore, sanding improved
the surface roughness and application of higher grit of sanding reduced the surface
roughness (Sulaiman et al., 2009). Hiziroglu et al. (2014) sanded surface of oak, pine and
nyatoh samples on 80, 180 and 240 grit sandpaper applying. As a result of the study, they
found that 180 grit sandpaper gave the lowest surface roughness values among their groups.
Sogutlu et al. (2016) obtained same results from the oak, pine and cherry wood samples
sanded on 80, 120 and 180 grit sandpaper. As a result of the study, they found that 180 grit
sandpaper gave the lowest surface roughness values among their groups.
Pull-off strength adhesion test results of parquet samples after processing on thickness
and plane machines and sanding were presented in Figure 1.

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 Processed on Thickness Machine Processed on Plane Machine
Sanded with 60 Grit Sandpaper Sanded with 180 Grit Sandpaper
4,60
4,33
Adhesion Strength (N/mm2) 5,00
(0,47) 3,82
(0,64)
3,89
3,65 3,82
(0,61) (0,54)
4,00 (0,75) 3,18 (0,59) 3,26
2,92 2,78 (0,61) (0,47)
2,39 (0,51) (0,30)
3,00 (0,56) 2,09
(0,39)
2,00

1,00

0,00
PineBeech Oak
Parquet Wood Species
Figure 1. Pull-off strength adhesion test results of parquet samples after planning and sanding
(Values in parenthesis are standard deviations)

In order to determine the effect of various surface treatments on the adhesion strength
values of beech, pine and oak massive parquet, multiple variance analysis was performed
and the results are given in Table 4.

Table 4. Statistical analysis of the adhesion strength test results

Source of Variation Sum of Degreess of Mean F- Sig.
Squares Freedom Squares value level
A: Wood Species 82.097 2 41.049 136.737 ***
B: Surface Processing 11.756 3 3.919 13.053 ***
Interaction: AB 3.956 6 0.659 2.196 *
Error 50.434 168 0.300
Total 2237.961 180

According to the results of analysis of variance; both wood species and applied
surface processing and their interaction with each other on the adhesion strength values of
parquets are significant with a probability of 0.1% error (Table 4).
Student-Newman-Keuls test results used to compare the mean values of variance
sources were given in Table 5.

Table 5: Student-Newman-Keuls test results of the samples (p<0.05).

Adhesion Strength Homogenous
Variance of Sources N
(N/mm2) Group*
Effect of Wood Species
Beech 60 4.20 c
Pine 60 2.55 a
Oak 60 3.48 b
Effects of Surface Processing
Processing on thickness machine 45 3.46 b
Processing on plane machine 45 3.08 a
Sanding with 60 grit sandpaper 45 3.78 c
Sanding with 180 grit sandpaper 45 3.31 b
* Different letters indicate the statistically significant difference

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 According to Figure 1 and the statistical evaluation (Table 5), adhesion strength values
of beech parquets with cellulosic varnish were found higher than those of oak and pine
parquets. The smooth surface quality of beech may be responsible for this finding. In the
previous studies, adhesion strength of beech was also found to be better than that of oak
(Jaic et al., 1996; Ozdemir and Hiziroglu, 2009). The adhesion strength of varnish on wood
surfaces has been reported to be higher in wood from angiosperm trees compared to
gymnosperms (Sonmez et al., 2009). The properties of the wood surface, its texture, anatomy
and species all affect surface coating performance (Frihart, 2005).
The highest adhesion strength values were obtained for the groups sanded with 60 grit
sandpaper while the lowest adhesion strength values were obtained for planed groups
without sanding. Because, the surface roughness of the groups sanded with 60 grit sandpaper
were higher than the other groups. It has been reported that increased surface roughness
leads to increased varnish layer adhesion strength resistance due to a mechanical and
chemical bond between the wood sample and varnish liquid when applied to its surface. Such
chemical adhesion occurs as the varnish liquid fills gaps on the wood surface and solidifies
(Sogutlu et al., 2016). Similarly, the adhesion strength increased with increasing the area for
the mechanical interlocking between coating and wood substrate (Vitosyte et al., 2012).

4. Conclusion
The effects of the sanding and various surface smoothing processes on surface
roughness and varnish adhesion of beech, oak and pine massive parquets was investigated in
this study. The highest surface roughness values were obtained in oak, and there was no
statistical difference between beech and pine. The adhesion strength values of beech
parquets were higher than pine and oak parquets. Processing of sanding with lower grit
sandpaper resulted in increased surface roughness while improved adhesion strength
characteristics between the coating and the substrate. Therefore, it is recommended from this
study that where high varnish adhesion strength is required, the wood surface should be
sanded with low number grit sandpaper. The data obtained from this study will have
potential to determine better finishing application for oak, pine and beech parquets.

References
ASTM D. 4541 (1978). Test method for pull-off strength of coatings using portable, ASTM,
Philadelphia.
ASTM D. 4138 (1971). Test method for measurement of dry film thickness of protective, ASTM,
Philadelphia.
Aydin I. (2004). Activation of wood surfaces for glue bonds by mechanical pre-treatment and
its effects on some properties of veneer surfaces and plywood panels. Applied Surface
Science, 233(1/4), 268-274.
Bulian F. and Graystone J.A. Operational aspects of wood coatings: Application and surface
preparation. In: Industrial Wood Coatings-Theory and Practice, Chapter 9, Elsevier, Oxford
(2009), pp 259-288.
Carlson R., Donegan V., Fantozzi J., Lewandowski E., Sherwood G., Smith J. and Tooley J. (1991)
Application recommendations for smooth, embossed and saw-textured surfaces - current
state - of-the-art, Joint Coatings/Forest Products Committee publication.
DIN 4768. (1990). Determination of values of surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rmax
using electrical contact (stylus) instruments, concepts and measuring conditions. Deutsches
Institut für Norming. Berlin, Germany.
Frihart C. R. Wood Adhesion and Adhesives. Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood
Composites, Rowell, Roger M. (editor), CRC Pres, (2005), pp. 215 – 273.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 188

Ratnasingam J., Reid H.F. and Perkins M.C. (2002) The abrasive sanding of rubberwood
(Hevea brasiliensis): an industrial perspective, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 60, 191–196.
Williams S. Finishing of wood, Wood handbook—Wood as an engineering material, Chapter 16,
General Technical Report FPL–GTR–190. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 16-1, (2010), p. 33.
Ozdemir T. and Hiziroglu S. (2009). Influence of surface roughness and species on bond
strength between the wood and the finish. Forest products journal, 59(6), 90-94.
Söğütlü C., Nzokou P., Koc I., Tutgun R., and Döngel N. (2016). The effects of surface
roughness on varnish adhesion strength of wood materials. Journal of Coatings
Technology and Research, 13(5), 863-870.
Sonmez A. Budakci M. and Bayram M. (2009). Effect of Wood Moisture Content on Adhesion
of Varnish Coatings. Sci. Res. Essays, 4(12), 1432–1437.
Ozdemir T., Hiziroglu S. and Kocapınar M. (2015). Effect of heartwood and sapwood ratio on
adhesion strength of finished wood species. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering, 2015, 1-5.
Jaić, M. Živanović R., Stevanović-Janežsć T. and Dekanski A. (1996). Comparison of surface
properties of beech-and oakwood as determined by ESCA method. Holz als Roh-und
Werkstoff, 54(1), 37-41.
Nikolic M., Lawther J. M. and Sanadi A. R. (2015). Use of nanofillers in wood coatings: a
scientific review. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 12(3), 445-461.
Thoma, H., Peri, L., & Lato, E. (2015). Evaluation of wood surface roughness depending on
species characteristics. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 17(2), 285-292.
Salca E. A. and Hiziroglu S. (2014). Evaluation of hardness and surface quality of different
wood species as function of heat treatment. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 62, 416-423
Hiziroglu S., Zhong Z.W. and Ong, W.K. (2014). Evaluating of bonding strength of pine, oak
and nyatoh wood species related to their surface roughness. Measurement, 49, 397-400.
Sulaiman O., Hashim R., Subari K. and Liang C.K. (2009). Effect of sanding on surface
roughness of rubberwood. Journal of materials processing technology, 209(8), 3949-3955.
Vitosytė J., Ukvalbergienė K., & Keturakis G. (2012). The effects of surface roughness on
adhesion strength of coated ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and birch (Betula L.) wood.
Materials Science, 18(4), 347-351.

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

BRICS COUNTRIES AND TURKEY’S COMPETITION COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE

FURNITURE INDUSTRY SECTOR

Kadri Cemil AKYÜZ1 İlker AKYÜZ1

akyuz@ktu.edu.tr iakyuz@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0049-6379) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-4241-1118)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Economic problems driven by global crises have led to an increase in the power of
developing countries against the economies of developed countries and created global economic
unions. The economic union (BRIC), which was established by Brazil, Russia, India and China, which
are considered to be the four biggest economies of the 21st century together with the United
States, and represented by 5 countries with the inclusion of South Africa in 2011 and named as
BRICS countries It has taken a leading position for developing economies.
Our country in the evaluations made at the level of the foreign trade balance, which has a
positive position BRICS Under the subgroup of the furniture sector (Brazil, Russia, India, China and
South Africa) countries in the face of how competition works include the 2010-2019 year
performed to determine whether to position Turkey and the BRICS countries The levels of
competition and specialization were calculated with the help of the Revealed Comparative
Advantages Approach. Study results are seen in the presence of intense competition among all
subgroups level in Turkey and China.

Keywords: BRICS, Furniture Sector, Turkey, Competition Comparative Analysis

1. Introduction
BRIC (Brazil, Russia, and India and China), which was first introduced into the literature
in 2001 by the chief economist of Goldman Sachs, Jim O'Neill, was later named BRICS after
South Africa was included in these countries. Jim O'Neill argued that BRICS countries will have
a growing share in the world economy with their rich underground resources, geographic
structures and population sizes and have the power to direct the economies. (Goldman
Sachs, 2001) The remarkable increase in the economic growth of these countries, their high
domestic consumption capacity, production organizations and openness to cooperation show
that they are in a structure that can direct the world economy. It shows that the global
economic power can pass from countries considered as G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, England and USA) to BRICS countries. (Hult, 2009; Cook, 2019) Especially the problems
in the unipolar world system centered in America and the searches made against the
economic hegemony of Western countries have made the BRICS countries look positively as
an alternative block structure where Asian countries are dominant. (Dilek et al., 2018). The
cheap labor and low production costs of the BRICS countries provided a high level of
foreign capital and thus the increase in foreign trade volume and created values above the
world average in the economic growth of the countries.

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 Our country's active role in regional and global issues in recent years is known as an
effort to become one of the rising global powers. BRICS countries will now be considered in
the near future of the European economy, Turkey is willing to take part. Turkey to take part
in the BRICS find alternative opportunities and achievements will be possible to achieve,
especially in terms of regional economic power (Dilek et al., 2018). The success it has achieved
in the economic transformation in recent years shows that it can be at the forefront of
membership to BRICS and that it is in a highly competitive position in this field. (Battal and
Akan, 2019) Determining the position of our country's production power against the BRICS
countries, which are the rising economic power, and the level of competitiveness, will make it
possible for us to be prepared for a possible BRICS membership. For this reason, in our
study, it is aimed to determine the competitive position of the furniture sector, which has an
important position in the foreign trade structuring of our country and has a foreign trade
surplus in recent years, against BRICS countries across its sub-product groups. In line with this
approach help of Revealed Comparative Advantage competitive analysis of the furniture
sector in Turkey and the BRICS countries it was carried out between the years 2010-2019.

1.1. Furniture Industry in the World and in Turkey

Furniture, which is used for different purposes in all areas of life, is one of the rare
sectors in our country that has not had a foreign trade deficit since 2001. The furniture
industry sector, which appears in the field of production with micro, small and medium-sized
enterprises, has gained a structure that has increased its strength in our country in recent
years with the participation of large-scale enterprises in the production area with different
product mixes. (Furniture Working Group Report, 2015) Especially, the furniture industry, which
is in an active position in the field of foreign trade with EU member countries, realizes one
third of its exports to EU countries and more than half of its imports from these countries.
The export value of our country's furniture industry, whose development depends on its ability
to export, has reached 3 billion 415 million dollars in 2019. This figure has increased by 27.1%
compared to 2018. The value of our furniture imports in 2019 was 554 million, and it
decreased by 6.6% compared to 2018. Exports worldwide are at the level of 197.3 billion
dollars in 2019. The two major countries of world exports are China (32.8%) and Germany
(6.9%). Turkey's share in world exports was 1.6%. When the world furniture import is taken into
consideration, it is seen that a level of 190.4 billion dollars was realized in 2019. USA and
Germany take the first place in import. (Furniture Sector Report, 2020).
The protection of the furniture industry's competitiveness is extremely important for
Turkey. For this reason, in order for the furniture industry to maintain its competitive power, it
is necessary to determine the production areas where it is strong.

1.2. BRIC Countries and Turkey's Foreign Trade in Furniture

Considering the recent economic developments, it is seen that the global crisis
experienced in 2008 caused the actors that shaped the world economy to change. The
failure of America and the European Union to manage the 2008 economic crisis well paved
the way for developing economies and new unions. Thus, it has enabled new and powerful
actors to enter the world economy. One of the most important of these actors is the BRICS
countries formed by China, Brazil, India, Russia and South Africa. The most important features
of the countries included in the BRICS are their foreign exchange reserves, which are an
important force in global wars and crises. In the world foreign exchange reserves ranking,
China (It has 30% of the world foreign exchange reserves.), Brazil, Russia and India are
among the top 10. (Dam and Şanlı, 2019) Turkey After 2002, unlike the BRICS countries are in
a position to constantly open the current account balance. The current account deficit
problem as a result of failing to meet the import of export problems in Turkey's economic

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strength and development constitute. The most accurate and future-oriented activity for the
current account deficit is to increase our production power. Therefore, the position of the
economic union is planning to take place in Turkey should be evaluated correctly.
Determining the position of the production and competitiveness of the furniture sector,
which has not had a foreign trade deficit since 2001, against BRICS countries and having a
sustainable competitive advantage with the necessary support are among the vital economic
issues. Foreign trade figures for the furniture industry are shown in Table 1. (Trade Map, 2020).

Table 1. Furniture Industry Sector in Foreign Trade-Turkey (1,000 dollars)

Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance
2010 1.786.405 1.080.935 705.470
2011 2.110.174 1.389.296 720.878
2012 2.420.661 1.204.663 1.215.998
2013 2.830.674 1.492.689 1.337.985
2014 2.970.948 1.588.941 1.382.007
2015 2.753.604 1.376.358 1.377.246
2016 2.174.499 1.007.001 1.167.498
2017 2.573.426 946.851 1.626.575
2018 3.130.599 843.291 2.287.308
2019 3.489.375 731.084 2.758.291

The positive increase in the current account balance between 2010 and 2019 is around
300%. The increasing trend of exports and the decrease in imports over the years show the
effectiveness of the production and market power of the furniture industry. Foreign trade
figures at the level of BRICS countries are shown in the tables below (Table 2, Table 3, Table
4).

Table2. Furniture Industry Sector in Foreign Trade-Brazil and Russia (1,000 dollars)
Brazil Russia
Year Export Imports Current Export Imports Current
s Account Account
Balance Balance
2010 882.664 726.722 155.942 293.153 2.820.120 -2.526.967
2011 911.741 885.440 26.301 263.830 3.791.879 -3.528.049
2012 1.063.782 1.079.418 -15.636 449.308 4.498.725 -4.049.417
2013 792.008 1.308.746 -516.738 467.997 4.672.473 -4.204.476
2014 894.397 1.220.045 -325.648 464.012 4.281.271 -3.817.259
2015 697.797 1.036.822 -339.025 377.304 2.290.253 -1.912.949
2016 677.508 871.352 -193.844 409.657 1.994.667 -1.585.010
2017 714.780 897.215 -182.435 494.237 2.703.111 -2.208.874
2018 770.926 995.890 -224.964 567.506 2.872.185 -2.304.679
2019 759.868 993.427 -233.559 666.336 2.896.580 -2.230.244

Examining the data in Table 2, it is seen that Brazil's furniture foreign trade figures are
not high. Brazil has a foreign trade deficit after 2012. In addition, there is a decrease in
export values and an increase in imports. It has a high foreign trade volume in Russia's
Furniture industry. However, the high current account deficit is related to the increase in
imports despite the increase in exports.

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 Table3. Furniture Industry Sector in Foreign Trade-India and South Africa (1,000 dollars)
India South Africa
Years Export Imports Current Export Imports Current
Account Account
Balance Balance
2010 706.825 795.969 -89.144 839.937 666.473 173.464
2011 901.082 1.042.900 -141.818 766.383 759.633 6.750
2012 1.010.204 1.048.619 -38.415 638.414 821.657 -183.243
2013 1.193.880 1.147.716 46.164 564.107 809.478 -245.371
2014 1.204.430 1.232.627 -28.197 528.968 764.099 -235.131
2015 1.276.529 1.479.862 -203.333 457.380 781.312 -323.932
2016 1.353.830 1.462.388 -108.558 381.979 693.224 -311.245
2017 1.440.219 1.744.253 -304.034 397.402 710.006 -312.604
2018 1.661.015 1.849.116 -188.101 418.238 782.151 -363.913
2019 1.841.819 1.700.966 140.853 362.594 747.528 -384.934

When the data in Table 3 are examined, it is seen that India has a positive foreign
trade balance in 2013 and 2019, but does not have a foreign trade deficit that can be
considered significant. As in the Brazilian example, South Africa, which had a foreign trade
deficit in 2012 and after, and had a growing deficit with each passing year, experienced a
significant decrease in export level between 2010-2019.

Table 4. Furniture Industry Sector in Foreign Trade-China (1,000 dollars)

Years Export Imports Current Account

Balance
2010 50.584.033 3.060.824 47.523.209
2011 59.336.352 2.780.539 56.555.813
2012 77.886.189 2.872.045 75.014.144
2013 86.414.580 3.063.736 83.350.844
2014 93.374.119 3.373.789 90.000.330
2015 98.734.456 3.233.847 95.500.609
2016 89.500.006 3.235.812 86.264.194
2017 89.816.691 3.699.547 86.117.144
2018 96.416.994 3.971.384 92.445.610
2019 99.499.771 3.527.753 95.972.018

China, which is the rising economic power of recent years, is a considerable economic
power in the furniture industry. When the data in Table 4 are examined, it is noteworthy that
the doubling increases in the export volume especially within the scope of 2010-2019. The fact
that imports remained at the same levels within this period indicates that the raw materials
and semi-finished products required for production have reached a position that can be met
from within the country. The foreign trade surplus formed in parallel with the increase in
exports supports the country's leading position in the world economy.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials
Furniture industry it is one of the most important production branches of the forestry
industry sector and adds positive values to the foreign trade volume of our country. It is

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aimed to determine the competitive position of our furniture industry against BRICS countries.
In the study covering the years of 2010-2019, the competitive position of furniture products
traded in six different subgroups according to the international foreign trade classification
was determined by the analysis. Foreign trade figures used for the study were obtained from
the Trade Map website. Furniture industry subgroups according to the international definition
are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Furniture Industry Subgroups

Product Product Label
Code
9401 Seats, whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof, n.e.s.
(excluding medical,
9402 Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary furniture, e.g. operating tables,
examination tables, . . .
9403 Furniture and parts thereof, n.e.s. (excluding seats and medical, surgical,
dental or veterinary . .
9404 Mattress supports (excluding spring interiors for seats); articles of bedding
and similar furnishing, . . .
9405 Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof,
n.e.s; illuminated . . .
9406 Prefabricated buildings, whether or not complete or already assembled

2.2. Method
There are many methods developed in the historical process in order to measure
international competitiveness. These methods, which are used in accordance with the purpose,
primarily benefit from foreign trade data in order to measure the competitiveness of
companies, industry and countries. In our study; Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA),
which was created by Liesner (1958) to measure competitiveness and later developed by
Balassa (1965) and widely used until today, was used. (Akyüz ve Diğ., 2019) The index
developed by Liesner (1958), which aims to measure the competitiveness by using export data
and compares the exports of the country in any sector or product group with the exports of
other countries or product groups, was developed by Balassa (1965) due to some
deficiencies.
A value less than 1 that will be obtained as a result of the index with the formulation
and definitions below indicates that the country does not have competitive power in terms of
comparative advantages explained at the relevant goods level, that is, it has a disadvantage
and a value greater than 1 is specialized in that product group, that is, it has revealed
comparative advantage (Balassa, 1965; Kum, 1999; Altay and Gürpınar, 2008; Şahinli, 2014).
The Balassa index was formulated as follows:
RCAij= (xij / Xj)/ (xiw / Xw) where; (1)
RCAij; revealed comparative advantage index for the ith goods of the jth country.
xij : jth country’s ith exported goods
Xj : jth country's total exports
xiw : ith goods of the global exports
XW : total global exports

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 3. Results and Discussion
The calculations made using the Revealed Comparative Advantages Index developed
by Ballassa at the furniture sub-product group level are shown in the tables below.

3.1. Seats, whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof, n.e.s. (excluding
medical)
The results obtained as a result of the calculations made at the level of years are
shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Seats, whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof, n.e.s. (excluding
medical)
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,264 0,023 0,028 2,785 1,728 1,399
2011 0,261 0,017 0,049 2,801 1,151 1,464
2012 0,227 0,028 0,081 3,129 0,884 1,246
2013 0,199 0,030 0,097 2,886 0,723 1,351
2014 0,145 0,026 0,101 2,649 0,560 1,315
2015 0,144 0,028 0,110 2,469 0,437 1,234
2016 0,142 0,034 0,115 2,373 0,371 1,255
2017 0,118 0,043 0,128 2,402 0,316 1,259
2018 0,108 0,035 0,140 2,476 0,316 1,355
2019 0,106 0,043 0,148 2,461 0,245 1,435
Average 0,171 0,030 0,099 2,643 0,673 1,331

The results of the calculations Turkey has increased over the years, the competitiveness
of products in the 9401 group. The competitive value, which was 1.399 in 2010, reached its
highest level in 2011. Turkey was ranked second after China with competitive value of 1.435 in
2019. The high competitive advantage achieved by China in all years in this product group is
clearly seen. Although China achieved the highest value in 2012, it experienced a decrease in
its competitive advantage over the years examined. The obtained results indicate that Turkey
can increase their competitiveness through access to the leading position in this product
group. It is clearly seen that other BRICS member countries are in a non-competitive structure
in the 9401 coded product group. The success of South Africa in this field in 2010 and 2011
decreased significantly in the following years and its competitive power decreased to
insignificant levels.

3.2. Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary furniture, e.g. operating tables,

examination tables.
The analyzes made and the results obtained in the 9402 coded product group are
shown in Table 7.

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 Table 7. Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary furniture, e.g. operating tables, examination
tables
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,576 0,008 0,212 1,134 0,387 0,992
2011 0,426 0,015 0,319 1,226 0,269 1,095
2012 0,426 0,022 0,283 1,371 0,392 1,118
2013 0,355 0,025 0,276 1,416 0,334 1,813
2014 0,188 0,002 0,011 0,077 0,014 0,074
2015 0,313 0,042 0,305 1,527 0,268 0,942
2016 0,233 0,035 0,396 1,391 0,355 1,073
2017 0,177 0,044 0,309 1,452 0,287 1,175
2018 0,151 0,026 0,293 1,497 0,228 1,309
2019 0,145 0,039 0,259 1,704 0,337 1,387
Average 0,299 0,025 0,266 1,279 0,287 1,097

When Table 7 is worth examining Turkey's border with that level in 2010 (0.992 <1) in the
competition, showing a significant improvement in 2019 have reached a level superior position
(1.387> 1). Turkey has achieved significant growth in 2013. It decreased in the following years,
but a position was obtained that resulted in an increase within the scope of the years
examined. China is a country that can rival Turkey. It can be clearly seen that other countries
are far from competition at this sub-product group level. Turkey has significantly reduced
over the years, the competition that exists between disadvantage with China.

3.3. Furniture and parts thereof, n.e.s. (excluding seats and medical, surgical,
dental or veterinary.
Analysis results are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Furniture and parts thereof, n.e.s.(excluding seats and medical, surgical, dental or
veterinary
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,672 0,079 0,367 2,659 0,499 1,532
2011 0,510 0,079 0,034 2,754 0,369 1,657
2012 0,506 0,096 0,378 3,139 0,348 1,738
2013 0,475 0,092 0,359 2,970 0,328 1,984
2014 0,467 0,104 0,384 2,759 0,362 2,100
2015 0,489 0,108 0,440 2,609 0,350 1,916
2016 0,508 0,139 0,493 2,540 0,303 1,833
2017 0,499 0,151 0,472 2,499 0,279 1,769
2018 0,525 0,146 0,518 2,448 0,265 1,926
2019 0,532 0,172 0,569 2,316 0,284 2,075
Average 0,518 0,116 0,401 2,669 0,338 1,853

Turkey has a competitive advantage in this product group in all years. Turkey has
reached the highest competitive position in 2014. In this product group, as in other sub-
product group it is Turkey's only rival of China. The decline shows that China's
competitiveness in the years Turkey has showed a significant increase in this period. Turkey is
in a position to be a leader in this product group.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 196

 3.4. Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof,
n.e.s; illuminated.
This product group among the three countries (China, India and Turkey) is experiencing
a competitive battle. Although China has become an important role in Turkey and India are
important competitiveness. The competitiveness of Turkey between 2010-2019 years has
experienced an increase in the level of 27.3%. India, on the other hand, completed this period
with an increase of 19%. It may also be a contest between China and Turkey in terms of
competition.

Table 9. Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof, n.e.s;
illuminated
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,147 0,024 1,297 4,765 0,833 1,124
2011 0,139 0,021 1,172 4,802 0,778 1,038
2012 0,107 0,042 1,265 4,733 0,775 0,922
2013 0,117 0,054 1,299 4,392 0,794 1,009
2014 0,128 0,050 1,320 4,069 0,771 1,013
2015 0,133 0,060 1,529 3,828 0,719 1,002
2016 0,138 0,067 1,593 3,915 0,700 0,990
2017 0,140 0,058 1,496 4,014 0,612 1,153
2018 0,123 0,050 1,536 4,009 0,631 1,245
2019 0,129 0,062 1,546 3,822 0,534 1,431
Average 0,130 0,048 1,405 4,234 0,714 1,092

3.5. Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof,
n.e.s; illuminated.
Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof, n.e.s;
illuminated . . analysis results are shown in Table 10.
In this product group, the competitive advantage that continues to increase within the
years obtained and examined by China is clearly seen. China has the sole say in this product
group.

Table 10. Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof, n.e.s;
illuminated
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,062 0,085 0,220 3,768 0,406 1,073
2011 0,063 0,028 0,244 3,919 0,374 1,037
2012 0,054 0,054 0,238 4,541 0,302 0,771
2013 0,043 0,057 0,176 4,651 0,272 0,811
2014 0,040 0,059 0,155 4,577 0,268 0,688
2015 0,033 0,057 0,168 4,613 0,236 0,506
2016 0,033 0,079 0,182 4,590 0,227 0,554
2017 0,028 0,078 0,180 4,402 0,210 0,510
2018 0,025 0,072 0,169 4,379 0,254 0,493
2019 0,028 0,076 0,177 4,428 0,193 0,446
Average 0,040 0,064 0,190 4,386 0,274 0,688

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 197

 In this product group, the competitive advantage that continues to increase within the
years obtained and examined by China is clearly seen. China has the sole say in this product
group.

3.6. Prefabricated buildings, whether or not complete or already assembled.

The results of the study are shown in Table 11.

Table 11. Prefabricated buildings, whether or not complete or already assembled

Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,272 0,314 0,185 1,604 1,493 2,996
2011 0,823 0,142 0,182 1,645 1,394 3,302
2012 2,448 0,410 0,216 1,621 1,405 3,682
2013 0,357 0,341 0,193 1,377 0,981 3,567
2014 1,502 0,304 0,261 1,471 1,065 3,106
2015 0,642 0,439 0,399 1,292 1,048 3,462
2016 0,477 0,556 0,286 1,331 0,792 2,317
2017 0,377 0,413 0,255 1,420 1,112 2,280
2018 0,258 0,385 0,331 1,289 1,065 2,628
2019 0,277 0,560 0,420 1,424 0,865 2,549
Average 0,743 0,386 0,272 1,447 1,122 2,988

Turkey has an important competitive advantage. China and South Africa is well
positioned to rival Turkey. Brazil's success in 2012 and 2014 did not continue in the following
years, and fell behind in terms of competition in this field. In the case of the protection of the
competitive advantages possessed prefabricated sub-group of products in the world market
in Turkey to have a say in the next year will be an expected situation.

4. Conclusion
In this study, the BRICS countries and Turkey in the lower level of the furniture industry
product groups are intended to determine the competitive position. The analysis results are
presented in a clear manner in which they have important competitive advantages of China
and Turkey.
Seats, whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof, n.e.s. (Excluding
medical,. In the sub group, this has continued competitive advantage against other countries,
China and Turkey. China has the competitive advantage that between the years 2010-2019
showed a -11.6% decrease in the level of Turkey has increased the level of 2.5%.
Medical, surgical, dental or veterinary furniture, e.g. operating tables, examination
tables, (9402) in the product group Turkey has achieved significant competitive advantage
with changes in the level provided in 2019, while 40% are in a position to compete on the
border in 2010. Within the same years, China maintained its first place with an increase of
50%.
Another product group showed a significant increase in Turkey Furniture and parts
thereof, n.e.s. (excluding seats and medical, surgical, dental or veterinary. (9403) product
group. Representing an increase of approximately 35% for Turkey in 2019 and 2075 has
increased the level of competition events. Over the same period, China has shown a -13%
reduction in its competitiveness.
Mattress supports (excluding spring interiors for seats); articles of bedding and similar
furnishing,. China, which is the absolute competitive ruler in the (9404) product group, has
experienced a -20% decrease in competitive advantage over the years. India, which ranks

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 198

second in this product group, has increased by 19% in its competitive position between 2010-
2019. Turkey is ranked third with a competitive advantage in the show with the increase in the
level of 27.3% next year showed it would be more effective in a competitive position.
Lamps and lighting fittings, incl. searchlights and spotlights, and parts thereof, n.e.s;
China, which is the only dominant position in the illuminated (9405) product group, is unrivaled
in the market. The competitive advantage of having Turkey in 2010 and 2011 showed
significant reductions in recent years.
Turkey, China and South Africa Prefabricated buildings to have a competitive
advantage, whether or not complete or already assembled (9406), Turkey ranks first in the
product line. Unlike other product groups, Turkey is situated in front of the Chinese in this
product group. Turkey within the scope of review of the year - a 15% level has maintained its
first place although it has shown a decrease. In this product group, China decreased by -11%
and South Africa by -42%.
Turkey has a significant competitive advantage over the BRICS countries in the furniture
industry. Turkey is seen clearly that China is the only competitor in this field. It is imperative in
today's world of the effective and efficient use of resources, with significant gains in power
sector of the furniture industry which Turkey has achieved and can have an influence on
world markets.
China's manpower, raw material resources and international investments are seen as
the main reasons for being in the first place. In this area which has a strong information
technology infrastructure and the economy by strengthening Turkey's encouragement and
support, and the development will provide significant advantages.
Turkey should use the furniture industry as the locomotive of development and stability
and should make the necessary investments in this area.

References
Altay, B. and Gürpınar, K. (2008). Revealed Comparative Advantages and Some
Competitiveness Indices: An Application on the Turkish Furniture Industry, Afyon Kocatepe
University, Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 257-274.
Balassa, B. (1965) Trade Liberalization and Revealed Comparative Advantage, The
Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 33 (2), 99-123.
Battal, T. and Akan, E. (2019). Evaluation of BRICS countries and Turkey in terms of
Performance and Potential Criteria, Beykoz Academy Journal, 7 (1), 1-35.
BBC News, 10 years with BRIC countries, BBC Turkish, Access Date: 27.03.2013, Access
Address: http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/ozeldosyalar/2011/11/111129_brics.shtml.
Cook, M. E. (2019). BRICS Countries as Global Power Potentials and Turkey, International
Journal of Law and Social Science Research, Volume 1, Issue 1, 39-60.
Dam, M.M. and Şanlı, O. (2019). The Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates on Commercial
Openness: A ARDL Analysis on BRICS-T Countries, Journal of Social, Human and
Administrative Sciences, 2 (11), 781-800.
Dilek, Ş., İstikbal, D. and Yanartaş, M. (2018), A New Power Focus in Global Economy: “BRICS”,
SETA Politics, Economy and Society Research Foundation, No 256, September.
Furniture Sector Report (2020). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Trade, General Directorate of
Export, Department of Mining, Metal and Forestry, Ankara.
Furniture Working Group Report (2015). Tenth Development Plan (2014-2018), Ankara.
Goldman Sachs (2001). "Building Better Global Economic BRICs", Written By Jim O'Neill, Global
Economics Paper, No.66, 30th November 2001.
Hult, T. (2009). "The BRIC Countries", Global EDGE Business Review Volume 3, Number 4.
Kum, H. (1999). Factors Determining Competitiveness: New Approaches, Erciyes University,
Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Issue 14, 165-179.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 199

Şahinli, M.A. (2014). Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness: Turkey
Agriculture Sector, YYU J Agr Scı, 24(3), 210-217.
Trade Map (2020). www.trademap.org, Accessed September 2020.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 200

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF STARCH TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON PACKAGING

PAPER PRODUCTION IN SIZE PRESS MACHINE

Tamer Sözbir1 Cihangir H. Oba1

tamersozbir@kmkpaper.com chakanoba@kmkpaper.com

Ahmet Tutuş2 Mustafa Çiçekler2

atutus@ksu.edu.tr mcicekler@ksu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-2922-4916) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-5793-2827)

KMKPaper Co., R&D Center, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

1

2
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry
Engineering, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

Abstract
In this study, effect of temperature on the use of starch in packaging paper production and
to find optimum use of starch, the properties of starch such as dry matter amount, viscosity and
pH value were evaluated by continuously measuring. Fluting (90 gr/m2), NSSC (120 gr/m2) and Test
liner (110 gr/m2) paper types using waste paper as raw material were selected as the most
common production types and their strength values were measured. All production conditions
were kept constant and measurements were made by changing the starch temperature in the size
press equipment. Starch obtained from natural corn was used in the size press. According to
obtained data, it was measured that as a result of the increase in starch temperature from 70 °C
to 75 °C, strength values such as burst, CMT and SCT increased by 6% in all paper types. When
the temperature was increased to 80 °C, it was determined that there was an 18% increase
compared to 70 °C. In addition, porosity values of the papers decreased by 7-10% with increasing
temperature. At temperatures above 80 °C, it occurred defects in the paper and problems with
sticking to the felts in the machine became difficult to control.

Keywords: Starch, temperature, packaging paper, strength

1. Introduction
In paper and board production, waste paper efficiency and quality is a very important
issue, especially in paper machines that produce using 100% waste paper. In general, it is one
of the most important and major factors affecting the quality and cost of the produced
paper. Since there is no packaging paper production using 100% cellulose in Turkey, the
papers consist of waste papers that are recycled in the same process. In each paper and
board recycling cycle, the fibers in the paper and board are shortened and weakened
(Edinger, 2004). This creates a strength problem in the paper production. Some auxiliary
substances are used in the production of paper and board to alleviate such problems.
Among these, the most commonly used material is starch (Özden and Sönmez, 2019). The
place where starch is used in paper production is 'Size Press' equipment, this equipment is

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 201

composed of 2 coated cylinders and hydraulically presses on paper to increase the
penetration of starch into paper (Smook, 1994; Knowpap, 2013).
Starch must also go through some processes in order to be used in the production and
to reach size press equipment (Özden and Sönmez, 2019). The starch preparation tank is first
filled with cold water and starch is poured into the tank filled with water according to the dry
matter amount of the starch mixture to be made. By injecting steam into the tank, the starch
mixture is brought to a temperature of 95 °C at a suitable mixing speed and cooked for 10
minutes, so that the starch molecules absorb the water and come to a gel form. Then, while
the mixing process continues at this temperature, it is rested for 10 minutes and at the end of
this process, the starch solution is sent to the stock tank. The stock tank is double-walled and
there are steam pipes between the two walls, so that the starch solution is kept warm. The
starch solution is sent from the stock tank to the second stock tank under the press
equipment, which is the end-use place, during this process, the starch temperature decreases
due to the intermediate distance. Here, the starch temperature varies between 65-70 °C.
Such a decrease in the temperature of the starch solution at the end-use area negatively
affects the starch viscosity and indirectly its penetration into the paper, which has a negative
effect on the strength values of the final product (Zijderveld and Stoutjesdijk, 1976; Andersen,
1997). In addition, if the starch mixture is not at the desired high temperature, the problem of
sticking to the cylinder surface arises because the starch called 'picking' in the drying cylinder
where the paper is first contacted after the press equipment where the starch is applied
cannot penetrate well into the paper (Maurer, 2001).
Today, as a result of the decreasing waste paper quality and increasingly need for
stronger paper, paper mills prefer to use starch as the most economical and efficient way to
produce strength paper. Literature studies have shown that in order for starch to have a
better effect on paper, the starch temperature must be kept at the highest possible level and
used at that temperature. In this study, it was aimed to determine the process equipment
required to increase the temperature of starch at the size press and apply it stably on paper
and to determine the effects of starch temperature on the final paper produced. In addition
to the temperature, in order to find an optimum use value, the starch properties such as dry
matter amount, viscosity, and pH value were continuously measured and evaluated.

2. Materials and Methods

This study was carried out in Kahramanmaraş Paper Mill under the coordination of
R&D unit. The modifications within the scope of the study were carried out in two stages. In
line with the plans made according to the purpose of the study, the current situation was
determined first and then a redesign was made in the conventional size press machine (Fig. 1)
for the desired purpose. With the completion of these studies, trials have been carried out.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 202

 Figure 2. Conventional starch application workflow at size press
In the study, three different packaging papers were produced: Fluting (90 g/m2), (NSSC
120 g/m2) and Test liner (110 g/m2). During the production, waste papers, fennopol 351,
fennopol 326, silica (fennosil 2180), CK Floc 640 (Polydadmac), cationic starch (Hi-Cat 643A),
natural starch, nopcomaster ENA 475, papertreat PD and chlorine dioxide were used. The
changes in viscosity properties by heating starch to 60-70-75-80 °C temperatures were also
investigated. At temperatures above 80 °C, it occurred defects in the paper and problems
with sticking to the felts in the machine became difficult to control. The penetration of starch
into paper was also calculated.
Some physical and strength properties of the packaging papers were determined and
tests and standards were given in Table 1.

Table 6. Some physical and strength tests and standards applied to the packaging papers
Tests Standards
Burst Strength (kPa) TS EN ISO 2758
CMT (Corrugated Medium Test) TS EN ISO 7263
CCT (Concora Corrugated Test) TS 12735
SCT (Short Span Compressive
TS ISO 9895
Test)
RCT (Ring Crush Test) TS 12734
Scott Bond (Internal Bond Test) TAPPI 569
Porosity TS ISO 5636-5
Filler Content TS 1683
COBB (Water Absorbency Test) TS EN ISO 535

Ten test papers were produced from the pulps obtained from each experiment and
arithmetic means of the data were used for evaluation of the study.

3. Results and Discussion

The properties of the starch such as dry matter, consumption and viscosity at different
temperatures were given in Table 2 below.

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 Table 7. Some properties of the starch at different temperatures
Paper Temperature (°C)
Starch Properties
Type 60 70 75 80
Dry Matter (%) 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5
Fluting Starch Consumption (gr/m2) 3.6 3.68 3.7 3.74
Viscosity (Pa.s) 82 74 71 66
Dry Matter (%) 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
NSSC Starch Consumption (gr/m2) 6.1 6.21 6.25 6.29
Viscosity (Pa.s) 78 74 71 63
Dry Matter (%) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
Test Liner Starch Consumption (gr/m2) 5.01 5.14 5.21 5.25
Viscosity (Pa.s) 76 70 68 65

Dry matters of the starches used in fluting, NSSC, and test liner papers were keep
constant as 10.5%, 9.0%, and 7.5%, respectively. Generally, starch consumption rates increased
with the increase temperature of the starch at size press in production of all paper types.
Moreover, viscosity values decreased due to the increases in starch temperature.
The physical and strength properties of the fluting papers with 90 (gr/m2) grammages
were present in Table 3.
Table 8. Some physical and strength properties of the fluting papers produced with using
starch at different temperatures
Starch Temperatures
60 70 75 80
(°C)
Burst Strength (kPa) 1.72 1.75 1.81 1.93
CMT (N) 150 162 178 186
CCT (kN/m) 1.20 1.29 1.35 1.43
SCT (kN/m) 1.21 1.29 1.32 1.42
Porosity (s) 43 42 40 37
Filler Content (%) 14.5 14.6 14.5 14.4

In Table 3, it can be observed that with the increase in starch temperature at size
press, the properties of the fluting papers have improved. With the increase of starch
temperature from 60 °C to 80 °C, burst strength, CMT, CCT and SCT values increased by
12.2%, 24%, 19.2% and 17.4%, respectively. Besides, he surface properties of the fluting papers
have been positively affected by the application of starch at high temperatures at the size
press. The porosity of the fluting papers decreased to 37 s by increasing the applied starch
temperature to 80 °C at size press.
The physical and strength properties of the NSSC papers with 120 (gr/m2) grammages
were present in Table 4.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 204

 Table 9. Some physical and strength properties of the NSSC papers produced with using
starch at different temperatures
Starch Temperatures
60 70 75 80
(°C)
Burst Strength (kPa) 2.36 2.40 2.61 2.80
CMT (N) 290 295 307 332
CCT(kN/m) 2.01 2.01 2.11 2.29
SCT(kN/m) 1.85 1.87 1.90 1.99
Porosity (s) 36 34 34 33
Filler Content (%) 16.4 16.5 16.4 16.5
COBB60 (gr/m2) 35 35 36 34

According to Table 4, NSSC paper properties were enhanced with increasing starch
temperature at size press. However, the use of starch at different temperatures had no
significant effect on the COBB values of NSSC papers. With the increase of the starch
temperature at the size press from 60 °C to 80 °C, the burst strength, CMT, CCT and SCT
values of the NSSC papers increased by 18.6%, 14.5%, 13.9% and 7.6%, respectively, while the
porosity values decreased by 8.3%.
In Table 5, physical and strength properties of test liner papers with 120 (gr/m2)
grammages produced by applying starch at different temperatures were given.

Table 10. Some physical and strength properties of the test liner papers produced with using
starch at different temperatures
60 70 75 80
Burst Strength (kPa) 2.30 2.30 2.60 2.80
RCT (kN/m) 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.83
SCT(kN/m) 1.79 1.80 1.83 1.90
Scott Bond(J/m2) 556 563 581 506
Porosity 46 44 41 37
Filler Content (%) 15.5 15.4 15.5 15.4
COBB60 (gr/m2) 32 31 31 32

In the table, it is seen that the properties of the test liner paper except Scott Bond and
COBB values increased in parallel with the increase in starch temperature. The Scott Bond
value of the test liner decreased approximately 5% when the temperature of the applied
starch was 80 °C. However, when the temperature of the applied starch was 75 °C, the Scott
Bond value of the test liner increased by approximately 4.5% compared to 60 °C. As with the
COBB values of NSSC papers, it was determined that starch application at different
temperatures did not have a significant effect on COBB values of the test liner papers. With
increasing starch temperature at size press from 60 °C to 80 °C, burst strength, RCT and SCT
values of the test liner papers were increased about 21.7%, 6.4% and 6.1%, respectively.
Porosity values of the test liner papers decreased from 46 to 37 by increasing starch
temperature at the size press.

4. Discussion
In Table 2, it is seen that starch consumption increases and viscosity decreases
depending on the temperature increase. Adhesion of starch applied at high temperature
increases within the paper (Hedenqvist, 2002). Thus, an increase is observed in the rate of
starch adhering to the paper surface at size press. Viscosity of starch solution has an

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 205

important role in paper production in order to obtain smooth and strength paper (Clerck,
1991). The temperature applied in the preparation of the starch solution directly affects the
viscosity (Harvey and Welling, 1976; Choudhury and Patel, 1992). High viscosity starch solutions
cause problems at size press applications. It causes the formation of a sticky line between the
starch application roller and the rapidly moving paper surface. In this case, which is called as
"size pick up", the paper is in a sense separating from the size press, causing problems
(adhesion), stresses and sometimes ruptures occur in the paper (Andersen, 1997). As a result,
the high starch temperature applied at the size press section can provide the solution of the
above mentioned problems.
In the production of packaging paper, as the temperature of the starch applied in the
press increased, the physical and strength properties improved. The purpose of using starch
in paper production is to improve the strength properties of the paper (Zijderveld and
Stoutjesdijk, 1976). Therefore, the adhesion of starch to the surface of the paper has also
increased the strength values of the paper (Maurer, 2001). In Table 2, it can be seen that as
the application temperature of the starch applied to paper increased, the adhesion rate
increased. One of the factors affecting burst strength is fiber length and the other is internal
bonding (Clark, 1978; Eroğlu, 2003). Since starch applied at high temperature penetrates
better into paper, an increase in burst strength is achieved. The attachment of cationic starch
to cellulose is explained by the ionic interaction that occurs between the cationic groups and
the acidic groups of the cellulose. However, hydrogen bonding to a lesser extent also plays a
role in starch adsorption (Ondaral, S., 2012).
Other properties of the packaging papers such as CMT, CCT, SCT and RCT were also
higher with high temperature starch application as well as burst strength. One of the most
important properties affected by the application of starch to paper at size press is porosity,
i.e. surface roughness (Maurer, 2009). When the tables given above are examined, the
increases in the starch application temperature decreased the porosity values of the
produced packaging papers. One of the problems encountered during the separation of the
paper from the size press after the starch is applied to the paper is the picking. In this case,
one of the solutions can be applied, such as lowering the machine speed, lowering the
viscosity (diluting the starch) or heating the starch solution (Andersen, 1997).

5. Conclusion
It has been observed that some physical and strength properties of the packaging
papers were improved with using starch at 80 °C. It was also determine that the high
temperature of the starch solution applied on the paper eliminates the problems such as
degradation, picking and rupture that at the size press occur. Increases in the temperature of
the starch solution applied provide both more starch penetration into the paper and ease of
application. It is possible to produce high strength paper by increasing the starch
temperature applied at the size press without using any extra chemicals and raw materials.
As a result of this study, application of the starch solution at 80 °C in the size press section
gives optimum results.

6. Acknowledgments
This study was carried out and funded in the R&D department of Kahramanmaraş
Paper Inc. We would like to thank the R&D staff members who contributed to the study.
(KMKPaper, project number: KMK R&D 4/2018)

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 206

References
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Thorn, Blackie Academic & Profesional.
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21-26.
Clark J.A. (1978). Pulp Technology, Mılle Freeman Publications, Inc. California.
Clerck P. (1991). Surface Sizing Basic. Asia Pacific Pulp and Paper, 3, 15-18.
Edinger G. (2004). Waste Paper. Papier aus Osterreich, 11, 24.
Eroğlu H. (2003). Paper and Paper Physics Lecture Notes, 144 pages, Trabzon, Turkey.
Harvey R.D. and Welling L.J. (1976) Viscosity Stabilizer for High Solids Thermal-chemically
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Hedenqvist M. (2020). Mechanical Properties of Polymers; Viscoelastic Properties. Course
compendium, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
Knowpap, (2013). Paperitekniikan ja automation oppimisympäristö. VTT. Versio 15.0. Viitattu
20.4.2014. http://www.jamk.fi/fi/Palvelut/ kirjasto/Etusivu/ , Nelli-portaali, Knowpa.
Maurer H.W. (2001). Manufacture and Composition of Unmodified Starch, in Starch and Starch
Product in Surface Sizing and Paper Coating, Chapter 4. Tappi Press, USA, 25-29.
Maurer H.W. (2009). Starch in the Paper Industry, in Starch Chemistry and Technology,
Chapter 18. James BeMiller and Roy Whistler (eds.), Academic Press, USA, 693-695.
Ondaral S. (2012). Paper Chemicals Textbook, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of
Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey.
Özden Ö. Sönmez S. (2019). Starch Usage in Paper Industry. In Research & Reviews in
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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

THE EFFECT OF LEACHING CONDUCTED IN NATURAL AND LABORATORY

CONDITIONS ON SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
ANATOLIAN CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa Mill.) WOOD

Ümit C. YILDIZ1 Ömer KERİMOĞLU2

yildiz@ktu.edu.tr kerimoglumero@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-1844-2662)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Akçaabat Vocational and Technical High School Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
It is a classic procedure that has been applied in our country for a long time to leave the
chestnut wood under the effect of rain water for a while before it is used. In this study, the effect
of leaching process conducted under outdoor and laboratory conditions in Anatolian chestnut
(Castanea sativa Mill.) wood on some physical properties of the wood was investigated. The
effect of leaching process on oven-dried density, water uptake and water repellency properties,
swelling and anti-swelling efficiency properties, and compression strength parallel to the grain
were determined on the wood samples taken from two different locations in Eastern Black Sea
Region. The results showed that leaching process resulted in an increasing of water uptake and
swelling ratios of wood, but no effect on oven-dried density values. While the leaching process
conducted in laboratory condition decreased compression strength, the conducted in natural
condition increased it.

Keywords: Chestnut Wood, Leaching, Water Uptake, Swelling, Compression Strength

1. Introduction
The Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is an important hardwood species which
is widespread in southern Europe and Turkey. While a total of 2.25 million hectares forests
dominated by chestnut in Europe; it covers an area of 262.045 hectares in Turkey (Conadera
et al. 2004; OGM, 2013). Chestnut shows a spread starting from Georgia border to the
Balkans along the Black sea side (Fig.1). According to General Directorate of Forestry data,
74% of the total chestnut areas are located in the East and West Black Sea Region in Turkey.
Besides the pure chestnut stand of forest areas in Turkey where it has made a mixed stand
with other forest trees is located also quite large (OGM, 2013). Chestnut wood is very useful in
terms of durability and decorative features. It has long fibers and bends easily. For that
reason it is evaluated in bending furniture production. It is used in window joinery, exterior
cladding, indoor and outdoor furniture, as a fence pile, parquet production, playgrounds,
home and office decoration. Chestnut wood is also used as a building material and in the
construction of sleepers. It is sold in the market as logs, timber, posts and poles (Ay and
Şahin, 2002).
It is a classic procedure that has been applied in our country for a long time to leave
the chestnut wood under the effect of rain water for a while before it is used. It is stated
that this procedure can be applied for different reasons. Some manufacturers state that

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leaching chestnut timber under the influence of rain is done to facilitate and accelerate the
drying process. It is thought that drying of chestnut wood takes longer time and being done
under more difficult conditions if it is not leached. Some other manufacturers consider that
extractives in chestnut wood cause the wood to darken or blacken during use if the leaching
process is not carried out. Without leaching process timber bleeds a very concentrated black
liquid when it comes into contact with water in the area of use. In addition, it is claimed that
the leaching process controls the movement of chestnut wood. However, the removing of the
extractives such as tannin can decrease the natural durability of chestnut wood. Therefore, it
is a scientific necessity to investigate the effect of this leaching process on wood properties in
detail.
Several studies has been conducted showing the influence of natural seasoning and/or
leaching processes on the mechanical, physical and chemical composition properties of oak
and chestnut wood. These studies are mainly concerned barrel making and effects of natural
seasoning practise on it (De Simon et al. 1996; De Simon et al. 1999; Doussot et al. 2000;
Cadahia et al. 2001a; Cadahia et al. 2001b; Diaz-Plaza et al. 2002; Cadahia et al., 2003; Aloui
et al. 2004; Spillman et al., 2004; Canas et al., 2006). However, there is scarcely any research
the effects of leaching process on the physical, mechanical, biological and chemical
properties of chestnut wood.
Chestnut tree growing in the Eastern Black Sea can be divided into two main
characters for regional differences. The first is the chestnut tree that grows between Artvin-
Borcka region in which is east part of Eastern Black Sea Region. Its wood is soft and dark in
color. The second is the chestnut tree that grows in the west from Sürmene until Ordu-
Thursday. Its wood is hard, mechanically more resistant and light colored. For this reason, the
research has been conducted on chestnut wood samples obtained from these two different
growing regions. The aim of this study to obtain comparative data for some physical and
mechanical properties between wood samples that exposed to natural/laboratory leaching
and those that did not for two different growing region.

2. Materials and Methods

Two different geographies were chosen, namely Artvin-Borcka region and Ordu-
Persembe region, in the selection of the wood specimen. Equivalent in terms of age, elevation
and aspect from both regions; three test sample (for leached wood specimens) and three
control sample (for non-leached specimens) were determined. From these test trees, test
lumbers were cut in accordance with the principles of TS 2470, and the lumbers were
exposured to leaching process in rain water for 2 years under natural conditions. From the
control trees, the wood specimens which were used for laboratory leaching process and non-
leached control specimens were obtained. The lumbers has been obtained from the roots of
the trees at a distance of 130-230 cm. The places where the sample trees were taken and
the general characteristics of the tree were determined according to the principles of TS
4176.
Wood test and control specimens were prepared in accordance with the measure
determined in the standard of each test. The first 10 annual rings were omitted from the outer
part of the timber towards the core, and the next 10 cm section was used for specimen
supply. In order to minimize the differences that may arise from the structure of the wood,
successive specimens containing the same annual rings were taken. TS 53 principles were
followed in the preparation of the specimens. All specimens taken were conditioned at 20 ºC
and 65% relative humidity and become air-dried. In the experiments, four specimens taken
from the test lumber leached under natural conditions and sixteen specimens taken from the
control lumber not leached were used. For all experiments, four of the non-leached
specimens were exposure to leaching process for 2 days, four for 6 days, and four for 14

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days in accordance with the principles of TS 6193 EN 84 in laboratory conditions. Four
specimens were not exposured to any leaching process and were used as control samples.
Experimental design of the study and the numbers of test and control specimens are given in
Table 1.

Table 1. Experimental design of the study and the numbers of test and control specimens

Specimen
Artvin/Borçka Ordu/Perşembe General
Test dimension (mm) Leaching Condition
Region Region Total
(L*T*R*)
Density, water uptake

Natural leaching 12 12 24
Control 16 16 32
and swelling

15*30*30 Leaching for 2 days 16 16 32

Leaching for 6 days 16 16 32
Leaching for 14 days 16 16 32
Total 76 76 152
Compression strength

Natural leaching 12 12 24
Control 16 16 32

30*20*20 Leaching for 2 days 16 16 32

Leaching for 6 days 16 16 32
Leaching for 14 days 16 16 32
Total 76 76 152
L*T*R*: Longitidunal*Tangential*Radial

The specimens of same dimension were used in the oven-dried density, water uptake
and water repellency, swelling and anti-swelling efficiancy tests. As specified in TS 2472, the
oven-dried density of the specimens was calculated by the equation given below:

δο = Mo/ Vo (g/cm³) (1)

Where,
δο : Oven-dried density (g/cm³); Mo :Oven-dried weight (g); Vo : Oven-dried volume
(cm³)
Considering TS-2471 and TS-4043 principles ;the water uptake (WA) and water repellent
efficiency (WRE) were calculated after each water replacement according to equations given
below:

WA = [(W2- W1) / W1] × 100 (2)

WRE= [(WAc- WAt) / WAc] × 100 (3)

Where,
W2 = wet weight of the wood samples after wetting with water, W1 = initial oven-dried
weight,
WAc=Water uptake values of untreated controls, WAt= Water uptake values of treated
samples.
In the expansion amount and anti-expansion activity test, the samples and measurement
periods used in the water uptake rate and water repellency test were used. According to TS-
4083 principles, the swelling ratio (SW) and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of the specimens in
tangential direction were calculated according to equation below:

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 SWR = [(SW2- SW1) / SW1] × 100 (4)

ASE= [(SWc- SWt) / SWc] × 100 (5)

Where,
SW2 = wet tangential dimension of the wood samples after wetting with water, W1 =
initial oven-dried tangential dimension.
SWc=Swelling values of unleached controls, WAt= Swelling values of leached samples.

To determine the influences of natural and laboratory leaching process on strength

properties, compression strength test was applied at the end of the all variations. The
compression strength (CS) parallel to grain was calculated from the following formula:

CS = P / a x b (kg/cm2) (6)
Where,
P: the force applied on wood specimen (kg), a: the width of the sample (cm), and b:
the height of the sample (cm).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Density
Table 2 gives the oven-dried density values of test and control specimens leached in
different combinations. The average oven-dried density of the non-leached chestnut samples
was found to be 0.45 g/cm³ for Borçka and 0.47 g/cm³ for Perşembe specimens. Similar
results are reported by several authors. In a previous study, the oven-dried density of
chestnut was found to be 0.542 g / cm³ (Berkel, 1943). In another studies, the same value was
determined as 0.517 g / cm³ (Yazıcı, 1998); 0.51 g / cm³ by (Ay and Şahin, 2002) and as 0.45
g / cm³ (Çetin and Gündüz, 2016). Koukos (1997) also reported that overall basic density was
0,486 gr/cm3 at breast height.

Table 2. Oven-dried density values

Oven-dried density (g/cm³)

Sample Region Leaching Position
Mean SD* Min. Max.
Natural leaching 0,457 0,014 0,442 0,484
Control (Non-leaching) 0,447 0,045 0,371 0,526
Laboratory leaching
Artvin/Borçka
2 days 0,449 0,039 0,390 0,497
6 days 0,449 0,039 0,377 0,521
14 days 0,434 0,045 0,370 0,495
Natural leaching 0,518 0,041 0,476 0,603
Control (Non-leaching) 0,469 0,049 0,406 0,568
Laboratory leaching
Ordu/Perşembe
2 days 0,465 0,047 0,404 0,539
6 days 0,465 0,047 0,402 0,544
14 days 0,451 0,049 0,392 0,559
SD*: Standard deviation

According to the results of simple analysis of variance (ANOVA) (significance level

<0.05); leaching process had not effect on the oven-dried density. On the other hand, in the
specimens taken from the Ordu/Perşembe region, especially those leached under natural

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conditions, the oven-dried density is somewhat higher than the other sample groups. Although
there was no statistically significant density change, a slight linear mass loss has been
occurred in the samples at the end of the leaching process in the laboratory (Fig.1). The mass
loss in the Ordu/Perşembe samples is higher in the first stages of leaching compared to the
Artvin/Borçka samples, and the mass loss rate decreases afterwards. This means that the
chestnut tree, which grows in the Perşembe region, is leached easily and quickly in the first
stage. After 14 days of leaching, an average of 4.68% mass loss has been occurred (Fig.1). In
a study conducted on different imported trees, mass loss was found to be 2.85% for Doussie,
2.59% for Sapelli and 4.45% for Iroko after leaching (Arslan, 2017).

5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
Mass lose (%)

3,000
2,500 Artvin/Borçka
2,000 Ordu/Perşembe
1,500
1,000
0,500
0,000
2 days 6 days 14 days
Figure 1. Mass lose after laboratory leaching.

3.2. Water Uptake and Water Repellency

Water uptake and water repellent efficiency values of all the variations are shown in
Table 3. Water uptake durations actually have been carried out as 30 minutes, 1-2-4-6 hours,
1-2-4-6-8-10-12-14 days. However, only values of 30 minutes, 6 hours, 4 days and 14 days
variations are given in the table. According to the results of ANOVA, significant statistical
differences were found in terms of water uptake rates for both regions. The homogenity
group of the variations are also shown in the table. The maximum amount of water
absorbed by control specimens was 134.7% and 132.1% for Borçka and Perşembe regions,
respectively. Ay and Şahin (2002) reported that the maximum amount of water that chestnut
wood can absorb was 156.54%. The same value was determined as 147.4% in another study
(Çetin and Gündüz, 2016). These kind of differences in the results can be attributed to
different growing areas of the wood samples. In the specimens leached under natural
conditions, the water uptake rate is lower than the control samples. This decrease is more
pronounced in the specimens of Perşembe region (Fig 2). According to this graph, the natural
leaching process reduced the water uptake rate, this decrease was 9% in the Perşembe
samples. In the samples leached in the laboratory environment, the rate of water uptake has
increased (Fig 2). The reasons for this situation can be explained by leaching out relatively
more extractive ingredients in laboratory conditions compared to natural leaching. Aa a
similar effect has been reported that extracted wood flours sorbed water faster than un-
extracted wood flour (Kim et. al. 2009). Similar to our findings, it has been shown that no
detectable influence of aging on short term water uptake into chestnut wood (Thaler et al.
2014).

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 Table 3. Water uptake, water repellent efficiency and homogenity group values of all the
variations
Water repellent efficiency
Water uptake (WA, %)
Water uptake (WRE, %)
Region
Period Leaching position Leaching position
C* NL* 2 d* 6 d* 14 d* C* NL* 2 d* 6 d* 14 d*
30 minutes 12 13 16 16 11 - -6 -20 -31 10
6 hours 35 31 44 43 35 - 16 -14 -19 3
Artvin /Borçka 4 days 104 101 105 102 96 - 4 2 2 8
2 weeks 135 134 135 137 138 - 1 0 -3 -3
HG** i j j k k - d c d E
30 minutes 13 13 17 13 9 - -4 -19 -15 25
6 hours 34 30 44 42 38 - 12 -15 -26 -13
Ordu/Perşembe 4 days 102 90 106 105 99 - 12 0 -2 3
2 weeks 132 121 136 141 137 - 9 0 -6 -4
HG** i j m k - b d d D

Water uptake (%)

8,000
6,000
Percentage change (%)

4,000
2,000
0,000 Artvin/Borçka
-2,000 Natural 2 days 6 days 14 days Ordu/Perşembe
leaching
-4,000
-6,000
-8,000
-10,000
Figure 2. Percentage change in water uptake after leaching process.

Depending on the water uptake rates, there are statistical differences between the
variations for water repellent efficiency values also. Water repellency effect increased in
natural leaching conditions, but decreased in the 2 and 6-day periods of the leaching in
laboratory condition (Fig. 3). It can be stated that the water-repellent effect appears more
prominently in natural leaching and long-term laboratory leaching processes. These findings
reveal a consistency in itself in that the water-repellent effect increases if the leaching done
completely.

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 Water repellency
15,00

10,00
Percentage change (%)

5,00
Artvin/Borçka
0,00
Natural 2 days 6 days 14 days Ordu/Perşembe
-5,00 leaching

-10,00

-15,00
Figure 3. Percentage change in water repellency after leaching process.

3.3. Volumetric Swelling and Anti-Swelling Efficiency

Swelling and anti-swelling efficiency values of all the variations are shown in Table 4.
Swelling durations actually have been carried out as 30 minutes, 1-2-4-6 hours, 1-2-4-6-8-10-
12-14 days. However, only values of 30 minutes, 6 hours, 4 days and 14 days variations are
given in the table. According to the results of ANOVA, significant statistical differences were
found in terms of volumetric swelling rates for both regions. The homogenity group of the
variations are also shown in the table. According to the findings, the volumetric swelling
values in the unleached control samples were 11% and 9,5% for the Perşembe and Borçka
regions, respectively. Those values are in good agreement with the results reported for
chestnut wood by several authors. Berkel (1943) determined that the volumetric swelling of
chestnut wood was 10.64%. The same value was found to be 10.2% in another study (Oral,
2006). Similarly, volumetric shrinkage of chestnut wood grown in Maçka/Trabzon region has
been determined as 11,45% (Ay and Şahin, 2002).
The percentage change occurring in the volumetric swelling of the test specimens is
given as a graphic in Fig. 4, assuming zero (0) for the control specimen. Fig.4 clearly shows
that the change in the volumetric swelling after leaching tends generally in increase except
for natural leached specimens of Perşembe region. Again assuming zero (0) for the control
samples, percentage change in the anti-swelling efficiency is given graphically in Fig. 5. When
all the processes were evaluated together, the leaching process generally decreased the anti-
swelling efficiency value. In Artvin/Borcka specimens, the decrease is more evident. This means
that Borcka samples become more prone to movement after leaching.

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 Table 4. Swelling, anti-swelling efficiency and homogenity group values of all the variations.
Anti-swelling efficiency
Swelling (SW, %)
Swelling (ASE, %)
Region
Period Leaching position Leaching position
C* NL* 2 d* 6 d* 14 d* C* NL* 2 d* 6 d* 14 d*
30 minutes 1,2 1,9 1,3 1,2 1,3 - -4,8 -2,8 -0,2 -12,0
6 hours 6,3 6,1 6,9 7,2 6,6 - 2,3 -4,8 -14,1 -11,3
Artvin /Borçka 4 days 9,5 9,8 9,6 9,8 9,7 - -2,2 1,2 -3,8 -7,7
2 weeks 9,6 10,0 9,9 10,0 9,9 - -4,8 0 -4,9 -9,2
HG** g f g g g - b b b b
30 minutes 1,7 2,0 1,5 1,6 1,3 - -18,4 13,1 1,2 25,8
6 hours 7,0 6,2 7,8 7,8 7,5 - 11,4 -8,6 -14,2 -8,7
Ordu/Perşembe 4 days 10,6 10,3 10,5 10,6 10,5 - 3,0 -4,9 -0,9 -0,1
2 weeks 10,8 10,4 10,7 10,9 10,8 - 3,6 -5,2 -1,0 -0,3
HG** f f g f g - b b d C

Swelling
5,000
4,000
Percentage change (%)

3,000
2,000
1,000 Artvin/Borçka
0,000 Ordu/Perşembe
-1,000 Natural 2 days 6 days 14 days
leaching
-2,000
-3,000
-4,000
Figure 4. Percentage change in volumetric swelling after leaching process.

Anti-swelling efficiency
6,000

4,000

2,000
Percentage change (%)

0,000
Natural 2 days 6 days 14 days Artvin/Borçka
-2,000 leaching
Ordu/Perşembe
-4,000

-6,000

-8,000

-10,000
Figure 5. Percentage change in anti-swelling efficiency after leaching process

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 Some similar results have been reported by several authors for evaluating effectf of
extractive matarials on wood swelling properties. In a study evaluating the effect of
extractive substances on moisture sorption and shrinkage of tropical woods, it was found that
shrinkage of wood had increased (from 18 to 34 %) when extractives were removed (Choong
and Achmadi, 1991). In another study, it is reported that maximum wood swelling increased
after removal of extractives (Mantanis et al, 1995). Chavenetidou et al. (2020) point out that
removal of water soluble extracts resulted in an increase in radial and tangential shrinkage.
Şahin (2010) also showed that ethanol-benzene extracted chestnut wood samples have
relatively higher swelling rate in all directionns than un-extracted samples. In the present
study, although the amount of volumetric swelling seemed close to each other in the test and
control samples, it was determined that percentahe change in volumetric swelling and anti-
swelling efficiency increased after the leaching process.

3.4. Compression Strength

The compression strength (CS) parallel to grain values parallel to the fibers for each
region are given in Table 5. The CS values of un-leached specimens were 442,199 kp/cm²
and 527,366 kp/cm² for Borcka and Thursday regions, respectively. The same strength value
was found to be 459.82 kp/cm² by Yazıcı (1998). In another study, it was found to be 581,913
kp/cm² (Ay and Şahin, 2002). In this respect, the our findings are parallel to the literature. The
CS value of the Perşembe region specimens was higher from Borçka region specimens as to
be 20% and 10% for un-leached and leached variations, respectively. The percentage change
of CS in the test specimens after leaching process are presented in Fig. 6.

Table 5. The compression strength parallel to grain of all the variations

Compression strength (kp/cm²)

Leaching Artvin/Borçka Strength Ordu/Perşembe
position Difference
Percentage Between Percentage
Mean SD* Mean SD*
change (%) Regions (%) change (%)
Natural
507,794 71,394 14,834 10,729 6,620 562,276 54,418
leaching
Control
(Non- 442,199 48,831 0,000 19,260 0,000 527,366 63,120
leaching)
Laboratory
leaching
2 days 401,162 42,968 -9,280 23,890 -5,758 497,001 63,224
6 days 399,980 43,632 -9,547 15,529 -12,377 462,092 69,371
14 days 385,467 49,217 -12,829 9,022 -20,313 420,244 71,549

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 20,000
15,000
Percentage change (%)

10,000
5,000
0,000
-5,000 Natural Control 2 days 6 days 14 days
leaching
-10,000
-15,000
-20,000
-25,000
Artvin/Borçka Ordu/Perşembe

Figure 6. The percentage change of CS in the test specimens after leaching process

Leaching in the laboratory environment reduced the CS values of the samples. This
decrease is directly proportional to the leaching duration and more in the Perşembe samples.
In Borçka samples, the loss of resistance is higher in the first phase of leaching. However, the
samples leached under natural conditions appear more resistant than the control samples for
both regions (Fig. 6). Although this is an unexpected result; the fact that the samples washed
under natural conditions, the fiber saturation point falls below the humidity again under the
washing conditions that last for months, then reaches high humidity levels again and thus, the
physical contraction and expansion many times explains the improvement in the mechanical
resistance properties.

4. Conclusion
In this study, changes in some physical and mechanical properties of Anatolian Chestnut
(Castanea sativa Mill.) that exposed to natural and laboratory leaching process were
investigated for two different growing regions in Eastern Black Sea coastal area. The
conclusions reached according to findings are listed below:
-The oven-dried density of Ordu/Perşembe wood is higher than Artvin/Borçka wood.
Leaching process reduced the weight of the wood; however, did not created a significant
change between groups in terms of oven-dried density.
- There is no significant difference between the two region samples in terms of non-
leached samples for water uptake rate. Ordu/Perşembe wood is more affected by the
leaching process in terms of water uptake and water repellency. The leaching process
performed under natural and laboratory conditions have opposite results in terms of water
uptake and water repellency. Especially in the Ordu/Perşembe samples, natural leaching
decreased the water uptake rate significantly, but the laboratory leaching increased it.
- Ordu/Perşembe wood not leached has swelled slightly more than Artvin/Borçka wood.
The natural leaching process increased the anti-swelling efficiency values in Ordu/Perşembe
wood and decreased it in Artvin/Borçka wood. Artvin/Borçka wood was more affected by
the leaching process in terms of swelling amount and anti-swelling effectiveness. In general,
the leaching process increased the swelling amount of the wood and decreased the anti-
swelling efficiency value.
- The CS value of the Perşembe region specimens was higher from Borçka region
specimens as to be 20% and 10% for un-leached and leached variations, respectively. While
the leaching process in the laboratory conditions decreased the compression strength of

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wood, natural leaching process increased it. In terms of strength, Artvin/Borçka samples was
affected more by leaching.

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Mantanis, G.I., Young, R.A., Rowell, R.M., (1994). Swelling of wood, Part 1. swelling in water,
Wood Sci. Technol. 28: 119
Oral, M., A., (2006). Anadolu Kestanesinin (Castanea sativa Mill.) Sağlıklı ve Hastalıklı
Odunlarının Bazı Anatomik ve Fiziksel Özellikleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orman Endüstri
Mühendisliği, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Zonguldak.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 218

OGM, (2013). Kestane Acil Eylem Planı 2013-2017, T.C. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü.
Spillman, J.P, Sefton, M.A., Gawel, R., (2004). The effect of oak wood source, location of
seasoning and coopering on the composition of volatile compounds in oak-matured
wines, Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 10: 216-226.
Sahin, H.T., (2010). Experimental Determination of the Anisotropic Swelling and Water Sorption
Properties of Chestnut Wood, Wood Research 55 (1): 33-40.
Thaler, N., Žlahtič, M., Humar, M., (2014). Performance of recent and old sweet chestnut
(Castanea sativa) wood, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 94: 141-145.
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Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
T.S.E., (1976). Odunda Fiziksel ve Mekanik Deneyler İçin Numune Alma Metotları ve Genel
Özellikleri, TS-2470, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
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Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
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Metotları, TS-53, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
T.S.E., (1984). Ahşap Koruyucular-Emprenye Edilmiş Ahşabın Hızlandırılmış Eskitme Metodu İle
Biyolojik Deneylere Hazırlanması-Yıkama Metodu, TS 6193 EN 84, Türk Standartları
Enstitüsü, Ankara.
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Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi,
Zonguldak...

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 219

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

THE EFFECTS OF POLYSTYRENE SPECIES AND FIBER DIRECTION ON THERMAL

CONDUCTIVITY OF PLYWOOD

Hasan Ozturk1 Duygu Yucesoy2

hasanozturk@ktu.edu.tr duyguycsy@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0004-0002-5422-7556) (ORC-ID:0000-0002-6635-8676)

Abdullah Ugur Birinci2 Cenk Demirkir2

ugurbirinci@ktu.edu.tr cenk@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-3273-3615) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-2503-8470)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Arsin Vocational School, Materials and Material Processing
Technologies, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Thermal conductivity of wood material is superior to other building materials because of its
porous structure. Thermal conductivity is used to estimate the ability of insulation of material.
Thermal conductivity of wood material has varied according to wood species, direction of wood
fiber, specific gravity, moisture content, resin type, and addictive members used in manufacture of
wood composite panels. The aim of study was to determine the effect of polystyrene species and
fiber direction on thermal conductivity of plywood panels. In the study, two different wood types
(black pine and spruce), two different fiber directions (parallel and perpendicular to the plywood
fiber direction), two different types of insulator (expanded polystyrene and extrude polystyrene)
and phenol formaldehyde glue were used as the adhesive type. Thermal conductivity of panels
was determined according to ASTM C 518 & ISO 8301. As a result of the study, the lowest thermal
conductivity values were obtained in the perpendicular fiber direction of the spruce plywood using
extrude polystyrene as insulation material. The use of extrude polystyrene as an insulation material
in plywood has given lower thermal conductivity values than expanded polystyrene.

Keywords: Thermal conductivity, Polystyrene, Fiber direction, Black pine, Spruce

1. Introduction
In order to prevent the rapid depletion of energy resources in the world, all countries,
especially developed countries, have developed methods of controlling their energy needs
and using energy effectively. Efficient use of energy can be achieved with thermal insulation.
In particular, it contains the building elements that separate the interior environment of the
building from the external environment. (Uysal et al., 2011). Due to the porous nature of
wooden materials, their thermal conductivity is very good compared to other building
materials. Thermal Conductivity is an important parameter in determining the heat transfer
rate (Ozdemir et al., 2013; Gu and Zink-Sharp, 2005). Thermal conductivity is used to
determine the insulating ability of materials. The thermal conductivity of wood varies

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according to the wood type, fiber direction, glue type and additives used in the production
of wood composite materials (Demirkır, 2014).
Reducing energy consumption of buildings is required in order to counteract global
warming induced by carbon dioxide, and thermal insulation of a building is an important part
of this process. One of the development concepts used in the design of insulation materials is
to aim to achieve a low thermal conductivity (k-value). An alternative development concept is
to aim to use environmentally friendly products. One aspect of being environmentally friendly
is effective utilization of unused resources. Using agricultural wastes, forest product wastes,
textile wastes, and so on, as the raw materials of thermal insulation products is favorable for
working towards a sustainable society based on resource recycling (Sekino, 2016). Many types
of insulation materials are available which differ with regard to thermal properties and many
other material properties as well as cost. Current thermal insulation materials in the
construction market are generally inorganic materials e.g. extruded polystyrene (XPS),
expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foam (Cetiner and Shea,
2018). Expanded polystyrene is proved to be an excellent insulating medium which exhibits
consistent thermal performance over the range of temperatures normally encountered in
buildings (Lakatos and Kalmar, 2012). Expanded polystyrene has a thermal conductivity
coefficient λ=0.03 w/mK, which has led to the wide use of polystyrene panels for the
rehabilitation and thermal insulation of buildings (Claudiu et al., 2015). Expanded polystyrene,
commonly known as styrofoam, is a polymer material present in a wide variety of products
used in daily life, ranging from disposable goods to construction materials, due to its low cost,
durability, and light weight (Jang et al., 2018). Its manufacture involves the heating of
expandable beads of polystyrene with steam, and the placement of these heated expanded
polystyrene beads into moulds to create prismatic blocks of EPS (Horvath, 1994). EPS has a
very low density. An individual bead of EPS would be approximately spher-ical and contains
only about 2% of polystyrene and about 98% of air (Dissanayake et al., 2017). The EPS is a
chemically inert material not biodegradable, ie, it does not decompose, does not disintegrate,
does not disappear in the environment and does not contain CFCs, consequently the EPS
does not chemically contaminate the soil, water or air. However it can be an environmental
problem if not recycled because it is considered an eternal material and it takes up too much
space (due to its low density) (Schmidt et al., 2011.). Hence, reuse of EPS is beneficial in terms
of environmental protection (Fernando et al., 2017). Wood–styrofoam composite (WSC) panels
may be a very suitable solution for environmental pollution caused by styrofoam waste and
also formaldehyde released from wood based panels (Demirkir et al., 2013).
The aim of study was to determine the effect of polystyrene species and fiber direction
on thermal conductivity of plywood panels.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Wood Material and Manufacturing of Plywood

Black pine (Pinus nigra) and spruce (Picea orientalis L.) were used in this study. The logs
were obtained from Trabzon region. The logs were steamed for 12-16 hours before veneer
production. A rotary type peeler (Valette& Garreau - Vichy, France) with a maximum
horizontal holding capacity of 800 mm was used for veneer manufacturing and rotary cut
veneer sheets with dimensions of 1.2x2.4 m by 2 mm were clipped. Vertical opening was 0.5
mm and horizontal opening was 85% of the veneer thickness in veneer manufacturing
process. After rotary peeling, the veneer sheets were oven-dried at 110°C, for 5-7% moisture
content in a laboratory scale jet veneer dryer (manufactured by Hildebrand Holztechnik
GmbH).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 221

 Five and seven-ply plywood panels, 10 and 14 mm thick, were manufactured by using
phenol formaldehyde (PF) glue resin with 47% solid content. Veneer sheets were conditioned
to approximately 6–7% moisture content in a conditioning chamber before gluing. The glue
was applied at a rate of 160 g/m2 to the single surface of veneer by using a four-roller
spreader. The assembled samples were pressed in a hot press at a pressure of 8 kg/cm2 and
at 140°C for 10 and 14 min. Two replicate plywood panels were manufactured from each
group.

2.2. Method

The thermal conductivity of the panels were determined according to ASTM C 518 &
ISO 8301 (2004). Sample size required is 300 x 300 x 18 mm. Two specimens were used for
each test group. The Lasercomp Fox-314 Heat Flow Meter shown in Fig. 1 was used for the
determination of thermal conductivity. The top and lower layers of it was set for 20°C and
40°C for all specimens, respectively. The panels temperature during the measurement of the
thermal conductivity was maintained to these constant temperatures.

Figure 1. Lasercomp Fox-314 heat flow meter

3. Results and Discussion

The thermal conductivity coefficient values of the plywood-insulation material
combinations used within the scope of the study are given in Figure 2 according to the type
of wood, fiber direction and insulation materials.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 222

 Figure 2. Thermal conductivity coefficients according to combination groups

When Figure 2 is examined, it is seen that the insulating material type and the wood
type and fiber direction of the plywood change the thermal conductivity of the groups
formed. When the tree type is examined, it has been determined that covering the curtain
walls with spruce plywood shows a better insulation feature than the covering with larch. As
the reason why larch gives higher thermal conductivity values, it can be shown that its density
is higher than spruce plywood. In a study, pine species with different specific weights were
examined and it was found that the heat conduction coefficient increased with the increase in
density value (Krüger and Adriazola, 2010). The reason for the increase in the heat
conduction coefficient due to the increase in density of wood is shown to be less air-filled cell
spaces (Suleiman et al., 1999). The greater the air gap in the wood, the lower the thermal
conductivity of the wood material (Şahin Kol et al., 2008). Thermal conductivity value of wood
material; It is also stated in the literature that it changes in direct proportion depending on
the specific weight of the material, the amount of moisture, the amount of extractive material
and the amount of temperature (Rice and Shepart, 2004; Aytaşkın, 2009; Sonderegger and
Niemz, 2009; Demir, 2014). In addition, the thermal conductivity of the wood material varies
depending on the tree type, fiber directions in the same tree and the anatomical structure of
the tree (Demir, 2014).
When the effect of the type of insulation materials used in thermal conductivity
measurements was examined, it was seen that XPS boards showed a more insulating
property. It is a desired result that XPS plates, which are resistant to fire, transmit heat more
difficultly and thus minimize the risk of fire. Uygunoğlu et al. (2015) determining the behavior
of XPS and EPS types during fire, it was found that XPS boards are more resistant than
other EPS types. In a study by Dikici and Kocagül (2019), thermal conductivity coefficients of
EPS and XPS boards were compared and it was stated that the values of XPS boards were
lower. It is known that the thermal conductivity coefficient of XPS plates used in the study
within the scope of the thesis is 0.033 W / mK, and that of EPS plates is 0.039 W / mK. It is
recommended to use materials with low thermal conductivity coefficient values in studies
where it is desired to improve the thermal insulation of buildings.

4. Conclusion
Today, it is a known fact that energy costs increase with the highest energy
consumption in the building sector. For our country aiming to join the European Union,

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 223

offering different solutions to energy efficiency is one of the most important issues. When the
structures are examined, it is seen that heat losses occur from all directions. In a four-storey
building, approximately 60% of the average heat losses are from the walls, 25% from the
roofs, and 15% from the floors. It is important to carry out studies on the diversity of
insulation materials, which are the main issues of heat loss in building walls, and to determine
the most suitable one.
In this study, determining the type of materials that will add insulation feature to the
wall and some factors belonging to the plywood used in coating the curtain walls were
among the main goals. Accordingly, in the thermal conductivity coefficient measurements
made within the scope of the study, it was seen that XPS boards could be more successful in
the insulation properties of shear walls. Although EPS boards are preferred over XPS boards
due to their cheaper price, it is thought that this difference in fees can be ignored when
energy costs are considered.

References
ASTM C, 518. (2004). Methots of measuring thermal conductivity, absolute and reference
method. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, USA.
Cetiner I and Shea A.D. (2018). Wood Waste as an Alternative Thermal Insulation For
Buildings, Energy & Buildings 168, 374–384.
Demir, A., 2014. The effects of fire retardant chemicals on thermal conductivity of plywood
produced from different wood species. Master Thesis, KTU Graduate School of Natural
and Applied Sciences, Trabzon, Turkey.
Demirkır C., Colak S. and Aydin I. (2013). Some Technological Properties of Wood–Styrofoam
Composite Panels, Composites: Part B, 55, 513–517.
Demirkır, M. S., (2014). The effects of pressing time and adhesive types on technological
properties of plywood obtained from different wood species. Master Thesis, KTU
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trabzon, Turkey..
Dikici, A., and Kocagül, M., (2019). Experimental Comparison Of Eps, Xps And Stone Wool
Insulation Material Used In Heat Insulation. Firat University Journal of Engineering, 31, 1.
Dissanayake D.M.K.W., Jayasinghe C. and Jayasinghe M.T.R. (2017). Comparative Embodied
Energy Analysis of a House with Recycledexpanded Polystyrene (EPS) Based Foam
Concrete Wall Panels, Energy and Buildings, 135, 85–94.
Fernando P.L.N., Jayasinghe M.T.R. and Jayasinghe C. (2017). Structural Feasibility of Expanded
Polystyrene (EPS) Based Lightweight Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels, Construction and
Building Materials, 139,45–51.
Gu H. M., and Zink-Sharp A. (2005). Geometric model for softwood transverse thermal
conductivity, Part I. Wood and Fiber Science, 37(4), 699-711.
Jang M., Shim W.J., Han G.M., Song Y.K. and Hong S.H. (2018). Formation of Microplastics by
Polychaetes (Marphysa Sanguinea) Inhabiting Expanded Polystyrene Marine Debris,
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 365–369.
Kol, H. S., Özçifçi, A. and Altun, S., (2008). Effect of Some Chemicals on Thermal Conductivity
of Laminated Veneer Lumbers Manufactured with Urea formaldehyde and Phenol
formaldehyde Adhesives. Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty, 8, 2, 125-130
Krüger, E.L. and Adriazola, M. (2010). Thermal Analysis of Wood-based test cells. Construction
and Building Materials. ,24, 6, 999-1007
Lakatos A. and Kalmar F. (2013) Investigation of Thickness and Density Dependence of
Thermal Conductivity of Expanded Polystyrene Insulation Materials, Materials and
Structures 46, 1101–1105.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 224

Özdemir, F., Tutuş, A., and Bal, B. C. (2013). Effect of fire retardants on thermal conductivity
and limited oxygen index of high density fiberboard. SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal, 14,
121-126.
Rice, R. W. and Shepard, R., (2004). The Thermal Conductivity of Plantation Grown White Pine
(Pinus strobus) and Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) at two moisture content levels. Forest
Products Journal 54,1, 92-94;
Schmidta P.N.S., Cioffia M.O.H., Voorwalda H.J.C. and Silveira J.L. (2011). Flexural Test on
Recycled Polystyrene, Procedia Engineering, 10, 930–935.
Sekino N. (2016). Density Dependence in The Thermal Conductivity of Cellulose Fiber Mats and
Wood Shavings Mats: Investigation of The Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Coarse
Pores, J. Wood Sci., 62, 20–26.
Sonderegger, W. and Niemz, P., (2009). Thermal Conductivity and Water Vapour Transmission
Properties of Wood Based Materials. Europen Journal of Wood Products. 67:313-321
Suleiman, B.M., Larfeldt, J., Leckner, B., and Gustavsson, M., (1999). Thermal Conductivity And
Diffusivity of Wood, Wood Science and Technology, 33, 6, 465–473
Uygunoğlu, T., Güneş, İ., Çaliş, M., and Özgüven, S. (2015). Investigation of Behavior of EPS
and XPS Thermal Insulation Exterior Claddings During Fire. Journal of Polytechnic, 18, 1, 21-
28.
Uysal, B., Yapıcı, F., Kol H., Ş., Özcan, C., Esen, R., and Korkmaz, M. (2011). Determination of
thermal conductivity finished on impregnated wood material. 6th International Advanced
Technologies Symposium (IATS’11),

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 225

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

SITUATION OF FOREST CARBON PROJECTS IN CARBON MARKETS

Devlet Toksoy1 Çiğdem Öztekin2 Mahmut M. Bayramoğlu1

devlettoksoy@ktu.edu.tr cigdemkayikci@ogm.gov.tr mahmud@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-4096-1979) (ORC-ID: 0000-0001-8643-4886) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-0870-5094)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Eastern Black Sea Forestry Research Institute, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
It has been recognized that human activities increase the density of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, these increases raise the natural greenhouse effect, increase the average
temperature in the earth, and that natural ecological systems and humanity will be exposed to
harmful effects, and that climate change is the common problem of mankind. For this reason,
there has been a need for an intergovernmental global effort to address the climate change
problem. Global cooperation activities are being carried out within the framework of United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreements to
stabilize the increasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Forests that play a key role
in combating climate change are among the most important issues discussed during the climate
change negotiations. There are two important pillars of the forestry sector in climate change. One
is mitigation and the other is adaptation. Issues related to forestry interviewed in the scope of
mitigation are Land use , land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and REDD +. The mechanism for
mitigation is carbon markets. The rate of forestry projects in carbon markets is low. Turkey is
traded on the voluntary carbon market is achieving very low income according to the mandatory
carbon market. However, the carbon credits that are traded are provided by the renewable
energy sector. These credits are in Turkey need to combat climate change in forestry activities
both actively involved in the negotiations for the benefit of the mechanisms created in this context
and should maintain this attitude. Turkey must make changes in the organizational and technical
infrastructure besides negotiations.

Keywords: Climate change, Kyoto protocol, Carbon credit, Forestry

1. Introduction
Climate change is a complex problem that, although qualitatively environmental, has an
impact on all areas of humanity's life. Global problems such as poverty, economic and
sustainable development, population growth and the management of natural resources are
affected. Therefore , it is a desired and expected situation that solutions for climate change
come from research and development fields and all disciplines (Öztekin, 2019).
Climate change; In addition to natural climate change observed in comparable time
periods, it is defined as a change in climate resulting from human activities that directly or
indirectly disrupt the composition of the global atmosphere (UNFCCC, 1992). Global warming
means that the global temperature has increased by 0.5 C0 compared to a century ago and
can be explained largely by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect theory sees the
increasing concentration of certain gases (carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane and

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 226

nitrogen oxides) in the atmosphere as the cause of the problem. The most effective
greenhouse gases are damp and carbon dioxide. 95% of the total greenhouse effect consists
of these gases (Serengil, 1995).
The economic growth and population growth experienced with the industrial revolution
caused the accumulation level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere to rise rapidly. Globally, economic growth and population growth continue to be
the most important drivers of increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel use
(IPCC, 2014). According to the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide in
the atmosphere has increased unprecedentedly over the past 800,000 years. Emissions from
fossil fuel use were shown as the primary cause of this increase, and net emissions from land
use change were shown as the secondary cause (IPCC, 2013a).
Between 1750 and 2011, about half of the total human-induced CO2 emissions occurred
in the last 40 years, and 2040 ± 310 GtCO2 total human-made CO2 emissions were added to
the atmosphere. Since 1970, cumulative CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels, cement
production and ignition have tripled, and cumulative CO2 emissions from forestry and other
land use have also increased by about 40%. Annual CO2 emissions arising from fossil fuel
combustion, cement production and exacerbation in 2011 were 34.8 ± 2.9 GtCO2, while the
average annual emissions from forestry and other land use between 2002 and 2011 were 3.3
± 2.9 GtCO2 (IPCC, 2014).
In Turkey forests are considered to be an important mechanism in the combat against
climate change mitigation. However, there are no forestry carbon projects that can be
subject to carbon markets until today. The reasons for this situation are high costs of credits
obtained from forestry projects, methodology and calculation difficulties, lack of a
measurable, reportable and verifiable system, etc. are the reasons.
In this study, the reasons for the low rate of forestry projects in carbon markets were
investigated and the possibilities of increasing the share of forestry were examined. Turkey's
determination of its own as well as the carbon potential, these legal and institutional
arrangements for examining solutions to do to fulfill the potential use and obligations in
international processes have been developed.

1.1. The Global Carbon Cycle and Forests

Carbon is one of the most important elements in the world in terms of life. Life
influences the regulation of carbon content in the atmosphere dominated by geological
forces throughout geological time periods. Earth's heat and carbon content in the atmosphere
are linked to geological time scales. Carbon cycle processes take place between hours and
millions of years. The global carbon cycle refers to the biochemical cycle of carbon stored in
different places on our planet between the pedosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere
and geosphere (Lorenz and Lal, 2010). As carbon moves between these reservoirs, the length
of stay in each also varies significantly (Mackey et al., 2008).
One of the carbon stocks, the atmosphere contains 839 gigatons of carbon (Gt C)
predominantly in the form of carbon dioxide. The world's largest carbon stock; It is located in
the continental crust and upper mantle of the earth (122.576.000 Gt C), most of which are
formed by sedimentary rocks formed over millions of years. The next largest stock is ocean
carbon (37,100 Gt C). More than 95% of the carbon found in the ocean is mainly in the form
of inorganic dissolved carbon. Only 900 Gt C is available for exchange on the ocean
surface. The oceans release 78.4 Gt C a year and hold 80 Gt C. Terrestrial systems, on the
other hand, emit 119 Gt C per year and keep it at 123 Gt C. Generally, both oceans and
terrestrial systems store more carbon than they emit in a year, with 2.3 Gt C (ocean) per
year and 2.6 Gt C (land) per year net intake. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by human

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 227

activities resulting from fossil fuel consumption and land use change are 9 GtC per year
(Janowiak et al., 2017).
In the terrestrial biosphere, carbon is stored in living biomass (450 - 650 PgC) and in
dead organic matter (1500 - 2400 PgC) in debris and soils. Wetland soils (300 - 700 PgC)
and frozen soils (1700 PgC) also contain carbon. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
transported from the atmosphere through plant photosynthesis and stored within the plant
(Gross Primary Production (GPP), 123 ± 8 PgC yr-1). The deposited carbon is used to make
plant tissues. Leaves and branches shed by the plant decompose in the soil and stored in the
soil as carbon. Plant tissues, debris and carbon in the soil are released back to the
atmosphere by plant respiration (autotrophic respiration), microbial soil respiration and animal
respiration (heterotrophic respiration) and natural disasters (fire, insect, etc.) A large amount
of terrestrial carbon is transported from soils to river streams (1.7 PgC yr-1). Some of this
carbon is released into the atmosphere as CO2 by rivers and lakes. Some of it is stored in
freshwater organic sediments, and the remaining amount (0.9 PgC yr-1) is delivered to the
coastal ocean as dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and particulate
organic carbon by rivers. Atmospheric CO2 is transported by diffusion between the ocean
surface and the atmosphere. In the ocean, carbon is mostly found in the form of Dissolved
Inorganic Carbon (DIC, ~ 38,000 PgC), which is carbonic acid (CO2 dissolved in water),
bicarbonate and carbon ions, but also as dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 700 PgC). Marine
biota, composed predominantly of phytoplankton and other microorganisms, represents a
small pool of organic carbon (3 PgC). Only a small fraction (~ 0.2 PgC yr – 1) of carbon
reaches the ocean floor and is stored in sediments (IPCC, 2013b).
According to global calculations made in the last decade between 2007 and 2016, the
difference between human-induced emissions released into the atmosphere by sources and
removed by sinks was determined as 0.6 GtC / yr-1. This difference in the global carbon cycle
is called stock imbalance. The emissions released into the atmosphere are caused by fossil
fuel consumption of 9.4 ± 0.5 GtC / yr-1 and industrial facilities. Emissions emitted by land use
change were determined as 1.3 ± 0.7GtC / yr-1. When we look at the emissions removed by
sinks, it is calculated that 4.7 ± 0.5 GtC / yr-1 is stored by the atmosphere, 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC / yr-1
by terrestrial ecosystems, and 2.4 ± 0.5 GtC / yr-1 by the oceans (Le Quere et al., 2018).
In this period, 88% of the emissions were caused by fossil fuel consumption and
industrial facilities, and 12% from land use change. While 44% of the total emissions were
shared between the atmosphere, 28% between the terrestrial ecosystem and 22% between
the ocean, the remaining 5% was the stock imbalance (Le Quere et al., 2018). The reasons for
this stock imbalance are; re-growth of forests can be explained as various processes in plant
growth, including carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen storage and their interactions (Schimel,
2006).
The world's forest area is approximately 4 billion hectares, and this amount corresponds
to 31% of the total terrestrial area (FRA, 2010). Forests, which contain three quarters of the
terrestrial biological diversity, constitute about half of the terrestrial carbon pools. Therefore,
forests come to the fore in regulating the world climate (FAO, 2008).
According to the Forest Resources Assessment Report (FRA) (2010), forests at a global
scale store 289 Gt of carbon only in their biomass. Globally, forests store 650 billion tons of
carbon, 44% of which is biomass, 11% of dead wood and debris, and 45% in soil. Sustainable
management, planting and rehabilitation of forests increase forest carbon stocks, while
deforestation, forest degradation and poor management of forests reduce this stock.
Globally, carbon stocks in forest biomass have been estimated to decline by 0.5 Gt annually
over the period 2005-2010. The main reason for this is the decrease in the global forest area.
While 16 million hectares of forest area was destroyed annually in the 1990s, approximately 13
million hectares of forest area have been destroyed due to changes in land use and natural
reasons since the 2000s.

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 1.2. Emissions Trading

An Annex-I Party that has a commitment to quantify emission limitation and reduction
within the scope of the Emission Trade, which is included in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol
and is a market-based mechanism, may procure or transfer Kyoto units from another Annex-I
Party. It can use these acquired units to meet some of their commitments in Article 3 of the
Protocol.
In other words, countries emitting less than the committed emission amount can sell the
excess emission units they obtain to the Parties that emit more than the committed emission
amount (Dagoumas et al., 2006).
With the emission trade, the parties also include the removal units (RMU) obtained from
land use land use change and forestry activities, certified emission reduction units (CERs)
obtained from project activities carried out within the scope of the Clean development
mechanism and emission reduction units (ERUs) obtained from Joint Execution projects. they
can transfer within the scope of the system (Hepburn, 2007).
The amount of units transferred by the Party to other countries is limited to the
commitment period reserve of the Party. Each Party is obliged to preserve the minimum level
of units' reserve in its national register in order to prevent Parties from being unable to meet
their emission targets by transferring excess units. Known as the "commitment period reserve",
this reserve must equal 90% of the Party's allocated unit of quantity or 100% of the Annex-A
emissions from the most recently reviewed inventory. This reserve, known as the commitment
period reserve, cannot be less than 90% of the allocated amount of the Party or less than 5
times the Annex-A emissions (8 for KP2) of the last revised inventory. Whichever is the lowest
is considered (UNFCCC, 2005).
The transfer and purchase of these units are tracked and recorded through the Kyoto
Protocol registration system. The international transaction record (ITL) ensures that emission
reduction units are securely transferred between countries. Thus, a new commodity subject to
trade in the form of emission reduction or removal was created. Since carbon dioxide is the
main greenhouse gas, the term carbon trade is used. Carbon is now traced and traded like
any other commodity. This is known as the "carbon market".

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

In the study, many studies in the literature on climate change, carbon economy and
emission trade and international conventions, protocols, meeting and conference final
declarations related to the emergence and functioning of carbon markets were also used as
material. Especially in Turkey, carbon markets, legal and institutional report prepared by the
relevant ministries for the section dealing with regulations, national action plans and strategy
documents were also used.

2.2. Methods

Literature review method was used in the study. First of all, detailed information on the
subject was obtained and analyzed. The deductive method was used to form the conceptual
framework of the study. First of all, the concepts of global warming, carbon cycle, and
climate change were introduced and carbon markets formed as a result of international
processes were explained. In addition, general information was given on forests and the
place of the forestry sector in the carbon cycle. Again, subjects such as forestry projects,
certification processes and pricing within the scope of carbon markets have been examined

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in detail depending on the literature. Also next to the position of Turkey in the carbon market,
the situation in the international process, scientific and technical infrastructure and legal and
institutional arrangements were discussed.

3. Results

3.1. Forest Carbon Sequestration Potential of Turkey

LULUCF party Annex I countries are obliged to submit their greenhouse gas inventory
reports and common reporting format (CRF) tables to the LULUCF Secretariat on April 15, at
the latest every year. In this context, NIR (2019), our last national inventory report submitted
to the secretariat; The total amount of the attitude of Turkey in the LULUCF sector is
calculated as 99.907 kt CO2 eq-1. The areas subject to calculation within the scope of the
inventory are: forest land, agricultural land, meadow and pasture areas, wetlands, residential
areas, harvested forest products, other lands and others.

Table 1. The total emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector in Turkey
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
Total (kt CO2 eq.) -55.765 -57.400 -61.556 -74.693 -73.492 -97.206 -95.930 -99.907
4.A Forest Area -52.830 -54.963 -57.890 -69.356 -67.614 -87.669 -85.233 -90.195
4.B Farming Area 0.69 153 38 207 453 457 344 368
4.C Pasture Area 0.03 262 81 211 551 929 592 640
4.D Wetland 12 169 188 40 426 93 344 328
4.E Work Area NO,IE 132 145 273 426 419 406 413
4.F Other Area NO 181 187 310 601 764 617 653
4.G Harvested Wood -2.948 -3.333 -4.305 -6.379 -8.334 -12.200 -13.000 -12.115
Product

Turkey's LULUCF sector, providing a net removal. Forests have a large share in the
removal of this sector. Within the LULUCF sector, the emission attitude amount of forest areas
has been determined as 90.195 kt CO2 eq-1. The attitude amount provided by the harvested
wood products (HWP) sector is 12.115 kt CO2 eq-1. Other land uses generated net emissions.
LULUCF sector has increased by 79.2% compared to 1990. In 2017, total CO2 emissions and
removals in the LULUCF sector increased by 4.1% compared to 2016.
Significant improvements have been made in the LULUCF reporting system. With the
new system, transparency increased, integrity, accuracy and consistency were improved. Land
use definitions have been updated with the new land monitoring system. The forest definition
used in NIR 2018 is a national legal definition with a threshold value of 3 hectares, while in
the new definition, the forest area is divided into 2 sub-categories as fertile forest and other
forest area. The fertile forest has been defined as the trees and shrubs larger than 1 hectare,
which grow naturally and with human influence, with more than 10% coverage. The other
forest area is defined as trees and shrubs larger than 1 hectare, which grow naturally and
with human impact, with less than 10% coverage. Inconsistency between forestry and other
land use activity data has been corrected. Providing area, increment and other data on
forests, ENVANIS was based on the national legal definition as a forest area. This definition
did not allow the creation of land use matrices consistent with CORINE used as a land cover
map. The new Satellite-based land cover monitoring system provided the opportunity to
monitor every 1 hectare of land unit. In this way, since 1990, matrixes regarding land
transformations and land uses have been developed and no duplicate calculations or skips
have been made. Ecological zones have been associated with established climate types.

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 3.2. Turkey's Position in the International Process

Turkey, the United Nations Climate Change in the Framework Convention adopted in
1992, the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization's Convention on account of
being a member of both Annex I and Annex II list, has been involved with the developed
countries. Turkey since 1992, supporting the purpose and the general principles of contract
together not a party to the contract due to the unfair position in the contract and gave a
long struggle to change that position. Made on the Moroccan city of Marrakech in 2001 7th
Conference of Parties (COP.7), "Turkey's name to be deleted from Annex II and the special
circumstances recognized and other Annex I will include in Annex I in a different location in
the country Became a party to the contract on 24 May 2004 following the decision.
The Draft Law on the appropriate location of our participation in Kyoto Protocol "05
February 2009, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was adopted by the General
Assembly and as of 26 August 2009 Turkey was formally ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Turkey's
first Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) and Second (2013-2020) Liability Period There is no
greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments. It became a party to the Paris Agreement
on 22 April 2016 and submitted the National Contribution Declaration on 30/09/2015.

3.3. Situation in Turkey's Emissions Trading System

The World Bank has implemented a technical assistance program called the "Partnership
for Carbon Market Readiness (PMR)" to provide developing countries and emerging
economies with the development of the necessary capacity to actively benefit from market
mechanisms.
Multi Donor Fund for the Grant Agreement Carbon Market Readiness Partnership (PMR)
Partnership support program was implemented by the World Bank and the Undersecretariat
of Treasury, numbered TF010793, made by the World Bank and the Undersecretariat of
Treasury. Fund Grant numbered TF015591 for the Partnership for Preparation for the Carbon
Market was published in the Official Gazette numbered 28910 on 11 February 2014. With
contracts, 3,350,000 dollars were allocated to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.
The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization has been designated as the Implementing
Agency for the above mentioned Grant Agreement.
A pilot study in coordination with all relevant stakeholders for the implementation of the
Regulation on Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases (MRV) in voluntary sectors, analytical studies,
capacity building, awareness raising and training studies to support decision-making processes
for the use of carbon market mechanisms will be carried out within the scope of the project.
In April 2012, Turkey has adopted a new regulatory framework for a comprehensive
and compulsory MRV system. Monitoring and reporting in 2015 (2015 emissions) started in
2016.
Turkey, since 2013, energy, cement and refinery sectors through pilot studies in order to
improve the regulation MRV is working with PMR. A series of workshops and analytical studies
have been conducted to explore the options for using emission trading and other market-
based tools in MRV sectors.
A synthesis report in November 2018 Climate Change and Air Management stating that
carbon markets of policy options were presented to the Coordination Committee for Turkey.
Turkey is a candidate at the same time EU membership and thus aims to fulfill its
environmental obligations of EU membership (including the EU ETS Directive) MRV Turkey
MRV legislation has established a system at the installation level for CO2 emissions for about
900 businesses. The scope of the sector includes the energy sector (combustion fuels > 20
MW) and industrial sectors (coke production, metals, cement, glass, ceramic products,
insulation materials, paper and pulp, chemicals according to specified threshold sizes /
production levels) ( ICAP, 2019).

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 3.4. Status of Forest Carbon Credits in Voluntary and Mandatory Markets

Compared to the mandatory markets, the forestry sector took a higher place in
voluntary markets as a transaction volume. While the value of voluntary forest carbon offset
transactions in 2016 was 74.2 million dollars, it was 551.4 million dollars when 41.9 million
dollars excluding the Australian ERF in mandatory markets were included. 2/3 of the voluntary
markets in total transaction value were obtained from forestry carbon offsets. The transaction
volume decreased by 21% in 2016 compared to 2015.

Figure 1. Transaction volume and values of forestry-based emission reductions in voluntary

and compulsory markets (Hamrick and Gallant, 2017).

The activities used to create forest carbon credits under CDM in mandatory markets
are afforestation and reforestation. According to the latest data, only 66 of 7804 registered
CDM projects are forestry projects and the share of A / R loans in CDM loans is only 0.8%.
The important reason for this is the difficulties it faces in terms of proving the additional
contribution and effectiveness. Within the scope of the Paris Agreement, negotiations on CDM
are continuing.
Forestry and land use projects in the voluntary carbon market are certificated and
traded within the framework of certain standards. These standards; Verified Carbon Standard
(VCS), American Carbon Registration Standards (ACR), Plan Vivo Standard, Gold Standard,
Climate Action Reserve (Reserve) CAR and Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards
(CCB Standards).
82% of forestry and land use projects in the voluntary market have the Verified Carbon
Standard. Different project types such as tree-planting, agroforestry and advanced forest
management are certified within the scope of VCS. But the most common is REDD +. 73% of
VCS certified offsets also carry Climate Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Standards. The
CCB standard is a non-carbon common benefit standard and is added to VCS forest carbon
projects. Historically, VCS and CCB certified offsets have been sold at higher prices than

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those approved by VCS alone, but this did not apply in 2016. VCS certified offsets average $
4.6 / tCO2 equivalent, VCS + CCB offsets 4.1 / tCO2 equivalent sold. This is probably due to
the locations of these projects; VCS + CCB Offset prices tend to be produced in low-income
countries, with offset prices generally lower. ACR certified offsets made up the second largest
share of the market in terms of value and volume in 2016. Most of the offsets published by
the processed ACR came from either improved forest management or tree planting. ACR
offsets are 8.9 $ / tCO2 equivalent above average prices. This is partly because ACR certified
projects are mostly found in the United States. The Gold Standard and Plan Vivo both place
great emphasis on shared benefits and although they have no geographic constraints, both
standards approve forestry and land use projects in small, rural communities in low- or
middle-income countries. Gold Standard accounts for about 4% of the market volume, with
these offsets traded at an average price of $ 5.7 / tCO2 equivalent. Tree planting constituted
the main project type. Plan Vivo accounted for 2% of the market volume and these offsets
were traded at an average price of $ 8 / tCO2. Plan Vivo is forest project types-tree
planting, agro-forestry, mangrove restoration, REDD + and advanced land and forest
management. In 2016, project transactions that did not use a third-party verification standard
accounted for only 0.3% of the market volume and were sold at the highest price (20.1 $ /
tCO2 equivalent). Offsets in the 'other' category also accounted for the second highest price
(11.5 $ / tCO2 equivalent), but they accounted for less than 1% of total forest and land use
offsets, all of which are in North America, where prices are higher. are available. Similarly, the
Australian Carbon Agriculture Initiative offsets have high prices (average 8.9 $ / tCO2
equivalent), making up a very small portion of the market (2%) and were used only in
Australia. 99% of all forest carbon projects include at least one co-benefit type (Hamrick and
Gallant, 2017).
Voluntary carbon markets In 2016, more than US $ 66 million forest carbon offset
projects were processed. These offset projects have 99% VCS standards.

Figure 2. Distribution of forestry carbon projects by project type

When Figure 2 is examined, 26.8% of the traded volume constitutes the forestry and
land use category. 46.5% of the total value of voluntary carbon markets comes from forestry
and land use offsets. Renewable offsets sold at an average of $ 1.4, while forestry and land
use offsets were sold at $ 5.1 (Hamrick and Gallant, 2017).
In 2016, the most traded project categories in the voluntary carbon markets were
renewable energy resources with a transaction volume of 18.3 MtCO2 equivalent, and forestry
and land use with a transaction volume of 13.1 MtCO2.

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 According to the project types the transaction volume of the forestry and land use
category in the voluntary carbon markets in 2016 was 13.1 MtCO2 equivalent. The volume of
forestry project types in this category was 12.1 MtCO2 equivalent. REDD + project type 9.7
MtCO2 equivalent, Afforestation and Reforestation (A / R) 1.3 MtCO2 equivalent and
Advanced Forest Management (IFM) with 1.1 MtCO2 equivalent volume have taken place in
this market. In 2016, the most purchased and sold project type in terms of volume was 9.7
MtCO2 equivalent and wind energy followed REDD + with 8.2 MtCO2 equivalent. The average
price of offsets from the REDD + project type was $ 4.2, Afforestation and Reforestation (A /
R) offsets averaged $ 8.1, Advanced Forest Management (IFM) offsets were traded at $ 9.5
(Hamrick and Gallant, 2017).
Approximately one-third of carbon credits in voluntary markets are from forest carbon
credits. The majority of forest carbon credits are generated in developing countries. Recently,
the supply in the market is high and the price of loans remains low. In forest carbon projects,
the CO2 price per tonne varies between 3 and 10 US dollars.

3.5. Carbon Market in Turkey

Turkey, although the Kyoto Protocol does not benefit from the flexibility mechanisms
which are subject to emissions trading in functioning independently of these mechanisms,
established within the framework of environmental and social responsibility principles
Volunteer projects for the Carbon Market has long been developed and implemented (NC,
2016). Voluntary Carbon Market, if we represent a very small percentage in the World
Carbon Market, effective way to benefit from this market in Turkey offers an important
opportunity for future participation in the carbon market. Currently, there are 348 projects
that improve the carbon presence in the Voluntary Carbon Market. These projects are
expected to achieve 26 million CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions annually (NC, 2017).
72% of voluntary carbon projects project is located in the top five countries hosting: India
(442), China (426), United States (351), Turkey (124) and Brazil (97) (Hamrick and Gallant, 2017).

Table 2. Industry distribution of the carbon project in Turkey (NC, 2017)

Project Type Number of Annual Potential of GHG Emission Reduction
Project (tCO2-eq)
Hydroelectric 146 8.543.540
Wind Power 145 11.223.783
Biogas/ Waste Energy 34 4.104.066
System
Geothermal 11 1.868.256
Energy Efficiency 12 268.557
TOTAL 348 26.008.202

Turkey plays a significant role in the global voluntary carbon market and is the largest
seller of voluntary carbon credits in Europe. 2007-2015 period, Turkey has made 35 million
tonnes of CO2 equivalent transactions with a value of over $200 million. This transaction
volume represents around 70 percent of the total market volume in Europe so far. Turkey in
2015, 3.1 million tons, which is about half of all primary operations in Europe are responsible
for the CO2 equivalent. This is Turkey equally with other major players, including the United
States and Kenya after Brazil, India and Indonesia has the world's fourth largest provider of
voluntary carbon exchange. However, despite the high transaction volume, the total value of
these transactions fell from USD 18.6 million in 2013 to USD 4.3 million in 2015. Most of
Turkey's voluntary carbon transactions, wind, were obtained from the sale of VERs generated
by hydro and landfill methane projects.

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 Turkey average price of $ 1.1 with traded volume of 1.9 MtCO2 equivalent in 2016 from
is stated that the total value of $ 2M.
Carbon projects in Turkey is primarily developed in one of the two standards. These; It
is Gold Standard and Verified Carbon Standard. As of April 2016 Turkey, has completed 235
projects registered with the Gold Standard which 125 of them, 110 of them are Verified
Carbon Standard. Both standards stand out as an internationally respected framework for
the development and implementation of emission reduction projects and are traded
worldwide.

4. Discussion
The basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Combating Climate Change
and its accompanying Kyoto Protocol is based on the "polluter pays" philosophy. Parties have
made emission reduction commitments in line with this philosophy. However, for both
economic and political reasons, developed countries with historical responsibility have taken
less emission reduction commitments than they could. While Kyoto Protocol's first term
emission reduction target was 5%, this target was realized as 22.6% at the end of the period.
This situation reveals that especially developed countries make less effort in combating
climate change than they can.
Since the developed countries that are party to the contracts have completed their
industrialization, current emission trends are lower than those in developing countries that
cannot complete their industrialization. However, developed countries, which have been in a
polluting position in the historical process, do not make enough effort and continue to
contribute to their economies by transferring technology to developing countries through
mechanisms. For example, while the Green Climate Fund, whose establishment purpose is to
provide funds to developing countries from developed countries in adaptation to climate
change, 100 billion dollars should be transferred until 2020, it was announced at the Lima
Conference that the amount provided for this fund was only 10 billion dollars.
Although the issue of climate change is an environmental reality today, the economic
and political attitudes of the party countries have a negative effect on the solution of this
problem. Some of the developed countries (Japan, Australia, Canada, Russia) that have
emission reduction and limitation targets in the first period of the Kyoto Protocol are not
included in the second period of the Kyoto Protocol with the Doha Regulation. One of the
main factors for countries to make this decision is the avoidance of emission reduction
commitments by major economies such as the USA, India and China. Again, since the second
period emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol is 18%, these countries did not take
part in the second period of the Kyoto Protocol in order to avoid the negative effects to be
experienced on their industries and thus on their economies.
A study examining the share of sectors in KP1 emission reductions revealed that the
energy sector contributed to the highest greenhouse gas emission reductions, with most
countries achieving a limited amount of greenhouse gas reductions from their chosen LULUCF
activities. It has been determined that LULUCF's contribution to greenhouse gas emission
reduction has a significant but small share. This suggests that unless there are significant
changes in accounting rules, future emission reductions will mainly result from actions to
reduce fossil fuel consumption, and the agriculture and LULUCF sectors will continue to play a
supporting role (Liua et al., 2016).
According to 2016 data, the total volume of the global carbon market is 6.03 GtCO2
and its monetary value is 30.2 billion dollars. Almost all (99%) of the trading volume of the
carbon market consists of mandatory markets. Mandatory markets have a trading volume of
5.96 GtCO2 and a monetary value of approximately $ 30 billion. When the carbon credits
obtained from forestry projects traded in compulsory and voluntary markets are analyzed;

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While the total amount of forest loans traded in the mandatory market is 41.9 million dollars,
this value is 74.2 million dollars in voluntary markets. While carbon credits obtained from
forestry projects constitute 37.1% of the total value of voluntary markets, these credits
constitute 0.14% of the compulsory market. Forests are of great importance in efforts to
combat global climate change. For this reason, this situation has been emphasized and
continues to be done in all international processes, especially the Kyoto Protocol. However,
forestry carbon credits cannot be traded in most of the existing mandatory markets (limited
trade in New Zealand and Canada), especially in the European Union Emission Trading
System. The reason for this situation; countries evaluate their forestry projects within the scope
of risky investment.
Parties taken so far regarding Turkey Conference decisions 26 / CP.7, 1 / CP.16, 2 /
CP.17 1 / CP.18 and 21 / CP.20 'dir. There has been no change in the state of Turkey. Turkey,
in a different location from the UNFCCC's other Annex I Parties, the particular circumstances
of the well-known, not included in the agreement's Annex II list, as defined in KP's Annex-B
binding greenhouse gas does not have any commitment to reduce emissions. Turkey
constitute the basic principles of historical responsibility for the contract, the principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities, equity and revise again the differences in the
classification of countries is important Annex.
Turkey has not yet ratified despite the signing of the Paris Agreement. Turkey, the
necessary arrangements in the energy sector in reducing the use of fossil fuels 2 C
temperature increase within the confines of this agreement is one of the declared objectives
would do. However, CAT (2019), of which Turkey is a country located in (the US, Russia, like
Saudi Arabia) at the National Contribution Statement was found critically inadequate. Turkey's
growing energy demand planning to meet the new coal power plants sourced from literally
create a contrast with the National Contribution Agreement under the Paris Declaration.
Turkey, 88'n% of its energy needs, according to data of 2017, or 33% of the fossil fuel and
electricity supply (16% increase compared to 2016) have met from the coal. In this case, the
CAT (2019) to verify the report with the revision of policy towards Turkey, especially
renewable energy sources reveals the necessity. Also, in case the point of meeting the targets
set by Treaty of Paris that Turkey is not sufficient in forestry legislation and in particular to
continue to be considered as developed countries needed extensive editing is in Turkey's
forestry legislation (Gencay et al., 2019).
Bouyer and Serengil (2017) in Turkey between the years 2013- 2020 forest carbon
credits that can be obtained from 179.1 MtCO2 (nearly 22.4 MtCO2) found equivalent. In this
study, the cost per ton was found as 66.7 dollars for forest management and 86.4 dollars for
afforestation. These values indicate that only very costly for the operation of Turkey's forests
and carbon sequestration is quite high in terms of producing only carbon projects in terms of
retention, although low compared to other sectors.
Kuş et al. (2017) entitled, obtain carbon credits from afforestation and reforestation
projects in the voluntary carbon market in Turkey The legal and technical conditions have
been examined. Working with Turkey hectare basis with a small amount to be obtained A/R
carbon credits were increased disproportionately the certification costs and a 30-year A/R
project of the cycle carbon certification cost was estimated that approximately $ 110,000.
Project design development, registration, approval and verification processes are included in
this cost calculation and excluding afforestation cost and net present value. In order to earn
income from carbon credit sales, it was estimated that an area of 187 hectares should be
subject to afforestation. providing reforestation carbon certification in the private sector in the
implementation of the socio-economic responsibility program in Turkey has observed that the
economically and technically.
Turkey, the world takes its place among the few countries that increase the presence of
the forest. In combating climate change, the forestry sector is important in terms of mitigation
and adaptation policies. One of the ecosystem services provided by forests is that it acts as

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 236

a sink in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the effect of correct and sustainable
management of forests on carbon stocks is indisputable. Turkey, however, inadequate to the
legal framework on this issue (Coskun and Gencay, 2011), the institutional embodiment there
are shortcomings. Yet rural development with forestry activities in Turkey in the fight against
climate change and the use of tools such as agroforestry is important (Toksoy and
Bayramoglu, 2017). Positive effects can be made on issues such as reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions and biodiversity as well as increasing the welfare levels of regional
development and rural societies through both rural development and agricultural forestry
studies (Toksoy and Bayramoğlu, 2020).

5. Conclusion
The following recommendations are developed alongside of climate change more
effectively use the carbon markets and forestry projects located in the struggle with Turkey's
on what to do about it.
• For the continuity of the mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol, first of all,
developing countries should fulfill their economic obligations.
• Countries with similar economic indicators should be re-evaluated and the classification
should be revised in order to correct the problems in the country classification made as a
result of international processes.
• In order to make carbon markets more effective and efficient, besides taking into
account the special circumstances of the countries in the creation of new market rules,
practices that encourage the market should be encouraged.
• As a carbon pricing mechanism in the fight against climate change, regulations are
made to encourage Carbon Markets private sector solutions. Particularly with regard to the
issue of forestry forest ownership in Turkey does not permit the private sector to take part in
this market. Must make the necessary arrangements in this regard the relevant public
institutions and organizations in Turkey.
•Turkey's strong international position with the change, measurable - verifiable -
reportable (MRV) are required to establish the system. For this, institutional capacity should be
developed first.
• In Turkey, the only competent authority responsible for the management of the forests
within the General Directorate of Forestry will conduct studies on the fight against climate
change at a level sufficient (nowadays are active in the working group level) does not have
a unit. The General Directorate of Forestry should establish a unit at the level of departments
on climate change in its current structure, and give importance to developing its institutional
capacity and training expert teams.

6. Acknowledgments
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. This study is derived from the
master thesis "Stiuation of Forest Carbon Projects In Carbon Markets" conducted in the
Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Science, Forest Engineering Department.

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different sectors to developed countries’ fulfillment of GHG emission reduction targets
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61, pp. 143-153.
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pp. 239.
Mackey B.G., Keith H. Berry, S.L. and Lindenmayer D.B., 2008. Green Carbon: The Role Of
Natural Forests in carbon storage. Part1. A Green Carbon Account Of Australia’s South-
Eastern Eucalypt Forests And Policy Implications. ANU Press, Canberra (2008), pp. 47.
NC. Sixth National Communication Of Turkey Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization, Ankara (2016), 155 pp.

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NC. Seventh National Communication Of Turkey Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment
and Urbanization. Ankara (2017), pp. 195.
NIR. National Inventory Report, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara (2019), pp. 567.
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Değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, KTÜ Fen Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Trabzon (2019), pp.
128.
Serengil Y. (1995). Küresel Isınma ve Olası Ekolojik Sonuçları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry,
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Trabzon (2017), pp. 232.
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Modalities, rules and guidelines for emissions trading under Article 17 of the Kyoto
Protocol, FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 239

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

A STUDY ON THE BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL OF TURKEY: EXAMPLE OF WOOD

PELLETS

Devlet Toksoy1 Semra Çolak2 Mahmut M. Bayramoğlu1

devlettoksoy@ktu.edu.tr colak@ktu.edu.tr mahmud@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-4096-1979) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-1937-7708) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-0870-5094)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Today, with the increasing population, the pressure on natural resources varies in terms of
quality and quantity in parallel with the developments in the living standards of people. In addition
to being the natural resource that experiences this pressure most severely, forests play an
important role in the production of sustainable and clean energy, especially within the scope of
combating global climate change, together with the technological developments. In addition to
energy forestry, the use of trunk parts and bark, roots, branches and leaves that remain idle in
forests as a result of production activities has gained importance today. "Wood Pellet", one of the
biomass fuels in renewable energy sources, stands out among all renewable energy sources with
it’s ease of production technology, environmental friendliness and similar features. Wood pellets,
which are fuel pellets of 6-10 mm diameter, which are obtained from the drying of wood waste,
milling it into sawdust and then compressing it with high pressure, have become economically
comparable with fossil fuels today. Wood pellet trade worldwide increased by more than 21% in
2018 compared to the previous year, reaching a trade volume of 22.3 million tons. The biggest
pellet exporter countries in the world since 2012 are USA, Canada, Vietnam, Latvia and Russia
respectively. These countries accounted for approximately 69% of the world export volume in
2018. Except for five countries, they continue to work on alternative energy sources and especially
the production, technology, use and properties of wood pellets in China. In Turkey, there are
studies on the production of wood pellets and the economy. However, these studies need to be
updated both in terms of production and economics. In the study, analyzed the current data with
the potential that Turkey has developed proposals for the use of this potential.

Keywords: Forestry, Economy, Biofuel, Energy demand

1. Introduction
Renewable sources particularly biomass account for an increasing proportion of energy
generation. Efforts to limit the use of fossil fuels and the development of alternative energy
resources are also effective in this increase (Kaygusuz et al., 2017). Wood pellets are the most
popular and traded among biomass fuels (Jagers et al., 2020). Wood pellets from biomass
fuels have emerged as a substitute for coal, natural gas and fuel oil both in industry and
residential heating (Junginger et al. 2019). Wood pellet is obtained by smashing and
compressing the wood residuals such as wood chips and tree bark. Sawdust or wood chips
that are compressed under high temperature and pressure bind together, due to their lignin
content, to form wood pellet. Wood pellet, which is a subsidiary product obtained from

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 240

sawdust as a result of wood processing, can now also be obtained from round chocks and
battens. Wood pellet is highly preferable to other solid biomass fuels due to its low humidity
(less than 10%) and high energy density (Junginger et al., 2011; Stewart, 2006).
Compared to wood pellets to produce 1 MWh of energy; natural gas 3, fuel oil 5 and
electric heating release 10 times as much CO2 into the atmosphere (Saraçoğlu, 2010). For this
reason, the production and use of wood pellets is increasing, especially in developed
countries Many countries have made legal regulations on the use and trade of wood pellets
in response to this interest (Bayramoğlu and Toksoy, 2015).
The use of renewable energy sources in Turkey has not yet reached the desired level.
The use of fossil fuels in industry and residences is quite high. The share of the overall power
generation of renewable energy sources, despite a great potential to renewable energy
sources is low in terms of Turkey. There has been an increase in energy production from
renewable energy sources with the legal regulations (subsidy etc.). Turkey's energy potential
of biomass is also high. However, the use and trade of this potential is almost nonexistent.
The reason for this situation; Inadequate studies on biomass fuels (especially wood pellets),
lack of a market for biofuels produced from wood raw materials, lack of legislation, and not
encouraging private sector investments.
Turkey's biomass potential has been demonstrated with this study with updated data.
Compared with other energy sources of wood pellets. The amount of wood pellets that can
be produced and its economic value have been calculated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

In the study, many studies in the literature on climate change, biomass energy and
wood pellet and international conventions, protocols, meeting and conference final
declarations related to the emergence and functioning of wood pellet were also used as
material. Especially in Turkey, biomass potential and wood pellet, use, trade, legal and
institutional report prepared by the relevant ministries for the section dealing with regulations,
national action plans and strategy documents were also used.

2.2. Methods

Literature review method was used in the study. First of all, detailed information on the
subject was obtained and analyzed. The deductive method was used to form the conceptual
framework of the study. First of all, the concepts of renewable energy, biomass energy and
wood pellet were introduced and wood pellet formed as a result of international processes
were explained. Also next to the position of Turkey in the wood pellet market, the situation in
the international process, scientific and technical infrastructure and legal and institutional
arrangements were discussed.

3. Results

3.1. Biomass Energy Potential of Turkey

Turkey has a significant amount of biomass and bioenergy potential. However, there
are different studies regarding the total bioenergy potential. Turkey's total bioenergy potential
was estimated Taşdemiroğlu (1986) 17 Mtoe (million tonnes of oilequivalent), WECTNC (1996)

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 241

16.92 Mtoe, Ediger and Kentel (1999) 17.2 Mtoe, Kaygusuz (2002) 16.9 Mtoe, Demierbaş et al.
(2006) 65 Mtoe, Toklu (2017) 17 Mtoe and Öztürk et al. (2017) 16.92 Mtoe.

Figure 1. Turkey’s total biomass potential (MEF, 2009)

Turkey’s main biomass production is given in Table 1. Turkey‫׳‬s main biomass production
is based on wheat straw, wood and woody materials, cocoon shell, hazelnut shell, grain dust,
crop residues and fruit tree residues (Melikoğlu, 2013). Various agricultural residues such as
grain dust, wheat straw and hazelnut shell are available in Turkey as the sources
of biomass energy. Approximately 2.6 x 107 tonnes of wheat straw was produced annually in
Turkey. The straw is disposed of in the fields either by burning or sometimes by ploughing it
back into the soil. Because the higher heating value of straw is about ½ that of high-grade
coal (its higher heating value is about 28 MJ/kg), the surplus straw is equivalent to about 1.3 x
107 tonnes. The hazelnut shell is a potentially important energy source and the
amount produced annually in Turkey is estimated to be about 3.5 x 10 tonnes. The higher
5

heating value of the hazelnut shell is 19.2 MJ/kg and its calorific value is equivalent to about
1.9x106kWh (Demirbaş and Şahin, 1998; Sürmen, 2002).

Table 1. Turkey’s annual biomass potential (İlleez, 2020)

Amount Energy Economical
(tone/year) Potential Energy Potential
(TEP/year) (TEP/year)
Animal wastes 193.878.079 4.385.371 1.084.506
Agricultural 62.206.754 6.009.049 1.462.159
residues
City residues 32.170.975 3.373.011 485.858
Forest residues 2.739.865 859.899 -
TOTAL 290.995.673 14.627.330 3.032.523

Turkey's electricity generation in the year 2018 303.625 GWh (26 million toe) 68% of this
production is from fossil sources, 32% is produced from renewable energy sources. However,
the share of biomass in renewable energy remained at a very low level with a share of
2.75% and 0.88% in total electricity generation (İlleez, 2020). In 1990, the heat produced from
biomass sources worldwide was realized as 6.2 million TEP and met only 1.6% of the total
heat production. In 2018, heat production from biomass reached 7.5% with 26 million TEP.
Europe is the world leader with 87% share of heat generated globally due to its widespread
and effective use of all biomass resources, including municipal waste, solid biofuels and
industrial waste (WEO, 2019). Turkey at the end of 2018 the production of heat energy
biomass has had a 10.2% share by approximately 133.000 TEP (IEA, 2020; ETKB, 2020; IRENA,
2019).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 242

 Table 2. Present and planned biomass energy production in Turkey (SSI, 1996).
Years Modern Biomass Classic biomass Total
(ktoe) (ktoe) (ktoe)
1999 5 7012 7017
2000 17 6965 6982
2005 766 6494 7260
2010 1660 5754 7414
2015 2530 4790 7320
2020 3520 4000 7520
2025 4465 3345 7810
2030 4895 3310 8205

Since the early 2000s, it has prepared the biomass energy production program in
Turkey. Present and planned biomass energy production in Turkey is given in Table 2.
According to a study by Demirbaş (2006), Turkey’s biomass production was 7 million tonnes in
1999, and is predicted to increase to 8.2 million tonnes in 2030. According to the index
published by Ernst & Young (2012), Turkey is ranked 30th of 40 countries (index value 39.8)
for renewable energy and 28th for biomass (index value 35).

3.2. Wood and Woody Biomass Potential of Turkey

Interest in forests is increasing, especially due to its role in carbon sequestration in

mitigation global climate change. In order to reduce the greenhouse gas accumulation of
forests; It is necessary to protect forests, planting new forest areas, reducing harvest density,
increasing forest growth and carbon storage in harvested wood products (Bilgen, 2014).
Woody biomass (especially fuelwood), as in the world, it is important for rural areas in
Turkey because fuelwood is very important source of energy and the major source of energy
in rural Turkey. About half of the world's population rely on woody biomass or other biomass
for cooking and other domestic use.. About half of the total demand for fuelwood is met
through informal cutting of State forests and other woody biomass resources in agricultural
areas (Bilgen et al., 2008). Among the biomass energy sources, woody biomass is the most
interesting. Because it is high in Turkey's total energy production and conversion techniques
are useful to it is not necessarily complicated. Forest biomass consumption compared to total
energy has decreased from 22% to 14% (Kaygusuz, 2010).
The latest data of the forest assets in Turkey published in 2015. Turkey's forest area of
22,342,935 hectares have been based on these data in 2015. Turkey forest area constitutes
29% of the 78 million hectares of the country up to the surface. According to 2015 data, 57%
(12,704,148 ha) of forest areas are forest areas with more than 10% canopy cover, which is
qualified as productive forest in terms of wood raw material production. The remaining 43%
of the forest areas (9,638,787 ha) consists of hollow closed forest areas with a closure less
than 10% and called degraded or inefficient forest areas. The total forest potential of Turkey
is around 1.6 billion m3 with an annual growth of about 45.9 million m3 in 2015 (TOD, 2019).

Table 3. Turkey's 2015-2019 industrial and firewood production.

Years Industrial Wood Firewood
(m )
3
(Stere)
2015 16.637.598 5.022.986
2016 17.009.998 4.877.067
2017 15.521.622 4.359.646
2018 19.080.137 4.890.455
2019 22.113.248 5.589.798

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 243

 Turkey has produced 22.3 million m3 industrial wood and 5.58 million stere firewood in
2019. Turkey's 2015-2019 industrial and firewood production are given in Table 3. In the last 5
years, it has produced an average of 18.072.520,6 m3 industrial wood and 4.947.990,4 stere
firewood.

3.3. Wood Pellet Potential of Turkey

The forestry sector is a rising trend in Turkey. In order to meet the demand of the
sector, industrial wood production has been increased by approximately 33% in the last 5
years. Approximately 25% of a tree is left in the forest as production residue at the end of
the production activity (Karayılmazlar et al., 2011). In Turkey, annually about 5 million m3 wood
residues is left in the forest. These residues are left to rot as they do not set off the
transportation costs. There are different studies on the amount of production residues.
Bayramoğlu and Toksoy (2015) state approximately 4 million m3 of forest residues can be
obtained from 10 million m3 of industrial wood production. According to General Directorate
of Forestry (GDF) estimates, there was a total of 3.528.320 stere of production residues in 27
Regional Forest Directorates (RFD) between 2007 and 2009.
Assuming that 1 m3 is equal 0.600 tone, 5 million m3 wood is equal to 3 million tone.
Approximately 600 kg wood pellet is produced from 1 tone wood. In this context 1.8 million
tone wood pellet can be produced from 3 million tone wood which market value nearly 274
million dollar. The energy value that can be obtained from 1.8 million tonnes of wood pellets
is approximately 0.72 Mtep which represents 0.57% of total primary energy consumption in
2015, and 0.75% of the imported amount of energy (95.1 mtep); 0.54% of total primary energy
consumption in 2016 and 0.74 % of imported energy (97.3 mtep); 0.49% of total primary
energy consumption in 2017 and 0.65% of imported energy (110.1 mtep) of TurkeyFrom 2015 to
2017, Turkey paid 37.8, 27.1 and 37.2 billion dollars, respectively for imported energy.
According to these calculations, if Turkey utilized wood pellet potential, this would result in
saved of 28.3 billion dollars in 2015, 20 billion dollars in 2016 and 24.1 billion dollars in 2017.
Economic comparison of the Turkish context indicates that wood pellet is more
advantageous than other energy sources. One house in Turkey requires approximately 50.2
GJ heating energy, which would require 2 tonnes of coal, 1142 kg oil fuel, 1454 m3 natural gas
or 2.66 tonnes wood pellets.

Table 4. Compare of Energy Sources

Energy Sources Energy Amount Unit Price Total
(kcal) (kg) ($)** ($)
Coal 6000 2000 0.28 560
Fuel Oil 10500 1142 0.47 541
Natural Gas 8250 1454* 0.31 450
Wood Pellet 4500 2660 0.14 371
*Amount of Consumption calculated m3 for natural gas
** 19.09.2020 date 1 $ = 7.90 TL exchange rate
Wood pellet has lower energy value than other energy sources because it has lower
energy density (18 MJ/kg) . However, this low energy value and high rate of usage means
that wood pellet is cheaper than other energy sources.

4. Discussion
In 2017, approximately 23.8 million tone of wood pellets were traded in the world. In
2023, this trading volume is expected to be 29 million tone. The use of wood pellets in

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 244

developed countries has increase. In 2018, Japan imported over 1 million tone, South Korea
3.4 million, Netherlands 2.5 million and United Kingdom 1.5 million tone of wood pellets.
Unfortunately, there is not data on the wood pellet trade in Turkey. If Turkey uses the
potential of wood pellet, it is inevitable that it will get a share of the international market.
In this study, Turkey's wood pellet potential was calculated at 1.8 million tone, while
Bayramoğlu and Toksoy (2015) calculated approximately 400,000 tone. Although the value of
wood pellet is calculated as $274 million, Bayramoğlu and Toksoy (2015) have stated this
value as $586 million. This difference is due to the change in the amount of wood used in
production and the dollar rate. Similar to Bayramoğlu and Toksoy (2015), wood pellet is more
economical than other energy sources.

5. Conclusion
As a result of the increase in energy prices in the world, events in energy supply
security, the development of alternative energy sources and the legal regulations and policies
to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the combat against climate change, the share of
renewable energy sources, especially biomass fuels, in energy production is increasing. Wood
pellet is a prominent product in biomass fuels due to its ease of production and high raw
material potential. Although legal regulations on renewable energy have been made in
Turkey, the wood pellet has been in lower demand than expected, especially due to high
costs.
Turkey should try to raise more awareness about its bioenergy potential. Legal
arrangements must be made to create a market for wood pellets. Private sector investments
should be encouraged and national production standards should be created.

6. Acknowledgments
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References
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ETKB Ulusal Enerji Denge Tabloları, https://www.eigm.gov.tr/tr-TR/Denge-Tablolari/Denge-
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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS AND WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS SECTORS
COMPETITION ANALYSİS: BRICS COUNTRIES AND TÜRKİYE

Kadri Cemil AKYÜZ1 İlker AKYÜZ1

akyuz@ktu.edu.tr iakyuz@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0049-6379) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-4241-1118)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Financial crises on a world scale cause the emergence of new economic structures and
powers. While the financial efficiency of developed countries decreases, developing countries are
increasing their positions. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), which emerged as an alternative
economic power after the financial crisis in 2008, started to be known as BRICS countries with the
addition of South Africa in 2011 and became an important economic structure. Its economic and
demographic strength of thanks and wishing to take part in the active position in the world Turkey
is willing to take part in the BRICS. Determination of Turkey's infrastructure sector as competitive
with these countries is extremely important.
In this study of the important sectoral groups of Turkey Paper and Paper Products and
Wood and Wood Products Sector is intended to determine whether a location opposite of how
the BRICS countries. Revealed Comparative Advantages approach was used in the study covering
the years between 2010-2019. As a result of the study, countries were compared at year level and
superior sectoral structures were determined.

Keywords: BRICS, TÜRKİYE, Paper and Paper Products, Wood and Wood Products,
Revealed Comparative Advantages

1. Introduction
With the end of the cold war, countries in different parts of the world began to
become visible with the economic power they caught, and they argued that an order in
which many powers would be effective, not just one power, was adopted in the world
economy. (Chen, 2003; Poyraz, 2019) The conflicts, especially due to lack of resources, forced
the formation of different economic unions and created alternative economic power centers
to the USA and liberal economic thought. China, Russia, Brazil, India and Turkey adopted to
create alternative to the IMF and World Bank. (Ateş, 2012; Çelik, 2017)
Established in 2006 under the name of BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and
later named BRICS with the addition of South Africa in 2011, the formation created an
alternative center of attraction and new cooperation opportunities for developing countries
(Önder, 2019). In 2001, according to the report published by Jim o Neill, the chairman of the
board of directors of Goldman Sachs, an international investment bank, it took its place in the
economic structure (O'Neill, 2001; Sezer, 2018). In a report prepared in 2003, in less than 40
years, BRIC countries; It has been hypothesized that France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK
and the USA will catch up with the G6 countries and then these countries will become the
main engine of new demand growth and spending power that will balance the slowing

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 247

growth and population in developed economies (Atabay Baytar, 2012). According to the
economic predictions made for the near future, it is stated that the BRICS countries will
surpass the G7 countries in 2035 (Öniş & Kutlay, 2015), and they will be among the top 10
economies of the world in 2050 (Wilson & Purushothaman, 2003). The last 20 years have
shown that Turkey's economic success is also considered one of the leading countries in 2050
is stated to be Turkey. Therefore it emphasized the necessity of Turkey's inclusion in this
association and Turkey has expressed he wanted to be a member of this mechanism in 2018.
Turkey's membership of BRICS searching for new markets, and technological
partnerships will help support their desire to become a global actor. Therefore, Turkey should
revise the existing economic structure. When examining the literature of Turkey and the BRICS
member countries seem to be limited studies comparing economic performance. In this study,
it is aimed to determine the competitive position of Paper and Paper Products Industry and
Wood and Wood products industry groups, which are sub-industrial groups of the Forest
Products Industry Sector, against BRICS countries. It is important for the future of the country
to support industrial groups that have a high competitive position against BRICS countries
and to plan their resource use in this direction.

1.1. Paper and Paper Products Industry and Wood and Wood Products Industry in
Foreign Trade

The foreign trade figures of the countries within the scope of the study in the field of
paper and paper products and wood and wood products are given in the tables below.
Table 1 show that Brazil has a significant foreign trade surplus at both sectoral levels. When
the situation is evaluated in terms of the years analyzed, it is seen that the foreign trade
surplus in the field of paper and paper products increased by 143%. The increase in the
foreign trade surplus in the wood and wood products industry is around 55%. Paper and
paper products industry realized approximately 0.8% of Brazil's average exports between
2010 and 2019, while this rate is 1% for the wood and wood products industry. A portion of
1.1% of the average paper exports made throughout the world within the specified years was
realized by Brazil. In the field of wood and wood products industry, approximately 2.2% of
the average export realized between 2010 and 2019 was made by Brazil.

Table 1. Brazil's export-import level by years (1,000 dollars)

Paper and Paper Products Wood and Wood Products
Years Export Imports Current Account Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance Balance
2010 2.008.555 1.540.653 467.902 2010 1.917.872 133.087 1.784.785
2011 2.187.577 1.754.203 433.374 2011 1.900.096 176.455 1.723.641
2012 1.951.228 1.606.042 345.186 2012 1.887.658 167.639 1.720.019
2013 1.970.194 1.505.819 464.375 2013 2.003.924 144.449 1.859.475
2014 1.922.181 1.441.538 480.643 2014 2.243.112 150.617 2.092.495
2015 2.020.964 957.817 1.063.147 2015 2.271.395 116.236 2.155.159
2016 1.871.020 738.456 1.132.564 2016 2.361.479 98.880 2.262.599
2017 1.013.080 838.173 1.074.907 2017 2.779.920 96.932 2.682.988
2018 2.072.495 883.457 1.189.038 2018 3.182.252 100.556 3.081.696
2019 1.986.916 846.891 1.140.025 2019 2.886.205 108.418 2.777.787

Foreign trade data of Russia can be seen in Table 2. As a result of the evaluation
made, it is seen that the foreign trade deficit in the field of paper and paper products
between 2010 and 2017 turned into a foreign trade surplus in 2018 and 2019. This change
shows that Russia is turning into a production center in the paper and paper products sector.
When the level of exports in the field of paper and paper products is analyzed, it

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corresponds to approximately 0.4% of Russia's overall export level in terms of the average of
all years. Russia realizes 1.2% of the paper exports made worldwide. When the data of the
wood and wood products sector are examined, an increasing foreign trade surplus of Russia
in all years draws attention. The foreign trade surplus, which increased approximately by 53%
between 2010 and 2019, shows Russia's effectiveness in this area. The wood and wood
products industry sector, which has a share of 1.7% in Russia's total foreign trade average,
constitutes 5.6% of the world's wood and wood products exports.

Table 2. Russia’s export-import level by years (1,000 dollars)

Paper and Paper Products Wood and Wood Products
Years Export Imports Current Account Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance Balance
2010 1.457.976 3.844.758 -2.386.782 2010 6.093.699 860.844 5.232.855
2011 1.732.652 4.309.085 -2.576.433 2011 6.973.754 1.087.167 5.886.587
2012 1.924.464 3.748.744 -1.824.280 2012 6.734.568 1.450.095 5.284.473
2013 2.055.067 3.814.418 -1.759.351 2013 7.330.193 1.653.171 5.677.022
2014 2.260.193 3.542.705 -1.282.512 2014 7.763.748 1.323.914 6.439.834
2015 1.790.874 2.250.991 -460.117 2015 6.151.899 691.874 5.460.025
2016 1.899.540 2.255.626 -356.086 2016 6.523.925 601.922 5.922.003
2017 2.197.132 2.404.796 -207.664 2017 7.901.564 657.998 7.243.566
2018 2.737.863 2.653.242 84.621 2018 9.009.168 707.265 8.301.903
2019 2.491.263 2.454.115 37.148 2019 8.619.543 616.044 8.003.499

The data of India in the field of paper and paper products industry and wood and
wood products industry are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. India’s export-import level by years (1,000 dollars)

Paper and Paper Products Wood and Wood Products
Years Export Imports Current Account Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance Balance
2010 784.177 1.887.451 -1.103.274 2010 163.784 1.697.604 -1.533.820
2011 906.988 2.454.710 -1.547.722 2011 220.651 2.410.817 -2.190.166
2012 930.360 2.266.894 -1.336.534 2012 258.874 2.606.741 -2.347.867
2013 1.139.895 2.364.880 -1.224.985 2013 351.496 2.680.339 -2.328.843
2014 1.115.993 2.610.041 -1.494.048 2014 353.812 2.703.642 -2.349.830
2015 1.127.113 2.425.519 -1.298.406 2015 427.377 2.435.878 -2.008.501
2016 1.183.920 2.662.456 -1.478.536 2016 400.748 2.145.530 -1.744.782
2017 1.284.054 3.069.063 -1.785.009 2017 415.073 2.186.864 -1.771.791
2018 1.827.352 2.994.535 -1.167.183 2018 435.525 2.227.212 -1.791.687
2019 2.061.320 2.886.570 -825.250 2019 477.641 2.178.456 -1.700.805

India has a significant foreign trade deficit in both product groups (Table 3). Although
the foreign trade deficit in the field of paper and paper products has decreased over the
years, the deficit in wood and wood products has gradually increased. In India's average
export, the paper and paper products sector is 0.4%, and the wood and wood products
sector is 0.1%. In the evaluation made by taking into account the world export figures, it is
seen that India has a share of 0.7% in the paper and paper products sector and 0.2% in the
wood and wood products sector.
The foreign trade figures of China at both sector levels are shown in Table 4.

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 Table 4. China’s export-import level by years (1,000 dollars)
Paper and Paper Products Wood and Wood Products
Years Export Imports Current Account Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance Balance
2010 9.561.194 4.611.778 4.949.416 2010 9.651.544 11.234.863 -1.583.319
2011 12.905.511 5.054.829 7.850.682 2011 11.354.387 15.857.712 -4.503.325
2012 13.721.805 4.596.226 9.125.579 2012 12.315.248 14.937.027 -2.621.779
2013 15.987.710 4.372.835 11.614.875 2013 12.748.095 18.768.839 -6.020.744
2014 17.818.529 4.308.838 13.509.691 2014 14.469.960 22.797.545 -8.327.585
2015 18.849.401 4.046.927 14.802.474 2015 14.211.187 18.627.016 -4.415.829
2016 18.172.109 3.944.806 14.227.303 2016 13.613.182 19.596.941 -5.983.759
2017 18.417.669 4.985.630 13.432.039 2017 13.693.413 23.411.325 -9.717.912
2018 19.460.630 6.201.170 13.259.460 2018 14.888.332 24.914.414 -10.026.082
2019 22.008.827 5.265.825 16.743.002 2019 13.410.436 21.976.449 -8.566.013

When the data in Table 4 are examined, it is noteworthy that the foreign trade figures
are high. Especially in recent years, China, which has become the production center of the
world, has created trade activity at the level of sectors. The foreign trade volume of paper
and paper products in 2010 reached 27 billion dollars in 2019 from approximately 14 billion
dollars. Within the same period, the foreign trade surplus increased approximately 4 times. On
average, 0.7% of all exports made by China in the years 2010-2019 were realized by the
paper and paper products industry sector. Considering the average of world paper exports
for the years 2010-2019, it is seen that 10% of it was made by China. Having a foreign trade
deficit in the field of wood and wood products, China realized an average of 10.1% of world
exports. The share of wood and wood products in China's own exports is 6% in terms of the
2010-2019 average.
South Africa's foreign trade data are shown in Table 5. Having a negative foreign
trade balance in the paper and paper products industry for all years, South Africa is in a
position to have a foreign trade surplus in the field of wood and wood products. The paper
and paper products industry sector has a 0.8% share in the country's foreign trade, while the
share of wood and wood products in foreign trade is 0.5%. In the world trade, South Africa
has a share of 0.4% in paper and paper products and 0.3% in wood and wood products.

Table 5. South Africa's export-import level by years (1,000 dollars)

Paper and Paper Products Wood and Wood Products
Years Export Imports Current Account Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance Balance
2010 910.164 992.383 -82.219 2010 513.759 334.443 179.316
2011 916.871 1.080.319 -163.448 2011 538.660 400.081 138.579
2012 809.829 1.048.274 -238.445 2012 471.249 400.126 71.123
2013 733.495 1.057.978 -324.483 2013 451.334 393.037 58.297
2014 727.116 1.043.424 -316.308 2014 510.265 396.521 113.744
2015 665.762 973.476 -307.714 2015 500.958 375.820 125.138
2016 635.106 896.427 -261.321 2016 475.342 346.874 128.468
2017 625.648 909.485 -283.837 2017 535.495 360.382 175.113
2018 706.252 1.076.186 -369.934 2018 588.922 382.758 206.164
2019 595.931 1.035.157 -439.226 2019 516.639 362.633 154.006

Turkey's foreign trade figures in Table 6 are also shown. When the figures in Table 6
are examined, it is seen that both sectors have a positive foreign trade trend. The increase in
exports in the paper and paper products industry over the years has an important effect on
reducing the foreign trade deficit. Paper and paper products forming part about 1% of
Turkey's trade with Turkey has the capacity to add to the positive change that has industrial

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 economy. Paper and paper products in world trade, which owns a 0.8% share at the level of
Turkey holds the power industry, this rate may increase rapidly. When the foreign trade
figures of wood and wood products are examined, it is seen that the balance, which was
negative over the years, has moved to positive with the increase in exports. sector, which has
a weight of 0.4% in Turkey's foreign trade is a 0.5% share of world trade in general.

Table 6. Turkey’s export-import level by years (1,000 dollars)

Paper and Paper Products Wood and Wood Products
Years Export Imports Current Account Years Export Imports Current Account
Balance Balance
2010 1.216.835 2.819.743 -1.602.908 2010 573.203 1.098.395 -525.195
2011 1.427.255 3.109.936 -1.682.681 2011 652.927 1.427.786 -774.860
2012 1.033.096 2.882.665 -1.849.569 2012 657.954 1.619.738 -961.783
2013 1.140.574 3.091.816 -1.951.242 2013 724.631 1.563.578 -838.948
2014 1.203.724 3.170.718 -1.966.994 2014 853.305 1.487.632 -634.328
2015 1.185.524 2.683.944 -1.498.429 2015 692.752 1.505.159 -812.407
2016 1.353.499 2.684.714 -1.330.141 2016 675.873 1.265.054 -589.131
2017 1.520.374 2.811.916 -1.291.542 2017 763.956 1.132.785 -369.895
2018 1.715.787 2.749.839 -1.034.052 2018 826.635 827.893 -1.258
2019 1.796.339 2.513.824 -717.485 2019 885.456 405.913 479.543

2. Materials and Methods

BRICS countries and Turkey's Paper and Paper Products Industry and Wood & Wood
Products 2010-2019 year study of competition in the industry sector analysis of foreign trade
data are used. The data used for analysis was obtained from the TradeMap (2020) website.
In order to measure the competitiveness of the firm, industry and countries, it primarily
uses foreign trade data. In our study; The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method,
which was created by Liesner (1958) to measure competitiveness and later developed by
Balassa (1965) and has been widely used until today, was used. The Balassa index was
formulated as follows:

RCAij= (xij / Xj)/ (xiw / Xw) (1)

where;
RCAij; revealed comparative advantage index for the ith goods of the jth country.
xij : jth country’s ith exported goods
Xj : jth country's total exports
xiw : ith goods of the global exports
XW : total global exports
A value less than 1 to be obtained as a result of the analysis made indicates that the
country does not have competitive power in terms of comparative advantages explained at
the relevant goods level, that is, it has a disadvantage, and a value greater than 1 indicates
that it is specialized in that product group, that is, it has announced mutual advantage.

3. Results and Discussion

BRICS countries and Turkey Paper & Paper Products Industry Sectors competitive
analysis of the results in Table 7 are also seen.

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 Table 7. BRICS countries and Turkey (Paper and Paper Products Industry) RCA Results
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey
2010 0,896 0,330 0,320 0,545 0,992 0,962
2011 0,829 0,325 0,292 0,660 0,824 1,027
2012 0,903 0,412 0,361 0,752 0,920 0,761
2013 0,904 0,533 0,376 0,804 0,857 0,834
2014 0,938 0,428 0,386 0,835 0,862 0,839
2015 1,124 0,571 0,545 0,878 0,865 0,876
2016 1,063 0,700 0,477 0,902 0,872 0,999
2017 0,512 0,678 0,478 0,893 0,770 1,067
2018 0,954 0,673 0,623 0,862 0,819 1,129
2019 0,996 0,662 0,716 0,989 0,740 1,179
Average 0,9119 0,5312 0,4574 0,812 0,8521 0,9673

As a result of the analysis of the competitive power of countries, when the values in
Table 1 are examined, it is seen that all countries have averages less than 1, which is the
accepted competitive power value indicator in terms of years average.
In comparison with the countries in its internal years Turkey has the highest value in
terms of average. It is seen that it has a competitive advantage in the field of Paper and
Paper Products industry against BRICS countries. Turkey is followed by Brazil and South
Africa. Changes occurring in the country in the years when it is observed that increased
22.5% between the years 2010-2019 at the level of Turkey's competitiveness. Especially in
recent years, it can be clearly seen that it has exceeded the accepted value of 1 in 2017,
2018 and 2019 and is in an increasing trend in this direction. With the BRICS countries in terms
of foreign trade data owned by Turkey Paper and Paper Products are in position to
compete in the industrial area has a structure.
Brazil, which ranks second in terms of average values, has achieved an 11% increase in
competitive power over the years. It could not maintain the competitive advantage it had
achieved in 2015 and 2016.
South Africa reduced its competitiveness value in 2010 in 2019 and showed a decline of
-25% in annual average. In general, South Africa, which does not have a competitive value of
1 or more, shows a negative situation in the field of Paper and Paper Products Industry.
China, which has been effective in the world economy in recent years, has a
competitive position far from expected in the field of Paper and Paper Products Industry. The
competitive advantage it has in many different areas is not seen in this product group.
Considering the change over the years, it can be seen that China, which has increased by
81%, will have a say in this field in the near future.
Russia and India share the last places in the ranking of competitive advantage in this
product group. When it is considered that both countries showed annual growth (in Russia
100% India 124%) between Paper and Paper Products Industry in the BRICS countries and
Turkey is seen that there will be serious competition to the war.
Analysis results of Wood and Wood Products Industry sectors are shown in Table 8.

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 Table 8. BRICS countries and Turkey: Wood and Wood Products Industry (RCA Results)
Years Brazil Russia Indian China South Africa Turkey

2010 1,351 2,183 0,105 0,870 0,884 0,715

2011 1,124 2,043 0,110 0,906 0,756 0,733
2012 1,215 2,005 0,139 0,939 0,745 0,674
2013 1,199 2,014 0,151 0,836 0,688 0,691
2014 1,365 2,136 0,152 0,846 0,754 0,741
2015 1,584 2,459 0,215 0,830 0,816 0,642
2016 1,593 2,856 0,191 0,803 0,775 0,592
2017 1,649 2,858 0,189 0,778 0,772 0,628
2018 1,745 2,638 0,176 0,785 0,814 0,640
2019 1,794 2,839 0,205 0,747 0,795 0,720
Average 1,4619 2,4031 0,1633 0,834 0,7799 0,6776

When Table 2, which includes the competitiveness of countries in the field of Wood and
Wood products industry, is examined, it is clearly seen that Russia has a significant
competitive advantage in this field in terms of both annual average value and values in all
years. Brazil and China follow Russia.
Russia increased its competitiveness value in 2010 (2,183> 1) by 30% in 2019 (2,839> 1).
During this period, Brazil showed an increase of 33% and showed that it was a significant
power in competition.
China and South Africa, which can provide an alternative to these two countries,
showed a decrease of approximately 14% and 10% within this period and showed that they
were losing power in competition. India's increase in this area remained far from a
competitive position.
Turkey has managed to maintain its competitiveness although that experience increases
and decreases in the studied years. Turkey in this area who wants to take part in the BRICS
countries are quite difficult to compete with Russia and Brazil.

4. Conclusion
Technological infrastructure and power that Turkey has experienced production Paper
and Paper Products are qualities that can have a significant competitive advantage the
BRICS countries across the industry. The analysis, which has adopted a position on the
standard values in some years it was increasing its strength over the years indicate that
Turkey's power in the market may be effective in this area. Paper and paper products with
the support of Turkey will be held in the investment industry and will have an important place
in the economic growth of the sector and will consist seems to be able to access the
production center of Turkey in the world order. Turkey, paper and paper products are in a
strong position in the industrial area opposite the BRICS countries. Turkey is in the paper and
paper products industry can compete with Brazil and South Africa.
In the field of wood and wood products, the undisputed superiority of Russia and Brazil
is seen in the analysis results due to the raw material availability they have among the BRICS
countries. There is no country that can rival these two countries within the scope of the years
examined. Turkey should act in this area and knowing the position which should encourage
rational investment resources.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 253

References
Atabay Baytar, R. (2012). The Determinants of Trade Volume Between Turkey and BRIC
Countries: A Gravity Mofel Analysis, İstanbul Commerce University, Journal of Social
Sciences, 11(21), 403-424.
Ateş, D. (2012). International Organizations Organizational Logic of States, Bursa: Dora
Publications.
Balassa, B.(1965). Trade Liberalization and Revealed Comparative Advantage, The Manchester
School of Economic and Social Studies, 33(2), 99-123
Chen, R. (2003). “China Perceives America: Perspectives of International Experts”. Journal of
Comtemporary China 12(35), 285-297.
Çelik, M. (2017). Sovereign Equality of States: An International Relations Myth, Ankara: Nobel
Academic Publishing.
Liesner, H.H. (1958). The European Common Market and British Industry, Economic Journal, 68,
302-16.
O'Neill, J. (2001). Building Better Global Economic BRICs, Los Angeles: Goldman Sachs.
Önder, E. (2019). Some Main Index Framework in Turkey / BRICS Comparative Analysis, Policy
Brief, no. 67, 1-17.
Öniş, Z. ve Kutlay, M. (2015). “Democratic BRICS Countries: New Actors of Global
Governance”, Analist, 20- 23.
Poyraz, M. (2019). BRICS: Is it a Search For an Alternative Order? Suleyman Demirel University
Visionary Journal, Volume: 10, Number: 24, pp.434-449
Sezer, S. (2018). The Effectiveness of Orthodox and Heterodox Economic Policies in the
Elimination of Foreing Trade Deficit: The BRICS Countries and Turkey Comparison, Turkish
Studies, 13(30), 387-420.
Trade Map (2020). www.trademap.org , Date of Access September 2020.
Wilson, D. ve Purushothaman, R. (2003). Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050, Los Angeles:
Goldman Sachs.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 254

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

WOODLOVERNESS AS A PATHWAY TO CIVILIZATION CONNECTED WITH NATURE

Ilker Usta
iusta@hacettepe.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-0470-5839)
Hacettepe University, Department Wood Products Industrial Engineering, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract
Woodloverness, although is a vast subject that has been well known throughout the world
for a long time in terms of learning based on experiences that emerge with its reflections in every
phase of life with its behavioural dimension that integrates attitudes and behaviours and combines
feelings and thoughts, is a term that has been named and defined almost very recently in the field
of wood science and technology with the focus of woodlover approach with its inherentness that
complements people whose geography is far from each other by keeping them together around
the same purpose in terms of being a harmonious part of nature, and is a universal phenomenon
that embraces all humanity. In a more general sense, woodloverness, in Usta’s words (Usta, 2019),
is a thematic issue that contributes to the development of civilization and plays an important role
in the progress of humanity, and is considered in the focus of the woodlover approach that aims
to integrate human with nature. Obviously, with its deep and comprehensive presence,
woodloverness is an interdisciplinary phenomenon that stands out clearly in the development of
civilization by integrating with nature in the company of science and technology, together with art
and literature, and it is a preliminary reinforcer of the effort to identify with nature and the
environment, which constitute the essence of all humanity with its cultural dimension. In this study,
woodloverness is presented as a deep and comprehensive phenomenon that provides endless
benefits to humans through the integration of nature on the way to civilization, focusing on the
woodlover approach.

Keywords: Wood, Woodlover Approach, Woodloverness, Human-Nature Interactions,

Civilization

1. Introduction
Wood, which is a natural and organic material obtained from trees with its fibrous and
porous structure, is the oldest and widely used material in the history of humanity with a very
wide area of use in reference to its easy processing and has played a major role in the
development of civilization and the progress of humanity. It is clear that the use of wood
alone or indirectly with other materials in order to meet the needs and fulfill the requirements
as a sustainable natural material is closely related to its unique material properties in terms of
its anatomical structure, chemical composition, physical properties and mechanical properties.
At this point, despite the fact that the breadth and depth of the presence of wood in almost
every area of life have been revealed through the ongoing researches since a relatively long
time, and significant contributions have been made to the enrichment of the knowledge about
wood, these studies are not sufficient in number and scope in terms of fully recognizing wood
and have not yet been completed. And here, while the material properties of wood, as well
as its existential dimension affecting all of life, are being studied comprehensively with an

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 255

inexhaustible effort, like an inquisitive and resourceful traveler sailing to the wind in unstable
weather conditions on the shore of a vast ocean, it has been attempted to show how
important wood is to the communities all across the world from the past to the present as a
material and an entity, in the light of some special facts or theories, due to its unlimited
availability. In this context, woodloverness, as a privileged theory reinforced with the principle
of causality on the basis of woodlover approach, emerges as an important phenomenon that
clearly expresses that wood is a valuable object embracing the whole universe and all
humanity. However, although woodloverness is a phenomenon known to all societies since the
beginning of human history, it is still a privileged subject waiting to be defined in detail and in
depth. Therefore, in this particular study, which is provided basically by benefiting from the
articles of Usta (2019) titled "A fact of woodloverness on the basis of woodlover approach”
and “Woodloverness”, the theory of woodloverness is presented with annotations and
conceptual characterizations centered on the woodlover approach to allow for
understanding in a holistic and in-depth manner. From this point of view, this study is very
highly important with its content, because the case of “woodloverness”, which is the main
reinforcement of the subject of “woodlover approach”, will be explained in greater detail
here as a holistic and complementary new theory by associating causality with many issues in
terms of its content that directs life and its effect that unites people. In this regard, presenting
woodloverness, which focuses on universality with its deep and comprehensive content, as a
multi-faceted theory, will open a new horizon in the field of wood science and technology. It
is also envisaged that the explanations made here will shed light on all humanity as an
indicator of the universality of wood. And hence, the scope of this study is twofold: firstly to
prepare good explanations with the intention of drawing attention to the phenomenon of
woodloverness on the basis of woodlover approach, and to create awareness about this
special issue in the worldwide public opinion with the field of wood science and technology,
and secondly to explain and promote in a way that will benefit everyone, which is a global
situation that makes globalization continuous. Therefore, this study has a special content that
will allow the woodlover approach to come to the fore with a conscious awareness with a
new perspective.

2. Theoretical Explanations of Woodloverness

It is obvious that wood, which is a fascinating component of life and an indispensable
part of life with its unlimited variety of products that integrate with daily life practices, is the
only material standing by people in the ordinary course of life and is a valuable entity that
embraces the whole society. In this respect, it is certain that the endless efforts that put wood
into life with a wide variety of product types are realized with the concept of woodloverness
that focuses on the woodlover approach. Truly, considering the fact that wood is a common
value of humanity as a means of intercultural interaction that connects the past to the
present and the future with the numerous benefits that has provided to humanity as a
material throughout history, it is clearly seen that all the activities carried out with the concept
of woodloverness on the basis of woodlover approach are in harmony with the essence of
creativity and the mental process of innovation and in close relationship with each other
within an integrated fiction.
Based on innovation and creativity throughout history, the latent aspect of
woodloverness, which has always emphasized the entrepreneurial attitude and behaviour
accompanied by wood, has brought it to a very special position that is easily perceived and
immediately noticed in the design of the unlimited variety of products or applications that are
persistently put forward with a woodlover approach. Ultimately, woodloverness, which is a
common theory accompanied by a woodlover approach, is a pure reality that allows the
civilization process, which facilitates life by integrating with nature, and enables people to live

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 256

comfortably, by consciously using wood, which is a typical reflection of nature, with creative
and innovative solutions. From this perspective, woodloverness is not only a certain term that
has a relatively long validity in the field of wood science and technology, but also is a very
special assumption that has guided evaluation for underlying either prospective or
retrospective studies of welfare and quality of life in social and technical literatures in order
to provide scientific evidences that can be properly acquired by experimental and
observational investigations. In this context, a fact of woodloverness that is evaluated within
the framework of woodlover approach, which is a universal phenomenon focused on the
theme of giving importance to nature and people by taking care of both nature and people,
by using wood supplied from trees as a sustainable and renewable natural material correctly
and effectively, includes a progressive and enlightenment perspective that prioritizes optimism
and positive thinking in the focus of the science and technology of wood, which has made
great contributions to the development of humanity and the progress of civilization, because
the phenomenon of woodloverness has a detailed content that embraces all humanity without
any distinction, representing the individual and social reality with its internality prioritizing the
individual and society, and contributing to the development of civilization by nature and
human adaptation.
In the light of these explanations, it is an indisputable reality that woodloverness, which
focuses on the woodlover approach, is a fundamental phenomenon that coexists with
humans, and it is undoubtedly certain that woodloverness has a thematic content that can be
comprehensively explained by comparable definitions in terms of its effect on the ordinary
course of life by making causality associations with all theories and practices that are
intertwined with life in one way or another. In essence, “woodloverness” is endless efforts
based on making meaning of life and beautifying it with unlimited freedom by overcoming
difficulties by designing wood from a very wide angle and using it in the best possible way in
terms of many different applications and various types of products in order to improve daily
life. If a broader definition is made, “woodloverness”, which is a common attitude of those
who realize the beauty and importance of living with an indispensable passion for wood, a
natural and organic material obtained from trees, by valuing nature as an indicator of human
dignity, is a multidimensional phenomenon that adds value to human life and makes life
meaningful, due to the many successful and effective solutions of wood that make daily life
easier and more enjoyable. At this point, considering the possible marginalization of wood in
the understanding and interpretation of current discussions and suggestions for the evaluation
of wood as an important material and a valuable entity on the basis the woodlover
approach, the phenomenon of woodloverness can be spoken as a subjective concept that
can be evaluated in detail by directly or indirectly associating with theories or concepts from
almost all disciplines.
In fact, it is clear that woodloverness, which is an indicator of the woodlover approach
that integrates wood, which is always in harmony with humans, as a constructive or
supportive material into life, is a significant phenomenon that can be conceptualized with its
unique position in the development of civilization and the progress of humanity, and is
influenced by the descriptions revealed by the knowledge about wood as a material and as
an entity due to a vast array of opportunities for sustainable solutions what it provides for
people around the world since ancient times. Therefore, the fact that wood is a versatile and
functional material and also a valuable entity for people from similar or different cultures
throughout history has a great effect on the comprehensive presentation of the subject of
woodloverness, which is an important and multidimensional phenomenon that is intertwined
with the concepts of authenticity and cultural existentialism and expressionism on the basis of
woodlover approach that focuses on universality, as a theory that has a unique internal
consistency and adequate explanatory power. Of course, in the company of this reality, it is
obvious that activities or researches aiming to reveal wood as a material and an entity with

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 257

a woodlover approach will allow the efforts to reconcile woodloverness with almost all
existing areas with a wider perspective.
Since it is absolute that a life without wood can never exist, the realization of
woodlover efforts with an unprecedented enthusiasm and deep commitment that envisage
the continuous inclusion of wood into life in terms of an unlimited variety of products and
applications will make a great contribution to the consolidation of the notion of
woodloverness. This is because woodlover efforts are at the heart of woodloverness, which is
a dominant phenomenon in both the development and spread of civilization in the company
of nature and the progress of humanity, and such that these indescribable efforts, which
make wood stand out with its content that directs life, both create the common perception of
all people in the focus of a life integrated with wood and support the adoption and
internalization of woodloverness as a global phenomenon. All these woodlover endeavors in
the context of woodloverness involve various types of causal propositions realized with the
woodlover approach that places wood at the center of universal thought, and contain a
number of unique considerations to clarify the existence of wood as a material and as an
entity. Ultimately, as we all get to know and learn about wood, it will become easier and
more common to associate almost any theme or subject or concept directly or indirectly with
the phenomenon of woodloverness.
If we make an inference according to the above explanations, it is obvious that the
woodlover approach, which forms an inseparable integrity with environmental awareness,
includes innovative and creative actions to increase the quality of life, and hence it is
essential to constantly examine the whole existence of wood from a multi-dimensional
perspective in order to consolidate woodloverness as a general acceptance. A lot of things
can be said about this issue, but what we particularly draw attention to here is the necessity
to unearth the content of wood that provides countless benefits to all humanity by examining
the properties of wood as an important material and as a valuable entity. Frankly, based on
a woodlover approach with a holistic perspective that focuses on sustainability, wood, which
is defined as a versatile and functional material in terms of its anatomical structure, chemical
composition, physical properties and mechanical properties, is considered to be a universal
entity that affects people’s feelings, thoughts, attitudes and behaviours as a distinguished
intercultural interaction tool. Therefore, the introductory and informative activities foreseen on
wood, a natural and organic material used alone or in combination with other materials to
meet the various needs and different requirements that arise in the ordinary course of daily
life, are about wood that has existed since the beginning of human history, contains an
undeniable reality that it will be very useful in terms of creating an individual and social
consciousness and awareness and gaining strong insight. From this viewpoint, because
consciousness of woodloverness would not shaped without awareness of the technical, social
and cultural aspects of wood that have been brought to light with extensive experience and
scientific research methods, it is inevitable to examine the whole possible existence of wood
as an extraordinary material and a considerable entity in depth and comprehensively with
the woodlover approach.
Since knowledge is built with science, it is essential to demonstrate scientifically all the
peculiar properties of wood that have been noticed by experience from past to present in
order to be associated with almost all matters related to life and to be established causality
link with all possible disciplines in terms of evaluating and interpreting the phenomenon of
woodloverness with a broad knowledge. For this, when an assessment of the basic
assumptions about wood is made, it is obvious that the following truths known to everyone in
a definite reality are prioritized as a final determination: 1) wood, which is a natural and
organic material obtained from trees, is healthy with its fibrous and porous structure and is a
versatile and functional material that is used in different ways for different purposes in daily
life with its easy processability, 2) wood, which is a renewable natural resource since it is
obtained from trees as a reflection of nature with sustainable forestry activities, offers almost

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 258

endless options thanks to its anatomical structure, chemical composition, physical properties
and mechanical properties, 3) the science and technology of wood has made wood a
considerable material used directly or indirectly in meeting the needs and requirements that
arise in the normal course of daily life, 4) wood is not only a material, but also a valuable
entity that influences people’s attitudes and behaviours, feelings and thoughts, and their
outlook on life, and is also an important object that contributes to people’s communication
with each other and is of course a unique tool in intercultural interaction, 5) wood, which is a
good and useful material that has always stood by people since the beginning of history with
its naturalness, aesthetic appeal, characteristic feature that is convenient to provide unlimited
solutions, and functionality, becomes strong and durable, even almost indestructible when
prepared in accordance with the foreseen usage conditions, 6) wood, a natural and organic
material that can be used almost everywhere with its superior material properties, is an
outstanding material that has played a major role in the development and spread of
civilization, and therefore the contribution of wood to the progress of humanity to the
present day is an indisputable extent, 7) wood, which is a unique material and a perfect
entity in accordance with its versatility and functionality, is intertwined with almost all thoughts
based on living as an integral part with nature in unity and harmony, and is integrated with
almost all approaches to make sense of life accompanied by the principles that guide life, 8)
wood is an incredible material that can be used alone or in combination with other materials
in almost all arrangements and adaptations that make life easier, and it is a transcendent
entity that makes people behave in the same or similar way in a positive thought.
To summarize, all of the above explanations clearly show how important the efforts
made with the woodlover approach are in evaluating woodloverness as a pathway to
civilization connected with nature, and firmly emphasize that we should realize how much
wood is actually present in our lives as a material and an entity. As a result, the effects of
wood on our lives contain an undeniable reality, and woodloverness, which focuses on wood,
which is a widely used material with activities carried out with a woodlover approach, is an
important phenomenon with its multi-dimensional interiority.

3. Conclusion
It is clear that woodloverness is a deep and comprehensive phenomenon that guides
life with an unlimited number of products and applications that are constantly realized with
the woodlover approach that focuses on wood and can be associated with almost all
disciplines. In this regard, since wood is a universal material that provides numerous benefits
to people directly or indirectly, either alone or in combination with other materials, in meeting
the needs and requirements that arise in the ordinary course of daily life, and since it is an
international entity that embraces everyone by contributing to the living in the same or similar
attitudes, behaviours, emotions and thoughts with a positive thinking, it is normal and
inevitable that the phenomenon of woodloverness, which focuses on wood as a material and
as an entity, with its continuous and discrete quantities and features that can be transformed
into benefits, is defined in both concrete and abstract contexts and evaluated in universal
dimensions with its unique content, referring to the woodlover approach. In this framework,
defining woodloverness as a multi-dimensional phenomenon with a woodlover approach is
only possible by placing wood in the center as a thematic element in terms of individual and
social awareness with its unique subjectivity.
In accordance with these explanations, it is the basic starting point to make a common
determination and inference about wood as a material and an entity in order to make a
reconciliation between the phenomenon of woodloverness and other possible phenomena
with cause-effect relation, and it is necessary to make this beginning very accurately in order
to successfully realize the theoretical explanation towards woodloverness. Accordingly, in the

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 259

context of determining the phenomenon of woodloverness in general terms, the known
determinations about wood in accordance with the woodlover approach can be emphasized
as follows: a) wood is a universal material that provides numerous benefits to all people
directly or indirectly, either alone or in combination with other materials, in meeting the needs
and requirements that arise in the ordinary course of daily life, b) wood is an inexhaustible
renewable natural material derived from trees grown with sustainable forestry activities as a
unique reflection of nature with extraordinary and immense beauty, b) wood is a marvelous
material that stands out clearly in the relationship between technology and civilization with its
superior material properties, c) wood is a common material that meets the needs and
requirements of people with its versatility and functionality, d) wood is an outstanding material
that has a great share in the development and spread of civilization and the progress of
humanity by reinforcing intercultural interaction, e) considering globalization and cultural
sharing and empathy, wood, which is an important intercultural interaction tool, is a valuable
entity that affects people’s feelings, thoughts, attitudes and behaviours, referring to its natural
and organic structure with its fibrous and porous structure, f) wood, as a material and an
entity, is fully or partially integrated with almost all phenomena that shape life and make
sense of life with its versatile and functional aspects, g) wood has a comprehensive identity,
whose properties have been continuously researched throughout history and recognized by
experience from past to present, such that the knowledge of wood, which is a natural and
organic material that contains sustainability in its nature, is constantly renewed by extensive
experience and vast research, h) wood is an excellent material that incorporates creativity
and innovative thinking and highlights an entrepreneurial perspective, and is the most
influential entity in the entire universe that stimulates emotions.
Consequently, in order to define woodloverness as a unique phenomenon in the focus
of wood as an extraordinary material and a wonderful entity, it is possible to make
comprehensive evaluations by looking at a broader perspective with a woodlover approach.
Lastly, it is obvious that woodloverness is a deep-rooted phenomenon with its holistic identity
that continues its existence from past to future with its life-guiding effect and its presence that
sheds light for all humanity.

References
Usta I. (2019). A Fact of Woodloverness on the basis of Woodlover Approach. Eurasian
Journal of Social and Economic Research, 6(8), 179–195.
Usta I. (2019). Woodloverness. Mesleki Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 92–115.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 260

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

CHEMICAL CHANGES IN HISTORICAL WOODEN STRUCTURES IN RİZE-FIRTINA

VALLEY

Engin Derya Gezer1 Büşra Aydoğan-Selçuk1

engin_gezer@yahoo.com busraaydoganselcuk@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-9657-7290) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-1893-7884)

Abstract
Studies conducted to determine the factors that cause damage in historical wooden
buildings in our country are quite limited. Rize-Fırtına Valley, with a climate index higher than 65, is
one of the regions with the highest rainfall in our country. The risk of decay in historical wooden
buildings in this region due to the high climate index is quite high. As a result of this situation, the
resistance properties of wood are negatively affected. Within the scope of the research, samples
were taken from wooden mansions which are at least 150 years old in the region. Cellulose, lignin,
and hemicellulose contents were determined in order to detect chemical changes occurring in the
chemical structures of the wood samples. Thanks to the obtained results from this study,
intervention/restoration methods may be suggested for the protection and sustainability of
wooden materials in historical buildings.

Keywords: Fırtına Valley, Historical wooden structures, Chemical analysis, Cellulose, Lignin

1. Introduction
For centuries, wood has been used for the construction of numerous items that are now
part of the cultural heritage due to their unique properties (strength, elasticity, thermal and
sound insulation, color, odor, durability, etc.). Accordingly, wood is one of the oldest
traditional construction materials used for religious and civil architecture in the Black Sea
Region of Turkey.
As with all wood for all time, deterioration depends on a number of chemical and
biological factors. Losses in mechanical strength due to deterioration raise concerns about
shortening the life of wood. The degradation of wood can be accelerated as a result of its
chemical or biological degradation, and this can be induced or accelerated by the outdoor
effect [Almkvist and Persson,2008 ; Sandström et al., 2005 ]. It is extremely difficult to
generalize the effect of degradation on the material properties of wood and this is largely
dependent on the wood. The type, age, environmental factors, rot mechanisms and other
parameters active in the wood material, as well as the degree of exposure to oxygen, or its
contact with the soil affect the life of the place of use [Highley, 1995; Thaler and Humar, 2013;
Björdal, 2000].
Studies conducted to determine the factors that cause damage in historical wooden
buildings in Turkey are quite limited. Chemical and physical change in weathering. How fast it
will be does not only depend on the durability against rot and wood pests. It is an indication
of how effective the weather conditions on the wood material is. It is the fiber loss caused by
the deformation and the slow wearing of the damaged surface.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 261

 The factors of the special location of Rize-Fırtına Valley (climate, landscape and
elevation) will have an effect on the physical, mechanical and biological properties of
historical wooden structures. Climate indices was developed by the American Weather
Forecasting Office to determine the decay risk for wood materials based on the climatic
conditions of the environment as follows.
It was reported that the risk and risk of decay is relatively low in regions with a climate
index of 35 or less, moderate in regions between 35 and 65, and the risk of decay of wood
material in regions with a climate index of more than 65. The risk of decay in historical
wooden buildings in this region due to the high climate index is quite high. Rize-Fırtına Valley,
with a climate index higher than 65, is one of the regions with the highest rainfall with a 95-
climate index in Turkey (Gezer, 2003). In the scope of this paper, two historical wooden
mansions located in rural areas of Çamlıhemşin district were studied in detail.
As high climate index results in high risks of decay in historical wooden structures,
various historical buildings at different heights in Çamlıhemşin district of Rize province, which is
one of the popular destinations in Turkey in terms of nature and cultural tourism and located
in this valley are included in this study.
It is important to investigate the chemistry and structure of the material in order to
detect structural changes and deterioration in historical wooden structures and to contribute
to the protection and sustainability of wood. For this reason, in this paper, it was aimed to
investigate the chemical changes in samples taken from historical wooden structures located
at different elevations in the Rize-Fırtına Valley.

2.. Materials and Methods

Two different areas were selected in Çamlıhemşin Rize for this study. Within the scope
of the research, samples were taken from wooden mansions which are at least 150 years old
in the region and are at different elevations above sea level. Wood samples were taken from
the south facing exteriors of historical wooden buildings and subjected to some chemical
analysis. Those wooden houses studied in this project were constructed from chestnut
(Castanea sativa Mill.). Chestnut is easily obtained from the close environment. In addition,
natural durability of chestnut is very high. Therefore, it is the most preferred material in
building such mansions.

Figure 1. General view of research area (Meydanköy- area 1; Çamlıhemşin-area 2)

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 262

 Wood samples used in chemical analysis were mechanically chipped and ground in a
laboratory type Willey mill. These samples were sieved according to the grain size that
remained in the 60-mesh sieve in accordance with standard analysis methods. Since the
samples were taken from different elevations above sea level, they were then placed in
sealed nylon bags and stored separately. Samples taken from each house were subjected to
chemical analysis in triplicate. The moisture content of the test samples was determined by
drying in a n oven at 103 ± 20C. Following chemical analysis were conducted

Figure 2. Historical some wooden buildings

2.1. Determination of Moisture

Moisture determinations of the wood samples used in the study were made before
starting the chemical analysis. Moisture determinations were made according to TS 2471.
Accordingly, 2g of sample was weighed on a precision scale and the first weight was
determined and the sample placed in the oven at 103 ± 20C was dried until it reached full dry
weight. The samples taken out of the oven were cooled in a desiccator and their exact dry
weights (Mo) were determined by weighing on a precision scale.
The% moisture content of the samples was calculated using the following equation:

r: Moisture of sample (%)

Mr: The weight of the sample in the damp state (g) (g)
Mo: Weight of the sample in the dry state (g) (1)

2.2. Solubility in Alcohol-benzene

Solubility processes in alcohol benzene were carried out to determine the proportions
of substances such as oil, wax, resin and possibly ether-insoluble wood gum in the wood.
Chemical analysis was carried out in triplicate by taking 10 grams from each sample group.
For this, wood samples in 300 ml alcohol-benzene mixture were extracted for four hours in
Soxhlet extraction device and the ratios of soluble substances were determined. Transactions
were carried out according to the method in the TAPPI T 204 Om-88 standard (1988).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 263

 2.3. Determination of Holocellulose content
Holocellulose; it is the carbohydrate complex that remains after the lignin substance of
the wood is separated. In the study, the most widely used and most reliable Chlorite Method
was applied to determine the amount of holocellulose, which contains all of the
carbohydrates in the wood. Three repetitive holocellulose determinations were made by
taking 5 g from sample groups exposed to alcohol-benzene solubility. Chemical analysis was
made according to Wise's chlorite method. As a result of the analysis, the samples were dried
at 103 ± 2 ° C and weighed. This weight was found to be holocellulose % in proportion to its
original dry weight.

2.4. Determination of Alpha-Cellulose content

Approximately 2g was taken from wood dust previously extracted from alcohol
benzene and used as a test sample. Alpha-cellulose determination was made according to
the TAPPI T 203 OS-71 standard. Alpha cellulose ratio was determined using 17.5% NaOH on
holocellulose samples. As a result, the amount of alpha cellulose was calculated as%
compared to full dry wood. The crucible and the residue in it were weighed after drying at
103 ± 2 ° C, cooling in a desiccator, and the ratio of alpha cellulose in percent (%) to the
complete dry sample weight was determined.

2.5. Determination of Lignin content

When wood is treated with strong acids, carbohydrates are hydrolyzed and residual
lignin is obtained. Since chestnut contains a high percentage of tannins. samples were treated
with alcohol to remove tannins. Then cellulose was removed using with 72% H2S04 and lignin
was obtained as the final product.
For the determination of lignin, some extractives remaining undissolved in the samples
must be removed together with lignin first. For this, standard alcohol extraction was applied
to the samples. For the determination of lignin, 1 g of air-dried samples, which were extracted
from alcohol before, will be transferred to a beaker and 15 ml of 72% H2SO4 are poured on
it and kept at 12-15 ° C for 2 hours. At the end of this period, the mixture in the beaker was
transferred to a 1-liter flask and the amount of liquid in the flask was 560 ml so that the acid
concentration was 3%. The residue was filtered through the crucible and washed with hot
distilled water. The residue obtained was dried in an oven at 103 ± 2 ° C and calculated in
proportion to the initially used sample weight. TAPPI T211 om-02 standard method (2002) was
used to determine the amount of lignin.

2.6. Solubility in 1% NaOH

The experiment carried out in accordance with the TAPPI T212 om-02 standard (2002),
2 g of air-dry sample with a sensitivity of 0.0001 g was placed in a 200 ml Erlenmeyer, then
100 ml of 1% NaOH solution was added with a pipette. The mouth of the Erlenmeyer was
closed with a small flask, placed in a water bath at 100 ° C and kept in the water bath for
one hour. It was mixed four times at the 5th,10th, 15th and 25th minutes. At the end of this
period, the residue in the flask was filtered by vacuum on a tared crucible and then washed
with 10% acetic acid and hot water, the crucible and its contents were dried at 103 ± 2 ° C
and cooled in a desiccator and weighed.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 264

 3. Results and Discussion

Percentage of Chemical Components in Historical Chestnut Wood

070

060

050

040

030

020

010

000
alcohol-benzene alpha cellulose (%) holocellulose (%) lignin (%) 1% NaOH
solubility (%) solubility (%)
study area 1 study area 2

Figure 3. Percentage of Chemical Components in Chestnut Wood taken from Historical

Wooden Structures
Chemical analyses of samples taken from historical wooden building at different
elevations were conducted and the results are shown Figure 1. Similar results were obtained
from the percentage of alcohol-benzene solubility in the samples. While the highest
percentage of alpha-cellulose was found in the sample taken from the first region; the lowest
percentage was found in the sample from the second region. Holocellulose percentage was
higher in the sample taken from the second region, when compared to the sample taken
from the first region. With regard to 1% NaOH solubility of the samples, it was higher in the
second region.

Table 1. Percentage of Chemical Components in Historical and original Chestnut Wood

Study Area 1 Study Area 2

Chestnut
Experiments wood
x Std x Std

Alcohol-benzene 14,34 0,11 12,71 0,03 19,84

Alpha cellulose 50,66 1,10 57,22 4,02 53,35

Holocellulose 64,50 0,67 68,51 0,70 68,00

Lignin 27,22 0,87 21,95 0,81 25,23

1% NaOH solubility 57,18 0,76 64,74 0,84 32,90

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 265

 It was reported that percentage of holocellulose, cellulose, lignin, alcohol-benzene
solubility and 1% NaOH solubility of newly cut chestnut wood were 68%, 53.35%, 25.23%,
19.84% and 32.90%, respectively (Akgün, 2005).
The results showed that rather than main wood components, alcohol benzene solubility
and 1% NaOH solubility dramatically changed in wood samples taken from historical buildings
regardless of their locations. The reason for lower alcohol-benzene solubility was that
extractives might have washed out from wood due to the rain and other climatic conditions.
The reason for higher 1%NaOH solubility in wood samples taken from historical buildings
could be because of weathering, UV degradation and insect infestation.

4. Conclusions
(1) The results of study area-1 showed that percentage of cellulose, holocellulose, lignin,
alcohol-benzene solubility and 1% NaOH solubility of chestnut wood were 50,66%, 64,50%,
27,22%, 14,34% and 57,18%, respectively.
(2) The study area-2 results revealed that 57.22%, 68.51%, 21.95%, 19.84% and 32.90%,
respectively, were the percentage of cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, alcohol-benzene solubility
and 1% NaOH solubility of newly cut chestnut wood.
(3) The results showed that rather than main wood components, alcohol benzene
solubility and 1% NaOH solubility dramatically changed in wood samples taken from historical
buildings regardless of their locations. The reason for lower alcohol-benzene solubility was
that extractives might have washed out from wood due to the rain and other climatic
conditions. The reason for higher 1%NaOH solubility in wood samples taken from historical
buildings could be because of weathering, UV degradation and insect infestation.

5. Acknowledgments
This work has been funded by the Scientific Research Project Coordination Office of
Karadeniz Technical University (Project No: FBA-2019-8102).

References
Akgün, H.C, (2005). Anadolu kestanesi odununun kimyasal bileşimi ve kağıt yapımına
uygunluğu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,
Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Zonguldak.
Almkvist G. and Persson I. (2008). Fenton-induced degradation of polyethylene glycol and oak
holocellulose. A model experiment in comparison to changes observed in conserved
waterlogged wood. Holzforschung 2008;62:704–8. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2008.129
Björdal C, Daniel G. and Nilsson T. (2000). Depth of burial, an important factor in controlling
bacterial decay of waterlogged archaeological poles. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad;45:15–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00035-4.
Gezer, E.D. (2003). Kullanım süresini tamamlamış emprenyeli ağaç malzemelerin yeniden
değerlendirilmesi olanaklarının araştırılması. KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi,
Trabzon.
Highley TL. (1995). Comparative durability of untreated wood in use above ground. Int
Biodeterior Biodegradation; 35, 409–19.

Sandström M, Jalilehvand F, Damian E, Fors Y, Gelius U, Jones M, et al. (2005). Sulfur

accumulation in the timbers of King Henry VIII’s warship Mary Rose: a pathway in the
sulfur cycle of conservation concern. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102: 14165–70.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504490102

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 266

TAPPI T 204 om–88. (1988). Solvent Extractives of Wood and Pulp.
TAPPI T 211 om–02. (2002). Ash in Wood, Pulp, Paper and Paperboard, Combustion at 525°C.
TAPPI T 212 om–02. (2002.). One Percent Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood and Pulp.
TAPPI T203 cm- 09. (2009). Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp.
Thaler N. and Humar M. (2013). Performance of oak, beech and spruce beams after more
than 100 years in service. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 85, 305–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.08.020.
Wise, L.E., Karl, H.L., (1962). Cellulose and Hemicellulose in Pulp and Paper Science and
Technology, McGraw Hill Book Co, New York.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 267

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

DETERMINATION OF DAMAGE AND DEFECTS IN HISTORICAL WOODEN

STRUCTURES USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST DEVICES

Engin Derya Gezer1 Büşra Aydoğan-Selçuk1

engin_gezer@yahoo.com busraaydoganselcuk@gmail.com
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-9657-7290) (ORC-ID: 0000-0002-1893-7884)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
The rich accumulation of historical and cultural mosaic of Anatolian geography can be
found in Rize. The examples of civil architecture in the region have survived to the present day,
largely without deteriorating their original qualities. The preservation of the historical urban texture
in the region where the historical wooden structures that defy the centuries are intense are of
great importance in terms of transferring to future generations and maintaining the cultural
memory. There are not many studies in the forest industry engineering literature to determine the
damage and defects in historical wooden structures and to protect the original texture of these
defects. Within the scope of the study, a research was conducted in Cinan mansion, a 200-year-
old wooden mansion in Rize Pazar district. In this study, the damage and defects in the historical
wooden structure were determined by non-destructive test methods. In addition, screw holding,
shear and elasticity modulus of the wooden carrier beams in the structure were determined. With
this study, it is aimed to determine the defects and damages in historical wooden structures and
to develop appropriate protection techniques that can contribute to the solution of the problems
encountered. In addition, it is aimed to be able to intervene without damaging the texture of the
wooden structure and to ensure the sustainable use of historical wooden structures for many
years.

Keywords: Historical wooden structures, Non-destructive Tests, Deterioration and decay

1. Introduction
The rich accumulation of historical and cultural mosaic of Anatolian geography can be
found in Rize. The examples of civil architecture in the region have survived to the present
day, largely without deteriorating their original qualities. The preservation of the historical
urban texture in the region where the historical wooden structures that defy the centuries are
intense are of great importance in terms of transferring to future generations and maintaining
the cultural memory. There are not many studies in the forest industry engineering literature
to determine the damage and defects in historical wooden structures and to protect the
original texture of these defects.
Today, restoration works of wooden structures are generally perceived to be carried
out under the monopoly of architects or civil engineers. It is obvious that the knowledge of
forestry industrial engineering having technical knowledge about wood material is not
benefited and, it is identified with architects and is addressed only from an architectural
perspective. Despite all technological developments, wood has continued its existence in many
different areas, especially in the fields of architecture and design, and forest industry.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 268

Wooden material has been preferred in all periods because of its advantages (Sayar et al,
2009). However, wood material is very weak when it cannot be protected against negative
external factors. Sustainable use of wood materials is also of great importance in terms of its
role in carbon storage and the carbon cycle (Erdin, 2003; Lippke et al, 2010). Wooden
structures also play an active role in reducing global warming, as they continue to store
carbon as long as they live.
In expanding the service life of wooden materials in historical structures it is essential to
assess drilling resistance, screw holding, shear and elasticity modulus of the wooden carrier
beams in the structure. Historical wooden materials must be preserved in order to maintain
their original structural purpose as much as possible, and to protect our values and ensure
that this heritage can survive for generations. This is partly caused by the concept of
globalization, which is under the control of strong economies and aims at the unification of all
life expressions at a single level that lead to the disappearance of cultural heritage over time.
In order to restore and keep the historical and wooden structures alive without damaging
their original texture, the damaged or defective areas of the wooden material should be
removed with appropriate intervention methods. Therefore, an accurate condition assessment
is needed to evaluate the serviceability of the materials. One of the most convenient way of
determining the mechanical properties, deterioration and decay is non-destructive methods.
On the other hand, there are several non-destructive methods that can be used in the
assessment and determination of the quality and properties of wooden structures (Niemz,
2009):
• Mechanical (drilling resistance, hardness, intrusion behaviour);
• Electrical (correlation between electrical resistance and moisture, correlation between
electrical resistance and fungal decay);
• Acoustic (sound velocity, sound reflection, sound attenuation);
• Thermal (heat radiation);
• Electromagnetic waves (visible light, ir/nir radiation, x-ray, neutron radiation,
synchrotron radiation).
In the light of the information given above, the aim of this study is to determine the
defects and damages in historical wooden structures in Rize Region through non-destructive
methods such as drilling resistance, screw holding, shear and elasticity modulus and to
develop appropriate protection techniques that can contribute to the solution of the problems
encountered.

2. Materials and Methods

In this study, a mansion situated in Rize Pazar district called Cinan mansion (Figure 1),
which is about 200 years old and made from chestnut wood, was studied. Wooden materials
were taken from different exterior sides of the mansion.
The damage and defects in the historical wooden structure were determined by non-
destructive test devices including Resistograph, FAKOPP Screw withdrawal resistance meter
and FAKOPP Microsecond Timer. In addition, screw holding, shear and elasticity modulus of
the wooden beams in the structure were determined.

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 Figure 1. Cinan Mansion, Pazar-Rize

2.1. Resistograph
The IML-RESI F-300 instrument is used to inspect structures such as poles and beams.
Often, possible defects are located in the interior of the wooden structures and can’t be
identified from the outside. The IML-RESI System is based on a drilling resistance measuring
method. The variation in resistance results in increases and decreases in the amount of torque
applied to the drill shaft. A drilling needle with a diameter of 1.5 mm to 3.0 mm penetrates
into the wooden structure with a regular advance speed, and the drilling resistance is
measured. The data is recorded on a wax paper strip at a scale of 1:1 and also transferred
to computer for further evaluation. The wood is only insignificantly injured, and the drilling
hole closes itself due to a special drilling angle that was customized for the drill bit. (Gezer et
al., 2015)

2.2. Screw withdrawal resistance meter

Screw withdrawal force is an indicator of the wood material strength, density and shear
modulus. Fakopp Enterprise developed a portable screw withdrawal force meter. The applied
screw diameter is 4mm, the length of the thread is 18 mm. The screw withdrawal force is a
local parameter but selecting a representative location on a beam it is a useful information in
wooden structure evaluation. (Fakopp Enterprise, 2010).

2.3. Microsecond Timer

Microsecond Timer equipment developed by FAKOPP designed for evaluation of living
trees. The equipment is able to detect holes, decay, cracks in trees by non-destructive
technique. FAKOPP measures the transit time of stress wave between two transducers.
Another important application of the equipment is the determination of residual strength of
old timbers and log evaluation. (Fakopp Enterprise, n.d.).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Resistograph
The wooden beams in basement and north, south, east facing exterior of the Cinan
Mansion were evaluated by Resistograph in order to determine the internal defects and
deteriorations. Some of the Resistograph outputs obtained are given in Figure 2. As shown in

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the outputs, the higher peaks represent the solid zone whereas the lower peaks represent the
decay, cracks, splits or deteriorated zones.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 2. Some Resistograph output of the beam

The results indicate that beams in (a) and (c) had damage, rot, cracks/voids in the
interior. Rot/insect damage and the onset of rot were detected in the inner parts of the
beam examined. As shown in the shaded area in (b), internal cracks with rot insect damage
were detected in the inner parts of the beam. (d) output internal cracks in interior of the
beam were determined but the beam was still solid.

3.2. Screw withdrawal resistance results:

Six measurements were made on the basement floor, seven on the north and south
sides, and one on the west side of the historical wooden building. Screw withdrawal values
and shear resistance of the wood material were showed in Table 1.

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 Table 1. Screw withdrawal resistance meter results

Screw witdrawal
Basement
(kN) Shear resistance(MPa)

1B 0,94 420,11

2B 1,84 622,16

3B 1,64 576,91

4B 1,73 598,42

5B 1,89 633,36

6A 1,00 433,10

Entrance floor
(North)

1 1,40 523,15

2 1,27 493,58

3 1,49 543,76

4 1,47 539,73

5 1,49 542,86

6 1,20 479,25

7 1,21 481,49

South

8 1,05 444,75

9 0,95 422,35

10 0,96 425,04

11 0,98 429,52

12 1,04 442,06

13 0,60 344,40

14 0,92 416,08

East

15 1,07 450,13

Screw withdrawal resistance values of the beams in the wooden structures examined
during the study were determined between 0.60 and 1.89 kN. Measurement results were
assessed according to EN 338 standard (2003). According to the results, second and fifth
beam have shown the highest shear resistance and same beams also have the highest screw
withdrawal resistance. The lowest results were obtained from the beam in the Southern side.

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 3.3. Fakopp Microsecond timer results:
The sample graph for determining the time correction coefficient of a measurement
made on the wooden beams determined in the study area is given in Figure 6. The speed of
sound in wood material is regulated according to the correction coefficient.

Figure 6. Microsecond Timer (V = distance / (transit time - correction))

Six measurements were made on the basement floor, seven on the north and south
sides, and one on the west side of the historical wooden building for Fakopp Micro Second
Timer results. As seen in Table 2, while the speed of sound is higher in the solid parts, the
speed of the sound decreases in the rotten and destructive parts.

Table 2. Microsecond Timer results

Basement Velocity [m/s] Entrance floor North Velocity [m/s]
1B 45,09 1 44,42
2B 39,71 2 44,09
3B 41,07 3 44,42
4B 44,75 4 44,09
5B 39,20 5 44,42
6A 46,48 6 44,09
7 45,77
South Velocity [m/s] East Velocity [m/s]
8 41,94 15 41,94
9 43,77
10 44,75
11 44,42
12 29,18
13 65,88
14 50,81

Generally, the highest velocity was detected in the northern side; the lowest velocity
was measured in the basement and the southern side. In general, the mechanical strength

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properties of the beams tested fall into classes D35 and D70 in accordance with the EN 338
standard and may still be used.
As a result of the investigations carried out with the Resistograph device, it was
determined that some of the beams had partial damage, while some of them had severe
damage/cracks/decay However, some of the beams recommended to be changed as a
result of the findings obtained from both visual inspections and examinations made with non-
destructive test devices. The screw withdrawal resistance, bending and shear strengths of the
beams were calculated thanks to the data obtained with the non-destructive test device and
it was determined that the strength properties of the beams had the lowest resistance
properties in this structure in the resistance classes specified in the EN 338 standard. Although
these beams still had enough strength properties, it might be recommended to replace them
considering the fatigue resistance due to the service life.

4. Conclusion
1-As a result of the investigations carried out with the Resistograph device, it was
determined that some of the beams had partial damage, while some of them had severe
damage/cracks/decay.
2-Generally, the mechanical strength properties of the beams examined fell into D35
and D70 classes according to EN 338 standard and it may be still possible to use them.
However, some of the beams recommended to be changed as a result of the findings
obtained from both visual inspections and examinations made with nondestructive test
devices.
3-The screw withdrawal resistance, bending and shear strengths of the beams were
calculated thanks to the data obtained with the nondestructive test device and it was
determined that the strength properties of the beams had the lowest resistance properties in
this structure in the resistance classes specified in the EN 338 standard. Although these beams
still had enough strength properties, it might be recommended to replace them considering
the fatigue resistance due to the service life.

5. Acknowledgments
This work has been funded by the Scientific Research Project Coordination Office of
Karadeniz Technical University (Project No: FBA-2019-8102).

References
EN, B. (2003). 338: 2003. Structural timber–Strength classes.
Erdin, N. (2003). ‘’Ağaç Malzeme Kullanımı ve Çevreye Etkisi’’. Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri
Sayı 427, /5. 96-100.
http://www.imo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/5ab2602e73575e4_ek.pdf?dergi=168 Son erişim
tarihi: 24 Ocak 2019.
Fakopp Enterprise (2010). User's guide: Screw withdrawal resistance meter.
https://www.fakopp.com/docs/products/withdrawal/withdrawal_guide.pdf
Fakopp Enterprise (n.d.). Fakopp Microsecond Timer User’s Guide.
https://www.fakopp.com/docs/products/mstimer/Fakopp_MT_Guide.pdf
Gezer, E.D.; Ali Temiz, A. and Yüksek, T. (2015). Inspection of wooden poles in electrical power
distribution networks in Artvin, Turkey. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015, , 1–11.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 274

Lippke, B., Wilson, J., Meil, J. and Taylor, A. (2010). ‘’Characterizing the importance of carbon
stored in wood products’’. Wood and Fiber Science: Journal of the Society of Wood
Science and Technology. 42(CORRIM Special Issue). 5-14.
Niemz, P. (2009) Methods of non-destructive wood testing. Zurich: Institute for Building
Materials.
Sayar, Z., Gültekin N, A., Dikmen, B. and Bilgin, Ç. (2009). “Sürdürülebilir Mimarlık Kapsamında
Ahşap ve PVC Doğramaların Değerlendirilmesi”, 5. Uluslararası İleri Teknolojiler
Sempozyumu (İATS’09), 2067-2072.

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 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

EMISSIONS FROM DRYING IN THE WOOD-BASED BOARD INDUSTRY

Uğur Bilgin1 Gürsel Çolakoğlu1 Semra Çolak1

ugurbilgin@ktu.edu.tr gursel@ktu.edu.tr colak@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID:0000-0003-4056-7100) (ORC-ID:0000-0002-3795-281X) (ORC-ID:0000-0003-1937-7708)

1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
The reason why wood-based boards are preferred in many areas of use, especially in
furniture, is that they can be produced in desired properties and are cheap. In addition, wood
defects such as different work in three dimensions, differences in resistance values, internal stresses
and physical changes seen in solid wood are not encountered in wood-based boards. Volatile
organic compound (VOC) emissions from wood-based panels occur from the raw materials of the
boards and during production stages such as gluing, storage, pressing and drying. Most of the
VOCs from wood raw materials are formed during the drying process. VOCs contribute to the
formation of nitrogen oxides and photo-oxidants in the presence of sunlight. Photo-oxidants are
harmful to humans as they irritate the respiratory and sensitive parts of the lungs. It also disrupts
photosynthesis and damages forests and crops. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors
affecting the emissions that occur during the drying process in wood-based boards and the
processes applied to reduce the emission.

Keywords: VOC, Drying process, Emission of wood based panels, wood based panels

1. Wood-Based Panel Industry

Due to the rapid population growth, urbanization, economic, social and cultural
developments in the world, the decrease in the availability of wood raw materials and the
increase in the demand for wooden products caused the importance of wood-based panels
products to increase. Wood-based panels such as plywood, medium density fiberboard
(MDF), particleboard and oriented particleboard are among the most widely used materials
all over the world. These materials are widely used in the construction, decoration and
furnishing of homes, offices, schools as well as other non-industrial workplaces (Bilgin, 2019;
Aydın et al.2010; Böhm et al., 2012).
Asia-Pacific region accounted for 61 percent of global production in 2018 (248 million
m³), followed by Europe (90 million m³, or 22 percent), Northern America (48 million m³, or 12
percent), Latin America and the Caribbean (19 million m³, or 4 percent) and Africa (3 million
m³ or 1 percent). The four top consumers (China, Germany, Russia, USA) of wood-based
panels are the same as the four largest producers, suggesting that the products are mostly
consumed domestically. The trends in consumption are similar to those in production (Figure
9a). The fifth-largest consumer is Poland (overtaking Turkey and Japan in 2015), where
consumption increased from 9 million m³ in 2014 to 12 million m³ in 2018 (FAO, 2018).
Wood-based panel production amounts in the world between 2014-2018 are given in
Figure 1.

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 Turkey's fiberboard industry is the highest production level in 2017. it is followed by
particleboard, plywood and OSB. Wood-based panels production amounts in Turkey between
the years 2010-2017 is given in Table 1..

Figure 1. Wood based panel production in the World (FAO, 2018)

Table 1. Turkey forest product production (100 m3) (Oğuz et al., 2019)

Product/Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Veneers 88 85 84 85 87 270 74
Plywood 115 116 116 150 116 120 105
Particle Board 3.580 3.875 4.225 4.425 4.361 4.202 4.286
OSB 40 75 75 75 75 80 75
MDF/HDF 3.570 3.900 4.285 4.885 4.777 5.069 4.747
Other Fiber
15 15 15 15 15 15 59
Boards

2. Wood - Water Relationship

Wood is a porous material that contains air and water and wood cells. Wood loses or
gains moisture depending on the environmental conditions to which it is exposed.
Consequently, the weight of a piece of wood is not constant. This relationship is called
moisture content and is expressed as the weight of water in the cell walls and lumen as a
percentage of the weight of the oven dry (dry weight in the oven) (Walker, 2006; Rowell,
2005).
The cell wall consists of cellulosic polymers, non-cellulosic carbohydrates (hemicellulose
etc.) and a lignin matrix that reinforces them. If water is adsorbed to cellulose and
hemicellulose in the cell wall, it is bound water. The water in the lumen of the cells is free
water. Free water is only found when all areas in the cell wall are filled with water; this point
is called the fiber saturation point (FSP). All water added to wood after FSP is reached is
called free water. The physical and mechanical properties of the wood material are mostly
related to the fiber saturation point. For example, as the moisture rises below the fiber
saturation point, the strength from mechanical properties decreases (Bozkurt and Erdin, 1997;
Ramazan kantay; Rowell, 2005). Free and bound water are shown in figure 2.

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 Figure 2. Water in wood (Web-1)

When drying from the green condition to the FSP (approximately 25–30% moisture
content), only free water is lost and therefore the cell wall volume does not change.
However, when the wood is dried further, the water bound from the cell walls is removed
and the volume of the wood begins to change (Rowell, 2005). One of the main problems
encountered is that wood shrinks as it loses moisture and swells again as it regains moisture
(Walker, 2006). In addition, the structure and arrangement of cellulose in the cell wall, the
parallel or vertical extension of the cells to the tree axis and their symmetrical placement
within the tree trunk give the wood an anisotropic structure. Since wood material is
anisotropic, it shows shrinkage and swelling at different rates in three main directions
(longitudinal, tangent, radial) (Nurgün and Ergin, 1997).

3. Wood-Based Panels
The main products produced in the wood based panel production sector are
plywood(PW), particleboard (PB), medium density fibreboard (MDF) and oriented
particleboard (OSB). Although some structural features such as usage areas and strength
values of particleboard, MDF and OSB products differ from each other, they are generally
produced in a continuous process that includes the following basic process steps (Figure 3)
(Web-2). Plywood production process is different from the others.

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 Figure 3. General process for PB, OSB and MDF

The drying process is very important from the wood panel production stages. Because
drying is the process of removing the water (moisture) in the wood that is generally not
suitable for the usage areas. The degree of dryness required in wood depending on where it
will be used is very important (Altınok et al., 2009).

3.1. Drying in Particleboard Production

First trials on particleboard production, It was held in Europe and North America
before World War II. The first particleboard factory was established in Bremen, Germany in
1941 during World War II and started commercial particleboard production. Technological and
scientific studies on particleboard production have intensified after the years of World War II
and the raw material shortage encountered by Germany was tried to be overcome in this
way (Zengin, 2009).
Particleboard according to EN 309 standard; These are panels obtained by hot
pressing of particle obtained from wood pieces (wood pieces, particle, sawdust, etc.) and / or
lignocellulosic materials (from lignified plants such as flax, hemp yarn, dehydrated sugar cane
pulp, etc.) (Özen and Kalaycıoğlu, 2008).
The process of drying the particle affects the curing time of the glue, the panel being
loose or bursting. Therefore, the particles should be dried to a moisture content of 1% - 4% in
accordance with the humidity of the panel exit from the press (Şahin, 2018).

3.2. Drying in Fiberboard Production

Although the first appearance of the fiberboard industry can go back to the early
1900s, large-scale commercial production only emerged between the second world wars and
in the United States. The first fiberboard production factory was established in Great Britain in
1898, followed by factories established in New Jersey (United States of America) in 1908 and

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in Canada in 1909. The first equipped fiberboard factory was established in Mississippi in 1926
(Zengin, 2009).
Fiberboard; It is a product obtained by drying or pressing the panel draft created by
using the natural adhesion and felting properties of vegetable fibers and fiber bundles or by
using additional adhesive material. Briefly; It is a type of panel obtained by reshaping the
fiber and fiber bundles formed by fibrillation of lignocellulosic materials (Eroğlu and Usta,
2000).
Before the drying process, the fibers are brought to a consistency that can be pumped
with pumps with the addition of water and resin and directed to the dryer. The moisture of
the fibers entering the dryer is around 50%, and this moisture should decrease to a value
between 6-12%. If sufficient drying is not provided, steam exits from the panel by explosion
(Eroğlu and Usta, 2000). If the fibers are dried for more than 7 seconds, there is a risk of fire
(Önem, 2018).

3.3. Drying in OSB production

Particle board making from oriented particles is based on the work of Armin Elmendorf
in the USA and Wilhelm Klauditz in Germany in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Generally, two
OSB standards are used. OSB3 of these is produced for use in exterior and moisture resistant
places. OSB2, on the other hand, is produced for use in interior and places requiring less
moisture resistance (Çakmak, 2018).
OSB; It is a panel-shaped material produced by pressing the draft under temperature
and pressure obtained by mixing specially prepared particles with a suitable glue and
directing them in the desired direction during laying (Akbulut et al., 2002).
The moisture content of the particles to be used for OSB production should be around
2 - 5% after drying. The particle moisture content affects the panel resistance properties,
panel pressing factor, glue consumption amount and the physical properties of the panel
(Doğan, 2015).

3.4. Drying In Plywood Production

Veneer and plywood date back to the times of the pharaohs. It is stated that the first
wood veneer panel was produced in Egypt 3000 years ago. Plywood obtained from veneers
was used in king and prince furniture and coffins. The first machine that will constitute the
basis of today's rotary-cut veneer machines in Europe was built in 1818 (Çolakoğlu, 2004).
Plywood according to EN 313-2; It is defined as a wood-based panel consisting of
layers that are glued on each other with the fiber direction generally perpendicular. Layers
defined as veneer are thin boards at most 7 mm thick obtained by peeling, cutting or sawn
from wood (Çolakoğlu, 2004). Plywood production is shown in Figure 4.

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 Figure 4. Plywood production (Bilgin, 2019).

Veneer drying is an important step in the manufacture of wood-based panel products

such as plywood and laminated veneer lumber (LVL). If the wet veneers from the peeling and
cutting machines are not dried immediately, undesirable color changes may occur due to the
effect of fungi and chemical reactions (Çolakoğlu, 2004). The purpose of veneer drying is to
reduce the moisture content to a suitable range for bonding plywood and other veneer-
produced materials. The veneers are dried to an average moisture content of 3% in the
manufacturing process because the moisture content of all veneers must be below 7% before
bonding. High drying temperatures in the veneer production process are effective on both
physical and mechanical properties of plywood (Aydin and Çolakoğlu, 2005).

4. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

In the recent past, both wood and wood products, especially wood-based panels, have
become environmental problems. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from wood-
based panels are harmful to humans when they cause irritation to the respiratory tract and
parts of the lungs (Granström, 2005). In addition, wood and wood-based panels are one of
the 10 most concentrated VOCs in office buildings, and these products cause poor air quality
in buildings (Roffale, 2006; Yu et al., 2010).
VOCs can be classified into several types based on their chemical structure (alkanes,
aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, etc.), physical properties (boiling point, vapor pressure), or
potential health effects (irritant, carcinogenic or neurotoxic), (Da Silva, 2017). The World Health
Organization (WHO) defines a VOC as any compound with a boiling point between 50-100 °
C and 240-260 ° C and having a saturated vapor pressure of more than 100 kPa at 25 °C (
WHO, 2010). VOCs can be found in vapor, liquid or solid form at room temperature (Burn et
al., 1993). The World Health Organization has classified organic pollutants according to their
boiling points into three types and summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. Classification of VOC (Da Silva, 2017)

Type Boiling point (ºC)
Very Volatile Organic Compound < 0 to 50 - 100
Volatile Organic Compound 50 – 100 to 240 – 260
Semi – Volatile Organic Compound 240 – 260 to 380 - 400

Oxidation of VOCs generally results in formaldehyde formation (WHO, 2010). Ozone

can easily oxidize naturally occurring terpenes in the air, leading to the formation of simple

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aldehydes such as formaldehyde (Roffael, 2006; Stefanowski, 2018). Some reports have
mentioned that formaldehyde emission arises from wood during hot pressing of wood-based
panels, but it is considered to have an insignificant contribution to the formaldehyde emission
level (Böhm et al. 2012). In addition, Çolakoğlu et al. (2002) investigated the effect of waiting
times of veneers before drying on formaldehyde emission. Immediately after the production, it
has performed the drying process by waiting 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month. No significant
difference was found between formaldehyde emissions.
There are numerous sources of both VOCs and formaldehyde. Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) are found in all natural and synthetic materials, from gasoline to flowers,
water to wine. The uses of these versatile compounds are numerous (Burn et al., 1993).
Natural materials also emit different amounts of formaldehyde; It is known to produce meat
(2–20 mgkg 1), fruits and vegetables (6.3–35 mgkg 1) wood (0.04 mgkg 1) and even volcanoes
(WHO, 2010). It is also a product of human metabolism and can be detected in human breath
at levels ranging from 1.2 to 72 ppb (Stefanowski, 2018).

4.1. VOC from Wood

The cell wall of wood consists of carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicellulose), lignin and
extractive substances (Manninen et al., 2002). A significant portion of wood extractives are
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) consisting of terpenes, terpenoids, flavonoids, alcohols,
aldehydes and ketones. It also contains small to large alkenes and fatty acids (Adamová et
al., 2020).
Wood VOC emissions can be divided into primary and secondary VOC emissions.
Primary VOCs are free, unbound volatile compounds, such as terpenes, initially found in high
concentrations in wood due to their biological functions in trees. On the other hand,
secondary VOCs, including hexanal, pentanal, and acetic acid, are composed of chemically
or physically bonded compounds released by chemical (egoxidation, hydrolysis) or physical
(eg mechanical corrosion) degradation of wood or wood extractives (Pohleven et al. , 2019).
Table 3 indicates the most abundant VOCs emitted from different trees.

Table 3. A group of the most abundant VOCs emitted from different tree species, containing
VOC concentrations emitted from sapwood / heartwood on day 31 (Adamová et al., 2020)
Extractive/Group of VOC
VOCs
Terpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, Camphene, ∆3-
carene, Limonene
Aldehydes Benzaldehyde, Decanal, Furfural,
Hexanal, Nonanal, Octanal, Pentanal,
Formaldehyde
Acids Acetic acid

VOC emissions can be significantly affected by the raw materials and production
techniques of the panels (He et al., 2012). VOC emission may occur as a result of oxidation,
thermolysis or evaporation in plate production stages such as storage, drying and pressing
(Çolak, 2002). Almost all of the VOCs generated during the drying process are caused by the
wood itself. Most of the VOCs formed during the pressing process are caused by the glue.

4.1.1. Drying Process

VOC emission in the drying of the panels is caused by factors such as wood species,
drying type, dryer, temperature and time (Velic et al., 2019; Çolak, 2002).

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 4.1.2. Wood species
VOC emissions from hardwoods are significantly lower than softwoods because they do
not contain and emit volatile terpenes. Hardwood VOCs are mainly degradation products
resulting from the thermal breakdown of wood tissue, including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose
and extractives (Banerjee et al., 1995). Mono-, di-, and sesquiterpenes are the predominant
VOCs for softwoods; In hardwoods, triterpenes and sterols are dominant (Adamová et al.,
2020).
The main emission in softwoods comes from terpenes. These terpenes are constantly
spread from wood and during the processing of wood (Çolak, 2002; Pohleven et al., 2019).
The most important ones among these are natural compounds such as a-pinene, b-pinene,
camphene, limonene, b-mirocene, a-terpinol and the compounds formed as a result of the
reaction of monoterpenes such as phenicylalcohol, borneol, campphone, verbenone with
water or oxygen (Çolak, 2002). Softwood releases large amounts of VOCs, most of which are
terpenes. However, the same VOCs originating from hardwood can be released from the
softwood as the wood texture can undergo thermal degradation during drying of the
softwood (Otwell et al., 2000).
In general, hardwoods contain higher non-volatile terpenes, except for some tropical
species, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Fengel and Wegener, 1989). In addition
to acetic acid, hardwoods emit a wide variety of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, carboxylic
acids and ketones) and alcohols, especially aldehyde hexanal and pentanal. Acetic acid
emission, hardwoods have more acetic acid emission than softwoods, as hardwood
hemicelluloses contain higher amounts of acetyl groups. Hexanal is the dominant emission
(Pohleven et al., 2019).

4.1.3. Drying type

Drying under natural conditions or artificially changes the profile of VOCs emitted from
wood. Because as the temperature of wood rises and dries, VOC emission occurs in different
ways (evaporation, steam distillation and thermal decomposition) (Wilson and Sakimoto, 2007).
For example, acetic acid is formed during the drying of wood by hydrolysis of the acetyl
groups of hemicelluloses, and furfural is formed from wood xylose in a strong temperature-
dependent reaction (Adamová et al., 2020).

4.1.4. Dryer
Dryers are normally heated directly with natural gas, but some dryers use sanding dust
in a later process step. When wood dries in dryers at high temperatures, air emissions of
particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released. The VOC emission during the
drying process is also caused by the direct burning of sanding dust and wood (Wilson, 2010).
The drying exhaust gas may contain substances formed by thermal decomposition of one or
more components of wood (cellulose, ligrins, resins, and the like), various aldehydes and acids
such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and acids. Some of these substances have
a relatively low boiling point and are also volatile in steam (Schmidt, 1993).

4.1.5. Temperature and time

Sun et al. (2020) investigated the effect of time on the TVOC and VOC emissions of
particleboards during the production stages. The longer the exposure time of the
particleboards under all production conditions (density, thickness, resin content), the TVOC
emission decreased. The higher density, thickness, and resin content of the particleboards
resulted in higher TVOC emission concentration at each measurement time and showed a
negative correlation on the TVOC emission level. Increased esters, aldehydes and ketones are
most susceptible to change in production conditions. However, terpenes exhibited a positive

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increase in density and thickness, but a negative effect by increasing the resin content. This
result showed that the terpene compounds in TVOC mostly originated from wood particles.
He et al. (2012) stated that the emission of formaldehyde has been decreased
consecutively due to heat treatment in the drying and hot pressing phase. He also stated that
urea formaldehyde glue contains the lowest VOC unlike formaldehyde. He stated that wood
particles have the highest VOC content. He reported that VOC and formaldehyde release
during the drying and hot pressing stages showed a similar trend.
The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during convective drying of particles
at high temperature has been experimentally and theoretically investigated. The drying
medium was determined as superheated steam with a pressure of two bars. Two different
temperature levels of the drying environment, 160 and 180 ° C, and two different materials,
yellow pine and spruce, were used. It is noted that the major released components consist of
various types of monoterpenes, with a-pinene predominant in each of the two materials. The
amount released has shown that it depends on the drying temperature and the time of the
drying process (Johansson and Rasmuson, 1998).
Ishikawa et al. (2009) dried 3 different veneer types at 140-180 ºC and observed that
VOC and aldehyde emissions increased with increasing temperature as a result of HPLC, GS
/ MS analysis. He also stated that longer drying time was realized for the species with high
moisture content and this increased the emissions.
Murata et al. (2013) aimed to reduce the formaldehyde emission released from plywood
without using any chemicals. After the veneers with a humidity of 6% are dried up to 130 ° C,
3-layer plywood is produced by heat treatment. Drying temperatures are determined as 130-
150-170-190 ° C. It has been shown that heating the veneer layers in the temperature range
of 150 to 170 ° C effectively reduces the formaldehyde emission of the plywood without
reducing the mechanical properties of the pavement. When the coating layers were heated in
the temperature range of 150 ° C to 170 ° C, the amount of hydrated water (monomolecular
layer) was slightly reduced and the amount of dissolved water (polymolecular layer) remained
unchanged. It is assumed that the formaldehyde emission of plywood is related to the state
of the adsorption zone of the wood.

4.2. Health and Environmental Effect of VOC

In certain conditions, inhabitants of poorly ventilated buildings are more prone to suffer
from “sick building syndrome” (SBS), which is a phenomen on characterized by various
symptoms such as headache; eye, nose, or throat irritations; drycough; allergy reactions; dry
and itching skin; non specific hypersensitivity; insomnia; dizziness and nausea or difficulty in
concentrating; andtiredness. The intense odors may have a negative psychological influence
as well (Adamová et al., 2020). In addition, when VOCs such as monoterpene emit together
with NO2 and SO2, they contribute to acid accumulation and soil acidification (Granström,
2005)
Different TVOC definitions used by different countries make interlaboratory comparisons
difficult. As shown in Table 4, there are a number of limits given by different regulations and
specifications.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 284

 Table 4. Limit values after 28 days emissions testing in a ventilated test chamber required by
various regulations across Europe and proposed by the WHO (Da Silva, 2017)
TVOC Formaldehyde Product/Stand
Organisation/Institute
(µg/m3) (µg/m3) ard
WHO - 100 -
Construction
Belgian regulation 100 or 1* 100 products
CEN/TS 16516
Constructions
products
AgBB/DIBt (Germany) 1000 or 1* 100
CEN/TS16516
and ISO 16000
EMICOD EC1 PLUS
≤ 60 or 1* 50 a
Flooring
E EC1 100 or 1* 50a
products
(German
EC2 300 or 1* 50a CEN/TS 16516
y)
Class A+ 1000 10
France Construction
Class A 1500 60
regulatio products ISO
Class B 2000 120
n 16000
Class C > 2000 >120
Indoor Standard 1000 or 1* 60
air
-
comfort- Gold 750 or1* 10
Eurofins
* For each individual carcinogenic compound.
a
Emissions after 3 days stored in a ventilated environmental chamber.

The Construction Product Regulation (EU 2011/305) since 1st July 2013 defines the
essential requirements for construction materials. This Regulation replaces the directive
89/106/EEC. Among the seven requirements number three, already present in the old
directive, is dedicated to: hygiene, health and environment. Then the regulation prescribes that
any construction work shall not be harmful to the health of occupants, meaning that no
dangerous particles or gases shall be emitted in the air. The purpose of this regulation is to
harmonize the technical and healthy description of products including also indoor emissions
thus facilitating their marketing in the EU area. The goal is that the CE label applied on
building materials and products will contain performance classes that cover all national
regulations in Europe. Then each EU member state can specify which performance classes a
product shall fulfil for being accepted on that national market. For indoor emissions and other
types of releases, CEN has established a technical committee (TC 351) to undertake the work
of developing the harmonised standards. A specific working group (WG 2) is dealing with
indoor air. At the moment, WG2 has produced a test method (CEN/TS 16516) for indoor
emissions based on the ISO 16000 series of standards concerning determination of emissions
of VOCs from building products (Bulian ve Fragasa, 2016).
Considering instrumental methods used to determine the VOCs, gas chromatography–
mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is commonly used to separate and identify the volatiles. For
formaldehyde determination, liquid or gas chromatography is used, often after derivatization
(Adamová et al., 2020).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 285

 5. Conclusion
Wood-based panels (plywood, fiberboard, particle board and OSB) widely used in the
world were produced 400 million m3 in 2018. These panels are widely used in the construction,
decoration and flooring of homes, offices, schools as well as other non-industrial workplaces.
During the production of all the panels, there is a drying process in which water is removed
from the wood. VOCs formed during the drying process cause low air quality and therefore
various disturbances. This review will make it easier to understand the factors affecting VOCs
from wood during drying.
Different methods are used to prevent VOC emission from wood-based panels, which
causes additional costs. More studies should be done on the temperature and time affecting
the VOC in the drying process and a mathematical model should be created.

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Çolakoğlu, G. (2004). Tabakalı Ağaç Malzeme Ders Notları, K.T.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Trabzon.
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Da Silva, C. F. F. P. (2017). Interactions between volatile organic compounds and natural
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Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü , Trabzon.
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Web sites:
Web-1: https://www.google.com/search?q=free+and+bound+water+in+cell+wall&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwi76OfTxq7sAhUNixoKHXssDd4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=free+and+bound+water+in+cell+wall&-
gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQHjoGCAAQCBAeUJ9GWLZhYO1iaABwAHgAgAGMAYgBnwy
SAQQwLjEzmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=fAiEX7u6D42WavvYtP
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20200103075113.pdf. Access Date: 10 September 2020.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 288

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MYCELIUM BASED MDF

Engin Derya Gezer1 Esat Gümüşkaya1

engin_gezer@yahoo.com gkaya@ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0001-9657-7290) (ORC-ID: 0000-0003-1892-7317)

Ezel Uçar1 Derya Ustaömer1

ezel.ucarr@gmail.com uderya@ ktu.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0003-0102-818X)
1
Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
Mycelium composites have been popular recently worldwide in terms of research interest
and commercialization. Mycelium composites are biodegradable, produced renewable materials,
environmentally friendly and show low density, good insulation properties, both related to acoustic
and thermal aspects. However, mechanical properties of mycelium composites are obviously lower
than alternative materials such as expanded polystyrene. In this study, hardwood and softwood
fibers were inoculated with a white rot fungus and incubated in a climate chamber at 25 °C and
65% relative humidity for 15 and 30 days. Mycelium based medium density fiberboards were
produced either without using any adhesive or with using 6% urea formaldehyde adhesive. The
MOE, MOR, IB, thickness swelling and water absorption percentage of the mycelium based MDF
were determined. The results showed that the MOE, MOR and IB values of the mycelium based
MDF were low and did not meet the minimum required strength values given in the standards.
However, these boards may still be used as insulation materials. Your abstract should give
readers a brief summary of your article. It should concisely describe the contents of your article,
and include key terms (especially in the first two sentences, to increase search engine
discoverability). It should be informative, accessible and not only indicate the general aims and
scope of the article, but also state the methodology used, main results obtained and conclusions
drawn.

Keywords: Mycelium composites, MDF, White-rot fungi, Mechanical properties, Physical

properties.

1. Introduction
Mycelium composites have been popular recently worldwide in terms of research
interest and commercialization. Mycelium composites are biodegradable, produced renewable
materials, environmentally friendly and show low density, good insulation properties, both
related to acoustic and thermal aspects. However, mechanical properties of mycelium
composites are obviously lower than alternative materials such as expanded polystyrene.
Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a
mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Mycelium binds organic matter through a network of
hyphal microfilaments in a natural biological process able to be exploited to produce both
low-value materials, such as packaging, and higher-value composite materials from

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 289

problematic agricultural and industrial waste materials with little or no commercial value
(Jones et al. 2020). Mycelium composite materials such as foams, packaging materials,
accessory materials, insulation boards etc., have been developed and some of them are
available in the market in recent years. For example, Dell uses mycelium foams for packaging
of business servers and IKEA has also expressed interest in adopting mycelium-based
packaging (Jones et al. 2020). However, there are not many studies about mycelium based
medium density fiberboards (MDF) in the literature. In addition, as is known, urea
formaldehyde adhesive is commonly used in MDF production. It is also known that the
formaldehyde emission from MDF containing formaldehyde above the standard amounts has
a negative impact on the environment and human health. Formaldehyde emission causes
severe allergic reactions in the skin, eye and respiratory system, weakens the immune system,
and causes cancer like health problems depending on the concentration in the environment,
exposure time and shape (İstek et al. 2020). Therefore, so many scientists are still trying to
find a way to decrease/lower or eliminate the formaldehyde emissions from MDF. In order to
solve this formaldehyde emission problem from MDF, mycelium based MDF production might
be a very good option.
The objectives of this study were to produce mycelium based MDF either without using
any adhesive or with using only 6% phenol formaldehyde adhesive and to determine some
mechanical and physical properties of the mycelium based MDF.

2. Materials and Methods

Mixture of hardwood and softwood fibers (50/50%) was obtained from Kastamonu
Integrated Wood Industry Company. Commercial urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was provided
by Camsan Wood Industries and Trade. Fibers were then moisturized around 70% and pH
was adjusted to around 7 before the sterilization.
White-rot fungus culture was obtained from USDA Forest Products Laboratory,
Wisconsin, USA. Fibers contained around 70% moisture content were put in polyethylene bags
and sterilized at 121°C for 30 mins. The bags were then placed and cooled off in the laminar
flow inoculation cabinet. A white-rot fungus mycelium was inoculated and then the bags
were then incubated in a climate cabinet at 25 °C and 70% relative humidity for 15 and 30
days. One group of the incubated fibers was subjected to MDF production without using any
resin while other group of the incubated fibers was dried to 2% initial moisture content before
resin blending. The calculated quantities of the components were mixed. A UF resin (6 % solid
resin based on wood oven-dry weight and 2% catalyst was applied based on wood oven-
dry weight) were applied directly to the wood fibers using an air-pressure spray nozzle. The
blended fibers were formed on steel caul-plates into one-layer mats of 40 mm x 40 mm
(Figure 1). The mats were manually pre-pressed. These mats were pressed at a temperature
of 180 °C for 7 min in a computer-controlled press (Figure 2) and conditioned in a climate
room until they reached equilibrium moisture content. After climatizing of MDF panels, the
specimens were cut from these panels to determine some physical and mechanical properties.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 290

 Figure 1. Preparation of mycelium based MDF

Figure 2. Production of mycelium based MDF

Some physical and mechanical properties of mycelium based MDF panels were
determined according to EN 310 (1993), EN 317 (1993), EN 319 (1993) and EN 319 (1993)
standards (Figure 3).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 291

 Figure 3. Mechanical tests of mycelium based MDF

3. Results and Discussions

The results section should detail the main findings and outcomes of your study. You
should use tables only to improve conciseness or where the information cannot be given
satisfactorily in other ways such as histograms or graphs. Tables and figures should be
numbered serially and referred to in the text by number.

3.1. Physical Properties

The average values of physical properties results (water absorption (WA) and thickness
swelling (TS) for 24 h) of MDF panels are represented in Table 1. Furthermore, the density
values of mycelium based MDF panels ranged from 630 to 680 kg/m3.

Table 1 Water absorption of mycelium based MDF

Incubation Period UF content % WA % TS %

15 days 6 112.56 (13.61) 45.72 (4.55)
30 days 6 110.39 (5.78) 39.09 (3.47)

The results showed that incubation duration did not affect the water absorption
percentage; however, thickness swelling decreased with increase in the incubation duration.
The reason for this could be explained that the intensity and density of the mycelium/hyphea
increases with the incubation duration. Therefore, mycelium binds more organic matter
through a network of hyphal microfilaments which make difficult water molecules to bind
organic material, in this case fiber. Haneef et al. (2017) reported that a low water uptake in
mycelial mats is because of the hydrophobic nature of some fungal proteins and glycol-
proteins, such as hydrophobins. Sun et al. (2019) developed and investigated novel hybrid
panel composites based on wood, fungal mycelium, and cellulose nanofibrils. They found that
the water absorption and thickness swelling of the mycelium-based composites they produced
were around 120% and 70%, respectively.

3.2. Mechanical Properties

The average values for the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and
internal bond strength (IB) of MDF panels are represented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 292

 Table 2 MOE and MOR values of mycelium based MDF

Incubation Period UF content % MOR N/mm2 MOE N/mm2

15 days 0 3.84 (1.02) 408.73 (125.69)
15 days 6 3.33 (1.04) 514.15 (125.28)
30 days 6 7.15 (1.25) 848.92 (105.20)

The results showed that the highest MOR and MOE values were found for the mycelium
based MDF produced from 30 days incubated fibers with 6% UF adhesive. The MOR value
for the mycelium based MDF produced from 15 days incubated fiber with 6% UF was even
lower than that of produced without adhesive. However, the MOE value for the mycelium
based MDF produced from 15 days incubated fiber with 6% UF was lower. All the mycelium
MDF investigated in this study did not meet required minimum strength values specified in the
standard. Other researchers (Haneef et al. 2017; Sun et al. 2019) also reported that mycelium
composite material’s strength values were lower than the composites produced from virgin
fiber/chips/particles mixed with higher amount of adhesive. The reason for the lower strength
values for he mycelium based MDF was that there was not sufficient adhesion among the
fibers with mycelium network.

Table 3 IB values of mycelium based MDF

Incubation Period UF content % IB N/mm2

15 days 0 0.05 (0.01)
15 days 6 0.02 (0.01)
30 days 6 0.11 (0.03)

Table 3 shows that similar findings were found for internal bonding of the mycelium
based MDF investigated in this study. The reason for the weak internal bonding strength
clearly revealed that there was not sufficient adhesion among the fibers with mycelium
network.

4. Conclusion
The results showed that the MOE, MOR and IB values of the mycelium based MDF
were low and did not meet the minimum required strength values given in the standards.
However, these boards may still be used as insulation materials.

5. Acknowledgments
This study has been funded by TUBITAK (Project no: 118O145)

References

Jones M., Mautner A., Luenco S., Bismarck A. and John S. (2020). “Engineered mycelium
composite construction materials from fungal biorefineries: A critical review”, Materials and
Design. 187 108397.
Istek A. Ozlusoylu I. and Onat S.M. (2017). “Formaldehyde Emission Problems and Solution
Recommendations for Wood Composite Panels”, International Conference on Engineering
Technologies (ICENTE’17). December 07-09, Konya, Turkey.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 293

EN 310 (1993). “Wood-based panels. Determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and of
bending strength,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
EN 317 (1993). “Particleboards and fiberboards. Determination of swelling in thickness after
immersion in water,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
EN 319 (1993). “Particleboards and fiberboards. Determination of tensile strength perpendicular
to the plane of the board,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
EN 323 (1993). “Wood-based panels – Determination of density,” European Committee for
Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
Haneef, M., Ceseracciu, L., Canale, C., Bayer, I.S., Heredia-Guerrero, J.A. and Athanassiou, A.
(2017). “Advanced materials from fungal mycelium: Fabrication and tuning of physical
properties”. Sci. Rep., 7, 41292.
Sun W., Tajvidi M., Hunt C.G., McIntyre G. and Gardner D.J. (2019). Fully Bio-Based Hybrid
Composites Made of Wood, Fungal Mycelium and Cellulose Nanofibrils. Scientific Reports,
9(1), 3766.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 294

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOY INDUSTRY TODAY AND THE IMPORTANCE

WOODEN TOY IN TURKEY AND ITS COMMERCIAL VOLUME

Hikmet Yazıcı1
hikmet.yazici@beun.edu.tr
(ORC-ID: 0000-0002-9522-9283)

1
Design Department, Interior Design Program, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Çaycuma
Vocational School, Çaycuma, Zonguldak 67900, Turkey

Abstract
With the influence of organic life and ecological approach, which is becoming widespread in
the world, the use of wood materials is increasing in toy production. This situation was noticed in
the transition from the plastic toy, which contains the social changes and the negative health
elements, to the wooden toy with healthy materials. In addition, wooden toys are preferred due to
their sustainable properties. In this study, the studies on the development, definition, importance of
the toy industry, the market data it created in years 2014-2018, its economic analysis, raw material
properties and the application of these principles in the subgroup wooden toy were conducted.
As of 2018, 46.27 billion dollars of exports and 124.9 billion dollars of imports actualized
worldwide. In Turkey, in general of the toy industry in 2018 despite the production of $ 97.6 million
with down 34%, level of 262.9 million dollars imports, 32.8 million dollars exports with decline of
21% was realized. In the Wooden Toy sector, in the period of 2014, production was realized with a
value of 3.1% in our country with a value of 23.7 million, imported toys from domestic market
consumption received 77% in value, and domestic produced toys accounted for 23%. The EU
countries are seen to be the most important foreign market for Turkey and they are targeted as
market. On the other hand, for Turkey that appears to be a lower share of the world market in
terms of production and trade of wooden toys, the situation of this sector that is open to
investment and development creates the reasons of the research. With the data obtained as a
result of the economic analysis and literature research, forecasts have been developed in order to
raise the awareness of wooden toys in our country, to develop market conditions and to increase
their qualifications.
This study, which is carried out by emphasizing the meaning, quantity and value of the
wooden toy industry and also by determining its share in the toy industry, but also by associating
it with the intra-sector market share, is capable of meeting the deficiency in the field.

Keywords: Toy, Wooden Toy, Healthy Toys, Economic Analysis

1. Introduction
Today, it is very important to increase awareness by ensuring functionality and
continuity in wooden toy production and to contribute to the sector in the long term by
improving design and innovation capability. In addition to this, with the importance of toys for
child development and education, the use of healthy materials is extremely important.
Therefore, healthy wooden toys should be preferred instead of toys being plastic etc. which
may have the risk of having carcinogenic active substances in raw materials and dyestuffs.

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 Information from the earliest dates shows that the history of toys is as old as human
history (Jackson, 2001). It is known that the first toys belong to Egyptians and there is a rich
variety of toys (Yalçınkaya, 2004). After Anatolia which has a rich toy culture, was conquered
by the Turks in the 10th century, the toy tradition has survived to the present day through
cultural transfer (Akbulut, 2009). It can be said that toy making first appeared in Eyüp in the
17th century as an organized industry in Anatolia (Onur, 2005). Toy production based on
wood has undoubtedly been the source of the toy industry (Demircan, 2005).
The re-rise of sustainability practices in wooden toys has been realized with the
introduction of environmentalist approaches (Aydın, 2012). Therefore, they are preferred by
processing its nature-friendly features, which are connected to its environmentalist structure,
as they provide a safe and healthy game life (Tunç & Adıgüzel, 2020). Developing alternative
strategies based on environmental and social principles with a multidisciplinary approach will
be able to make wooden toys more effective in terms of sustainability.
In addition, social and economic conditions are also related to materials and
production processes that are reflected through toys (Onur, 1991). Wood is generally an easy-
to-use natural raw material. Various types have been used in the toy industry for many years
because of its natural aesthetic structure, elasticity module and comfortable touch feeling
(Friso et al., 2015). In addition, behaviors such as new consumption patterns, reuse and
recycling in the sustainable design phase of wooden toys should be applied in life (Manzini
and Vezzoli, 2002).
Different materials have been used in toy production since the earliest times and today
plastic has taken its place as the most used material (Ak, 2006). However, the most striking
factor about plastic toys was the detection of excess lead ratios in the paint on the outer
surface of the toy (Bapuji & Beamish, 2007). For this reason, the suitable material to be
selected for the toy must first of all be appropriate to the quality and quantity of the model
it is used, to identify the material, to be used with other materials and to know its physical
and chemical properties and its properties (Elibol et al., 2006).
The amount of harmful substances such as lead and cadmium in the structure of plastic
etc. toys should be limited and determined according to standards (Aslan, 1997). Water-
based paints used in coloring on exterior surfaces are more permanent and do not have
flammable properties (Sönmez, 2000). At this point, more water-based paints should be
preferred for coloring wooden toys (Elibol et al., 2006). In addition, it is stated that wooden
toys can be colored with natural root dye and buckthorn, which are harmless with
appropriate painting techniques, and also some colored tree species can be used (Koyuncu,
2017).
The sense of touch is important in discovering and learning and in this context, wood is
superior to plastic due to the chemical coldness of plastic. At the same time, wood is
accepted as a warm material as the manual connection of the wooden toy changes over
time (Barthes, 1998). In recent years, due to the efforts of people to create healthy living
conditions, a negative approach is seen in the market for plastic toys that damage the
nature and adversely affect the environment with their reactions. As a result of these
developments, the reflection on the wooden toy industry has been positive, depending on the
philosophy of healthy life in the society and it has come to the fore as it is preferred in the
market.
It was pointed out that the toys in the past supported the development of children
more and that the materials used in this were especially natural (Metin et al., 2017). Wood,
which is a natural material, is an organic-based material with fibrous and porous texture and
an easily processable material with aesthetic structure due to its organic structure (Usta, 2016).
Hardwoods are the best choice in the production of toys rated as educational, especially
due to their high density, better wear resistance and good handling (Ebner & Petutschnigg,
2007; Wood Handbook, 2010). In addition, wooden toys survive through mass production

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techniques, reinterpretation of foreign forms, various ornaments and adapt to changing
market conditions (Akbulut 2009).
A good toy is a solid, durable, useful, easy-to-care toy that does not come off quickly,
does not have sharp, sharp corners and can be cleaned easily (Çamur et al., 2008). It is also
important that the toy is qualified, not multiplicity. Toys to be given to children should be
preferred starting from the simple level to the difficult (Arıkan and Karaca, 2004). Another
important issue in toy selection is the safety issue of the toy (Özmert 2006).
In accordance with the Toy Safety Regulation, sector companies have very serious
responsibilities. The Ministry of Commerce made a new regulation and determined the usage
limits of some chemicals used in toys and children's equipment. In our country, amendments
regarding chemical restrictions will come into effect after a year, with the regulation of the
Ministry of Commerce and the industry manufacturers will comply with the usage values until
December 2020.
According to the findings of the competitiveness research of the Turkish toy industry
conducted on the basis of market data fort he period 2007-2018, the competitive power of
the Turkish toy industry is low today (Tunç & Adıgüzel, 2020). Low toy consumption compared
to developed countries shows that the potential demand for toys in Turkey is too much.
When Turkey’s toys import and export prices are examined, it appears that the price of
import is lower than the price of export and while Turkey imports expensive toys while
exports value-added exports. Turkey has 0.04% share of total World imports of toys in 2108.
Turkey has 0.01% share of the World total toy exports in 2018 (Pageva, 2019).
The world market in the toy sector consists of brand owner companies, national
branded companies, that include contract firms, distributors and toy sales points at which
production is carried out. Toy stores and supermarkets are important points for sales in
meeting the toy with the consumer. However, today, toys are meeting with consumers via
informatics from the Internet (Pagev, 2019).

2. Materials and Methods

Using the content analysis study, Toy World and Turkey Sector, Turkey Wooden Toys
and Toy Industry production volumes, export and import volumes were examined collecting
both valid data and field qualitative data. The obtained data are classified and summarized
within the framework of a specific problem or purpose, and primarily the collected data are
conceptualized. It was ensured that the theme explaining the data was determined by making
a logical arrangement according to these concepts. The necessary comparisons and
proportions are given. The reason for the world in general and Turkey's toys and wooden
toys worth taking the examination, the results making comparisons is to identify both
perspectives.

3. Results
In order for companies operating in the toy industry to reach new markets and
customers, it will be of great benefit to develop appropriate plans and strategies together
with the conditions in the market in order to make realistic economic analyzes.

3.1. Status and Trade of Toy Market in the World

In order for companies operating in the toy industry to reach new markets and
customers, it will be of great benefit to develop appropriate plans and strategies together
with the conditions in the market in order to make realistic economic analyzes. Examining at

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the World Toy Trade, the world toy trade volume, which was 56 billion 775 million dollars in
2007, reached 96 billion 484 million dollars in 2018 and increased by approximately 70%
(Trademap, 2019).

The import and export figures expressing the world market distribution and size for the
period of 2014-2018 are shown in Table 1. When Table 1 is analyzed by years, it is seen that
the total exports and imports of the world increased continuously during the period.

Table 1. Worldwide toy import and export values (Trademap 2019).

Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Variation%)

Import 45.23 45.23 46.68 49.12 50.21 11.01
Export 34.5 34.91 37.74 43.92 46.27 34.11

Total exports, which were 34.5 billion dollars worldwide in 2014, increased by 34.11% in
2018 and reached 46.27 billion dollars. In addition, total imports, which were 45.23 billion
dollars worldwide in 2014, rose to 50.21 billion dollars in 2018 with an increase of 11.01%. The
toy industry is seen as a growing market in the world.

Figure 1. The status of the world toy market over the years

As seen in Figure 1, an increase rate of 11.01% in imports and 34.11% in exports is

observed between 2014-2018. Considering the last 5 years, it is seen that especially in 2017,
toy imports increased by 5% and exports by 14% compared to the previous year. However,
compared to previous periods, 2018 shows a more steady increase and the rate is 2% in
imports and 5% in exports.
The import and export figures of the 5 countries that make excessive import and
export around the world in the period of 2014-2018 are included in Table 2. Considering the
world in general, Europe, which has high import and export rates according to the volume
ratios they create in the toy market, is the leading country, followed by the Far East
countries. The USA follows these countries with the volume they create.

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 Table 2. Import and Export Countries for the World Toy Industry (Pagev 2019, Trademap
2019)

IMPORTER COUNTRIES EXPORTER COUNTRIES

Country Value(billion$) Share(%) Country Value(billion$) Share(%)
The USA 34.4 27.6 CHINA 56.7 47.3
GERMANY 8.9 7.1 HONGKONG 7.2 6.0
JAPAN 6.4 5.1 The USA 6.8 5.7
ENGLAND 6.4 5.1 GERMANY 6.0 5.0
FRANCE 5.4 4.3 Czech Republic 3.6 3.0
Total of other 124.9 100 Total of other 119.9 100
countries countries

Total toy import in the world was realized as 124.9 billion dollars in 2018 and 49.2% of
the total imports were made by 5 countries USA, Germany, Japan, England and France. In
the first place of the importer countries, the USA has a 30% share in the world total imports
with its import of 14.75 billion dollars in 2018. Exports were realized as 119.9 billion dollars in
2018, 61% of total imports were made by 5 countries. China realized this export with a figure
of 56.7 billion dollars and a high rate of 47.3%. China is also followed by the Far East
country, Hong Kong.

Figure 2: The toy market of the countries in the world market

As seen in Figure 2, the USA and Germany are the highest importers in terms of import
and export value in the toy industry in the world, and they are in the 2nd and 3rd place
after China, which has the highest export rate in the toy sector in terms of export value. On
the other hand, other countries except Japan are in the European continent in the top 5 of
the importing countries.
The data show us that Europe is the continent with the highest import rate and is the
biggest potential buyer for our country's producers. Due to the position of Turkey, especially
as logistics and quality processes are expected to receive a significant share of this market.
It is seen that the highest exporting countries in the world are China and Hong Kong in
the Far East, these countries have reached these numbers with low raw material and labor
costs, but they maintain their position despite their disadvantage in terms of logistics and
quality.

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 3.2. Toy Industry Foreign Trade of Turkey

The most export from 10 countries during the period 2014-2018 exports by Turkey are
set out in Table 5. Turkey's toy industry, taking into account countries with export and import
data based on years 2014 and 2018 were examined.

Table 5. Turkey's toy exports by countries as of (Tredemap 2019; Bronze and Adıgüzel 2019)
Export Cost (Thousand Dollar)
Country England Iraq Greece Cyprus Serbia Iran Italy RF Arabia Germany Total
2014 1419 2781 1.966 - 1324 523 1446 1735 848 788 41838
2018 2221 1935 1.871 1849 1559 1439 1412 1350 1322 1219 32829
Fark(%) 56 -31 -4.9 185 18 175 -2 -22 55 55 -21

As seen in Table 5; The export figure, which was 41.8 million dollars in 2014, was 32.8
million dollars in 2018, and a decrease of 21% is observed in exports. Considering the
countries, there was no export for Cyprus in 2014, but it reached 1849 million in 2018 with an
increase of 185%. When we look at the data of the UK in 2014 and 2018, it is observed that it
is at the highest rate with an increase rate of 56%. Arabia and Germany follow England with
an increase rate of 55%. As seen in the table,
European countries rank first in exports, followed by Middle Eastern countries. While
making evaluations, it is observed that there is a fluctuating course in exports, as well as
European countries lead the way.

Figure 5. Toy export value of the country's reputation with Turkey

As stated in Figure 5; Turkey's toy industry exports 2014-2018 reputation is to be seen

whether any country featured, $ 2.2 million with England in 2018 in total exports is the highest
value of the first countries respectively Iraq, Greece, followed by Cyprus and Serbia.
Most of the imports carried out by 10 countries during the period 2014-2018 import
figures as the value of Turkey are set out in Table 6. Turkey's toy industry for 2014 and 2018
based on the exchange rates are expressed examining their import rates.

Table 6. As of toy imports with countries Turkey (Trademap 2019; Bronze and Adıgüzel 2019)
Import Cost (Thousand Dollar)
Country China Indonesia Vietnam Czechia Italy Denmark Hungary Malesia Tailand Germany Total
2014 351072 3264 2572 1045 4288 2854 288 2897 1390 2376 400600
2018 230690 6573 4337 4150 2742 2289 1686 1610 1385 886 262085
Fark(%) -34 100 68 297 -36 -19 485 -44 -0,03 -62 -34

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 As seen in Table 6; Turkey's total imports during the period 2014-2018 has fluctuated.
The toy import, which was 400.6 million dollars in 2014, was realized as 226.2 million dollars in
2018, and there is a decline in imports with a significant decrease of 34%. Turkey's total
imports, China stands out as the most active countries. As of 2018, 230.69 million dollars of
imports have been made from China. Another point that stands out in the table is that
among the top 10 countries with the highest number of imports, apart from China, there are 4
Southeast Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand.

Figure 6. Turkey's toy import values with other countries

As indicated in Figure 6; In 2018, there was a 34% decrease in imports from China, but
an increase in Indonesia and Vietnam, other Far Eastern countries. In addition, there was an
increase of 297% in the Czech Republic and 485% in Hungary. it is seen that Turkey imports
mainly in the Far East. A decrease is observed in the amount of imports from European
countries, Italy, Denmark and Germany. The increase in imports from Far Eastern countries,
which are said to be low in terms of quality and price, and the decrease in imports from
European countries indicate that the move is price-oriented.
In 2018 due to shortage of negative economic indicators and problems related to rate,
the toy market in Turkey has experienced some decline in both quantity and value. After the
recession period it experienced, it had a tendency to grow again in 2019, and it is expected
to slow down due to the world pandemic process and Kovid-19 disease experienced at the
beginning of 2020.
The market grew by an average of 6 percent per year between 2013 and 2019. In
2018, toy production amounted to 19 thousand tons in quantity and 98 million dollars in value.
2019 was the year to make up for the losses in the sector. Production in the first half of the
year was 11.7 thousand tons and 58.2 million dollars.

4. Discussion

4.1. Economic Situation of Toy Industry in Turkey

Turkey’s inability to achieve throughout the toy industry production in specialized areas,
away from scattered production structure clustered without predominantly carries out its
activities as a sector based on imports in the domestic market because of technological
infrastructure and branding are not at the desired level.Despite the high import rate in recent
years in Turkey, the expected value of the find began development trend in the toy industry
for the last 5 years, the value and quantity of the production, import, export and domestic

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market sales data with foreign trade deficit and market share are shown in the statistics in
Table 7 .

Table 7. Turkey Total Toy Production, Market and Supply-Demand Balance (Pagev 2019, Tüik
2019)

Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million
(Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($)
Production 20.9 158 18 126.1 19.4 135.3 19.7 145 18.9 97.6
Export 7,3 41,8 6.3 31.9 6.8 33.2 6.9 34.9 6.6 32.8
İmport 28.3 400.6 26.9 350.1 32.7 422.7 28.6 392.1 28.1 262.9
Foreign Trade -21 -358.8 -20.6 -318.2 25.9 389.5 -21.7 -357.2 -21.5 -230.1
Deficit
Domestic 41.9 516.8 38.6 444.3 45.3 524.8 41.4 502.2 40.4 327.7
Consumption
İmport/Domestic 67.5 77.5 69.6 78.7 72.1 80.5 69 78 69.5 80
Cons. (%)
Domestic 32.5 22.5 30.4 21.3 27.9 19.5 31 22 30.5 20
market share(%)

Turkey's toy production as shown in table 7; While the amount was 20.9 tons in terms
of amount and 158 million dollars on value basis in 2014, the amount decreased to 18.9 tons
in 2018 and decreased to 97.6 million dollars. We can associate this decline with the
economic crisis in 2018, which caused contraction in all sectors in the world. However, a total
of 400.6 million dollars in 2014. Turkey imports the toy industry, exporting 41.8 million dollars
and 516.8 million dollars in the domestic market consumption is realized, the industry has 358.8
million dollars in the foreign trade deficit. In 2018, 262.9 million dollars of imports, 32.8 million
dollars of exports and 327.7 million dollars of domestic market consumption were realized,
and the sector showed a foreign trade deficit of 230.1 million dollars and decreased in value.

Figure 3: Turkey Total Toy Production, Market and Supply-Demand Balance (US $ Million)

As seen in Figure 3, despite the production of 158 million dollars in the toy industry in
2014, 401 million dollars of imports were realized. Domestic sales volume was 517 million
dollars, while exports of 42 million dollars were made and production gained a share of 26%
in the domestic market. In 2018, production declined to 98 million dollars and imports to 263
million dollars.
While the domestic sales volume decreased to 328 million dollars, the export amount
was realized as 33 million dollars. Turkey's toy industry is a sector based mainly on imports. It
is observed that it is in a process that increases its export-oriented activities with its
infrastructure in international markets

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 4.2. Economic Analysis of Turkey’s Wooden Toy Industry

The characteristics, preference reasons and technological processability of each of the

raw materials from which the toy is made are very important for the sector. Accordingly, the
manufacturer companies active in the world toy industry are named and classified according
to the type of raw material they use in production. We can list these as plastic, fabric, plush,
metal and wooden toys. Each of the toys separated according to the type of raw material
used in production also has a commercial market.
The number of toy manufacturers operating in Turkey is seen as an industrial as 19
pieces. Among these companies, it manufactures wooden toys in the branded factory, which
is established only in Düzce, for the market in industrial scale, as well as with the contract
working principle in medium and large size workshops. In addition, it is observed that wooden
toy manufacturers do not focus on certain regions throughout the country.
The total production of plastic toys in the toy industry in Turkey, imports and domestic
consumption market, about 70% of the total toy production and imports, while exports
accounted for approximately 90% (Pageva 2019). Among the total toy industry, wooden toys
come with the highest rate after plastic toys. Wooden toy production, import and domestic
market consumption constitute approximately 25% of the total amount of toys, and
approximately 8% of the total amount of exports. These ratios were determined based on
field and literature studies for toys other than plastic toys.
To be rich in tree species can be used as raw materials in manufacturing wooden toys
in the wood sector in Turkey and grew up with wide infrastructure and manpower capabilities
began to find the expected value. For these reasons, the statistics of production, import,
export and domestic market sales as well as foreign trade deficit and market shares in the
last 5 years in terms of quantity and value of the toy industry, which is in the development
trend, are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Turkey Wooden Toy Production, Market and Supply-Demand Balance

Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014-2018 (%)

Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million Quantity Million
(Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($) (Ton) ($)
Production 5.22 39.5 4.5 31,52 4.85 33.82 4.92 36.25 4.72 24.4 -9.5 -38.2
Export 0.58 3,34 0.50 2.55 0.54 2.65 0.55 2.79 0.52 2.62 -10.3 -21.5
İmport 7.07 100.15 6.72 87.52 8.17 105.67 7.15 98.02 7.02 65.72 -0.01 -34.3
Foreign -6.49 -96.81 -6.22 - -7.63 103.02 -6.60 - -.6.50 -63.10 -0.01 -34.8
Trade Deficit 84.97 95.23
Domestic 10.47 129.20 9.65 111.07 11.32 131.2 10.35 125.55 10.10 81.92 -3.5 -36.5
Consumption
İmport/Dom. 67.5 77.5 69.6 78.7 72.1 80.5 69.0 78.0 70.0 80.0 3.7 3.2
Cons(%)

Domestic 32.5 22.5 30.4 21.3 27.9 19.5 31.0 22.0 30.0 20.0 -7.6 -11
Market
Share(%)

As seen in Table 48 imported toys have a share of 77.5% and locally produced toys
have a share of 22.5% in the domestic market consumption in the wooden toy industry, which
produced 5.22 tons and 39.5 million in 2014 in our country. In 2018, a decline was observed in
the wooden toy industry in our country with a value of 4.72 tons and 24.4 million. Imported
toys have a share of 80% and locally produced toys have a share of 20% in value from the
domestic market consumption
It is observed that the production value of wooden toys has decreased over the years,
albeit a little, and the import amount has increased. Between the years of 2014-2018, there
was a decrease of 9.5% in terms of quantity, 38.2% in value, 10.3% in quantity, 21.5 in value in

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exports, and 0.01% in quantity and 34.3% in value in imports. However, there is an increase in
domestic market consumption with a value of 3.2%.

Figure 4. Turkey Wooden Toy Production, Market and Supply-Demand Balance ($ Million)

In Figure 4 as seen in manufacturing wooden toys Turkey, as the value of exports and
imports, fluctuations in 2014-2017 but is noticeably seen a case in 2018 shows a decline. At the
same time, it is seen that the foreign trade deficit grew at a noticeable level in 2018. In the
year 2014-2018 in the amount of exports as compared to production in Turkey have made
aint seen an increase.

5. Conclusion
The worldwide toy industry market grows with the development of changing
preferences and technologies. It is observed that the toy companies in our country are in the
development phase, their competitive power is generally low and they cannot get the desired
market share in the world market. Negative consumer movements have occurred in Far
Eastern toys due to negative thoughts on safety and health and changing market conditions.
Turkey toy industry market is in development that will transform favor with advantages such
as sources of raw materials, healthy products, skilled labor and logistics conditions of negative
consumer requests that occur in the toy industry market
For the toy industry in the world, while exports were 34.5 billion dollars and imports
were 45.23 billion dollars in 2014, exports reached 46.27 billion dollars and imports reached
50.21 billion dollars as of 2018, increasing in both markets. In the toy industry in 2014, Turkey's
total imports of 400.6 million dollars, 41.8 million dollars of exports was realized, while in 2018
imports of 262.9 million dollars, it is observed decline in export market with 32.8 million dollars.
The sector in Turkey in 2014 158 million dollars in production, 358.8 million dollars in the
foreign trade deficit and 516.8 million dollars the domestic market consumption took place,
while in 2018, 97.6 million dollars of production, 230.1 million dollars in the foreign trade deficit
and 327.7 million dollars, is the domestic market consumption have occurred, the sector has
decreased in value.
In the developing Turkish Wooden Toy sector, 30.5 million dollars of production, 96.81
million dollars of foreign trade deficit and 129.20 million dollars of domestic market
consumption were realized in 2014; internal market consumption has decreased in an
equivalent sense to the toy industry. There is a contraction of 38.2% in production, 36% in
domestic consumption, and the decrease in the purchasing power of individuals in 2018 has
been seen as a reason.
The most important problem of the toy industry is that it has a large foreign trade
deficit. When the data are examined, the toy industry; In 2018, there was a deficit of 21.5 tons

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and 230.1 million dollars. A deficit of 6.50 tons and 63.10 million dollars was provided in
wooden toys. The reason for the significant foreign trade deficit in the market as the Turkish
toy industry is expressed as the lower unit export price compared to the unit import price.
In our study, it has been determined that Turkish toy companies increase their market
share not only in the domestic market, but also in European countries, which they consider
very important for development and constantly increase their quality. When we look at the
data of 2014 and 2018, it is observed that the toy export to England is at the highest rate
with an increase rate of 56%. Britain is followed by Germany with a 55% increase rate and
Serbia, Greece and Italy at lower rates.
It is seen that Turkey imports mainly in the Far East. A decrease is observed in the
amount of imports from European countries, Italy, Denmark and Germany. Looking at 2018
data, China meets 88% of total imports with a value of 230.6 million dollars. When the results
are evaluated, it is seen that uncontrolled imports from Far Eastern countries with high
capacity and price advantages prevent the development of the domestic toy industry, cause
many domestic brands to disappear, loss of employment and increase in the current account
deficit.
Although the amount of wooden toys imported between 2014 and 2018 is close to each
other, a decrease in the value corresponding to the amount is observed, especially in 2018.
One of the factors that may cause this decline is the economic shrinkage process
experienced in the world in 2018, and also the low quality that causes the imported toy
products to be the same in quantity but low in price.
Along with the recently developed ecological life philosophy in the world toy industry,
an important market is the toy market made of natural and healthy products. The most
important and preferred one is toys made of wood, and these products have an increasing
market share due to environmental and health concerns. The domestic wooden toy industry
will not only provide employment and added value to our economy, but also contribute to
our culture by gaining traditional production capability.
Low logistics cost should be used as an important advantage in the wooden toy
industry, especially due to its proximity to the Middle East and EU markets. The market share
will be increased by ensuring rapid adaptation to new models with toys for cultural and
religious common values with the Middle East and the Turkic World.
With the fact that the conscious consumer will continue to increase, the number of
consumers who demand transparency and expect loyalty to ethical values from the brands
they buy their products are increasing day by day. For this reason, it should be ensured that
the consumers who turn to wooden toys make the right decisions and have information
about the product life cycle with the eco label placed on the product.
As a result, in achieving a healthy and secure quality of life for our children, investing in
the production of wooden toys and development in Turkey it has emerged as a clear sector.

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Elibol, C.G., Kılıç, Y. ve Burdurlu, E., (2006). Okul öncesi çocuk oyuncaklarında malzeme
kullanımı ve 4-6 yaş çocuklarının renk tercihleri, Aile ve Toplum, 9, 35-41.
Friso, V.R., Silva, J.C.R.P., Landim, P.C. and Paschoarelli, L.C. (2015). Ergonomic analysis of visual
and tactile information of materials used in the manufacture of toys. Procedia
Manufacturing 3: 6161-6168.
Jackson, K. M., 2001. From Control to Adaptation: Americas Toy Story, Journal of American &
Comparative Cultures, 1/2, 139-145.
Koyuncu, O. A., (2017). Ahşap Oyuncaklarının Kökboya, Cehri ve İndigo ile Boyanması, Motif
Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 10(19), 73-88.
Manzini, E. J., Santos, M. C. F., (2002). Portal de ajudas técnicas para a educação: Recursos
pedagógicos adaptados. Brasília: MEC.
Mercan, C., (2018). Ahşap Oyuncakların Çocuk Gelişiminde Yeri Ve Ahşap Oyuncaklar İçin
Tasarım Önerileri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Metin, Ş., Mercan, Z., Kavak, Ş., (2018). Geçmişten Günümüze Oyuncak ve Oyuncakların
Çocuğun Gelişimine Etkileri, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8, 1-18.
Onur, B., (2002). Oyuncaklı Dünya, Ankara, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
Onur, B., (2005). Türkiye’de Çocukluğun Tarihi, Ankara, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
Özmert, E., (2006) Erken çocukluk gelişiminin desteklenmesi-III: Aile. Çocuk Sağlığı ve
Hastalıkları Dergisi; 49:256- 273.
Pagev., (2019). Türkiye Oyuncak Sektörü İzleme Raporu.
Sönmez, A., (2000). Ağaçişlerinde Üstyüzey İşlemleri. (1) Hazırlık ve Renklendirme, Gazi
Üniversitesi Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Ankara
Tunç, Ö.B., Adıgüzel, M., (2020). Türkiye’de Oyuncak Sektörünün Dış Ticaretinin Ve Rekabet
Gücünün Değerlendirilmesi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, Tartışma Metinleri, DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.3603783
Usta, İ., (2016). Okul Öncesi Çocukluk Algısında Genç Yetişkinlerin Ahşap Oyuncak Seçimi,
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi.4-16
Wood Handbook., (2010). Wood as an engineering material. Centennial Edition. US
Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Forests Product Laboratory: Madison, Wisconsin
Yalçınkaya T. (2004). Eğitici Oyun ve Oyuncak Yapımı, Esin Yayınları, İstanbul

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Oral Presentation 306

 POSTER
PRESENTATIONS
 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

LAND USE EVOLUTION OF MARITIME PINE IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE CYCLE

ASSESSMENT: A PORTUGUESE CASE STUDY

José Ferreira1 Bruno Esteves1 Luísa P. Cruz Lopes1 Idalina Domingos1

jvf@estgv.ipv.pt bruno@estgv.ipv.pt lvalente@estgv.ipv.pt ijd@estgv.ipv.pt

1
CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

Abstract
In a climate change scenario, the forestry sector faces important challenges globally and
particularly in Continental Portugal, resulting in increased incidence of fires and the action of
pathogens, which puts the sustainability of forest resources at risk.
Between 2005 and 2015 the forest area occupied by the maritime pine trees in Continental
Portugal decreased by about 84700 hectares which is equivalent to -10.6% and the existing
volume decreased by about 15 million cubic meters which corresponds to –18.4%.
Due to economic, social and environmental importance of Portuguese maritime pine forest,
the objective of this work was to study the evolution of its land use environmental impact between
2005 and 2015.
The SimaPro software was used and the ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ method was chosen to assess
the “land use” environmental impact.
Results show that land use impact category increases 9.6% during the studied period as a
consequence of the variation in land occupation and forest production. The main contribution for
results is forest land transformation into forest road (54%) followed by the forest occupation
(40%). Forest road occupation represents only 6% and transformation from forest is a process with
a slightly beneficial contribution (-0.3%) to the global result.

Keywords: Forest, Land use, Life cycle assessment, Maritime pine

1. Introduction
Currently, the forestry sector faces important challenges worldwide and particularly in
Portugal, namely regarding the risks of sustainability of forest resources in the climate change
scenario, with consequent increase in the incidence of fires and the action of pathogens.
The forestry sector has a high economic, social and environmental value in Portugal. In
economic terms, in 2015, its Gross Value Added (GVA) represented more than 10 billion Euros,
corresponding to 13% of industrial GVA and 3% of national Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(ICNF 2020 a). Forest products exports have been among the country’s main exports,
accounting in the current millennium for an average of 9% of the total exports, while the
sector is only responsible for 4% of the imports (ICNF, 2019). In social terms, the forestry
sector is responsible for creating about 94.3 thousand jobs (ICNF 2020 a) and in
environmental terms, it contributes significantly to mitigating the effects of global warming by
capturing a total of 333.92x106 ton CO2e (data of 2015) (ICNF, 2020 b).
According to data from the last two National Forest Inventories, IFN5 and IFN6, (ICNF,
2020 b) in 2015, the Portuguese maritime pine forest (Pinus pinaster Ait.) occupied 713.3
thousands hectares (Kha), having been the forest ecosystems that one that presented the

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 308

largest reduction (- 84700 ha) since 2005 and the volume of growing wood (i.e. from live
trees) was 66.5 million cubic meters (Mm3) which means a decrease of about 15 Mm3
compared to 2005. This decrease in land use area and growing wood volume was mainly
due to fires and pests, the most important being the nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus).
During this period of time 228284 forest fires were recorded, which were responsible for a
forest burnt area more than 492 thousands hectares (Pordata 2020).
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique that addresses the environmental aspects
and potential environmental impacts (e.g. land use) throughout a product's life cycle from raw
material acquisition through production, use, end-of-life treatment, recycling and final disposal
(i.e. cradle-to-grave) (ISO, 2006 a). LCA have been applied to evaluates the environmental
impacts associated with the production of maritime pine wood in Portugal (Dias and Arroja
2012; Ferreira et al. 2020; González-García et al. 2014), but no one of them assessed the land
use impact category.
The impact category ‘land use’ describes in LCA methodology the environmental
impacts of land occupation and transformation for human purposes. Extensive research has
been done on the impact category land use to enable the quantification of impacts of land
occupation and land transformation on biodiversity, biotic production and soil quality
(European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2011;
Faragò et al 2019). In the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook
(European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2011)
three midpoint models (ReCiPe, Milà i Canals and Baitz) and five endpoint methods (EPS2000,
Eco-Indicator 99, ReCiPe, LIME and Swiss Ecoscarcity) were evaluated. At the endpoint level,
no one is recommended by ILCD being the ReCiPe method suggested as an interim solution.
At the midpoint level the method by Milà i Canals is considered the most appropriate among
the existing approaches for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context (European
Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2011). This
method has a focus on soil quality, and its indicator describes the changes in soil organic
matter (SOM) associated with land interventions (Milà ì Canals et al. 2007).
The goal of this study is to apply the life cycle assessment to evaluate the evolution on
land use impact category of Portuguese maritime pine as a consequence of fires and pests
between 2005 and 2015. The results of this study can be important to support future decision-
making regarding the best management options for Portuguese forest planning.

2. Materials and Methods

The study was performed with the methodology recommended in the ISO 14040 (ISO
2006a) and ISO14044 (ISO 2006b) standards for Life Cycle Assessment.

2.1. Functional unit, System boundary and Inventory analysis

The functional unit (FU) in this study is given as 1 m3 of maritime pine, standing in forest
and the function of the system being studied is to produce maritime pine trees for different
uses.
Figure 1 represents the system boundary for the product system being studied. The
process included in the boundary is related with regeneration of maritime pine trees in the
forest. The output is maritime pine standing in forest and the inputs are those related with the
occupation and transformation of land.

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 Figure 1 System boundary

The life cycle inventory data on maritime pine from plantations/managed natural forests
in Portugal was based on the National Forest Inventory (IFN) (ICNF 2020 b) and others
sources as illustrated in Table 1. The National Forest Inventory (IFN) is a process of statistical
and cartographic nature, which allows assessing the temporal evolution of the state and the
use of forest resources in Portugal. IFN5 and IFN6 report forest data for 2005 and 2015,
respectively.
The life cycle inventory analysis has been performed with the help of SimaPro 9.1
software (PRé Consultant 2020).

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 Table 1 Datasets for land use/occupation and production of maritime pine (adapted from
Werner et al 2007)

Nr. Portuguese maritime pine Mean value Units Source

2005 2015
1 Land occupation (IFN6) (x103) 798.0 713.3 ha ICNF 2020 b
2 Volume (growing) (IFN5, IFN6) m3 ICNF 2020 b
81.558 66.52
(x106)
3 Rotation length (time from Years AIFF 2013
birth/plantation to final tree 35 (yr)
harvest)
4 Forest road length m/ha Faias et al.
71.3
2007
5 Forest road width m IC-EQUAL
3.50
2007
6 Forest road area 0.024955 m2/m2 Calculated 1

7 Yield (including forest roads) 0.01022 0.00933 m3/m2 Calculated 2

8 Yield (excluding forest roads) 0,01048 0.00957 m3/m2 Calculated 3

9 Land use, forest 95.41 104.55 m2/m3 Calculated 4

10 Land use, forest roads = Land m2/m3 Calculated 5

2.442 2.676
transformation, forest road
11 Land occupation, forest 3339 3659 m2.yr/m3 Calculated 6

12 Land transformation, forest 97.852 107.226 m2/m3 Calculated 7

13 Land occupation, forest roads 85.46 93.65 m2.yr/m3 Calculated 8

1
Forest road area = (Forest road length x Forest road width)/10000
2
Yield (including forest roads) = volume (growing) / Land occupation / 10000
3
Yield (excluding forest roads) = Yield (including forest roads) / (1 - Forest road area)
4
Land use, forest = Yield (excluding forest roads)-1
5
Land use, forest roads = Forest road area / Yield (including forest roads)
6
Land occupation, forest = Land use, forest x Rotation length
7
Land transformation, forest = Land use, forest + Land use, forest roads
8
Land occupation, forest roads = Land use, forest roads x Rotation length

As we can see in Table1, land and production of Portuguese maritime pine decreased
by 10.1% and 18.4%, respectively, between 2005 and 2015. The average standing volume of
maritime pine per hectare is very low (102.2 m3.ha-1 in 2005 and 93.26 m3.ha-1 in 2015) with a
still decreasing tendency.
Forests and forest roads are multifunction, like carbon sequestration, water storage, soil
erosion prevention, landscape structuring, a place for recreation, etc., but in this study as in
Werner et al (2007) the total forest area is allocated to the maritime pine.
With the help of SimaPro software, the data from Table 1 were used to build the
inventory table. The results are illustrated in Table 2.

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Table 2 Inventory table per functional unit (1 m3 of maritime pine, standing, in forest)

Activity/Substance Compa Subcomp Unit Maritime Maritime

rtment artment pine, pine,
standing, standing,
in forest- in forest-
(2005) (2015)
Occupation, forest, intensive Raw land m2a 3339.2 3659.3
Occupation, traffic area, rail/road Raw land m2a 85.46 93.65
embankment
Transformation, from forest, natural Raw land m2 97.852 107.226
Transformation, to forest, intensive Raw land m2 95.41 104.55
Transformation, to traffic area, rail/road Raw land m2 2.442 2.676
embankment

2.2. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) translates the results of the inventory table into a
limited number of environmental impact scores where one of them is land use. This is done
by means of so-called characterization factors (CF) that indicate the environmental impact
per unit of stressor (e.g. per m3 of resource used).
LCIA was made with the help of SimaPro 9.1 software (PRé Consultant 2020) and the
method chosen on the impact category land use was ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ V1.11 (PRé
Consultant 2019) that uses the model by Milà i Canals et al. (2007) considered the most
appropriate among the existing approaches by the European Commission-Joint Research
Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability (2011) for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in
the European context This method has a focus on soil quality, and its indicator describes the
changes in soil organic matter (SOM) associated with land interventions. Indicator results are
thus expressed as kilogram-C, reflecting changes in soil organic carbon (European
Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2012).

3. Results and Discussion

Land use impact assessment results (characterization) per functional unit (1 m3 of
maritime pine, standing, in forest) for the years 2005 and 2015 using ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ V1.11
method is presented in Tab. 3. The comparative land use by substance is illustrated in Fig. 2.

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 Table 3 Land use impact (characterization) per functional unit using ILCD 2011 Midpoint+
method
Activity /Substance Compartm Sub- Unit Maritime pine Maritime
ent compart (2005) pine
ment (2015)

Occupation, forest, intensive Raw Land kg C 6678 7319

deficit
Occupation, traffic area, Raw Land kg C 1026 1124
rail/road embankment deficit
Transformation, from forest, Raw Land kg C -1957 -2145
natural deficit
Transformation, to forest, Raw Land kg C 1908 2091
intensive deficit
Transformation, to traffic Raw Land kg C 9157 10034
area, rail/road embankment deficit

Total kg C 16812 18423

deficit

Land use

2005
kg C deficit

2015

Activity/Substance

Figure 2 Comparative land use (by substance) of functional unit in 2005 and 2015 using ILCD
2011 Midpoint+ method. Acronyms: OFI (Occupation, forest, intensive); OTA (Occupation, traffic
area, rail/road embankment); TFFN (Transformation, from forest, natural); TTFI
(Transformation, to forest, intensive); TTTA (Transformation, to traffic area, rail/road
embankment)

The results shown in Table 3 and illustrated in Fig. 2 refer to the impacts from activities
on forest to produce 1 m3 of maritime pine (FU) considering a rotation time of 35 years. The
activities considered were: land (forest and forest road) occupation, land transformation from
forest natural, and land transformation to forest intensive and to forest road.
Carbon deficit attributed to FU in 2005 was 16812 kg C deficit and 18423 kg C deficit in
2015. It means that the deficit in carbon increased of approximately 9.6% in this period of
time. The impact category results are mainly due to transformation forest land into forest
roads (transformation, to traffic area, rail/road embankment (TTTA)) representing 54 % of the
total value followed by the occupation, forest, intensive (OFI) that represents approximately

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 313

40% and occupation of forest road (occupation, traffic area, rail/road embankment (OTA))
that accounts for 6%. The net value of land transformation, from forest natural into forest
intensive and forest road is approximately -49 kg C deficit and -54 kg C deficit for 2005 and
2015, respectively that corresponds to the credit of land transformation from forest natural
which is transformed into road. The carbon deficit attributed to land transformation, to forest,
intensive (1908 kg C deficit in 2005 and 2091 kg C deficit in 2015) is equal to the credit
attributed to the same quantity of land transformation, from forest, natural (--908 kg C deficit
in 2005 and -2091 kg C deficit in 2015) so the sum of this two activities have a null effect on
the global result.
Like in the Sandin et al. (2013) study, land use impacts from land transformation are
much higher than impacts from land occupation.

4. Conclusion
This work proposed to study the evolution of land use impact category of Portuguese
maritime pine forest between 2005 and 2015 using the ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ V1.11 method and
the SimaPro software.
Results show that for the functional unit (FU, 1 m3 of maritime pine, standing in forest)
the deficit in carbon increased approximately 9.6% in this period of time. It was 16812 kg C
deficit in 2005 and 18423 kg C deficit in 2015. Transformation forest land into forest roads
(transformation, to traffic area, rail/road embankment) was the activity/substance that most
contributed to the results, representing 54 % of the total value.
These results were expectable because during this period of time the maritime pine
forest area presented a reduction of 84700 hectares and the volume of growing wood
decreased of about 15 millions cubic meters. Fires and pests (mainly the nematode) played an
important role in the results. During this period of time an average of 20753 forest fires per
year were recorded, which were responsible for an average burnt area of more than 44.7
thousand hectares per year.

5. Acknowledgments
This work is financed by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e
Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDB/00681/2020. Furthermore we would like to thank the
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu and CERNAS for their support.

References
AIFF (2013). A vision for the forestry sector (in Portuguese). Associação para a
Competitividade da Fileira Florestal. http://www.aiff.pt/assets/ESTUDO_Prospetivo_-Sector-
Florestal.pdf
Dias A & Arroja L (2012). Environmental impacts of eucalypt and maritime pine wood
production in Portugal. J Clean Prod 37:368–76.
European Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability
(2011). International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook-
Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context. First edition
November 2011. EUR 24571 EN. Luxemburg. Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability
(2012). Characterisation factors of the ILCD Recommended Life Cycle Impact Assessment
methods. Database and Supporting Information. First edition. February 2012. EUR 25167.
Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 314

Faias S., Morais P., Dias S., Morão S., Tomé M., Páscoa F. and Ôchoa P. (2007). FORSEE – A
European network of pilot zones for the evaluation of criteria and indicators for
sustainable forest management ‘(in Portuguese)’. Relatório final do projecto nº20
programa INTERREG IIIB – Espaço Atlântico. Publicações GIMREF RFP1/2007.
Universidade Técnica da Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos
Florestais, Lisboa, Portugal, pp. 192.
Faragò, M., Benini, L., Sala, S. et al. (2019). National inventories of land occupation and
transformation flows in the world for land use impact assessment. Int J Life Cycle
Assess 24, 1333–1347.
Ferreira J., Jones D., Esteves B., Cruz-Lopes L., Pereira H. and Domingos I. (2020). Life Cycle
Assessment of Maritime Pine Wood: A Portuguese Case Study. Journal of Sustainable
Forestry. DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2020.1768871
González-García S., Dias A., Feijoo G., Moreira M. and Arroja L. (2014). Divergences on the
environmental impact associated to the production of maritime pine wood in Europe:
French and Portuguese case studies. Science of the Total Environment 472, 324–337.
IC-EQUAL (2007). Practical Guide for Intervention in Forest Areas Sensitive to Risks - Risk of
Erosion / Fire / Phytosanitary ‘(in Portuguese)’. Parceria de Desenvolvimento do Projeto
“Florestar – Sustentabilidade da Floresta” no âmbito da Iniciativa Comunitária EQUAL.
Publicação do Gabinete de Gestão IC-EQUAL, pp. 39.
ICNF (2020 a). Forests. Forest Rows. Economic Importance. Institute for Nature Conservation
and Forests (in Portuguese). http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/fileiras/econ
ICNF (2020 b). National Forest Inventory - IFN5 and IFN6 Final Report (in Portuguese).
Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests ‘(in Portuguese)’. Web site. [online 10 July
2020] URL: http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/ifn
ICNF (2019). Portugal Market Report 2019. Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests.
http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/fileiras/resource/doc/import-economica/2019-10-31-
Portugal-Market-Report-2019.pdf
ISO (2006 a). EN ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –
principles and framework. International Standard Organisation (eds), Geneva, Switzerland,
pp. 28.
ISO (2006 b). EN ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –
requirements and guidelines. International Standard Organisation (eds), Geneva,
Switzerland, pp. 46.
Milà ì Canals L., Romanyà J. and Cowell S.J. (2007). Method for assessing impacts on life
support functions (LSF) related to the use of ‘fertile land’ in life cycle assessment (LCA). J
Clean Prod 15 (15), 1426–1440.
Pordata (2020). Database of Contemporary Portugal (in Portuguese), Fundação Francisco
Manuel dos Santos. https://www.pordata.pt/
PRé Consultant (2019). SimaPro Database Manual, Methods Library, Report version 4.14.2. PRé
Consultants. https://simapro.com/
PRé Consultant (2020). SimaPro Software, version 9.1. PRé Consultants. https://simapro.com/
Sandin G., Peters G.M. and Svanström M. (2013). Moving down the cause-effect chain of
water and land use impacts: an LCA case study of textile fibres. Resources, Conservation
and Recycling 73, 104–113.
Werner F., Althaus H., Kunninger T., Richter K. and Jungbluth N. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories
of Wood as Fuel and Construction Material. ecoinvent report No 9. Swiss Centre for Life
Cycle Inventories, Dubendorf, pp. 176.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 315

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

PSEUDOTSUGA BARK SUBERIN LIQUEFACTION IN POLYALCOHOLS

Idalina Domingos1 José Ferreira1 Luísa P. Cruz Lopes1 Bruno Esteves1

ijd@estgv.ipv.pt jvf@estgv.ipv.pt lvalente@estgv.ipv.pt bruno@estgv.ipv.pt

1
CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) outer bark is called a suberin-rich bark due to a
significant amount of cork tissue. Although this cork tissue cannot be used for cork stoppers of
other structural cork products since it is mixed with phloem, there is also the possibility of using this
material by chemical conversion and use it as a source of chemicals. One of the most used
chemical processes in the last years to liquefy lignocellulosic materials has been the liquefaction at
moderate temperatures using a mixture of polyalcohols catalysed by acid or basic catalysts.
This work studies the possibility of using polyalcohol liquefaction to liquefy Douglas-fir bark
and mainly its suberin fraction by alkaline catalysis. Liquefaction of bark was done in a reactor
using glycerol/PEG (50/50) mixture catalysed by 0.9 g potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 180ºC during
2 h. The reactor charge was 10 g of dried sample, bark/solvent ratio was 1/10. Suberin was
extracted from a bark sample by use of methanolysis.
Results showed great differences in FTIR spectra between the initial material with and
without suberin. The main differences were found to be the nearly disappearance of the peaks at
2919 cm-1, 2854 cm-1 and 1749 cm-1 (non-conjugated aliphatic esters) for the material without
suberin. However, there was also a decrease in the peak at 1600 cm-1 (conjugates) and 1515 cm-1
(lignin) and at 1450 cm-1 and 1223 cm-1. In the solid residue after liquefaction we could observe a
similar decrease in the suberin peaks, indicating that most of the suberin was liquefied.

Keywords: Bark, FTIR, Liquefaction, Pseudotsuga, Suberin.

1. Introduction
The outer bark of several woods has a significant amount of cork tissue like for
example Quercus cerris (L. P. Cruz-Lopes et al., 2016) or Betula pendula barks (L. Cruz-Lopes
et al., 2019). One of the major compounds of this cork tissue is suberin. Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) is one of such barks and might be an important source of chemicals
once liquefied. As mentioned before by Graça and Pereira the suberin content of Douglas-fir
bark is around 53%(Graça and Pereira, 1999) which is even higher than Quercus suber cork
(Pereira, 1988). There have been numerous studies on the liquefaction of cork in the last years
(Evtiouguina et al., 2002; Yona et al., 2014). Since Quercus suber cork has a high value, it is
mostly used as a material to produce cork stoppers, flooring, cladding or other products with
the solid bark. Only some dust resulting from the industrial process is available for liquefaction
and production of chemicals. These cork-rich barks, although not suitable for cork industry,
may be a good alternative to the production of chemical from suberin.
Attempts where made before to liquefy Pseudotsuga bark optimizing the process but
no prove could be obtained about the extent of the suberin content of Douglas-fir bark
liquefaction (Esteves et al., 2018). These authors stated that Pseudotsuga bark could be

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 316

liquefied and that the higher the amount of KOH the higher the liquefaction yield with a
maximum at around 6%. Also, the liquefaction yield increased both with the temperature and
time of the liquefaction reaction, until a maximum was reached, decreasing afterwards. The
present work focuses on confirming, by FTIR analysis, if liquefaction of suberin from Douglas-
fir bark was achieved .

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The bark of Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco used in this work was collected from a
100-year-old tree, grown in Serra da Estrela, central region of Portugal. The barks were
stored indoor in semidarkness and with good ventilation and dried at room temperature.
Dried samples were milled in a Retsch mill SKl and sieved into three fractions: > 40 Mesh
(0.425 mm), 40-60 Mesh and < 60 Mesh (0.250 mm). The 40-60 Mesh was used for the tests.

2.2. Methods

Before liquefaction, the samples were dried at 102 ± 2°C. Liquefaction was held on a
double shirt reactor (Parr cylinder 600 ml LKT PED, Parr Instrument Company, IL, USA, heated
with oil) using a mixture (glycerol/PEG = 1/1) and with 0.9 g KOH (Merck, Darmstadt,
Germany) as additive. The reactor charge was 10 g of dried sample, bark/solvent ratio was
1/10. Liquefaction of bark was done at 180ºC during 2 h. The liquefied mixture was then
dissolved in ca. 100 ml MeOH (Valente e Ribeiro, Belas, Portugal) and filtered over paper
filter in a Buckner funnel and the liquefied material (Figure 1) was evaporated at reduced
pressure in a rotary evaporator to remove water and MeOH. The residue was washed with
water to remove excess glycerol and PEG and weighed to determine liquefaction
percentage. Suberin was extracted from a bark sample by use of methanolysis and the
remaining material was liquefied as stated before for normal Pseudotsuga bark.

Figure 4: Liquefied Pseudotsuga bark

Ftir ATR spectra of normal bark, desuberized bark, liquefied bark and solid residue
were taken in a PerkinElmer UATR Two, FT-IR Spectrometer, Beaconsfield, UK. A resolution of
4.0 cm−1 was applied with seventy-two scans recorded in the range 4000–400 cm−1. The liquid
was placed directly over the crystal covering completely the surface and the spectrum was
taken, while for the solid samples after putting the powder over the crystal it was pressed
before taking the spectrum

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 317

 3. Results and Discussion
Figures 2 shows the FTIR spectra of initial Pseudotsuga bark before and after removing
the suberin content and the solid residue obtained after liquefaction of normal bark with
polyalcohols. Observing both spectra it is clear that the spectrum of initial Pseudotsuga after
removing suberin is much similar to the spectra of the solid residue than the spectrum of
original Pseudotsuga bark.
Results showed great differences in FTIR spectra between the initial material with and
without suberin. The main differences were found to be the nearly disappearance of the
peaks at 2919 cm-1, 2854 cm-1 and 1749 cm-1 (non-conjugated aliphatic esters) for the
material without suberin. However, there was also a decrease in the peak at 1600 cm-1
(conjugates) and 1515 cm-1 (lignin) and at 1450 cm-1 and 1223 cm-1. In the solid residue after
liquefaction we could observe a similar decrease in the suberin peaks. This similitude between
initial Pseudotsuga after removing suberin and solid residue spectra indicate that most of the
suberin was liquefied once the traditional suberin peaks are inexistent or significantly
decreased.

Figure 2: FTIR spectra of initial Pseudotsuga bark (with and without suberin) and solid residue
after liquefaction

Figure 3 shows a comparison between liquefied Pseudotsuga bark and the solid residue.
There are significant differences observed between both spectra. For instance, has expected
the OH peak around 330 cm-1 is much higher in liquefied material due to the inclusion of the
polyols used in the liquefaction process.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 318

 Figure 3: Comparison between liquefied Pseudotsuga bark and solid residue

4. Conclusion
Results have shown that suberin was successfully liquefied, proving that it is possible to
liquefy cork-rich barks by polyols such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) outer bark,
opening good opportunities to use this liquefied material to produce high valuable
compounds.

5. Acknowledgments
This work is financed by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e
Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDB/00681/2020. Furthermore we would like to thank the
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu and CERNAS for their support.

References
Cruz-Lopes L., Domingos I., Ferreira J., Teixeira de Lemos L., Esteves B., and Aires P. (2019).
Production of polyurethane foams from Betula pendula. Em C. Vilarinho, F. Castro, M.
Gonçalves, and A. L. Fernando (Eds.), Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities III
(1.a ed., pp. 319–352). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429289798-51
Cruz-Lopes L. P., Silva H. C., Domingos I., Ferreira J., Lemos L. T., and Esteves, B. (2016).
Optimization of Quercus cerris Bark Liquefaction. International Journal of Chemical,
Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 10(8).
Esteves B., Cruz-Lopes L., Ferreira J., Domingos I., Nunes L., and Pereira, H. (2018). Optimizing
Douglas-fir bark liquefaction in mixtures of glycerol and polyethylene glycol and KOH.
Holzforschung, 72(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0018
Evtiouguina M. Barros-Timmons A., Cruz-Pinto J. J., Neto C. P., Belgacem M. N., and Gandini,
A. (2002). Oxypropylation of Cork and the Use of the Ensuing Polyols in Polyurethane
Formulations. Biomacromolecules, 3(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm010100c
Graça J., and Pereira, H. (1999). Glyceryl-Acyl and Aryl-Acyl Dimers in Pseudotsuga menziesii
Bark Suberin. Holzforschung, 53(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.066

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 319

Pereira H. (1988). Chemical composition and variability of cork from Quercus suber L. Wood
Science and Technology, 22(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386015
Yona A. M. C., Budija F., Kričej B., Kutnar A., Pavlič M., Pori P., Tavzes Č., and Petrič, M. (2014).
Production of biomaterials from cork: Liquefaction in polyhydric alcohols at moderate
temperatures. Industrial Crops and Products, 54, 296–301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.01.027

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 320

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

LAND USE EVOLUTION OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE

CYCLE ASSESSMENT: A PORTUGUESE CASE STUDY

José Ferreira1 Bruno Esteves1 Luísa P. Cruz Lopes1 Idalina Domingos1

jvf@estgv.ipv.pt bruno@estgv.ipv.pt lvalente@estgv.ipv.pt ijd@estgv.ipv.pt

1
CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

Abstract
The eucalyptus globulus forest in Continental Portugal has shown a systematic increase over
the last 50 years. In 20015 it was the species with the highest forest land occupation (845,000
hectares) representing 26.2% of the total Portuguese forest area. Although between 2005 and 2015
the occupation of the soil by eucalyptus globulus had grown about 7.5%, the existing volume
increased slightly 0.2%. The wildfires had a strong impact on this with a total burnt area of 1.1
million hectares during this period.
Due to its economic value (national leader in exports of high added value) and social
(contributes to the generation of thousands of jobs) this study aims to assess the evolution of the
environmental impact of eucalyptus globulus in terms of land use between 2005 and 2015.
Life cycle inventory and life cycle impact assessment were done with the help of SimaPro
software. The ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ method was chosen to assess the “land use” environmental
impact.
Results show that land use impact category of functional unit (1 m3 of eucalyptus globulus
trees, standing in forest) increased about 7.3% between 2005 and 2015. Transformation to forest
road (from forest) is the process that most contributes for this impact category with approximately
78%. Forest occupation is the second most important process representing about 19.5% of the
total impact category and forest road occupation represents only 3%. Transformation from forest
is a process with a slightly beneficial contribution (-0.4%) to the total impact category.

Keywords: Forest, Land use, Life cycle assessment, Eucalyptus globulus

1. Introduction
Eucalyptus forest has existed in Portugal and Europe since the second mid-19th century
and has shown a systematic increase in Continental Portugal over the last 50 years (CELPA
2016; ICNF 2020 a). According to National Forest Inventory (ICNF 2020 b) in 20015 eucalyptus
globulus was the specie with the highest forest land occupation (845,000 hectares)
representing 26.2% of the total Portuguese forest area. Although between 2005 and 2015 the
occupation of the soil by eucalyptus globulus had grown about 7.5%, the existing volume
increased slightly 0.2% mainly due wildfires. During this period of time an average of more
than 44.7 thousand hectares (Kha) per year were burnt as a consequence of an average of
20753 forest fires per year (Pordata 2020). Furthermore the severity of wildfires in Portugal in
2017 with a total burnt area of more 539 Kha, equivalent to 500 Kha in forest space,
comprising 329 Kha in forest stands and 170 Kha in scrublands (ICNF 2019), certainly caused
an important degradation on the existing volume of eucalyptus. Forest fires like land

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 321

conversion, tillage, overgrazing and soil erosion are anthropogenic causes of soil organic
matter (SOM) loss (Brandão and Milà i Canals 2013).
Eucalyptus forest are multifunction systems that provide forest products (eg wood), non-
forestry (eg essential oils) and environmental (eg carbon sequestration). Portuguese
eucalyptus globulus is a leader in exports of goods with high national added value,
contributes to the generation of thousands of jobs and creates value for forest owners and
for the economic agents involved (CELPA 2016).
To assess the environmental impacts associated with the production of eucalyptus wood
in Portugal the life cycle assessment (LCA) (ISO, 2006 a,b) have been applied (Dias & Arroja
2012; Dias et al. 2007; Lopes et al. 2003; Vieira et al. 2010 ), but no one of these studies
assessed the land use impact category. Vieira et al (2010) only account for the direct land
use (hectares) to produce 1 ton of paper from eucalyptus wood.
According achievements of Working Group 2 “Land Use” of COST Action E9 “Life Cycle
Assessment of Forestry and Forest Products” (Doka et al 2002) far more than for other
products, the assessment of impacts caused by land use is essential for the full assessment of
forest products. Two different kinds of land use impact were identified: land use change (also
called land use transformation); and land occupation. Land use change (transformation) is a
man-made change of the land use from one type to another (e.g. from natural forest to
intensive forest) and land occupation is continuous use of some area for a certain period of
time for specified land use type (Doka et al 2002; Perminova et al 2016).
Extensive research has been done on the impact category land use to enable the
quantification of impacts of land occupation and land transformation on biodiversity, biotic
production and soil quality (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for
Environment and Sustainability 2011; Faragò et al 2019; Perminova et al 2016).
In the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook (European
Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2011) three
midpoint models (ReCiPe, Milà i Canals and Baitz) and five endpoint methods (EPS2000, Eco-
Indicator 99, ReCiPe, LIME and Swiss Ecoscarcity) were evaluated. At the endpoint level, no
one is recommended by ILCD being the ReCiPe method suggested as an interim solution. At
the midpoint level the method by Milà i Canals is considered the most appropriate among
the existing approaches for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context. This
method has a focus on soil quality, and its indicator describes the changes in soil organic
matter (SOM) associated with land interventions (Milà ì Canals et al. 2007).
keeping in mind the relevance economic, social and environmental of eucalyptus
globulus, the aim of this study is to assess the evolution on land use impact category of
Portuguese eucalyptus between 2005 and 2015. The results of this study can be important to
support future decision-making regarding the best management options for Portuguese forest
planning.

2. Materials and Methods

The methodology adopted in the study is the Life Cycle Assessment method
recommended in the ISO 14040/44 (ISO 2006a; ISO 2006b) standards.

2.1. Functional unit, System boundary and Inventory analysis

The functional unit (FU) is given as 1 m3 of eucalyptus globulus, standing in forest and
the function of the system being studied is to produce eucalyptus trees for different uses.
The system boundary for the product system being studied is represented in Figure 1.
The activities/substances included in the boundary are related with regeneration of eucalyptus

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 322

trees in the forest. The output is eucalyptus trees standing in forest and the inputs are those
related with the occupation and transformation of land.

Figure 1 System boundary

The life cycle inventory data on eucalyptus trees from forests planted in Continental
Portugal was based on the National Forest Inventory (IFN) (ICNF 2020 b) and others sources
as illustrated in Table 1. The National Forest Inventory (IFN) is a process of statistical and
cartographic nature, which allows assessing the temporal evolution of the state and the use
of forest resources in Portugal. IFN5 and IFN6 report forest data for 2005 and 2015,
respectively.
The life cycle inventory analysis has been performed with the help of SimaPro 9.1
software (PRé Consultant 2020).

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 323

 Table 1 Datasets for land use/occupation and production of eucalyptus globulus in
Continental Portugal (adapted from Werner et al 2007)
Nr. Eucalyptus globulus Mean value Units Source

2005 2015

1 Land occupation (IFN6) (x103) 785.9 845 ha ICNF 2020 b

2 Volume (growing) (x106) 43.221 43.310 m3 ICNF 2020 b

Rotation length (time from
3 birth/plantation to final tree 12 Years (yr) Almeida 2008
harvest)
Faias et al.
4 Forest road length 71.3 m/ha
2007
5 Forest road width 3.50 m IC-EQUAL 2007

6 Forest road area 0.024955 m2/m2 Calculated 1)

7 Yield (including forest roads) 0.0055 0.005125 m3/m2 Calculated 2)

8 Yield (excluding forest roads) 0,005641 0.005256 m3/m2 Calculated 3)

9 Land use, forest 177.281 190.253 m2/m3 Calculated 4)

Land use, forest roads = Land

10 4.537 4.869 m2/m3 Calculated 5)
transformation, forest road
11 Land occupation, forest 2127 2283 m2.yr/m3 Calculated 6)

12 Land transformation, forest 181.818 195.122 m2/m3 Calculated 7)

13 Land occupation, forest roads 54.447 58.431 m2.yr/m3 Calculated 8)

1)
Forest road area = (Forest road length x Forest road width)/10000
2)
Yield (including forest roads) = volume (growing) / Land occupation / 10000
3)
Yield (excluding forest roads) = Yield (including forest roads) / (1 - Forest road area)
4)
Land use, forest = Yield (excluding forest roads)-1
5)
Land use, forest roads = Forest road area / Yield (including forest roads)
6)
Land occupation, forest = Land use, forest x Rotation length
7)
Land transformation, forest = Land use, forest + Land use, forest roads
8)
Land occupation, forest roads = Land use, forest roads x Rotation length

Although land occupation of eucalyptus increased 7.5% the production increased slightly
0.2%, between 2005 and 2015 as we can see in Table1. The yield (average standing volume of
eucalyptus per hectare) is very low (55 m3.ha-1 in 2005 and 51.25 m3.ha-1 in 2015) with a still
decreasing tendency.
In this study as in Werner et al (2007) the total forest area is allocated to the
eucalyptus even though forests and forest roads are multifunction, like carbon sequestration
etc.
With the help of SimaPro software, the data from Table 1 were used to build the
inventory table. The results are illustrated in Table 2.

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 Table 2 Inventory table per functional unit (1 m3 of eucalyptus, standing, in forest)
Substance Compar Sub- Unit Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus,
tment compart standing, in standing, in
ment forest forest
(2005) (2015)
Occupation, forest, intensive Raw land m2a 2127 2283
Occupation, traffic area, rail/road Raw land m2a 54.447 58.431
embankment
Transformation, from forest, Raw land m2 181.818 195.122
natural 1)

Transformation, to forest, intensive Raw land m2 177.281 190.253

Transformation, to traffic area, Raw land m2 4.537 4.869
rail/road embankment
1)
Transformation, from forest, natural = Transformation, to forest, intensive + Transformation, to
traffic area, rail/road embankment.

2.2. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) translates the results of the inventory table into a
limited number of environmental impact scores where one of them is land use. This is done
by means of so-called characterization factors (CF) that indicate the environmental impact
per unit of stressor (e.g. per m3 of resource used).
LCIA was made with the help of SimaPro 9.1 software (PRé Consultant 2020) and the
method chosen on the impact category land use was ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ V1.11 (PRé
Consultant 2019) that uses the model by Milà i Canals et al. (2007) considered the most
appropriate among the existing approaches by the European Commission-Joint Research
Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability (2011) for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in
the European context This method has a focus on soil quality, and its indicator describes the
changes in soil organic matter (SOM) associated with land interventions. Indicator results are
thus expressed as kilogram-C, reflecting changes in soil organic carbon (European
Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2012)

3. Results and Discussion

Land use impact assessment results (characterization) per functional unit (1 m3 of
eucalyptus, standing, in forest) for the years 2005 and 2015 using ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ V1.11
method is presented in Tab. 3. The comparative land use by substance is illustrated in Fig. 2.

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 Table 3 Land use impact (characterization) per functional unit using ILCD 2011 Midpoint+
method
Activity /Substance Compart Sub- Unit Eucalyptus Eucalyptus
ment compartment (2005) (2015)
Occupation, forest, intensive Raw Land kg C deficit 4255 4566
Occupation, traffic area, Raw Land kg C deficit 653 701
rail/road embankment
Transformation, from forest, Raw Land kg C deficit -3636 -3902
natural
Transformation, to forest, Raw Land kg C deficit 3545 3805
intensive
Transformation, to traffic Raw Land kg C deficit 17015 18260
area, rail/road embankment

Total kg C deficit 21832 23430

Land use
kg C deficit

2005
2015

Activity/Substance

Fig. 2 Comparative land use (by substance) of functional unit in 2005 and 2015 using ILCD
2011 Midpoint+ method. Acronyms: OFI (Occupation, forest, intensive); OTA (Occupation, traffic
area, rail/road embankment); TFFN (Transformation, from forest, natural); TTFI
(Transformation, to forest, intensive); TTTA (Transformation, to traffic area, rail/road
embankment)

The results shown in Table 3 and illustrated in Fig. 2 refer to the impacts from activities
on forest to produce 1 m3 of eucalyptus globulus (FU) considering a rotation time of 12 years.
The activities considered were: land (forest and forest road) occupation, land transformation
from forest natural, and land transformation to forest intensive and to forest road. Carbon
deficit attributed to FU in 2005 was 21832 kg C deficit and 23430 kg C deficit in 2015. It
means that the deficit in carbon increased of approximately 7.3% in this period of time. The
impact category results are mainly due to transformation forest land into forest roads
(transformation, to traffic area, rail/road embankment (TTTA)) representing 78 % of the total
value followed by the occupation, forest, intensive (OFI) that represents approximately 19.5%
and occupation of forest road (occupation, traffic area, rail/road embankment (OTA)) that
accounts for 3%. The net value of land transformation, from forest natural into forest intensive
and forest road is approximately -91 kg C deficit and -97kg C deficit for 2005 and 2015,
respectively that corresponds to the credit of land transformation from forest natural which is
transformed into road. The carbon deficit attributed to land transformation, to forest, intensive
(3545 kg C deficit in 2005 and 3805 kg C deficit in 2015) is equal to the credit attributed to
the same quantity of land transformation, from forest, natural (-3145 kg C deficit in 2005 and

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 326

-3765 kg C deficit in 2015) so the sum of this two activities have a null effect on the global
result.

4. Conclusion
This work proposed to study the evolution of land use impact category of Portuguese
eucalyptus forest between 2005 and 2015 using the ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ V1.11 method and the
SimaPro software.
Results show that for the functional unit (FU, 1 m3 of eucalyptus globulus, standing in
forest) the deficit in carbon increased of approximately 7.3% in this period of time. It was
21832 kg C deficit in 2005 and 23430 kg C deficit in 2015. Transformation forest land into
forest roads (transformation, to traffic area, rail/road embankment) was the activity/substance
that most contributed to the results, representing approximately 78 % of the total value. Like
in the Sandin et al. (2013) study, land use impacts from land transformation are much higher
than impacts from land occupation.
These results were expectable because during this period of time the eucalyptus forest
area increased by 7.5% and the production (volume growing) increased slightly 0.2% which
represents a reduction of 6.8% in the yield (including forest roads). Forest fires (an average of
20753 per year) that burnt an average of more than 44.7 thousand hectares per year
between 2005 and 2015 were probably the main responsible for the reduction in the
eucalyptus yield.

5. Acknowledgments
This work is financed by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e
Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDB/00681/2020. Furthermore we would like to thank the
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu and CERNAS for their support.

References
Almeida A. (2008). The Eucalyptus in Portugal: Environmental Impacts and Scientific Research
(in Portuguese). In: Silva Lusitana, 16 (2), 275-276.
Brandão M. and Milà i Canals L. (2013). Global Characterisation Factors to Assess Land Use
Impacts on Biotic Production. Int J Life Cycle Assess, 18, 1243-1252.
CELPA (2016). The sustainability of eucalyptus plantations in Portugal (in Portuguese). CELPA -
Associação da Industria Papeleira, Lisboa, p 32.
Dias A. and Arroja L. (2012). Environmental impacts of eucalypt and maritime pine wood
production in Portugal. J Clean Prod, 37, 368–76.
Dias A., Arroja L. and Capela I. (2007). Life cycle assessment of printing and writing paper
produced in Portugal. Int J Life Cycle Assess, 12, 521–528
Doka G., Hillier W., Kaila S., Köllner T., Kreißig J., Muys B., Quijano J., Salpakivi-Salomaa P.,
Schweinle J.,
Swan G. and Wessman H. (2002). The Assessment of Environmental Impacts caused by Land
Use in the Life Cycle Assessment of Forestry and Forest Products. Final Report of
Working Group 2 “Land use” of COST Action E9.
http://ww.seeds4green.org/sites/default/files/COSTE9LandUseDoka.pdf
European Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability
(2011). International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook-
Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context. First edition
November 2011. EUR 24571 EN. Luxemburg. Publications Office of the European Union.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 327

European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability
(2012). Characterisation factors of the ILCD Recommended Life Cycle Impact Assessment
methods. Database and Supporting Information. First edition. February 2012. EUR 25167.
Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union.
Faias S., Morais P., Dias S., Morão S., Tomé M., Páscoa F. and Ôchoa P. (2007). FORSEE – A
European network of pilot zones for the evaluation of criteria and indicators for
sustainable forest management (in Portuguese). Relatório final do projecto nº20
programa INTERREG IIIB – Espaço Atlântico. Publicações GIMREF RFP1/2007.
Universidade Técnica da Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos
Florestais, Lisboa, Portugal, pp. 192.
Faragò M., Benini L., Sala S. et al. (2019). National inventories of land occupation and
transformation flows in the world for land use impact assessment. Int J Life Cycle
Assess 24, 1333–1347.
IC-EQUAL (2007). Practical Guide for Intervention in Forest Areas Sensitive to Risks - Risk of
Erosion / Fire / Phytosanitary (in Portuguese). Parceria de Desenvolvimento do Projeto
“Florestar – Sustentabilidade da Floresta” no âmbito da Iniciativa Comunitária EQUAL.
Publicação do Gabinete de Gestão IC-EQUAL, pp. 39.
ICNF (2020 a). Forests. Forest Rows. Economic Importance (in Portuguese). Institute for Nature
Conservation and Forests. http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/fileiras/econ
ICNF (2020 b). National Forest Inventory - IFN5 and IFN6 Final Report (in Portuguese).
Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests. http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/ifn
ICNF (2019). Portugal Market Report 2019 (in Portuguese). Institute for Nature Conservation
and Forests. http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/fileiras/resource/doc/import-
economica/2019-10-31 -Portugal-Market-Report-2019.pdf
ISO (2006 a). EN ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –
principles and framework. International Standard Organisation (eds), Geneva, Switzerland,
pp. 28.
ISO (2006 b). EN ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –
requirements and guidelines. International Standard Organisation (eds), Geneva,
Switzerland, pp. 46.
Lopes E., Dias A., Arroja L., Capela I. and Pereira F. (2003) Application of the life cycle
assessment to the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. J Clean Prod, 11, 51–59
Milà ì Canals L., Romanyà J. and Cowell S. (2007). Method for assessing impacts on life
support functions (LSF) related to the use of ‘fertile land’ in life cycle assessment (LCA). J
Clean Prod, 15 (15), 1426–1440.
Perminova T., Sirina N., Laratte B., Baranovskaya N. and Rikhvanov L. (2016). Methods for land
use impact assessment: A review. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 60, 64–74.
Pordata (2020). Database of Contemporary Portugal (in Portuguese), Fundação Francisco
Manuel dos Santos. https://www.pordata.pt/
PRé Consultant (2019). SimaPro Database Manual, Methods Library, Report version 4.14.2. PRé
Consultants. https://simapro.com/
PRé Consultant (2020). SimaPro Software, version 9.1. PRé Consultants. https://simapro.com/
Sandin G., Peters G.M. and Svanström M., (2013). Moving down the cause-effect chain of
water and land use impacts: an LCA case study of textile fibres. Resources, Conservation
and Recycling, 73, 104–113.
Vieira R., Canaveira P., Simões A. and Domingos T. (2010). Industrial hemp or eucalyptus
paper? An environmental comparison using life cycle assessment. Int J Life Cycle
Assess, 15, 368–375.
Werner F., Althaus H., Kunninger T., Richter K. and Jungbluth N. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories
of Wood as Fuel and Construction Material. ecoinvent report No 9. Swiss Centre for Life
Cycle Inventories, Dubendorf, pp. 176.

ORENKO 2020 Proceedings Poster Presentation 328

 ORENKO 2020
International Forest Products Congress
September 23-26, 2020 - TURKEY

BIOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL IN PEELS OF IPOMOEA AND MONALISA POTATO

Luísa P. Cruz Idalina José Ferreira1 Anabela Fragata1 Bruno Esteves1

Lopes1 Domingos1
lvalente@estgv.ipv.pt ijd@estgv.ipv.pt jvf@estgv.ipv.pt afragata@estgl.ipv.pt bruno@estgv.ipv.pt

1
CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea potato), island potato, jatica or jetica is a plant of the family of
convolvulaceae, of the order of Solanales (the same of potato, tomato, peppers, etc.) originating
in the Andes and spread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world. It has a good
percentage of nutrients, is rich in vitamins A, C, E, B6, B12 and D and minerals such as calcium,
iron, magnesium and potassium. The common potato (Monalisa potato) was used as a comparison
enabling a better knowledge about the different benefits of each one. The main types of common
potato are: monalisa, asterix, yacon, baraka, bintje, àgata, markies, cupid, caesar and mondial and
sweet potato: purple, white sweet potato. The potato has a low amount of fat and contains B
and vitamin C vitamins, phosphorus (in good quantity), iron, potassium, calcium and is an important
source of starch.
This work aims to characterize the chemical composition of the peel from Ipomoea potato
and Monalisa potato in order to understand the possible benefits of the peel from these products,
Regarding the chemical composition, ash content, extractives (in dichloromethane, ethanol
and in methanol- water), proteins, cellulose, tannins, lignin and hemicelluloses were determined in
triplicate using the 40-60 mesh fraction following Tappi T 264 om-97.
The studies carried out for the chemical composition of the common potato peel allowed us
to conclude that the peel consists mainly of proteins (31.62%), tannins (21.45%) and extractable in
methanol: water (17.39%), also presenting hemicelluloses (13.38%), ash (5.77%), lignin (5.91%) and
cellulose (2.42%). Relative to the sweet potatoes peel allowed to conclude that the bark consists
mainly of tannins (30.33%), proteins (19.45%) and extractable in methanol: water (16.26%), also
presenting cellulose (9.85%), ash (7.27%), lignin (6.90%) hemicelluloses (6.06%).

Keywords: Ipomoea potato peel, Monalisa potato peel, chemical composition, biocellulosic
material.

1. Introduction
In recent years, scientists have tried to find a solution to value waste by turning it into
value-added products. Lignocellulosic residues have been used by several authors in recent
years (Cruz-Lopes et al. 2016b, a, 2017) for this purpose. In this work, the authors used a new
residue in an attempt to find a solution that would reduce potato peel waste (PPW).
Common potato (Monalisa potato) has low amounts of fat and contain b-complex
vitamins and vitamin C, phosphorus (in good quantity), iron, potassium, calcium and are an
important source of starch (Barker e Bárbara, 2020). Common potato peel waste (CPPW)
consists essentially of 1% to 2% fiber and simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose and sucrose,
ranging from 0.1% to 0.7% (Embrapa, 2015). Sweet potato (Ipomoea potato) is a root that has

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high nutritional content, high concentration of carbohydrates, minerals, sugars and vitamins A,
C and those of b complex, varying its composition with cultivation, climatic conditions, harvest
time, conditions and storage duration. When harvested it presents about 30% of dry matter
containing on average 85% carbohydrates, whose main component is starch. During storage,
part of the starch converts into soluble sugars, reaching 13.4% to 29.2% of starch and 4.8% to
7.8% of total sugars, 2.0 to 2.9% of protein, 0.6 to 1.7% of ash, 1.3 to 3.8% of crude fiber and
0.3 to 0.8% of fat (Glória 2009). During storage, part of the starch converts into soluble
sugars, reaching 13.4% to 29.2% of starch and 4.8% to 7.8% of total sugars, 2.0 to 2.9% of
protein, 0.6 to 1.7% of ash, 1.3 to 3.8% of crude fiber and 0.3 to 0.8% of fat (Glória, 2009).
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), more
than 368 million tons of potatoes were produced in 2018 worldwide, representing 47 million
tons in America (about 12.66%) and 105 million ton in Europe (about 28.57%), and this amount
continued to increase annually (Food and Agriculture Organisation 2020). Taking into account
that waste from the potato industry accounts for approximately 27% of the weight produced.
PPW can be used as a natural source of antioxidants that could otherwise create problems
related to disposal, leading to environmental pollution; possible solutions to reduce its
environmental impact have been studied (Schieber et al, 2001; Guechi and Hamdaoui 2016).
The decomposition of potato peel is very fast and is generally used to feed the animals
(Maske and Satyanarayan 2012). This residue has a wide range of biological properties, such
as antioxidant, antibacterial, apoptotic, chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory properties
(Wu 2016). The main components of PPW are generally water, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose,
fermentable sugars, lignin, proteins, polyphenols and alkaloides (Liang and McDonald 2014;
Liang et al 2014; Chintagunta et al. 2016; Guechi and Hamdaoui 2016). This is increasingly
studied due to its rich nutrients and the presence of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides
extracted from potato peel are considered to have an important potential value in the food
or pharmaceutical field. The peel carries nutrients such as iron, calcium, potassium, magnesium,
vitamin B6 and vitamin C in large quantities. For example, 100 grams of potato peel contains
seven times more calcium and 17 times more iron than the same amount of the potato itself.
The sweet potato peel waste (SPPW) is filled with a significant amount of beta carotene,
which converts to vitamin A during digestion (de Francisco et al. 2019). Despite the difference
between potato and sweet potatoes, both are rich in carbohydrates, antioxidants and fiber
(Liang and McDonand 2014; Salawu et al. 2015).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The samples used were common potato (Monalisa potato) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea
potato) supplied by companies in the Tondela region, Figure 1.A and B, respectively.

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 (A) (B)
Figure 1 CPPW (Monalisa potato) (A); SPPW (Ipomoea potato) (B).

The samples were milled in a Retsch SMI mill and sieved in a Retsch AS200 for 20
minutes at a speed of 50 rpm. Four fractions > 40 mesh (> 0.420 mm), 40-60 mesh (0.420 -
0.250 mm), 60 – 80 mesh (0.250 - 0.177 mm) and < 80 mesh (< 0.177 mm) were obtained and
dried at 105ºC for at least 24 hours afterwards.

2.2. Methods

The methods used to determine the chemical composition of sweet and common
potato peels were repeated at least three times for each essay.
The determination of moisture content consisted of the determination of the mass loss
of 1 g (±0.0001 g) of a sample of 40 mesh fraction , which was placed in an oven at 105 ± 3
ºC around 3 h. The determination of the ashes consists of incinerating in a muffle at 525ºC
for 3 hours. A 10 g fraction sample of 40 mesh was used. In this study the determination of
the extractable content was made using a Soxhlet apparatus, 10 g of sample was used and
extracted sequentially with solvents of increasing polarity: dichloromethane (6 h), ethanol (16
h) and water (16 h). The protein content was determined by 5 g (± 0.0001 g), of a 40-mesh
fraction sample, free of extractables, with a solution of 1% pepsin, in 0.1 M of HCl. The
resulting solution was left in the bath for 16 h, at 37ºC, with constant agitation. Then the
solution was filtered with hot water until neutralization and the resulting residue was dried at
60ºC, until constant weight. The determination of the tannin content is performed by the
treatment of 4 g (± 0.0001 g), of a fraction sample of 40 mesh, free of extractables and
proteins with 200 mL of NaOH solution, at 0.3 % (m/v). The resulting mixture was kept in
reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 1h. The extracted material is filtered and washed with
hot water until neutralization and dried at 60ºC, until constant weight. In the lignin content,
0.7 g (± 0.0001 g), free from extractables, proteins and tannins, is used, and then the Klason
method, described in the Standard TAPPI T222 om-88, which quantifies lignin as a solid
residue was used. This method consists of the direct determination of lignin, based on its
isolation, by hydrolysis in sulfuric acid (72%). According to specialized literature, there are
other acids that can be used for hydrolysis, but have as a consequence the alteration of the
structure of lignin (Sjöström, Eero, 1992, pp. 71-89).
To determine the cellulose content, approximately 1g (± 0.0001g) of sample (fraction of
40 mesh) free of extractables, which was first treated with a mixture of nitric acid and
ethanol (1:4, v/v) is used. Then, the sample was refluxed in 50 mL of nitric acid and ethanol
solution for 3 hours. Every hour, the supernatant was removed by decanting and 50 mL more
of nitric acid and ethanol solution (1:4, v/v) was added. The insoluble residue obtained at the

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end of 3 hours is filtered in a G2 glass crucible and washed with hot water until
neutralization. The hemicelluloses content was determined by difference.

3. Results and Discussion

In order to verify the constitution of the existing components in the common potato
and sweet potato, a complete chemical characterization of these two peels was made. The
results obtained are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Chemical composition of CPPW and SPPW (% dry matter).

The analysis in Figure 1 shows that the CPPW consists primarily of proteins (about 32%),
tannins (about 22%) and extractives in methanol: water (about 17%) while SPPW consists
primarily of tannins (about 30%), proteins (about 20%) and extractives in methanol: water
(about 16%). The lack of data in the bibliography in relation to the analyses performed did
not allow comparing the values obtained. The high percentage presented of this residue in
tannins offers good perspectives for its possible application as antidotes in heavy metal and
alkaloid poisoning; external astringents: healing, hemostatic, protective and re-epithelializing
and internal route: antidiarrheics; antiseptics; antioxidants; (due to their complexing effect,
they decrease the absorption capacity of iron).

4. Conclusion
The realization of these studies, aimed to take advantage and value the CPPW and
SPPW Resultsshow that this raw material has components that allow to increase its degree of
use as raw material. The studies for the chemical composition of the CPPW allowed us to
conclude that the peel consists mostly of proteins (31.62%), tannins (21.45%) and extractable in
methanol: water (17.39%), also presenting hemicelluloses (13.38%), ash (5.77%), lignin (5.91%) and
cellulose (2.42%). The studies for the chemical composition of the SPPW allowed us to
conclude that the peel consists mostly of tannins (30.33%), proteins (19.45%) and extractable in
methanol: water (16.26%), also presenting cellulose (9.85%), ash (7.27%), lignin (6.90%)
hemicelluloses (6.06%).

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 5. Acknowledgments
This work is financed by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e
Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDB/00681/2020. Furthermore we would like to thank the
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu and CERNAS for their support.

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