AC CIRCUITS 193

Chapter 4: AC Circuits
Short Answer Questions
1. 2072076 Set BQ.No.1 2070 Set CQ.No.1 220 VA.c. Is more dangor than 220 VD.C., why? [2
The root mean square voltage and peak value of voltage are related as
V
Vrm 2
or, V V2 Vm
So, the peak valuc of 220 V a.c. is 2 times oreater than 2200V d.c. Hence, a 22v a.c
dangerous than 220 V d.c.
2.2076SetNO 1 2069 (Set B) Q.No.1 2068 Old Can. Q.No,1e A choke coil is preferable to a resisior in aan
ac circuit. Why? 12
Choke co 1s a coil of wire with high inductance and low resistance. It is used in ac circuit to contro
the current without significant loss of electrical enerey in the form of heat. The power consumed n
is the
chokecol Pa lms X
Vms cosB. Since, 0 90, then P
Iems Vms x cos 90° 0. It
=
=

means
current n a choke is wattless. If a resistor is used for limiting current in a circuit, there is always
wastaße ot power by Joule's law of heating, The power loss is given by P = 1PR. Also, there is gradual

potental drop resistor. Hence, choke coil is

across the preferred
to a resistance in an ac circuit to
change the magnitude of the current without consuming power from the source.
-

2075GIE Q.No.11 The emf of an ac source is given bythe expression, E = 300 sin 314t volts. Write the values
of peak voltage and frequency of that source. What will be the rms voltage of source? 2
sGiven E = 300 sin(314t)

R.M.S. voltage (E) = ?

Frequency () =?
Comparing this equation with
E E Sin wt
Here, Eo=300 V & o = 314

300.
Vrms=
& 2Tf 314
f 50 Hz
4. 2075 Set AQ.No. 11 2073 Supp Q.No. 11 2071 Set DQ.No. 1 2068 Can. Q.No. 1 2062
2056Q.No. 7d 2053 Q.No.7 e Why is choke coil preferred over a resistance in a.c.?
Q.No. 1e 2057 Q.No. 1 e
Please refer to 2076 Set CQ.No. 11
[2)
2074 Supp Q.No.11 2072 Set DQ.No. 1 2071 Set CQ.No. 1 What is wattless current?
a The electrical power consumed in circuit is
(21
an ac
given by,
R
Pav rmsX Vrms cose, where, cos-
Here, Z is impedance, cos6 is called the power factor and 0 is the
current and voltage. Since, the value of phase angle in pure phase difference between the
consumed is Pay Imsx Vms X cos 90° 0. And hence, currentcapacitor
and inductor is 90°, the power
=

is called wattles current. So, current of any ac circuit is said toflowing

in pure capacitor and nductor
be wattless current when it does
Consume any power. not

62074Set AQ.No. 1 The emf of an ac source is given by the expresslon, E=300 sin 314 t vots. Write the
values of peak voltage and frequency of
a
source.
Please refer to 2075 GIE Q.No. 1 [21
194 A COMPLETE NEB SOLUTION TO PHYSICS X
value of ac?
How ls It related with the peak
Define rms value of ac. a resistance to
7.
2074 SetB O.No. 1e current (lc), wlhich on passing, through r a given
a 1 h e r.m.s. value of ac is the steady current does in the same rogis
i e will produce the s a m e
amount of heat
as the alternating
Value of., lor sistan
eflective value. I , D* the wak Ic, then i
the s a m e time. It is also called as
virtual or rmns

value is given by Ims

Similarh the r.m.s value of a voltage is Vrm

direct current does not, Ew
current passes through
a capacitor
whereas
Explain
2073Set DQ.No.1e Altemating reactance. 121
this fact on the basis of capacitative
is given as,
The capacitative reactance of a capacitor
is capacitance of a capacitor.
1
wheref= frequency of curent and C becomes infinite.
2rfC
the reactance of a capacitor and
acts
for aasde
insulator
current,which
f 0, blocks
Xc current.
= current
d.c.alternating current, f is more &t Xc is less i.e., the capacit.
i.e., for For o by
passes through
it and d.c is blocked h
for alternating current. So, a.c. casily
has low reactance

capacitoor. if the plates of the

L.C.R. series circuit change
How does the resonance frequency of an
. 2072 Supp Q.No. 1
capacitor are brought closer together?
The resonance frequency of an
L.C.R series circuit is

2rLC of a capacitor. The capacitance of a

inductor and C is the capacitance
where, L is inductance of
parallel plate capacitor is given as

c-
inside the capacitor,
where, e
=
permittivity of the substance kept
A area d is distance between plate.
of plate and result,
increases, as a
the plate closer, the capacitance of capacitor
when distance decreases by taking
the resonance frequency decreases.

What are the advantages of AC. over D.C.?

10. 2072 Set EQ.No.1
The advantages of a.c over d.c. are given as:
is little bit difficult.
easily converted into d.c. but
reverse
The a.c. can be of
to higher and vice versa with the help
from lower voltage
The voltage of a.c. can be changed
transformer but voltage of d.c. can not be changed.
without any loss of energy but not d.c.
The be transferred easily over long distances
a.c. can but
electric motor are run by only a.c
like electrical fan, washing machine,
Many electrical appliances
not by d.c.
Production of ac is easy and economical.
explain why there is a phase difference between current
For a capacitor in an a.c. circuit,
11. 2071 Supp Q.No.1
and votage. leads voltage by a phase angle 90°, This is due to
a capacitor, current
When a n a.c. is passing through a capacitor, it
stores charges &
storing nature of capacitor. When
a.c. is
passing tnrou8n
the charge charges anu hence current leads voltagshu a
but voltage produces after storing
current
response
of 90°.
phase angle
2064 O.NO.19 Define ms values of aternatina
o. (Set B) a.No. 12068 Q.No.1 2067 Sup Q.No. 1 (2
current.
Set 6 O No1
Please refer to 2074
 AC CIRCUITSI 195
13. 2070 Set DQ.No. 1 2059 Q.No. 1
Fluorescent lights often use an inductor, to limit the
tubes. WhyIs it better to use an inductor current through the
The electrical power consumed a rather than resistor for this purpose?
in an ac circuit is given by 2
Pav Ims X
Vrms X
cos0, where cos0
Here, 1S
mpedance, cos0 is called the power factor and 9 is the phase difference
current and
voltage. Since, the value of phase angle in pure inductor between the
is 90°, the power consumed
PavImsX Vms X
Cos 90°
0. Due to this reason, an inductor is used to limit
= is
tube fluorescent light. But, ifa
of the current through the
resistor is used for this purpose, there is wastage of
by Joule's law of
heating
due to zero phase difference between the power (P 12R)
resistor, inductor voltage and current. Thus, unlike
plays
a significant role for
controlling
the current without loss of
any power. That's
why, inductor is better to use than a resistor in fluorescent tubes.
14. 2069 (Set A) Q.No. 1e At high frequencies, a capacitor becomes a short-circuit and an inductor becomes an
open circuit. Explain.
(21
The capacitative reactance if a capacitor Xc is given by
Ac 2tfC Where f is
,
frequency & Cis capacitance ofa capacitot.
Iff= oo, Xc 0, So, capacitor acts as
=

short circuit.
The inductive reactance for inductor X; is
given by,
XL 27 fL, L inductance of inductor.
=

If, f= o, XL= o, so inductor

act as open circuit.
15. 2069 (Set B)Q.No. 1a Sketch the symbols of "capacitor", "an inductor", "emf of a cell" and "a resistor".
[21
aThe symbols of a capacitor (C), an inductor (L), emf (E) and a R

resistor (R) are shown in the circuit

16. 2067 Q.No.11 What do you mean by wattless current? 21

a Please refer to 2074 Supp Q.No.1
17. 2067 Old Q.No.2 What are the advantages of a.c. over d.c.? (2
Please refer to 2072 Set E QNo.11
18. 2066Supp Q.No. 1e Define rms value of a.c.
Please refer to 2074 SetBONo.1
19. 2066 Q.No.2 Fluorescent lamps often use an inductor, called a ballast, to limit current through the tubes.
Why is it better to use an inductor rather than a resistor for this purpose? 2
Please refer to 2070 Set DQ.No. 11
20. 2058 Q.No.2 e What is meant by wattles current?
[2
Please refer to 2074 Supp Q.No. 11
21. 2056 Q.No.7 What do you mean by r.m.s value of an A.C. current?
(2]
Please refer to 2074 Set BQ.No. 1e
22. 2055 Q.No.7 Why is choke coil preferable to resistor?

a Please refer to 2076 Set C Q.No. 1

23. 2054 Q.No.7 g What is meant by impedence of an a.c. circuit?
the
(2
aThe net resistance or opposition offered by
circuit to the ac
alternating current is called
of an ac circuit. When an ac current pasestrough a LCR circuit ie, circuit containinginpendcnee
inductor,
capacitor and resistor, then each or theompets tfers different resistances which differ from each
other. Inductor (L) offers reactance AL rectly proportional to the frequency (6) of ac.
Similarly, capacitor (C) offers reactance Xc which is nversely proportional to the frequency () of ac,
and resistance offered by resistor docs not depend upon frequency.
 PHYSICB XI
SOLUTION TO
T96 | A COMPLETE NED

offered by L.CR circult is glven by,

Hence, the net resistance

Z-VR -X-/R o where o -2)

role an jlayed by resistance in .
Ic cireuin,
which is known as impedance of an ac circuit. IU plays same 2
CR circuit in Z, - R? + X
Similarly, the impedanee of LR cirecuit is 7-\VR Xi and +

LongAnswer Questions a circult contalning

An alternating current passo8 through
an in
24.
2076 Sot BQ.No. 6d 2058 Q.No.7a the current flowing and phase relatlon betweon theo
and a resistor in series. Derlve expresslons for urrent
and the voltage.
inductor of inductance L are connected in sori
Suppose a pure resistor of resistance R and pure
a
a souree of altermating e.m.f. as shown in figure (i). Let V be the r.m.s. value of applied alterna
e.m.f. and I be the r.m.s. value of current flowing in the circuit.

L R
B
mm www v.J Vi

o ok VA
(i) (ii) (ii)
i) A.C. through resistor & inductor (i) Phase relationship between Voltage & Current in
LR circuit (iy Phasor diagram
The potential difference IXL (leads current I by an angle of n/2). The potential
across inductor, V =

difference R, VR
across 1.R (in phase with the current). Since Vr and I are in
=

phase. So, Va is
represented by OA in the direction of I (figure (iii). The current lags behind the potential difference
V by angle of r/2 so, VL is represented by OB
and Vi is given by OH. The
perpendicular to the direction of I. So resultant of VR
magnitude of OH is given by
OH =OA2 + OB? =VR+ V12
or, V= NPR2+ ? X2
or, V =

lyR +X?
or,-VR + X = VR? + wL

V
But-Z, is the effective opposition of LR circuit to a.c. called inmpedance of LR circuit.
The impedance of L-R circuit is given by
Z-R+X?
Again,1 VR2+X
I=-
VR+(Lo)A=L»]
Let 0 be the angle between V and I, so'from figure (ii), we have,
tane V

or, tane= tanG

If the values of XL and R are

known, 0 can be calculated. Current lags behind the
applied
e.m.f. by an angle .
The power factor in
The phase
this circuit is
relationship between current and voltage is given in fig. (i). voltace or
given by
R
Cos0=
R2+(Lo)?
 AC CIRCUITS / 197

2075 Set A QNo. 5d What is an LCR circuit? Derlve the condition for resonant frequency for an LCR serles
25.
circuit with an a.c. supply. [41
ICR Circuit: The electrical circuit which contains a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor connected
with an a.c. a i n s is called LCR circuits.
Electrical Resonance and resonance in Series LCR Circuit
Let us consider a pure resistor of resistance R, a pure inductor of inductance L and an ideal capacitor
of capacitance C be connected in series to a source of alternating e.m.f. as shown in figure. As R, L
and C are in series, current at any instant through the three elements has the same amplitude and

phase.
However, voltage across each element bears different phase relationship s n www
with the current. Let V be the r.m.s. value of the applied alternating e.m.f. to -V>d>+V
LCR circuit and I be the r.m.s. value of current flowing through all the circuit
elements which is given by

where, Z
1-2R+ (KL- XcP
R?+ (XL -Xc)P is the impedance ofthe series LCRcircuit
Electrical resonance is said to take place in a series LCR circuit when the circuit allows maxim um
current for given frequency
a of the
source of alternating supply
becomes equal to the inductive reactance (i.e., Xc= XL).
for which capacitive reactance

Now, I - -
R(L-
At low frequency, XL = Lo - L2nf is very smaill and Xc= 1
C7E is very large. At high frequency.

and Xc very small. If XL Xc for particular frequency fo, then the

Tis a
=

large
=

X Lo is very

impedance of LCR circuit is given by

z = R 2 + 0 = R (minimum)
ie, mpedance of LCR circuit is minimum and hence current becomes maximum. This frequency (fo)
is called resonant frequency and the phenomenon is called electrical resonance
Hence, for electrical resonance, we have
X Xc Ry> R2> Ri
or, Lo Cw
Ri

or,
VLC
or, 2 fo
JLC
. fo2mLC
This is the
expression for resonant frequency.
ne resonant frequency is independent of the resistance R in the circuit. However, the sharpness of
Tesonance decreases with increase in resistance as shown in figure.
SSet B QNo. 5d Derive an expression for the impedance of an a.c. circult containing a resistor an
u o r and a capacitor. Hence derive resonance frequency. Also, draw the phase diagram.
annce of an ac. Circuit: Let a pure resistor of resistance R, a pure inductor of inductance L and
41
e a l capacitor of capacitance C be connected in series to a' source of alternating e.m.f. as shown in
s ng figure. As R, L and C are in series, current at any instant through the three elements has the
with the e and phase. However, voltage across each element bears different phase relationship
T Current. Let V be the r.m.s. value of the applied alternating e.m.f. to LCR circuit and Tbe the
Value of current
flowing through all the circuit elements.
 T98 A COMPLETE NEB SOLUTION To PHYSICS * U

m Ewww-
-V ++Va D

-O oA
Ve
(i) (ii) B
(iii)

relationship heveen V' & 1 in series ICR

( A.C Through lCR series circuit (ii) Phase
circuit fu) Phase diagram
The potential difference across inductor, Vi = IXL leads current I by an angle of m/2)
The potential difference across C, Ve = IXc (lags behind the current I by an angle n/2)
The potential difference across R, VR = IR (in phase with the current)
Since, V and I are in phase so, VR is represented by OA in the direction of I as shown in figure tia
The
current lags behind the potential difference Vi by angle of m/2, so Vi is
perpendicular to the direction of I. The current leads the potential difterence Vc by an angle of n/
represented hv
Vc is represented by OB perpendicular to the direction of L Since Vi and Vc are in opposite ase,:
their resultant (VL
Vc) is represented by OD (Here, VL> Vc).
-

The resultant of Vr and

(VL Vc) is given by OF. The magnitude of OF is given by
-

OF-VOA)? (OD)}? =V2+(VL- Vc)?

+

or, V=VP R2 (1 XL I X)? =}R2+ (XL -Xc)?

+ -

V
or, R? (X -Xc +

V
But Z is the effective
opposition of LCR circuit to A.C. called impedance of the circuit. So, we get
Z--R+( -Kc¥..
This is required impedance of LCR series circuit.
Resonance frequency:
At low
frequency, XL =
Lo =L2tf is very small and Xc =

is very large. At high

frequency, XL Lo is very large and Xc =is very small. If XL Xc for a
=

particular frequency fo
=

then the impedance of LCR circuit is

given by
z =R2+0 R (minimum)
ie., Impedance of LCR circuit is minimum and hence
current becomes maximum.
is called resonant
frequency and the phenomenon is called electrical resonance. This frequency (fo)
Hence, for electrical we résonance, have
XL Xc
or, Lo a ***** R3 RR

or, w2=T

or,

or, 27 fo
VDLC
fo 1
2ryLC
This is the expression for resonant frequency.
The resonant frequeney is independent of the resistance R in the circuit. However, the sharpness of
resonance decreases with increase in resistance as shown in figure.
 AC CIRCUITS 199
Set BQ.No. Sd Derive an
expression for the
1. a resistor R in series. Draw Impedance of an ac clrcult with an Inductor L, a capacitor C
and the phase diagram if the voltage across the Inductor ls greater than
across the capacitor.
that
laae refer to 2075 Set BQ.No. 50
Please
41
73 Supp Q.No. 5d Derive expresslon for the impedance of an ac clrcult
Also draw the phase contalning a reslstor and an
inductor
diagram. 14)
Pleasereferto 2076 Set BQ.No. 5d
073 Set DQ.No. 5b Find expression for current in the case of alternating LCR serles circult and explain the
29.
ahase relation between voltage and current.
141
tet a pure resistor of resistance R, a pure inductor of inductance L and an ideal capacitor of
anacitance C be connected in series to a source of alternating e.m.f. as shown in following figure, As
cap
R.L and C are in series, current at any instant through the three elements has the same amplitude
and phase. However, voltage across each element bears different phase relationship with the current
1et V be the r.m.s. value of the applied alternating e.m.f. to LCR circuit and I be the r.m.s. value of
current flowing through all the circuit elements.
C
www-lwwww V.
V>V
VR
- D ENe-V
(i) (i) B Ve (ii)
between V &I in series
A.C. through LCR series
Fig: (i) circuit(ii) Phase relationship
LCR circuit (ii) Phase diagram
an angle of z/2)
acroas inductor, VL IXL (leads current I by =

The potential difference

behind the current I by an angle m/2)
The potential difference across C, Vc Kc (lags
=

across R, VR IR (in phase with the current)

The potential difference
=

in figure (i).
OA in the direction of I as shown
and I are in phase so, Vr is represented by
Since VR of n/2, so VL is represented by OE
behind the potential ifference VL by angle
The current lags The current leads the potential
difference Vc by an angle of r/2 so
direction of L
perpendicular to the
to the direction of I.
Vc is represented by OB perpendicular V) is represented by OD (Here
Vc
so their resultant (Vc
-

Since Vi and Vc are in opposite phase,

V OF. The magnitude of QF is given by
The resultant of Vr and (Vc Vi) is given by
-

OF-V(OA)+(OD)=VV2+(Vc-Vi)
IXL)? R?+ (Xc XL)?
-
=

or V VP R? + (I Xc
-

or, R+ (Xc-Xi)?
called impedance of thecircuit.
So, we get
V of LCR circuit to A.C.
2 is the effective opposition
But

Z--R+(Xc-XiP
V
or,
1ZZVR+Xc-Xu)}*
This is required current of LCR series circuit.

Now,
tane
R IR R

or, tanG =
R
200 A COMPLETE NE8 soLUTION TO PHYSicS XI

or. e= tan-l

equinnd phase relationship between

is
current voltage and
hus series a.c. circuit. Shou.
of a LCR
S072 Supp Q.No. ScDerive an expression for the impedance Show graphical
how impedance varies with the variation of applied frequency.
Ptease nher to 075 Set BQNo 5
31. 072 Set D Q.No 53 An altemating current passes through a circuit containing a resistor,
esistor, aa capar
inductor in series. Derive an expression for the phase relation between the current and the voltaae capacitor and an
Please reter to or3 Set DQ No 5
32 2072 Set E QNo.Sd Derive the condition for resonant frequency of LCR alternating current circuit
Pleae refer to 2075 Set AQ.No 5
33 2071 Supp Q.No.5 Define a.c. power. Derive an expression for it. Also define power factor.
Power consumed in an circuit
Let the alternating em.f. applied to LCR circuit be
E Esinot
i)
The current in the ircuit be,
=b sin(ot-8)
Power at any instant t is given by
E l = Eo sin'otx lo sin(ot - 0) = Eolo sin ot (sin ot cos cos ot sin 0)

=
Eclo sinot cos -

Folo sin ot sin cost ot =

Eolo t cos 6- sin2ot sin 6
If this instantaneous
power is assumed to remain constant for a small time dt, then small
amount of
work done in this time is,

dW =

(Eolo sin?ot cos 0 -sin2ot sin 0) dt

2 (ii)
Total work done
T.
over a
complete cycle is calculated by integrating equation (iii) from time t=0 to t=

W Eolo sinotcos 9dt- sin2ot sin e dt

0

-Elo cose Eglo

sinot dt-2sinesin2ot dt sintotdt=f sin2otdt=0|

W =Eolo cos 0
Now, Average power,
P5 ose Eo lo
cos

P=Irms . Erms COs 6

iv)
This is required expressionfor power in ac circuit. The power in ac is defined as the product ot ue
virtual current and virtual potential difference with
power factor cos6. Here, cos is power
tacto
which is defined as the ratio of true
power to apparent (or virtual power) in an ac circuit.
i.e., Power factor, cos E
ms. Crms
34. 2071 Set DQ.No. 5d Derive an expression for the C
impedance of an ac circuit with inductor L, a capaci
an
and a resistor R in series. Draw the phase diagram if the the capacitor is greater a 4
voltage across
across the inductor. 4
of
Let
a pure resistor resistance R, pure inductor of inductance L. and an ideal capacitor
a

capacitance C be connected in series toa source of alternating e.m.f. as shown in following tigure.
R, L and C are in series, current at any instant through the three elenents has the same ampitu
 AC CIRCUITSI 20

nhase. However, voltage across each element bears different phase relationship with the current,
nd

a n b e tthe
h e r.m.s. value of the applied alternating e.m.f. to LCR ¢ircuit and I be the r.m.s. value o
Let V be
flowingthrough all the circuit elements.
current

C E
R
ww.-Ewww
V

D
Ve-V
(i)

LCR series circuit (ii) Phase

(ii)
BVc (iii)
relationship between V & l in series LCR circuit (ii) Phase diagram
A.C. through

rhe Dotential difference inductor, VL IXL (leads current I by an angle of r/2)

across =

current I by an angle n/2)

rT notential difference across C, Vc IXc (lags behind the
=

The potential
difference aCross R, Vr IR(in phase with the current) =

direction of I as shown in figure (ii).

phase so, Vr is represented by OA in the
Gince VR and I are in behind OE
the potential difference VL by angle of n/2, so VL is represented by
The current lags of
leads the potential difference Vc by a n angle n/2 so
nerpendicular to the direction of I. The current
to the direction of I. Since VL and Vc are in opposite phase,
so
Ve is represented by OB isperpendicular OD
(Vc- VL) represented by (Here, Vc> VL).
theirresultant The magnitude of OF is given by
and (Vc V) is given by OF.
of VR -

The resultant
OF-(OA)? (OD)2 VVR (Vc -VL)? + = +

or V =y? R2 (I Xc I XL)2 =VR2 +(Xc -XL)?

+ -

or. R? +
(Xc -

XL
V
Z is the effective opposition of LCR
circuit to A.C. called impedance of the circuit. So, weget
But,
Z--VR?+(Xc -Xi)
series circuit.
This is required inmpedance of LCR
series. Derive an
passes through a circuit containing a resistor and an inductor in
35. 2070 Set DQ.No.5 d An ac and relation between the current and voltage. [41
expression for the current phase
a Please refer to 2076 Set BQ.No.5d
circuit containing a resistor and an
for the impedance of an ac
36. 2069 Supp Set B Q.No. 5 b Derive expression
14]
inductor. Also draw the phase diagram.
Please refer to 2076 Set BQ.No.5d
and current in
Discuss the phase relationship between the voltage
37.
2069 (Set A) Q.No. 5d 2052 Q.No. 10 OR of the circuit? 4
the ac circuit containing an inductor and a resistor in series. What is power factor
a Please refer to 2076 Set BQ.No. 5d
38. 2067 QNo.5d 2060 Q.No. 7 a OR Discuss the phase relationship between the current and voltage in AC. circuit
for the impedance of the circuit 4
containing capacitor and resistor in series and hence derive an expression
connected in series
SuppOse a pure resistor of resistance R and a pure capacitor of capacitance C are

to a source of alternating e.m.f. as shown in figure (i). Let V be the r.m.s. value of applied alternating
e.m.f. and I be the r.m.s. value of current flowing in the circuit.
A
C
R
ww VR
R
4TT

i) (ii) VeB
'g
(iii)
capacitor and resistor in series ii) Phase relationship behveen V& Iin CR circuit (iii) Phasor diagran
202 A COMPLETE NEB soLUTION
TO PHYSICS XI
current I by angle of
Xc (lags behind the
The potential difference acrosscapacitor, Ve
=

with the current). Since, VR and lara

The potential differenceacross R, Vr =1.R (in phase
of I as shown in figure (ii). The current leadsPhag
VR is represented by OA in the direction S0,
differo c e Ve by angle of n/2 so Ve is represented by
OB perpendicular to the direcPoe
resultant of Vr and Vc is given by OD. The magnitude of OD is given by, o L.So, potential
OD yOA?+OB VVR?+ V
or, V =PR+ PX

or, V 1R:+

or,-R:+X-R oC2
V
ButZ, is the effective opposition of CR circuit to a.c. called impedance of CR circuit,

The impedance of CR circuit is given by

Z-R
Again,1Z R
R+X
R "X
2C2
Where, ZVR+(1/oC)2 is impendence of the circuit
Let 0 be the angle between E and I, so from figure (c), we have,
tane- IR

or, tane CRtand oCR

If the valuesof Xc, and R are known can be calculated. This shows that the
or current leads the
voltage or e.m.f voltage lags the current
in fig (i).
by an
angle 0. The phase relationship between V and I is shown
39. |2067 Old Q.No. 7a OR 2066 Q.No.7 a OR Derive an expression for the current
flowing through
containing a resistor and capacitor. Obtain the expression of power factor this an a.c. circuit
Please refer of circuit. [3+1)
to 2067 Q.No. 5
40. 2065 Q.No. 7a Derive the condition for resonant frequency of an L-C-R alternating current series circuit. 41
Please refer to
2075 SetA Q.No. 5
41.
2061 Q.No. 7 a OR Find an expression for impedance of an a.c. circuit
capacitor in series. Also discuss the phase relation of current and emf in that containing a resistance and a
Please refer to 2067 Q.No 5 circuit. [341)
42. 2056
Q.No. 9 An alternating emf is applied across a capacitor. Show that the current in it leads to the
emf by 90°. apple
A C circuit containing a 4
C
capacitor:
A

V.JA
O90
V
B
(i) (ii) (iii)
i) A.C. through capucior (i) Phase relationship benveen V& I (ii) Phasor diagram
 AC CICUITB 203
consider a pure capacitor of capacitance C connected across an alternating, source of eini V a"
us

Le
shown figure. The emf at
in figure. instant in any tlhe circuitis
ot
Vo sin (i)
V
the
N o w ,
charge q on the capacitor at the instant is
given by
sin ot
cV =C Va
the current flowing in the circuit at any instant is
Thus, the
V
d
1 dt
(C V,sinot) CoV, cos ot =/C sin (t +2)
=

=
lo sin (ot +5) (i)
I
where, lo= C»Vo1/Co
Vo is the peak value of current. The equation (i) & (ii) show that the

current leads
the applied voltage by.
rho phase relation between V & l is shown in the wave diagram in (i) and (i). The phasor diagram
shows that I lead V by 900
(ii) also
Find the impendence of LCR circuit in series. 41
2055 O.No.
refer to 2075 Set BQ.No. 5d
43.

Please

Numerical Problems
consists of a capacitor of 2uF and a resistor of 10002. An alternating emf of
2076 Set CQ.No. 9c A circuit the phase angle between the
12Vand frequency 50Hz is applied. Find the voltage across the capacitor and
current. the
41
applied emf and
Solution
Given,
F =2 10-6 F
ofcapacitor (C)10002u2
= x
Capacitance
Resistance of resistor (R) =

emf (V) = 12 V (rms)

Frequency (f) 50 Hz
=

Current (I) =?
=?
Voltage a c r o s s capacitor (Vc)
Phase angle ($) = ?

We have
V V 12 = 6.38 x 10-3 A

R2Xc2
R 10002+2r 50x2 10-)
6.38x 10-3 10.2v
Ve
Vc IXc =E
IXc 2rfC 2T x 50 x 2 * 10
10.2 57.9
la( tanRtan638 10-3 100
resistor R and
to series circuit containing a
EOTS An ac source of 220 V, 50 Hz is connected
GIE Q.No.9c current in the circuit, (ii)
the
L a capacitor C. IfR 200 2, L 0.5 H and C 10 uF, calculate, (i)
=

uctor and
=
[41
phase angle and (ii) the power consumed in the circuit.
the
Solution E 220 V, 50 Hz
Given,
E.m.f. of
source (V) 220 V
Frequency of source () = 50 Hz
=
O-
Resistance (R) = 200 2
Inductance (L) = 0.5 H
C 10 uF
Capacitance (C) =10 uF =
10x 10-6 F mmm w
L 0.5H R 200n
 PHYSICSXIl
204 1 A COMPLETE NEB soLUTION TO

i Current (1) ?
ii. Phase angle (0) = ?
ii. Power consumed (P) = ?

We have,
i V 1VR+ (X1 -Xc)¥
or, IR.
, 1
R L}
220
1
200 2n x
50 x
0.5-2t 50 x10x10

= 0.856A

1. Let o be phase angle,

tan
R

= tan-1
or, ¢
R

= tan-"
2nfL 2L
R

2Tx 50x 0.5-27x 50 x 0.5

= tan-
200
tan-'(-0.807)
= -38.9°
:-ve sign indicate that current leads voltage]
ii. Power consumed P is
P =
IV cos
=
0.856 x 220 x cos (-38.9)
= 146.56 W

46. 2074 Supp Q.No.9c An iron cored coil of inductance 2 H and resistance 50 2 is connected in series with a
resistor of 950 2. A 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply is connected across the Find the current flowing in
the circuit and the voltage across the coil.
arrangement.
14
Solution
Given
Introduction (L) = 2H

Resistance of inductor (Ri) 502

Resistance of resistor (R«) = 950 2
=

Emf(V) 220V
Frequency ( ) = 50Hz
C u r r e n t (1) = ?

Voltage across coil (Vi) = ?

Now, we have,
XL = »LL
= 2 fL= 2n 50 x2 628.322

Then, using
 AC CIRGUITS I 205

E 220 220
181.010,186 ampene
RR+R:)? + X¡, V50+ 50)2+ (628.32)2
e required current is 0.186 ampere.
Hence, the
Again, we have

V IXL

0.186
x 628.32:= 116.87V

Hence,
the require voltage is 116.87V.
and negligible resistance is in series with a resistance 40 2. A
A Set AQ.No. 9c A coil of inductance 0.1 Hthem. If the voltage across L is equal to that across R, calculate
is connected to
A1 nly voltage of 50v (rms)
141
voltage
across of the
the inductor and frequency supply.
the

Solution

Given,
= 50V
Voltage (V)
ressistor (VR) voltage across inductor (VL)
voltage across
L 0.1H R =402
case of L-R circuit, we have
Now, in
2
y2=VR +VL
2
=
VR+VR :Vr= V]
V2
or,
2
V2
=
2V R
or,

or V
S 35.35V
35.35V
or, VR 2
3 5 . 3 5 Volt
. Vr R is 35.35 volt.
Hence, the required voltage across

Again using,
VR=VL
or, IR XL
or, R = XL

or, R F
oL
or, R 27TfL
40
or, f 2tL 27Tx 0.1
= 63.7Hz
63.7Hz
Hence, the required frequency is in
inductance 3 H and 50 2 resistance is placed
2053 Q.No. 11 An iron cored coil of
48.
2073 Supp Q.No. 9 Hz ac supply is connected
across the arrangements.
Find the
series with a resistor of 550 N and a 100 v, 50 [41
current in the coil and voltage across the coil.
flowing
Solution
Given,
Inductance (L) = 3H

Resistance of inductor (RL) = 502

Resistance of resistor (RR) =
550 2
Emf(E) =100V
Frequency ( ) = 50Hz
C u r r e n t (1) = ?

Voltage across coil (VL) = ?

Now, we have,
XL = L

=
27 fL =
277 *
50 x
3 =
942.47 2
 XIU
206 | A COMPLETE NEB SOLUTION TO PHYSICS

Then, using,
E 100 100 Ampere
-- 1117.25F0.09

(RRRI} +Xi (50+550)2 +(942.47)

Hence, the required current is 0.09 ampere.
Again;
Voltage across coil = IXi

= (0.09 x 942.47 84.8V

Hence, the required voltage is 84.8V.
49. 2073 Set G Q.No. 96 L-C-R alternating curent series circuit of L 1H, C= 1uF and R = 1002 are c
are connected In
series with a source of frequency 50Hz. What is the phase shift between current and voltage? in
Solution
Given, w-
IH
Inductanceof (L)= coil
Capacitance of capacitor (C)
1H
= 1uF = 10-* F
100 2 F

Resistance of resistor (R) = 100 2

Frequency (F) = 50 Hz
50 Hz
Phase angle between current and voltage (0) =?
We have,
tan Xc
1
tan-1 (2fL-2nC
C R tan-
27x 50
xl-2T x 50 10-
T00
x

tan-(-28.7) - 88°
or, Angle betweencurrentand voltage is 88, -ve sign indicates that V lags I through the circuit.
s0. 2072 Set CQ.No. 9d A coil having inductance and resistance is connected to an oscillator
giving a fixed
sinusoidal output voltage of 5V rms. With the oscillator set at a
frequency of 50 Hz, the rms current in the
coil is 1A and at a frequency of 100 Hz, the ms current is 0.625A. Determine the inductance ofthe coil.
14
Solution
Given,
Voltage (V) = 5.0 V
Frequencies, fi = 50 Hz, f2 = 100 Hz
Currents, I, = 1A, lh = 0.625 A
Inductance (L) = ? L R
Now, Impedance at frequency, 50 Hz

Z -5sa
Impedance of frequency, 100 Hz
V 5
L2I 0625 8 2

Again, Z =VR2 + o12 L?

or, Z12 R2 + 42 f12L2
(1)
Similarly.
Z2= R2+ 4T2 f2 L2 (i)
Subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get
Z2- Z12 4 T2 (f2- f1) L2
= .

or L4
Z22- Z2
r2(1,2- f
82-52
472(1002-502) 0.0001317

.. L= 0.0114 H
 AC CIMG01IS I 207
1 Set CQ.No. 9 A circuit consists of a
207
1. capacitor of 2uF and a rosistor of 10002. An altornating
12 (ms)
and frequency 50Hz is eni o
applied. Find the current flowlng, tho
voltagjo across capacitor and
phase ngle
between the applied emf and the
current.
Pleas
refer
to 2076 Set CQNo. 9c 141
070 Sup (Set A) Q.No. 9 b A.C. mains of 200 volts and 50 Hz is joined to a circuit
52.

mH and a resistance of 202 in series. Calculate the power consumed.

100m
contalning an inductance of
S o l u t i o n
14J
Given,
Voltage of A.C. nmains (V) = 200 V

Frequency of A.C. mains () 50 Hz

tnductance of coil (L)= 1000 mH = 100x 10-3 H
Resistance of resister (R) 20 2
=

Power
consumed (P) ? =

of circuit
Now, impedance
z -R2+ X2 =VR+ (2nfL)2 -V202 (2n x50x100x10-3)2 = 37.24 A

Current in the circuit (1) = 200

37.24 5.37 A
P o w e r c o n s u m e d (P) = 1?R = 5.372 x 2 0 5 7 6 . 8 Watt

s1. 2070 Supp. (Set B)Q.No. 9 c An iron cored coil of 2 H and 50 h resistance placed in series with a resistor of
450 2 and 200 V, 50H z a.c. supPply is connected across the arrangement, find
The current flowing the coil,
. ts phase angle relative to the voltage supply
iii. The voltage across the coil. [4]
Solution
Given,
R e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l (r) = 50 2
Inductance ( L) =2H
Resistance of wire (R) = 450 2
Emf (V) 200 V
C u r r e n t (1) = ?
Frequency of a.c. (f) =
50 Hz
P h a s e a n g l e (d) = ?
Voltage a cross coil (VL) =
?
Now,
V V 200 = 0.25A
(R+ r)2 + XL2 (R+r)2 +(2tfL)2 450+ 50)2+ (2x 50 x 2
Now,
VL -XL =
0.25 x 2t x 50 x 2 156.5 V

tan-v 156.5)= 54.3°

= t a n - ' 0 . 2 5 x 450 54.3

54. 2070 Set C Q.No. 9 c A 50 V a.c. supply is connected to a resistor having resistance 50 2, in series with a
solenoid whose inductance is 0.25 H. The potential difference between the ends of the resistor is 25 V. Find
the resistance of the wire of the solenoid. Take frequency of the ac source is 50 Hz. [41
Solution
Given,
Emf (V) = 50 V
Frequency (f) = 50 Hz
Resistance (R) = 50 2
Inductance (L) = 0.25 H
P.d.
across resistor (VR) 25 V
Resistance of the solenoid (R,) = ?
Now, for LR circuit,
we lhave
V 50
50
VR,
V(R, + R2.
R)P+ XXL V(R,+50)2 (oL) V(R,+50)+ (2rtfL
 208 1 A COMPLETE NEB sOLUTION TO PHYSICS XI

50 50
4 x T2 x 502 x 0.252
V(R +50)2 + 4r2f2L2 V(R,+ 50)2 +
50
V(R, +50)2 +6168.5
Also, we have

=0.5 Ampere
From equation (i) we get,
50
0.5 =

(R.+50)2+ 6168.5
or, V(R, + 50)2 + 6168.5 100
or, (R, + 50)2 +6168.5- 10000
or, (R, + 50)2 = 3831.497
or, R, + 50 = 61.89
. Rs = 11.892

Here, the required resistance is 11.892

55.
2069 (Set B) Old Q.No. 96 Alternating voltage in an ac circuit is represented by V= 1002
Find its roots mean square value and the frequency.
sin (100 tl vel
Solution 41
Given,
V
1002 Sin(100m t)
R.M.S. voltage (V) = ?
Frequency ()=?
Compare this eqn with
V= Vo Sin wt
Here, Vo=1002 &w 100
Vrms 100V
y2
& 2f= 1007
. f= 50 Hz
56.
2068 Q.No. 9 c A circuit consists of an inductor of 200 H and resistance of 102 in series
capacitor and a 0.10V (r.m.s.), 1.0 MHz supply. Calculate with a variable
factor of the circuit at resonance. (i) the capacitance to give
resonance (i) the qualty
Solution 4
Given,
Inductance (L) =
200uH 200 10-6H x

Resistance (R) = 1002Q

Emf (E) = 0.10V
Frequency (f) = 1MHz = 10*Hz

Now, For (i); we have

XL = »L

=
2tfL =
27 x
106x 200 x 10- =
1256.6Q
In resonance condition; we have
Xc = XL

or, 1256.6

or, 1 G = 1256.6

2 T x 100 xC 1256.6
 AC CIMCUIT6 209

1.26
x 10-1oF
C
Hence the required capacitance is 1.26 x 10-10F.
Again, we have,

(Q) = 200x 10-* 125.97 126

V1.26 x 10-10
factor
Quality
quired value of quality factor is 126.
L= 8.1 mH, C=12.5u F
Hence,

connected to an LCR circuit containing

9dA 100 V, 50Hz AC source is
n6 Can. Q.No.connected 141
in series. Find the potential difference across the resistor.
all
57.
and R=10 2
Solution

Given
Frequency ()
=
50Hz
Emf(V)= 100V
C 125uF = 12.5 x 10-F
=
8.1 x 10-3H
8.1mH
L
R 102

the resistor (VR) =

?
across
P.d.
Now, we have

XL oL

=
2t * 50 x 8.1 x 10-3 =
2.5 2
= 27tfL
Also,
1 254.6512
27tfC 2nx 50 x
12.5 x 10-6
Then, 100 100
Current() R2+ (XL -Xc)?
V 102+(2.5 - 254.65)2 V63679.6
= 0.39 ampere

Then,
VR IR =
=3.9V
0.39 x 10
p.d. is 3.9V.
Hence, the required to a resistor of
and 4 KHz frequency is applied
An alternating voltage 10V (rms)
58. 2068 Old Can. Q.No. 7b with a Calculate the r.m.s. potential
differences

resistance 52 in series capacitor of capacitance 10uF. [4

across the
resistor and the capacitor.

Solution
Given,
Voltage (Vms) 1oV
1000HH2
Frequency (f) =4KHz=4x
Resistance (R) 5 2
10 10-6F
Capacitance (C)= 10uF
= x

(Vr) resistor =
?
p.d. across
?
p.d. across capacitor (Vc)=
Now, we have,

Kc 2TfC 2T x 4 x 10 0 x 10 x 1 0 -
3.98 2
Then, in case of R.C. circuit, we have

Iy --
Vrms 10 10
V52(3.98)26.39 1.56A
2
R2+X
Then,
p.d. across resistor (VR) = Iv x R
=
1.56x 5 7.8 VV
Also, p.d. across capacitor
(Vc)= Iy x Xc
1.56 x 3.98 6.2V -

e
required p.d across resistor & capacitor are 7.8 & 6.2V respectively.
 cOMPLETE NEB solUTmoN TO PHYSICS *
A resistanco 4002, In..
to a resistor, of
S 9 s ON ONo 7
A 50V, SOHz, a.c. supply
0.20H. The pd.
between the
is connected
ha
ends of tho resistor ls found to sorlo
rloss lh
20V. Whatt
solenoid whose imdictance is
wire of the solenoid? (Assume
n' 10) alh
the resistance ofthe
Solution
Gnen
Emt () 50N
nyuen () - 50Hz
R e s i s t a n (R) - 40K1

0 0.2H
Indactance(L) -
0mH

Pd. acns resistor(V) 20V

Resistance of the solenoid (R.) = ?

Now, for LR cinuit we have

50

V(R R.X VR.+40)+ (»L) (R,+40)+ (2nfL)*

50 50
VR+ 40)+ 4-FL: (R+ 40)?+ 4 * m2x 50 x 0.22

V(R,+40)? + 3947.844
Also, we have

1 , =0.5 Ampere
From equation (i) we get
50
0.5 =

VR,+40)2 + 3947.84
or, V(R+40) + 3947.84 100o
or, (R, + 40) +394784 10000
or, (R, + 40)2 = 605216

or, R,+ 40 77.79

. R, = 37.792

Here, the
required resistance is 37.792
60.
2067 Sup Q.No. 9c An iron cored coil of inductance 2H and of resistance 50Q is
resistor of 9502, and a 220V, 50 Hz ac connected in series with a
supply. Find the current flowing in the circuit and the voltage
the coil. across
aPlease refer to 2074 Supp 41
O.No. 9
61.
2066 Supp Q.No. 7b A coil of inductance 0.1H
and negligible resistance is in series with a resistance
Supply voltage 40V (ms) is connected to
of
them. If a voltage across L is equal to that across R,
R. A
the voltage across R and the
frequency of the calculare
Solution supply? 41
Given,
Voltage (V) = 40V

Voltage across resistor (VR) voltage across i =

iuctor (V)
L=0.1H R 4002
Now, in case of L-R circuit, we have
v2 =Vvi
or, V2 - VR+ VR Ve VJ
or, V2 = 2V
r. V -

40
or.V V
V R 2 8 . 3 v o l t

the requtred volt ncross R is 28.3 volt

Hence,

Again using,

VuV
-IXI
IR
or
R X
R
- 2tfL
R
40
2T x 0.1
or,
27tL
f 63.7Hz

is 63.7Hz
Hence,
the required frequency solenoid
50 Hz, ac supply is connected to a resistor
of resistance 402 in series with a
A 50V,
3064 Q.No. 7 b The potential difference across
the ends of the 40n
2.
having inductance 200 mHFind with same resistance. solenoid. (4
the resistance of the wire of the
resistor is found to be20V.
Please
refer to 2068 Old Q.No. 7D series across an a.c. circuit. A
are connected in
An Inductor, a resistor and a capacitor across the
2063Q.No. 7.E 16V a c r o s s the resistor and 30 V
60 V when connected across the inductor,
voltmeter reads
capacitor:
series circuit?
voltmeter read when placed across the
What will the circuit?
4]
factor of the
. What is the power
Solutlon
Given, 60 volt
inductor, VL
=

across
Voltage 16 volt
resistor, VR
Voltage across 30 volt
capacitor, Vc
=

across
Voltage ?
a c r o s s the series, V
=

Voltmeter reading
.
Power factor = ?
ii.
We know,
V =IVR2+(XL - Lc)?
or, V2
=
12 R2 +
(IXL IX)?
-

162 + 302
=
(16)2 + (60-30)2 =

V2 = 1156

34 volt
Again, we know
R IR VR V 34
0.47

Power factor
(cos)R2+ (XL-Lc? IvR2+ (X -Xc) VVR + (VL-Vc
and these elements are connected to
In series LCR circuit, R = 252, L = 30mH and C =10uF
64. 2062 Q.No. 7 a
current in the circuit and voltmeter reading
across a capacitor. I4
240 ac (rms) 50 Hz source. Calculate the
Solution
Given,
R e s i s t e r (R) = 252
E 240 V
I n d u c t o r (L) = 30mH

C a p a c i t o r (C) = 1OuF
f 50 H
Voltage (V) - 240v
Frequency = 50Hz

Current in the circuit, I = ? LOO H W

= 25
Voltmeter reading across the capacitor, Vc =?
In such case, we have,
 Xn
Z121 A COMPLETE NEB soLUTION TO PHYSICS

V IVR -(A-AF

r.VIR-( 240
o7,I 1
25 2 50 30x 10-2 5010 10-

I0.774 Amp
And. p.d. across capacitor,
1 246.37 volt
Ve =IXc -1 0.774 2x 50x 10x 10
65. 2059 QNo. 7 The maximum capacitance of a variable capacitor is 33 pF. What should he
for the natural frequency of the LC circuit to be aselself
inductance to be connected to this capacitor 310 KHz
CoTesponding to Am. broadcast band of Radio Nepal?
Solution
Given,
Capacitance (C) = 33pF = 33 x 10-12F
Let L be the self-inductance connected with the capacitance, so the natural frequency of thie 1
Lc
circuit is, f= 810KHz =810 * 10°Hz
Now, using

2LC
, L 2C 472 (810 x 102x 33 x 10-121.17 x 10-3H

Hence, the required inductance is 1.17 x 10-H

66. 2057 QNo.7B A circuit consists of a capacitor of 10 uF and a resistor of 1000S2. An alternating emf of 12V
(ms) and frequency 50Hz is applied. Calculate the current flowing and voltage across the capacitor.
Solution
Given,
Capacitance of capacitor, (C) = 10uF = 10x 10-F
Resistance (R) = 1000Kn

emf (V)= 12V(rms)

Frequency (f) = 50Hz

Now, impedance of the circuit is given by

z R+X

27)
C 2x
(1000) 1000000+ 9.86 x 10-6
(10 1024s0
= 1049.4 Q

Then,
Current flowing (1) = Z 10494 0.0114 A

Now,
3.63 V
Voltage across thecapacitor (Vc)=I Xc =[x 27tfC 0.0114 x-

x 50 x 10 x 10-

Hence, thc required current is 0.0114 ampere & voltage is 3.63 V.

 ACCIRCuITB213

of 300,2 in
054 Q.No.11 A constant A.C. supply is connected to a series circuit consisting of a reslstance
67.
eies with acapacitance 6.67 HF, the frequency of the supply belng 3000/27 Hz. t is desired to reduce th
rent in the circuit to half its value. Showhow this could be done by placing an addltional roslstance, 41
c u r r e

Solution

Given,

(R) 300O
=

Resistance

Capacitance (C) 6.67uF 6.67 10-F

= = x

3000
Frequency 27T Hz
()=
Let, 1& I2 be the current in the 1st & 2d condition then, according to the question.

We have,

- 49.97 2

27tx
3000x 6.67x 10-
2T

Now,
For 1st condition,
we have,

h R+ Xc

be the resistance in 2nd case, then

Again, Let, (R)

R+XC
or 2
.i)

Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get

V

R2+XC
V

or, 2
VR7+XC
VR+X
or, 2
VR2 +(49.97)2
(300)2 +(49.97)2
Or, 2 R+24977
304.13
or, 608.26 =VR2+ 2497
or, 369980.22 R'2 +2497
or, R2 369783.22
=

R =606.12
C e , the
resistance to be added =
R' -
R =
(606.1 300)2
- =
306.1 2