THEORIES OF THE PHYSICAL SELF

CHAPTER 6 - Theory of Physiognomy - person’s physical

THE PHYSICAL SELF characteristics could be related to their
character/personality
Understanding the physical self requires an - Ancient Chinese Practice - Face - three-dimensional
analysis of the life span and physical development that reflection of “who we are and how life has affected us.”
happens in each stage of - Face reading is rooted in the FIVE ELEMENT THEORY
one’s life - Makes use of elements of water, wood, fire,
● Girls are more dissatisfied with their physical appearance earth, and metal as archetypes for everything in
and body image. the natural world.
● Ages 13 and 15 - Peak of self-consciousness and - Each element is correlated to seasons, colors,
dissatisfaction with a girl’s shapes, sounds, and the external and internal
Appearance features of a person.
- Face readers observe facial features and
THE PHYSICAL SELF markings corresponding to a person’s mental,
- Body emotional, and physical makeup
- Able to perform activities through - Ancient Greece - Hippocrates - developed a theory
both the physical extremities and based on the prominence of body fluids - Suggests
internal organs that an excess or deficiency in any of the 4 bodily
- Aging affects function (infancy and old age) fluids or humors influences one’s personality,
- Efficiency peaks in early adulthood (20-30 years old) and temperament, and well-being.
declines into the middle age. a. Sanguine type - prominence of RED bile
- Goes through development throughout their lifespan (impulsive, cheerful, happy, and optimistic)
- Development from conception to death b. Melancholic type - prominence of BLACK bile
- Lifespan acdg. To Elizabeth (Depressed and pessimistic)
B. Hurlock c. Choleric type - prominence of yellow bile (Easily
1. Prenatal – fertilization to birth angry, jumpy, and temperamental)
2. Infancy - birth to 2 weeks d. Phlegmatic type - excess phlegm (Sluggish, dull,
3. Babyhood - 2 weeks to 2 years and slow)
4. Early childhood – 2 to 6 years - Body Type Theory- 1940s, William Sheldon - Based
5. Late childhood - 6 to 11 or 12 years on physical characteristics
6. Puberty - 10 or 12 to 14 years a. Endomorphic - soft and plump - Easy going and
7. Adolescence - 14 to 18 years sociable
8. Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years b. Mesomorphic - strong muscular body -
9. Middle adulthood - 40 to 60 years old Energetic, adventurous, assertive, courageous,
10. Late adulthood or senescence - 60 to death competitive, dominant
c. Ectomorphic - tall and thin - restrained, quiet,
Childhood- Development continues at a slow introverted, and artistic
rate compared to babyhood. - The Wisdom of your face- 2008, Jean Haner
Adolescence- Begins at puberty. Rapid physical changes a. Oval-shaped faces - hospitable and tactful
throughout the body b. Round-shaped faces - friendly, kind hearted, and
selfless
Factors affecting physical growth and development c. Square faces - witty, analytical, great leaders
a. Heredity - biological process of inheritance of traits d. Heart shaped faces - patient and intuitive by
from parents to offspring nature
b. Environment - factors an individual is exposed to e. Long-shaped faces - perfectionists, and
throughout life including learning and experiences. aggressive
EXAMPLE: diet, nutrition, diseases f. Triangle-shaped faces - creative, artistic,
sensitive, and determined
Factors during fertilization affecting sex and physical traits g. Diamond-shaped faces - detail-oriented, and like
a. Chromosomes - threadlike tissues that carries genes; to be in control.
usually in 23 pairs (22 autosomes or trait h. Full and thick eyebrows - confident, assertive,
chromosomes and gonosomes or sex chromosomes) goal-oriented
b. Genes - basic carrier of hereditary traits; can be i. Large and highly-defined jaws - have strong
classified as dominant (strong genes) and recessive values and firm beliefs
(weak genes) - Squier and Mew (1981) suggests that people with
long and angular-shaped faces tend to be more
responsive, assertive, and genuine than people with
 short and square-shaped faces who tend to be more - Involve health risks
restrained, conforming, and shrewd a. Tattooing - injecting ink onto the skin to draw a
design; can also be makeup
BODY IMAGE b. Body Piercing - lets people wear jewelry at
- How individuals perceive, think, and feel about their different parts of the body. *Both considered
body and physical appearance. signs of one’s strength, bravery, and social
- Can affect the physical and psychological well-being status
- Adolescents experience negative self-image. Girls c. Cosmetic Surgery - surgical and non-surgical
are more concerned due to idealized notions of procedures to restore, reconstruct, and alter
beauty. How adolescents react to their physical body parts *leads to infections, allergies, death,
appearance depends in part on sociocultural factors. and other complications from the use of
- Slim or thin body types that are emphasized by unclean, and poor quality equipment.
peers, parents, or the media leads girls to experience Ways to improve your body image and inner self
body dissatisfaction (Grabe, Ward, hyde, 2008) 1. Smile a lot
- Bullying and peer pressure are associated with 2. Take good care of your health
greater body dissatisfaction (Webb & Zimmer- 3. Dress well and be neat
Gembeck, 2014) 4. Spend alone time to reflect
- Girls who have higher body dissatisfaction are likely 5. Avoid temptations.
to experience depression, low self-esteem, and 6. Respect individuality
eating disorders (Demello, 2014) 7. Face your fears
a. Anorexia – person refuses to eat for fear of
gaining weight -- resulting to severe starvation
and death. Mostly affects females of ages 12 CHAPTER 7
and 40, but men may also have it.
b. Bulimia Nervosa - person induced purging after THE SEXUAL SELF
binging on large quantities of food.
Reproductive System- is a system of sex organs
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY designed for reproduction and sexual function.
- Remains important in all societies.
- Attractive people have more advantages in life DEVELOPMENT AND SEX CHARACTERISTICS AND
(finding jobs, & getting promotions and higher HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
income) and are viewed as happier, smarter, and
better people. - PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS are the physical
- Unattractive people are less liked and assisted. characteristics present at birth. Characteristics that
- Important throughout the course of history because distinguish male from females
these features indicate youth, health, good genes, EXAMPLE:
and fertility (Demello, 2014) Female- Vagina, Uterus, Ovaries
- Egyptian art, Beauty in women = slim, high waist, Male- Penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland
narrow hips, and long black hair
- Renaissance Period, Beauty in women = full figure, - SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS develop during the
rounded hips onset of puberty.
- Tribes in the Medieval Age, Beauty in women = EXAMPLE:
chubby, fat, plump women Female- Enlargement of the Breasts, Onset of
- Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia, Beauty in Menstruation, Widening of Hips, Enlargement of
women = flat noses buttocks, Growth of pubic Hair
- standards of beauty have changed over the years. Male- Testicular Growth, Sperm Production,
Generally, humans who have clean and unblemished Appearance of Facial, Pubic, Deepening voice
skin, thick and shiny hair, well-proportioned bodies,
- FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
and symmetrical faces are traditionally considered
- Clitoris which id made of erectile tissue swells with
the most beautiful. All cultures have more or less the
same concept of what is beautiful now. blood and hardens when a woman is sexually aroused
- Platforms that influence standards of beauty: - Vagina is a muscular tube that serves as the receptable
 Advertisements, magazines, television for the penis and carrier of the sperm to the uterus
 Media - Uterus is a hollow organ where fertilized where the
 Fashion Industry fertilized embryo grows to become a fetus
- Fallopian tube carry the fertilized egg from the ovary to
BODY MODIFICATION the uterus
- How people change their physical appearance
 - Ovaries produce, store, and release the egg cell during - Women and men have equal potential for sexual arousal
the ovulation and women are no less physical responsive than men
- Cervix, a passageway between the uterus and the (Peplau)
vagina that expands during childbirth
- Culture influences the expression of sexual desires
- PREGNANCY STARTS FROM FERTILIZATION AND END AT
BIRTH, FOR AN APPROXIMATE DURATION OF 260

- MALE REPQODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSES

- Penis is the organ through which males urinate and
- Biological responses of males and females to sexual
deliver the sperm cells into the vagina during sexual stimulation are quite similar (William Masters and
intercourse Virginia Johnson)
- Testes located in a loose pouch-like sac of skin called - Excitement Phase. Can last from one minute to several
the scrotum. Responsible for the production of sperm hours.
cells  Pulse rate increases
- Scrotum houses the testes  Blood Pressure rises
- Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles produce semen  Breathing quickens
and nourish the sperm cells  Skin shows a rosy flush
- Seminal Vesicles  MEN: penis becomes erect, scrotum thickens,
- Vas Deferens transport the sperm containing fluid and testes increase in size
called semen  WOMEN: clitoris swells, vagina opens (inside of
becomes wet)
- Epididymis is a set of coiled ducts connected to the vas
- Plateau Phase
deferens
 Breathing becomes more rapid, heart rate
- EJACULATION APPROXIMATELY CONTAINS 300-500 increases, body temperature rises, blood
MILLION SPERM CELLS pressure increases
 MEN: penis becomes more erect, penis head
increases, few drops of fluid are released
- Primary sex characteristics develop as the embryo grows  WOMEN: vagina swells, clitoris retracts under
in the womb as a result of the chromosomes contain the clitoral hood, vagina’s lips become redder
with the embryonic cells - Orgasmic Phase
- About 5 weeks of pregnancy, two organs called gonads  Contractions of muscle in and around the penis
stimulate the release of the semen which
form in the embryo
contains sperm cells
 MEN: one intense orgasm during sexual
intercourse
SEXUAL AROUSAL AND EROGENOUS ZONES:  WOMEN: orgasm involves contraction of the
WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON pelvic muscles that surround the vaginal words
- Resolution Phase
 The body returns to normal state
- Human sex arousal is Complex  MEN: erection is lost, the testes decrease in size
- Erogenous Zones are areas of the body which are highly  WOMEN: clitoris and vagina return to normal
sensitive and produce sexual responses when stimulated state
EXAMPLE:
- Genitals, mouth, breasts, ears, anus, the entire surface
of the body ATTRACTION, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT

- Masturbation or self-stimulation is a basic form of sexual - During adolescence, dating and courtship emerge and
stimulation. Involves rubbing genital areas. Sexual Activities: become increasingly important
kissing, cuddling, necking, petting, touching the erogenous - Initial attraction is influenced by (DeLamater & Mayers)
zone  Social Norms
 Physical Attractiveness
- The brain is where sexual desire originates and where sexual  Processes of Interpersonal Exchange
behaviors is controlled (Atkinson, Smith, Bem & Nolen) - SOCIAL EXCHANGE proposes that attraction is the result
of an exchange process
- Sexual fantasies plays an important role in sexual arousal - Attraction, liking, trust, love
(Feldman) - Romantic love includes combination of: Fear, anger,
sexual desire, joy, jealousy
- The components of love: intimacy, passion, and - Genital herpes can cause itching and tingling in the
commitment (Bauermeister, et al) genital area.
- The intimacy component: feelings of closeness, - Genital Warts are caused by human papillomavirus
connectedness, bondedness. women with this virus are prone to cervical cancer
- The passion component refers to the drives that lead to
romance
- The commitment component refers to the decision to METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION AND THE REPRODUCTIVE
love and the commitment to maintain that love HEALTH LAW
- Romantic love has a strong component of sexual
attraction and infatuation (Santrock) - Contraception refers to methods that are used to
- Important ingredients of Romantic Love (Helen Fisher): prevent pregnancy.
 Lust is driven by the desire for sexual EXAMPLE:
gratification  Condoms- prevent STI’s
 Attraction is often associated with sexual  Intrauterine Device or IUD- a tiny device made
attraction of flexible plastic that is inserted in the uterus to
 Attachment occurs when individuals desire to prevent pregnancy
connect with another person intimately. (John  Birth Control Injection- given every three
Bowbly defines attachment as a strong affection months to women
tie)  Oral Contraceptive Pills- taken every day and
withdrawal method
- Billings, a cervical mucus method
SEXUAL ORIENTATION - RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTUVE
- Sexual orientation refers to a person’s sexual identity HEALTH ACT OF 20I2, also known as HEALTH LAW or RH
anchored on what gender they are attracted to LAW guarantees universal access to methods of:
- Heterosexuality attracted to opposite sex conception, fertility control, sexual education and
- Homosexuality attracted to same sex maternal care.
- Bisexuality attracted to both sex
- Genetic factors such as hormones and certain neural
systems may also play a role in sexual orientation CHAPTER 8
- Reinforcement and observational learning might also
affect an individual’s sexual orientation THE MATERIAL SELF
No matter how much or how little a person owns, he/she will
always strive to have more bc material things are usually a
reflection of one’s success or failure
THE MATERIAL SELF
- Self is everything that an individual considers to be
his or hers not only body and material possessions
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS but also his/her reputation and beliefs, 1980,
AND EARLY PREGNANCY William James
- STI’s are contracted primarily through sexual contact - Manifestation of one’s identity through material
(vaginal, oral, anal sex). possessions
- Bacterial infections are curable - Components:
- HIV’s are incurable a. Body
- STI commonly include human immunodeficiency virus/ - Basic component of the material self
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), - Adolescents
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital - Tasked to accept and appreciate
warts their physical characteristics.
- HIV are caused by (can be passed by) - Few fail as they tend to worry
 Blood transfusion about their physical appearance.
 Breast feeding - Usually concerns girls
 Sexual intercourse - Perceptions on the beauty
- Gonorrhea is caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack standards are usually influenced by
the lining of the mucous membrane such as the: mouth, the media.
throat, vagina, urethra b. Clothes
 Can be treated by penicillin or other antibiotics - represent the self
- Syphilis infects the genital areas and other parts of the - Style and brands become significant
body including the brain and can cause paralysis symbols among adolescents.
- Chlamydia is caused by bacterium chlamydia - Greatly influenced by peers bc of the
trachomatis. Can cause sterility among women struggle of feeling belong.
 c. Other possessions
- House, car, pets, etc. CONSUMER CULTURE
- Pets could define a person’s identity and - Social system in which consumption is dominated by
can be an impression of one’s social status, the consumption of commercial products (Arnould,
pride, and prestige. 2010)
d. People a person has relationships with - Denotes a social arrangement
- immediate / extended family, friends, and - relations between lived culture and social
anyone else they feel a psychological resources, and between meaningful ways of
connection with. life and the symbolic and material
- Likely to shape and influence one’s self and resources, which they depend on, are
identity mediated through markets
- Consumption of market-made commodities and
ROLE OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS ON THE SENSE OF SELF desire-inducing marketing symbols is CENTRAL to
AND IDENTITY this
Possessions - Consumerist Society
- Symbolic of one’s social status no matter how much - People spend a great deal of time, money,
or how little. and energy to consume commercial
- To some, the most valuable possessions are usually products, goods, and services.
the ones visible to the eyes. -
- More expensive items = impress others - Consumerism
- can contribute to a feeling of well-being, including a - Consumption of material goods and services
sense of personal growth and purpose in life. in excess of one’s basic needs.
- Closely tied to materialism; in which both
“Are We What We Own?” influence the way people view themselves.
- 1988, Russell Belk
- Material possessions
- act as an objective manifestation of the self
- Can be a reflection of hard work and CHAPTER 9
success
- Amount of possessions tend to become a THE SPIRITUAL SELF
measurement of success Spiritual Self
- Owning this becomes a driving force for - Enables the person experience a feeling of oneness with
individuals to seek a high level of a higher being and the universe and gives a deeper
achievement to acquire more possessions purpose or meaning of one’s life.
- Develops through interaction, observation, limitation
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE DESIRE FOR MATERIAL - Family, school, church play a very important role in a
POSSESSIONS child’s spiritual development

a. Risks one’s mental health

SPIRITUALITY
- When needs and wants, which are endless,
- From the latin word spiritus, meaning breath or life force.
aren’t met
- A process of through which people seek to discover,
- lack or loss of material possessions could
lead to anxiety, insecurity, and depression transform, whatever they hold sacred in their lives (Hill &
in people who are overly materialistic. Pargament)
- Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD) - Meaning and purpose in one’s life, a search for
- Obsession with shopping and wholeness, and a relationship with a transcendent being
buying (Hage, et al)
- Can cause adverse consequences - SACRED TRANSCEDENCE COULD REFER TO A HIGHER
BEING
b. Materialism - Christian Ethics, Peschke describes that the experience of
- Giving importance to material possessions the sacred is characterized by:
than intangible values.  Reverence
- Materialistic person
 Faith
- Excessively concerned with the
 Fear
acquisition material possessions.
 Trust
● 1988, Belk - identification with material things  Love
begins early in life but REMAINS high throughout life  Admiration
as people seek for happiness. - Acts of worship may include:
  Prayer
 Reading the Bible
THE POLITICAL SELF
 Attending Sacraments
UNDERSTANDING POLITICS
 Doing Sacrifices Politics- a social institution through which power is acquired
- SPIRITUALITY IS CONNECTED WITH RELIGION and exercised by people and groups. (Kendall 1998)
- Religion- is an organized system of ideas about the - Aristotle describes that the role that politics and
spiritual sphere or the supernatural along with the political community must play in bringing about
associated ceremonial practices the virtuous life in the citizenry. (Aristotle “Politics”)
- One’s spirituality may be expressed through religion and Aristotle- “man is by nature a political animal”
participation in religious rituals and ceremonies Citizenship- most basic identification with the nation.
(Haviland, et al) -denotes the membership of a citizen in a
- Spirituality and religion may be source of love, hope, political society.
affection (Brown and Parrish) Political Community- where people belong offers an
opportunity for them to define themselves and provide
opportunities to satisfy their needs of affiliation.
SEARCH FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE
- Man’s Search of Meaning was written by Viktor Frankl
POLITICAL SELF AND IDENTITY
- There are three major phases in the concentration camp Political Self- organizes self-relevant information about
1. Shock politics.
2. Apathy- is the blunting of emotions and the -constitutes knowledge about constitution,
feeling that one could not care anymore government, and governance.
3. Psychology- depersonalization or a state in -important component is identity.
which everything seemed unreal, unlikely, as in Identity- person’s understanding of who and what he or she
a dream is.
- FRANKL DEVELOP THE BASIC TENETS OF LOGOTHERAPY,
he believed that human suffering could contribute to Institutions that Influence the Values of Citizenship
human achievement and the search of meaning in life 1.Family
2.Church
- Logotherapy- pursuit of human existence as well as on
3.School
man’s search for such a meaning. It is striving to find a
4.Media
meaning in one’s life
5.Government
- IN LOGOTHERAPY, one can discover the meaning of life in 6.Non-governmental organizations
three different ways:
 Deed- the way of finding meaning in life is THE ORIGINS OF POLITICAL SELF
through achievements and accomplishments 1.Family- has a hierarchical structure which require each
 Experiencing a Value- such as loving a person. member to perform his/her role.
LOVE FINDS IS DEEPEST MEANING IN ONE’S -Father is the most influential
SPIRITUAL BEING- THE INNER SELF -State -natural union of families
 Suffering- encounter the central theme of 2.School- the Philippine constitution recognizes the vital role
existentialism: to live is to suffer, to survive is to of schools in inculcating among the youth the value of
find meaning in suffering. “He who has a why to patriotism a nationalism.
-teach moral, spiritual, and political values.
live can bear almost any how” (Frankl)
-teacher acts as leader
 One should not search for abstract meaning of
3.Church- helps shape the ideals of citizenship and
life. Everyone has his or her own specific or democracy through their religious teachings, values, and
mission in life (Frankl) traditions.
4.Peers- in peer groups, members are equal in status
-equal distribution of power, rights, and privileges
THE PRACTICE OF ANIMISM 5.Mass Media
- Spirituality is associated with animism
- Beliefs about the sacred also include primitive concept of THEORIES OF POLITICAL SELF
animism 1.Social Learning Theory- a person can acquire learning
Animism- the belief that things and places are alive and through observation and imitation.
grounded by a supernatural order 2.Political Socialization- lifelong process by which individuals
gain knowledge about politics.
3.Cognitive Theory- suggests that the mental activities
CHAPTER I0 (knowledge, perception, ideas) of individuals are important
determinants of behavior (political attitude).
4.Theory of Symbolic Interaction- suggests that behaviors are identity theft, cyberbullying, gossips. anxiety,
products of communication meaning, and symbols. depression
5.Theory of Political Participation- political participation can
be defined as citizen’s actions or activities anchored in EXPRESSION OF GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE
politics.
Sexuality refers to the quality or state of being sexual.
-any activity concerning the government/governance
of the state is an example of political participation. Gender, psychological definition of a person as
masculine or feminine
- Sexuality and Gender affects how people think of
themselves, and their relationships with others and
how others think of them as well (Cicarelli & White,
CHAPTER II 2012)
- Individuals tend to be categorized based on their
THE DIGITAL SELF gender identities and sexuality in different types of
DIGITAL SELF media, especially in social media.
- The use of digital technology has now become part - The portrayal of male and female behaviors in the
of the self-the digital self. media could affect the construction of appropriate
- The aspect of the self that is expressed or shared sexual behaviors of people, especially adolescents.
with others through online interactions on the - The internet and social networking sites also
internet, specifically in social networking sites. provide channels for the dissemination of
- The use of social networking sites began the information, including info about gender identity
practice of users to disclose personal information and sexuality.
online. - The Psychological Association of the Philippines
- The sharing of personal information on social media (PAP), provides scientific knowledge on the
platforms may be related to the strong desire of application of psychological theories, concepts, and
individuals for social approval and acceptance. principles on gender identity and sexual orientation
to benefit society and improve the lives of the
SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
members of the LGBTQ+ community.
- John DeLamater and Daniel Myers (2012) stated
- LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer
that the self is heavily influenced by feedback from
+)
others.
- Anti-Discrimination Act aims to protect the rights
- The impact of others whom people interact with
and welfare of the LGBTQ+ people in the
depends upon the nature of one’s relationship with
Philippines. The act recognizes the important role of
them (interaction with significant others may be
telecommunications and social media in protecting
very influential to how one presents himself in a
the LGBTQ+ people from discriminatory acts. The
virtual space.)
Importance of Digital Technology - The use of
- Other stuff that matters and equals to self-worth in
technology is essential for individual survival and
the media: views from others (considered very
communication. - Not only is it important to
important that they become part of the self).
individuals, but it is also significant in the dev’t of
“liking” and “reacting” contributes to positive self-
our society.
concepts
- Technology, as defined by the Business Dictionary,
- Self-Presentation refers to an individual’s attempts,
is the application of information in the design,
both conscious and unconscious, to control how he
production, and utilization of goods and services,
projects himself in social interactions (some forms
and in the organization of human activities.
may be authentic, but some may also be selective).
- Technology has:
It is inherent in all situations. Online interactions
 changed the social features of people’s lives
has increased the opportunities to engage in self-
 altered the way people view the social
presentation and impression management. People
dimension of relationships
try to present themselves to impress others, and to
 dictated new ways for people to relate with
create positive impressions of themselves.
one another
examples: alter appearances in photos through
- Advancements in computer and software
photoshop, showing off one’s work, achievements
technologies have reached an impressive level.
and material possessions. It may lead to risks in
These technologies improve not only very common
one’s security and mental health. examples:
areas of people’s daily life, but also areas of
 education, health, and production industries
(Mishra, Misra, Mueller, Perez, Bhatia & Wang,
2014).
- Digital technology includes:
 all types of electronic equipment and
applications that use the form of numeric
codes
 the use of devices that process and use
digital information such as computers and
mobile phones
- Digital technology has enabled volumes of
information to be compressed in compact storage
devices, so as to easily be contained and delivered,
minimizing the time it takes for data to be
transmitted. It also has changed the pattern of
working, the learning of new concepts, including
communication.

IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF

- The Ph has the fastest growing internet population
in Southeast Asia.
- The use of digital technology and online interactions
limit face-to-face interaction with others and thus
has drawn people away from meaningful and
intimate communication with family and friends.
- The growing use of the internet and social media
changed the social behaviors of individuals, families,
and societies as a whole.
- The internet has both positive and negative
outcomes:
 social networking can be an important
facility for debates on current issues. It can
also be an avenue for people to express
their opinions, needs and concerns.
 cybercrimes circulate in the internet
- Most users of social media sites prefer to be
anonymous, and may sometimes use false names. –
- Privacy and confidentiality should be a major
concern, especially for adolescents.
- Adolescents are the most vulnerable to
cyberbullying, gossip and stalking.

DATA PRIVACY ACT

- Republic Act I0I73, Data privacy act of 20I2