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Chapt 10 Three Phase Systems

Here are the answers to your questions: a. Ohm's law states that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) between them. It can be expressed as: V = I x R b. Power factor is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power in a circuit. Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage and represents the total power drawn by the circuit including both the real power and reactive power. Reactive power does no real work but is needed to overcome the inductive or capac

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71 views18 pages

Chapt 10 Three Phase Systems

Here are the answers to your questions: a. Ohm's law states that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) between them. It can be expressed as: V = I x R b. Power factor is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power in a circuit. Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage and represents the total power drawn by the circuit including both the real power and reactive power. Reactive power does no real work but is needed to overcome the inductive or capac

Uploaded by

Robert Magarire
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

Introduction
• Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity via the
National Grid system is accomplished by three-phase
alternating currents.
• Most consumers are fed by means of a single-phase a.c.
supply.
• Two wires are used, one called the Live conductor (usually Fig. 1
coloured red) and the other is called the Neutral conductor
(usually coloured black).
• The neutral is usually connected via protective gear to earth,
the earth wire being coloured green.
• The standard voltage for a single-phase a.c. supply
is 240 V (fig 1).
• The majority of single-phase supplies are obtained by
connection to two of the three-phases of a three phase
supply.
• A three-phase a.c supply is carried by three conductors, called 'lines'
which are coloured red, yellow and blue.
• The currents in these conductors are known as line currents (𝐼𝐿 ) and the
p.d.'s between them are known as line voltages(𝑉𝐿 ).
• A fourth conductor, called the neutral (coloured black, and connected
through protective devices to earth) is often used with a three-phase
supply.
•If the three-phase windings shown in Fig.2 are kept independent then six
wires are needed to connect a supply source (such as a generator) to a load
(such as motor).
•To reduce the number of wires, it is usual to interconnect the three
phases.
•There are two ways in which this can be done, these being:
(a)star connection, and
(b) a delta, or mesh, connection.
Sources of three-phase supplies, e.g. alternators, are usually
connected in star, whereas three-phase transformer windings,
motors and other loads may be connected either in star or delta.
Star Connection
• (i) A star-connected load is shown in Fig. 3 where the
three line conductors are each connected to a load and
the outlets from the loads are joined together at N to
form what is termed the neutral point or the star point.
• ii) The voltages, 𝑉𝑅 , 𝑉𝑌 and 𝑉𝐵 are called phase voltages
or line to neutral voltages.

• Phase voltages are generally denoted by 𝑉𝑝 .


• (iii) The voltages, 𝑉𝑅𝑌 , 𝑉𝑌𝐵 and 𝑉𝐵𝑅 are called line
voltages.
• (iv) From Fig.3, it can be seen that the phase currents Fig.3
(generally denoted by 𝐼𝑝 ) are equal to their respective
line currents 𝐼𝑅 , 𝐼𝑌 and 𝐼𝐵 , for a star connection.
• Then: 𝑰𝑳=𝑰𝒑 .
• (v) For a balanced system:
and the current in the Neutral 𝑰𝑵 = 𝟎
and neutral conductor may not be necessary.
• (vi) The line voltage 𝑉𝑅𝑌 =𝑉𝑅 -𝑉𝑌 (𝑉𝑌 is negative because
it is in opposite direction to 𝑉𝑅𝑌 , see fig. 4(a)).
• The phasor diagram is as shown in fig. 4 (b).
• By trigonometry or measurement:
𝑉𝑅𝑌 = 3𝑉𝑅
Therefore, for a balanced star connection:
𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑝
• The star connection of the three phases of a supply,
together with a neutral conductor, allows the use of
two voltages i.e. the phase voltage and the line voltage.
• A 4-wire system is also used when the load is not Fig. 4

balanced.
• The standard electricity supply to consumers in Zimbabwe is 380/240
V, 50 Hz, or 415/240 V, 50 Hz 3-phase, 4-wire alternating current, and
a diagram of connections is shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
• Examples

Continued on next slide


Delta Connection
• A delta(Mesh) connected load is shown in fig.6.
• The end of one load is connected to the start of the next load.
• From fig.6, it can be seen that 𝑉𝑅𝑌 , 𝑉𝑌𝐵 and 𝑉𝐵𝑅 are the respective phase voltages.
• For a delta connection:
𝑉𝐿 =𝑉𝑝

• Using Kirchhoff's current laws in fig 6;


𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅𝑌 − 𝐼𝐵𝑅 =𝐼𝑅𝑌 + (− 𝐼𝐵𝑅 ).
The phasor diagram is shown in fig.7. Fig.6
By trigonometry or measurement:
𝐼𝑅 = 3𝐼𝑅𝑌
Therefore for a delta connection:
𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑝

Fig. 7
• Examples
Power in Three Phase Systems
• Examples
Measurement of power in three-phase systems
Examples
Red

HOMEWORK

415 V
Neutral

Q1.a. State Ohm’s law.


3.2-j6 Ω
b. Explain the importance of power factor and how it can be
improved.
c. A 4-wire cable supplies a star connected load consisting of Blue

Red Phase 6-j12Ω, Yellow Phase 3.2-j6Ω, Blue Phase 2.5+j4Ω


Yellow
as shown in figure Q1. If the cable voltage is balanced and
equal to 415V;
(i) Calculate the magnitude and phase of the line and neutral
Fig. Q1
currents.
(ii) Draw the voltage and current phasor diagram.

(iii) Calculate the total power supplied to the load.

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