BELG 2433 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Three Phase Circuits

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Three Phase Circuits
Contents:

1) Introduction
2) 3-phase generation
3) Type of 3-phase circuits
4) Star & Delta Configurations
5) V & I in star-connections
6) V & I in delta-connections
7) Generator-Load Connections
8) Power in 3-Phase Circuit
9) Measurement of Power in 3-Phase circuits
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 Introduction
Electric power system comprises of:
• generating units that produce electricity
• high voltage transmission lines that transport electricity
over long distances
• distribution lines that deliver the electricity to consumers
• loads that receive the useful power

Loads

11kV – 20kV (50

Hz)

Generation Distribution 3
Transmission
Introduction
Why 3 phase system?
• For the same power output:
More economical (less cost) - uses less conductor material
to transmit electric power compared to single-phase or two-
phase systems at the same voltage
Able to transmit high powers efficiently
• With a neutral wire, the three phase system allows the use a
higher voltage load while still supporting lower voltage single
phase appliances.
• Produce a magnetic field that rotates in a specified direction,
which simplifies the design of electric motors 4
Introduction

• Three-phase electrical sytem is a type of polyphase

system, and is the most common method used by
electric power distribution grids worldwide to distribute
power.
• Three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents
(of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous
peak values at different times.
• Taking one conductor as the reference, the other two are
delayed in time by one-third (120° phase shift) and
two-thirds of one cycle (240° phase shift).

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3-Phase Generation
Understand the generation of single phase system
first:

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3-Phase Generation

Time

 Certain text books use A,B,C or R,Y,B or L1,L2, L3

 Each phase is separated by 120° phase-shift

ERR’ = V sinθ
EYY’ = V sin (θ - 120°) 7
EBB’ = V sin (θ - 240°) @ EBB= V sin (θ + 120°)
8
3-Phase Generation
 The order of voltage waveform sequences in a polyphase
system is called phase rotation or phase sequence.
 If we're using a polyphase voltage source to power
resistive loads, phase rotation will make no difference at
all. Whether R-Y-B or R-B-Y, the voltage and current
magnitudes will all be the same.
 There are some applications of three-phase power, that
depend on having phase rotation being one way or the
other - 3φ motor is one of them

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Sequence:
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

C B

A A

B C

R-Y-B @ ABC R-B-Y @ ACB

eRR1 = sin θ eRR1 = sin θ

(
eYY1 = sin θ − 120 0 ) (
eYY1 = sin θ + 120 0 ) 10
eBB1 = sin (θ + 120 )
0
eBB1 = sin (θ − 120 )
0
Assume the system is balance and sequence is R-Y-B

a. If VRR’ = 277V∠0° , what are VYY’ and VBB’

Answer:

b. If VYY’= 347V∠-120° , what are VRR’ and VBB’

Answer:

c. If VBB’ = 120V∠150° , what are VRR’ and VYY’

Answer: 11
Type of 3-Phase Circuits
2 Types:

Star or wye (Y) Delta (Δ) or mesh

connection connection 12
Star & Delta Connections
Ir

star
Iy
connected

Ib

Phase Voltages: VRn, VYn, VBn

Line Voltages (Line to Line): VRY, VYB, VBR

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Line Currents = Phase Currents : Ir , Iy , Ib
 Star & Delta Connections

delta
connected

Line Currents (Currents in the line conductors): Ir, Iy, Ib

Phase Currents (Currents through load) : Iry, Iyb, Ibr

Line Voltages = Phase Voltages : Vry, Vyb, Vbr 14

 V & I in Star Connection
The relationship between line and phase voltages of a star circuit,
consider:
 Using KVL:
VRY = VRn + ( - VYn ) = VRn- VYn 1

Now assume a
magnitude V for each Substituting 2 ->1:
phase and take VRn VRY = VRn- VYn
as reference. The
= V∠0° - V∠-120°
sequence is R-Y-B
= V(1+j0)-V(-0.5-j0.866)
and the system is
= V(1.5+j0.866)
balance. Therefore:
= 1.723V∠30°
=√3 V∠30°
VRn = V∠0° 2 =√3VRn∠30° Or 15
VYn = V∠-120°
VBn = V∠120°
VRY= √3VRn ∠(θRn +30°)
 V & I in Star-Connection

VYB = VYn- VBn VBR = VBn- VRn

=(V ∠-120°)-(V ∠120°) = (V ∠120°)-(V ∠-120°)
=√3V∠-90° =√3V∠150°

∴VYB = √3VRn ∠(θRn -90°) ∴VBR= √3VRn∠ (θRn +150°)

Or Or 16

VYB= √3VYn ∠(θYn +30°) VBR= √3VBn ∠(θBn +30°)

SUMMARY: V & I in Star Connection

(
VLine = 3VPhase∠ θ Phase + 30 o )
Only for a balanced

( )
star connection.
VLine
VPhase = ∠ θ Line − 30 o Otherwise, derive
from KVL.
3

ILine = IPhase
Phasor diagram of line and phase voltages
Phasor Diagram:

VRY = 3VRn ∠(θ Rn + 30 0 )

VYB = 3VYn ∠(θYn + 30 0 )
VBR = 3VBn ∠(θ Bn + 30 0 )
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qthuFLNSrlg
 Example 1
For the following circuit, suppose ERN = 120V∠0° , Zrn = Zyn = Zbn = (12 + j9)Ω

a) Determine the phase voltages at the load.

b) Determine the line voltages at the load.
c) Show all voltages on a phasor diagram.
d) Compute IR, IY and IB.
e) Calculate the neutral current, In. 18
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V & I in Delta Connection
The relationship between line and phase current of a delta circuit,
consider:

 For Voltage, we can see that VLine = VPhase

 For current, using KCL, at node r, we get

Ir + Ibr = Iry
∴ Ir = Iry - Ibr
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 Now assume a magnitude I for each phase current and take Iry as
reference. The sequence is R-Y-B and the system is balance.

Phase
∴ I ry = I∠0 o , I yb = I∠ − 120 o & I br = I∠120 o
Current
Iy = Iyb- Iry
.
Substuting….. =√3 Iyb∠-150°
Ir = Iry- Ibr ∴Iy= √3 Iry∠ (θry -150°)
= I∠0° - I∠120° OR
= 1.723 I∠-30° Iy= √3 Iyb∠ (θyb -30°)
=√3 I∠-30°
=√3 Iry∠-30° Ib = Ibr- Iyb
.
∴IR= √3 IRY∠(θRY-30°) =√3 Ibr∠90°
∴Ib= √3 Iry∠ (θry +90°) 24
OR
Ib= √3 Ibr∠ (θbr -30°)
V & I in Delta Connection

(
I Line = 3I Phase∠ θ Phase − 30 0 )
I Phase =
I Line
(
∠ θ Line + 30 0 )
3

Phasor Diagram:

I r = 3I ry ∠(θ ry − 30 0 )
I y = 3I yb∠(θ yb − 30 0 )
I b = 3I br ∠(θ br − 30 0 )
VLine = VPhase
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|ILine| = √3 |IPhase|
Example 2

For the circuit balance delta connected, suppose Vry = 240V∠15° ,

Zry = Zyb = Zbr = 10 + j 3
a) Determine the phase currents.
b) Determine the line currents.
c) Sketch the phasor diagram.

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c.

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Generator-Load Connections
1. Star - Star 3. Star - Delta

2. Delta - Delta 4. Delta - Star

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Star-Star Connection
In a balanced
load, the
Neutral points resultant current
IR in neutral
conductor is zero,
IY IR + IY + IB = 0.
IN n
Neutral conductor
IB

Without neutral conductor, the

With neutral conductor, the
system is known as three-wire
system is known as 4-wire
star-connected system or
star-connected system or
3-phase 3-wire system 29
3-phase 4-wire system
 V & I in a star-connected system
R R
IR IR
ER VRn
N ERY VRY
N EB In VBR n
R
EY VYn
N Y IY Y
EB IY VBn IB
N B
EYB IB VYB B

Voltages at the Generator Voltages at the Load

Phase Voltages Phase Voltages
ERN, EYN, EBN VRn, VYn, VBn
Line Voltages (Line to Line) Line Voltages (Line to Line)
ERY, EYB, EBR VRY, VYB, VBR 30
Line Currents = Phase Currents : IR, IY IB
Example 3 (star-star)

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Example 4 (delta-delta)

Determines the magnitude of

the load currents and line
currents
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Example 5 (delta – star )

Determines:
a) Each load current
b) Each load voltage 35
c) Magnitude of line voltage
36
Example 6 (star – delta)

Vab = 208V∠30°

Determine :
a) Phase current
b) Line current
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39
Delta to Y transformation

Y to Delta transformation

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 BEKP 2323
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 BEKP 2323
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Power in 3-phase circuit

To find total power in a balanced system, determined

power in one phase, then multiply by three

BEKP 2323
PT = 3Pφ = 3 Vφ I φ cos θ φ (W )

For both star &

delta connections

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For the balanced system, we know that:

PT = 3Pφ = 3 Vφ Iφ cos θφ (W )
• It is also useful to have a formula in terms of line
quantities:

For wye load For delta load

x 3

BEKP 2323
Iφ = I L 3
3 3 Vφ = VL
VL 3x IL
Vφ = =3 Iφ =
3 3 3

I L cos θφ (W )
VL
cos θφ (W )
IL
PT = 3 PT = 3 VL
3 3
PT = 3 VL I L cos θφ (W ) PT = 3 VL I L cos θφ (W )
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Summary of Power Formulas for Balanced Star & Delta
Circuits
Active Power VR2
Pφ = Vφ I φ cos θ φ = I φ Rφ =
2

Rφ
PT = 3 Pφ = 3 VL I L cos θ φ
Reactive Power Qφ = Vφ I φ sinθ φ = I φ X φ =
2 V X2
Xφ

BEKP 2323
QT = 3 Qφ = 3 VL I L sinθ φ
Apparent Vφ2
Sφ = Vφ I φ = I φ2 Z φ =
Power Zφ
S T = 3 Sφ = 3 VL I L
Power Factor PT Pφ
PF = cosθ = =
S T Sφ
Power Triangle ST = PT + jQT 45
 Example 8
A Y-Y three phase balanced system is shown in Figure 28. The phase
voltage of the generation is ERN =120V∠0° and the load impedances
for each phase is Zrn = Zyn = Zbn = (12 + j9)Ω. The system is positive
sequence.
a) Determine the phase R R
voltage at the load.
IR

BEKP 2323
b) Determine the line voltages
at the load. ERN VRn ZRn
c) Calculate phase current.
d) Calculate the single phase N In n
real power, reactive power ZBn
and apparent power at the B
EYN VYn IB
ZYn
load
EBN Y Y IY VBn B
e) Find power factor of the
system
f) Calculate the three phase
real power, reactive power
and apparent power at the 46
phase load
Solution Example 8

BEKP 2323
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Solution Example 8

BEKP 2323
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Solution Example 8

BEKP 2323
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Measurement of Power in 3φ System

2 Popular
Methods

One Wattmeter Two Wattmeter

BEKP 2323
Method* Method
Load
Balanced Load
R W
R W
*Can be 3
Y
wattmeter Y
method, if we’ve
B 3 meters

B W
N

For star-connected balanced load, with For balanced/unbalanced load, wye or 50

neutral point accessible delta
One Wattmeter and Three Wattmeter Method
Balanced Load Load
R W R W1

Y Y W2

B B W3

N N

BEKP 2323
A wattmeter W is connected with its current coil in one line
and the voltage circuit between that line and the neutral
point, the reading on the wattmeter gives the power per
phase:

♦ Total active power = 3 x wattmeter reading

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Two Wattmeter Method
Load
R W1

B W2

BEKP 2323
♦ Total active power
= Wattmeter 1 reading + Wattmeter 2 reading
• For balanced or unbalanced load, star or delta
connected. 52
Proof that for PT = W1+ W2:
iR Load
R W1

iR Two watt method

Y

iB
B W2

BEKP 2323
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 BEKP 2323
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• Sometimes, with analog wattmeters, one of the meter will read
backward (negative).

• To get the correct reading, reverse either its voltage or current

connection. The actual value obtained from this is now negative….

Example:

BEKP 2323
1. In two wattmeter method, the readings are 2 kW and 5 kW respectively. What
is the total active power?
Ans: 7 kW

2. In two wattmeter method, the readings are 5 kW and -2 kW respectively.

What is the total active power?

Ans: 3 kW 55
 BEKP 2323
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 BEKP 2323
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 Example 9

The input power to a balanced three-phase motor was measured by the

2-wattmeter method. The readings were 5.2kW and -2.08kW, and the line
voltage was 400V. Calculate:
a) The total active power

BEKP 2323
b) The power factor
c) The line current

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Solution Example 9

BEKP 2323
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