LUCENA, JOHN CARLO VERGEL

16-07905

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2

CONCRETE

CONCRETE- Is a stone like materials which is a result by combining cement, water and aggregates. It
is commonly used in a contemporary construction.

COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE:

CEMENT- A soft powder that is made of calcined mixture of clay and a limestones, which is use as a
binder in a construction that hardens material to bind it together.

TYPE OF CEMENT:

1. Hydraulic Cement-It is a bonding material that reacts with the water to form a hard
substance like stone which is resistant to disintegration of water.
2. Portland cement- A type of cement or binding material what is mostly used in an industrial
construction such as roads, bridges and highways. There are types of Portland cement which
is used for different type of construction, these are:
 Type I- used in general Construction.
 Type II-used for general concrete construction that exposed to moderate heat
 Type III- used for high strength in a shorter period of time setting
 Type IV- used for high sulfate resistance.
AGGREGATES- are inert materials that are being added in the cement with water to create a
concrete mass. Concrete mass has a 75% total of aggregates component. There are two types of
aggregates, these are:

 Course aggregates

 Fine aggregates

WATER- Water to use must be clean or potable, it will affect the composition of concrete.

PRODUCTION:

Mix the three main components of concrete such as cement, water and aggregates. Can be mix on
the ground using shovel and a bucket of water, it can be also mix using a trial batch depends on
purpose. Aggregates must be 75% percent of total mass of concrete.

COMMON APPLICATION/PROCEDURE:

 Spading
 Pouring
 Shotcrete

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
AVAILABILITY REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED TO AVOID
CRACKING
DURABLE AND LONG LASTING LOW TENSISLE STRENGTH
 ECONOMICAL REQUIRES LONG LABOR TIME LIKE CURING IN
ORDER TO ACHIEVE IT FULL STRENGTH.
FIRE RESISTANT

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION:

 Quarrying for sand and other aggregates is necessary that could destroy environment.
 Curing must be observed especially in a tropical country where evaporation of water of
concrete is fast due to heat temperature.
 Concrete road creates dust that could result into air pollution.

METALS
METALS- A substances characterized by its ductility, malleability , fusibility and thermal conductivity,
these are silver , iron , gold , aluminum etc.

TYPES OF METALS:

FERROUS METAL- Has a high carbon content which preventing it of rusting when it is exposed in
moisture. Ferrous metals are:

 Iron (cast iron, wrought iron )

 Steel (alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, structural steel)

NONFERROUS METAL- A type of metal that has no iron, known for light weight, high conductivity,
and resistance in corrosion. Nonferrous metals are

 Aluminum
 Lead
 Zinc
 Copper
 Titanium
PRODUCTION:

Metals undergo different type of procedure or forming, there to type of metal production, there are:

HOT WORKING- Is done through subjecting metals to a high temperature to allow its
recrystallization. These are:

 Hot Roll
 Forging
 Casting
 Hot extrusion

COLD WORKING- Is done through subjecting metals to a recrystallization low temperature.

Classification are:

 Rolling
 Forging
 Cold spinning
 Extrusion

HEAT TREATMENT- A process of heating metals using different specific methods to achieved its
desired strength.

 Annealing- the process of softening the metals and increase its ductility
 Quenching- the process of removing internal stress.
 Tempering- a process of decreasing metal excess hardiness and reduce
brittleness.
 Normalizing- A process where metal is being heat with 40 degree temperature
to make it stronger and harder.
 Stress relieving- metal is being subjected to a low temperature of its lower
critical border.

COMMON APPLICATION/PROCEDURE:

 Riveting- A process of joining metals through metal parts by using rivet

 Soldering-A process of joining metals where a filler metal only melts and being
fused on the workpiece
 Welding-- A process of joining metals to another by heating in order to melt and
attach to each other.
 Brazing- A process of joining metals by in which an alloy is being heated and
melt

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 Durability  High maintenance
 Reusable  Expensive
 Long life span
  Elastic
 Reliable

ENVIRONMANTAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Metals undergo coating in order to protect it from rust and corrosion. Metals with no protective
coating will cause problem due to environmental exposures. Coating samples are:

 Metal coated steel (zinc, aluminum zinc alloy steel coated steel etc.)
 Organic coated steel (PVC coating, polyester bead coating etc.)

WOOD AND PLASTIC

Wood- A fibrous structural substance that composes the branch and trunks of tree beneath the pitch
and bark. It is also characterized as a lignified water conducting and strength. It is useful in
construction due to its strength, light weight and durability, which is mostly use in by some designer
because of its rustic beauty.

TYPES OF WOOD/MATERIALS:

 SOFTWOOD- A type of wood with cone shape trees such as redwood, pine, and fir.
 HARDWOOD- A type of wood with broad leaves such as beech, oak, and mahogany

LUMBER- A processed wood that is shape into beams and planks for structural purposes. There are
two classification of lumber, these are:

Dressed lumber Rough lumber

WOOD COMPOSITES- it is composed of derivative products of wood. Where some are created
through binding strands, boards and fibers together. The advantage of wood composite is
environmental friendly, materials were used are came from wasted wood and plastic.

 PLYWOOD- It is produced with different layering sheets of veneer, piles , and binded with
adhesive.

 ORIENTED STRAND BOARD- a wood created from the reclaimed wood using thin wood
strand and being bound together using adhesives.


 FIBERBOARD- an engineered wood that panels are manufactured using fiber wood.

 WAFERBOARD- a wood material made from wood wafers or wood flakes with controlled
thickness bounded together, provided with water proof phenolic resin.
  LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER- A durable engineered wood material made from veneers
that is bonded together through use of heat and pressure.

 PARALLEL LUMBER- A lumber that is made of dried wood veneers, flakes that are layered in
each other and bonded together, provided with moist resistant adhesive.

PRODUCTION:

SEWING METHODS- A methods of cutting trees with workable procedure in order to to be used in
different purposes, these are:

 Plain sawn- cutting method consist of a sewing boards off the log. Cutting in a parallel
spaced cut
 Quarter sawn- cutting process where logs being sawn into quarters or perpendicular way

SEASONING- Is process of drying a timber/lumber in order to remove moisture to prevent damage

such as shrinkage and decay of the wood. Two types of seasoning process:

 Natural or Air Seasoning- a natural drying process where wood is being dry outdoor through
natural air and under the sun.
 Kiln dried seasoning- Is a quick drying process where lumber is being process in wood-drying
kiln and will be steamed hot air pressure.
WOOD INSTALLATIONS/APPLICATION:

 Wood flooring
 Roof frames(beam, rafters etc.)
 Structural frames
 Wood cladding

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:

WOOD TREATMENT- A process of applying preservatives or coating to the wood in order to protect it
from termites and decay.

 Oil borne preservatives- An insoluble in water preservatives that usually being dissolved in
other organic solvents.
 Water borne preservatives- composed of chromium,copper,arsenic and fluoride which is
mostly used in lumber, plywood , pilling and timbers.

PLASTICS

PLASTIC- asynthetic and semi synthetic material that are used in different applications, it is made of
natural products like cellulose , natural gas, coal salt and crude oil.

THERMOPLASTICS- a polymer plastic that can be reshape by melting and recasting almost
indefinitely.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 Recyclable  Expensive
 Chemical resistance  Melting during heat temperature occured
 Eco-Friendly
 Impact resistant
 Can be reshape or remold
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC- Also known as thermoset, a plastic polymer that irreversibly become a
rigid when being heated. Common examples are: epoxy, silicone, polyuthane and phenolic.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 High temperature Resistant  Cannot recycled
 Flexible design  Cannot reshape
 Cost- efficient
 Capable for thin and thick walls

THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION

THERMAL MOISTURE PROTECTION- A process to seal outside the building against rain fall, sun’s
heat , and air penetration.

ROOFING: A covering installed at the top of a building that serves as a protection from rain fall,
snow, sun light and extreme weathers such as storms and typhoons.

Types of roof shapes:

TYPES OF ROOFING MATERIALS:

 Slate and Tile- a roof type made of natural stone and has a natural cleft surface

Advantage:

 Extreme durable and long lasting life span

Disadvantage:
 Expensive and not easy to install
 Asphalt Shingles- a roof material made of asphalt, most used in US due to its economical
and easy to install.

ADV:

 has a variety of colors

Disad:

 It has a short life span and does not

provide the insulation needed.

 Metal Roof- A type of roof made of aluminum, zinc, copper and stainless steel.

Advantage:
 Has a longer life span among other materials and
provide solar reflectance
Disadvantage:
 Expensive
  Wood Shingle- a type of roof made of wood and usually cut by machines. Class A type has
coating good for fire resistant.

Advantage:

 Offers aesthetic like rustic look

Disadvantage:

 Prone in fire.

BUILDING INSULATION - It is a process of reducing the heat being transfer like radiative influence in
a building. These done through applying insulating materials to the structure.

COMMON TYPES OF INSULATION:

TYPE DEFINITION INSTALLATIO ADVANTAGE IMAGE

N METHOD
BATT A type of insulation Applied Easy
INSULATION made from wool, plastic through installation
fibers, and natural fibers studs, joist ,
like cotton wool of and beams
sheep.

RIGID FOAM Type of insulation that For interior High resistant

INSULATION can be applied on any application, it for high
part of the house like must be ½ temperature
walls and roof. The covered by
common type or any material
material used is approved by
polyurethane or building code
Styrofoam. to prevent
fire
 LOOSE AND Composed of small It is being Can be added
FILL BLOWN particle materials like installed by another
IN fiber, foam etc. blowing it on insulation due
the surface its lightness.
using a
blowing
equipment.

REFLECTIVE It is made of aluminum Installed Effective

SYSTEM foil, a good resistance fitted prevention of
from heat which usually between the downward
used in the attic. wood frames. heat flow

OPENINGS
(DOORS AND WINDOWS)

OPENINGS- A part of the building that provides light, ventilation, and different certain passage for
human. This also to create awareness and connection between indoors and outdoors of the
building.
DOOR: Is a movable barrier of the building that can be swinged or slide that provides passage or
access inside the building or a rooms.

Door considerations is guided by:

PD 1096(National building code of the Philippines)

 Min height: (2.00 m)

 Min width (0.9 m)
 Max Width (1.2m)

RA 9514 (Fire code of the Philippines)

 Min. Height: 2.0 m

 Min. Width 0.71 m
 Max Width of leaf: 1.22 m

BP 344 (Accessibility Law)

 Min. Height 2.0 m

 Min width 0.8 m
 Door knob Height: 0.82-1.06 m

BP 220 (Economic and socialized housing)

 Gen use Min, height: 2.00m

 Bathroom/mezzanine height: 2.0 m
 Min width door : 0.8 m
 Min width bedroom: 0.7 m
 Min. width bathroom: 0.6 m
DOOR OPERATIONS:

 Bypass sliding door

 Folding doors

 Overhead door
 Pocket door slide

 Revolving door/pivot

 surface hung

 swinging door
Common types of door:

 PANELLED DOOR- Traditionally made of wood joiners such as rails, stiles and infill panels in
order to assemble the door. This door can be carve or crafted with a different art design and
can be painted with desired colors.
 FLUSH DOORS- A simple flat door type which is composed of wooden framework covered by
plywood.

PRODUCTION:

DOOR BASIC PARTS:

 Door Frames- is the whole frame composition that supports the door, it can be wood or
aluminum.
 Jamb- the vertical line in the sides of the door or frame.
 Head- the horizontal line on the upper frame of the door
 Panel- the main parts of door itself or the whole cover.
  Threshold- is located at the lower part of door.
 Transom- a beam that separates or partition between door and window.
 Sidelight- a glass panel located in the sides of the door
 Knob- a part of the door that allow users to open and close the door
 Hinge- a small device that joint door allowing to be swing.

WINDOW
Window- an opening on the walls or in the roof covered with frame and glass panel that provides
ventilations like air and light. It can be made by wood or alluminium.

PARTS OF THE WINDOW:

  Frame-is the whole frame composition that supports the door, it can be wood or aluminum.
 Glass- the main frame of the window
 Frames- A frameworks the whole structure of the window
 Head- the horizontal line on the upper frame of the window
 Jambs- the vertical line in the sides of the window or frame.
 Sash- The part of the window that can be moved.

TYPES OF WINDOW FRAMES:

 SINGLE HUNG WINDOW- a window that bottom sash is being manipulated.

 AWNING WINDOW- a window that hinged is located at the upwards.

 HOPPER WINDOW- a window that hinged is located at the downwards.

 FIXED WINDOW- a window that cannot be open, it only produce natural lighting ventilation

 SLIDING WINDOW- it consist of two horizontal sash that can be manipulated through sliding.

 JALOUSIE- a window that has parallel glass that can be shut simultaneously.

 CASEMENT WINDOW- a type of window where hinged is located at the side and can be
open either inwards or outwards.
 FINISHES

(CEILING, WALL, FLOOR)

CEILING- It is the upper surface part of the interior where lights are being installed.

 FIBER CEMENT BOARD- It is composed of from mixture of Portland cement to cellulose

fibers.

Pros:

 Good fire resistant

Cons:

 It is fragile due to its

powder cement material

 GYPSUM BOARD- A panel made of calcium sulfate dehydrate that is used also for wall
construction.
 Pros:

 Light weight
 Easier installation
 Heat reflectant
 Fire resistant
 Moisture resistance

Cons:

 Low Durability

WALL FINISH

CEMENT OR STUCCO FINISH- is an exterior finish composed of Portland cement, sand and water mix
to form a plaster.

 Smooth Coat finish

 Rough Cast finish

 Peddle dash finish

 Scrapped finish

 Granitie finish
Granolithic and terrazzo finishes

Granolithic finish- Composed of hard aggregates , cement , sand and water and usually polymers to
create mixture. It is used for walls and floor surface.

Terrazo finish- A solid material made from either chip marbles or other stones set. Usually applied
for concrete floor surface. It has an advantage of durability, cleanliness and maintenance efficient.

Types:

 Sand Cushion
 Bonded
 Monolithic
 Rustic
 Thin epoxy
 FLOORING

Floor tile finish:

Cement tile finish

Ceramic tile finish

 Glazed ceramic tile- A type ceramic tile that is coated glass form minerals and with ceramic
stains

 Unglazed tile- a dense and hard material tile that comes from in various surface. The
advantage is it offers protection from stains compared with glazed ceramic tile. But requires
sealing to prevent staining.

 Porcelain tile- a ceramic tile that offers hardest and dense tiles. The disadvantage is color
fades fast, which cannot resist scratching and withstand extreme emperature.
Resilient Floor finishes

 Vinyl- compose of vinyl tiles, solid vinyl, and planks

 Linoleum- Made of linseed oil , wood , cork and resins. It has three forms: glue
down, large sheets, planks.

 Rubber- Made from rubber trees, a flooring that produce from rubbers which is
usually used in fitness gyms.
 Asphalt – a flooring made from asphalt mixture, synthetic resins and mineral fillers.
It none flammable and maintenance efficient.
 WOOD FLOOR FINISHES

 Strip flooring – this type of flooring has a thickness and width of wood planks

 Plank flooring – its available thickness only is 1/2” and ¾” and width is 3” to 8”

 Parquet flooring – is made up of a geometrical patterns , consist of wood slats held by fastening and
adhesive.
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