EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept.

of ECE

III/IV B.Tech (ECE) Sixth Semester

EC361 - DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.No. Experiment Page No.

PART A : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

1 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation 3

2 DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation 9

3 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation 13

4 Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis Circuits 19

5 Verification of Sampling theorem 23

6 Mixer Circuit 28

7 PAM and Reconstruction 30

PART B : DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

8 Generation and Detection of PCM 37

9 Generation and Detection of ASK 42

10 Generation and Detection of FSK 45

11 Generation and Detection of PSK 48

12 Generation and Detection of QPSK 51

13 Generation and Detection of DPSK 59

14 Delta modulation 63

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PART A : ANALOG
COMMUNICATIONS

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the AM waveforms for different modulation depths and measure the

value of modulation index.

APPARATUS:

1. Experimental board on AM, FT 1501 -- 1 no

2. Dual trace CRO -- 1 no

Theory:
In Amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous values of the modulating signal whose frequency is lower than that of
the carrier frequency. In practice, the carrier signal is high frequency and the modulating
signal is audio frequency.
Let the carrier voltage and the modulating voltage, Vc and Vm respectively
represented by

Vc=Vc sin ωct

Vm=Vm sin ωct and V is the Amplitude of AM signal and is given as
V=Vc+Vm
V =Vc+m Vc sin ωct (where m=Vm/Vc)
And m is the modulation index or depth of modulation of the AM signal
V=Vc(1+m sin ωct)
Instantaneous value of AM amplitude is V sin θ
V=V sin ωct=Vc(1+m sin ωct) sin ωct
=Vcsin ωct+mVc/2 cos(ωct+ ωmt)-mVc cos(ωct- ωmt)

In the above equation first term indicates the un modulated carrier, second and third
terms indicates the upper & lower side bands respectively.

Where USB=fc+fm & LSB=fc-fm

Modulation index can be calculated from the following:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

Vmax  Vmin V  Vmin

Vm  & Vc  max
2 2
V V V
m  m  max min
Vc V max Vmin

Block Diagram for AM :

PROCEDURE:

1. Study the layout of experimental board, FT 1501 from the figure.

2. Connect the CRO at the output of modulating signal generator and observe the
modulating signal and measure its amplitude and frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal amplitude and frequency.
4. Apply the message signal and the carrier signal as input to AM modulator and
observe its output.
5. Measure Emax and Emin of AM wave.
6. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and record the observations as in table
and calculate % of modulation index.
7. Apply AM wave as input to AM demodulator and observe it output. Measure its
amplitude and frequency.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

8. See that with variation of modulating signal amplitude, the amplitude of detected
signal varies.
9. Note down the detected signal, modulating signal amplitude and calculate the
detection efficiency.
%ηd=

10. Draw the waveforms of modulating, carrier, AM and detected waves

PROCEDURE:

Modulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in test diagram type 1. For modulation output switch on the power
supply.
(a) Output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input and keep the frequency 500
Hz pot. (Adjust the amplitude pot to 5v)

(b) Set carrier frequency 180KHz. (Adjust the amplitude pot to 0.5v)

2. Observe the amplitude modulated output on CRO at 50%, 100% and over modulation. (by
varying the amplitude pot)
3. Now. Change modulating signal generator to 1 KHz and observe the output at CRO.
4. Observe the output of AM modulation on CRO at 50%, 100% and over modulation.

Demodulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in test diagram type 1, for de-modulation output.
(a) Output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input and keep the frequency
500Hz. (Adjust the amplitude pot to 5v)
(b) Amplitude modulation output from to input of Diode Detector.
2. Detector output to AC amplifier input.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Observe the demodulated output on CRO. (By varying the amplitude pot). The output will be the
replica of input.
5. Now, change modulating signal generator 1KHz and observe demodulation output.
6. Switch OFF the power supply

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

TABULAR FORM:

S.No. Amplitude Amplitude AM signal Modulation index Detection

of of detected efficiency
modulating signal, E max  E min
%m= x100 %ηd
signal, Ed(volts)
Emax Emin
E max  E min
Em(volts)
(volts) (volts)

MODEL GRAPH:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PANEL DIAGRAMS:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

OBSERVATIONS:

Amplitude of carrier signal, Ee=

Frequency of carrier signal, fc=
Amplitude of modulating signal, Em=
Frequency of modulating signal, fm=

RESULTS:

Output waveforms are drawn and modulation index is calculated at different input amplitudes.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Do not make any interconnections on board with power supply ON.
3. Readings should be taken without any errors.
4. Check the continuity of wires and CRO probes used.
VIVA:

1. What is meant by modulation?

2. Why modulation is an essential process of communication system?

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

2. DSB-SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:

To generate AM-Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal.

APPARATUS:

1. IC 1496 -- 1No.
2. Resistors 6.8kΩ -- 1 No.
10kΩ, 3.9kΩ -- 2 No.

1kΩ, 51kΩ -- 3 No.

3. capacitors 0.1µf -- 4 No.

4. variable resistor( linear pot) 0-50kΩ -- 1 No.
5. CRO -- 1 No.
6. Function generator (1MHZ) -- 2 No.
7. Regulated power supply -- 1 No.

Theory:

RF Generator:

Colpitts oscillator using FET is used here to generate RF signal of

approximately 100 KHz Frequency to use as carrier signal in this
experiment. Adjustments for Amplitude and Frequency are provided in
panel for ease of operation.

AF Generator:

Low Frequency signal of approximately 5KHz is generated using OP-

AMP based wein bridge oscillator. IC TL 084 is used as an active
component; TL 084 is FET input general purpose quad OP-AMP
integrated circuit. One of the OP-AMP has been used as amplifier to
improve signal level. Facility is provided to change output voltage.

Regulated Power Supply:

This consists of bridge rectifier, capacitor filters and three terminal

regulators to provide required dc voltage in the circuit i.e. +12v, -8v @
150 ma each.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

Modulator:

The IC MC 1496 is used as Modulator in this experiment. MC 1496 is a

monolithic integrated circuit balanced modulator/Demodulator, is versatile
and can be used up to 200 MHz.

Multiplier:

A balanced modulator is essentially a multiplier. The output of the MC

1496 balanced modulator is proportional to the product of the two input
signals. If you apply the same sinusoidal signal to both inputs of a
ballooned modulator, the output will be the square of the input signal
AM-DSB/SC: If you use two sinusoidal signals with deferent frequencies
at the two inputs of a balanced modulator (multiplier) you can produce
AM-DSB/SC modulation. This is generally accomplished using a high-
frequency “carrier” sinusoid and a lower frequency “modulation”
waveform (such as an audio signal from microphone). The figure 1.1 is a
plot of a DSB-SC waveform, this figure is the graph of a 100 KHz and a 5
KHz sinusoid multiplied together. Figure 1.2 shows the circuit that you
will use for this experiment using MC 1496-balanced
modulator/demodulator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1.

2. An Carrier signal of 1Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 83 KHz is applied
as carrier to pin no.10.
3. An AF signal of 0.5Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 5 KHz is given as
message signal to pin no.1.
3. Observe the DSB-SC waveform at pin no.12.

MODEL GRAPHS:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the connections before giving the supply

2. Observations should be done carefully

RESULT:

Phase reversal in DSB-SC Signal is occur at the zero crossing of modulating signal.

VIVA:

1. What is the efficiency of DSB SC modulating system ?

2. What are the applications of balanced modulator ?
3. What is the effect of amplitude of message on DSB-SC signal ?

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

3. FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM:

To study the process of frequency modulation and demodulation and measure the modulation
index.

APPARATUS:

1. Dual trace CRO -- 1 no

2. Experimental board, FT 1502 -- 1 no

Theory:

In frequency modulation the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the modulating signal. Thus the amplitude of the carrier does not change
due to frequency modulation. This is an advantage, since any incidental disturbances such as
atmospheric disturbance or manmade static primarily appears in the form of variation of
amplitude of the carrier voltage and may be eliminated in a frequency modulated receiver which
is made insensitive to amplitude variation.

The frequency variation in the carrier called the frequency deviation is proportional to the
instantaneous value of the modulating voltage. The frequency deviation is represented by fd &
given as fd=f max-fc or fc - fmin

Where fc – carrier frequency

fmax=fc+kf Vm/2π

fmin=fc-kfVm/2π

where kf modulating signal voltage

Vm=Vm cos ωmt

Vc=Vc cos ωmt

The modulation index mf of FM is

δ=mf=fd/fm=ωd/ωm=kf vm/ωm

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

The example for the FM voltage is

V=Vc sin (ωc+ωf sin ωmt)

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Study the layout of experimental board, FT 1502 from figure.

2. Observe the modulating signal at the output of modulation signal generator (AF) and
note down its amplitude and frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal at the output of FM modulator without input and note down
its frequency.
4. Observe the output of FM modulator by applying it inputs.
5. Observe modulating signal and FM signal simultaneously on CRO and measure
maximum and minimum frequencies of FM signal.
6. Calculate the modulation index of the signal from the table.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

7. Connect the FM wave as input to FM demodulator and observe its output and note
down its amplitude and frequency. Its frequency and shape should be the same as that
of the modulating signal.
8. Draw the waveforms of modulating, carrier, FM wave and detected signals.

PROCEDURE:

MODULATION:

1. Connect The Circuit As Shown For Modulation Type – 1

2. Switch ON the power supply.
(a) The sine wave from the modulating signal generator, to modulating single input.

(b) Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal in modulating signal generator 3V p-p and
frequency of the modulating signal 1KHz by varying the respective pots.

(c)Adjust the carrier frequency to 16KHz.

3. Observe the frequency modulator output on CRO

4. Switch OFF the power supply

Demodulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in test diagram for demodulation type-1

(a) The sine wave from the modulating signal generator to modulating signal input.
(b) Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal in modulating signal generator 3V p-p and
frequency of the modulating signal 1KHz by varying the respective pots.
(c) Frequency modulator output
(d) Output of FM De-modulation to AC amplifier input.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Observe the demodulated output on CRO and the output is the exact replica of the input.‟
4. Switch OFF the power supply.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

Tabular form:

S.No. Em(p-p) Δ=fmax-fc Modulating Modulation index, β=δ/fm

frequency
(or) fc-fmin fm(Hz)

MODEL GRAPHS:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

RESULT:

Output waveforms are drawn and modulation index is calculated at different input

amplitudes.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections

2. Do not make any interconnections on the board when the power supply is ON.
3. Check the continuity of wires ad CRO probes used.

VIVA:

1. What is frequency modulation?

2. What is Carson‟s rule?

PANEL DIAGRAMS

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

4. PRE-EMPHASIS & DE EMPHASIS

AIM:

To observe the frequency responses of pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits

APPARATUS:

FT 1516 kit -- 1 no

CRO -- 1 no

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Pre-Emphasis circuit:

De-Emphasis Circuit:

l procedure:

A. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF PRE EMPHASIS CIRCUIT

1. Connect the AC adaptor to the mains and the other side to the Experimental Trainer. Switch
on the power.
2. Connect a signal generator to the input of pre emphasis circuit. Fix the input level to 2 to 3v
rms.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

3. Observe the output at the output terminals.

4. Vary the frequency in steps from 30Hz to 15 KHz. Measure the output and corresponding
input at each frequency setting. Find the gain (ratio) and compute the gain in dB. Draw a
graph between the frequency (X-axis log scale) and normalized gain dB level on Y-axis. The
normalized gain is the difference in dB gain at any frequency with respect to the gain at low
frequency (less than f1=2120 Hz) say 500 Hz. The difference in dB gain give normalized gain
at that frequency.

TABLE OF READINGS:

S.No. Freqeuncy Vi I/P V0 O/P Gain dB 20 Normalized

Hz voltage voltage log V0/V1 dB
(gain/gain at
500Hz)

30

100

200

300

400

500

1000

2100

2200

5K

6K

15K

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

B.FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF DE EMPHASIS CIRCUIT

1. Repeat the experiment as done on Pre emphasis circuit, on the De emphasis circuit also. The
input is given from a signal generator and the input and output are measured at the output
terminals.
2. Draw the frequency response curve (semi log paper) of the de emphasis circuit which is as
shown below in fig.

MODEL GRAPHS:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

RESULT

The frequency responses of Pre-emphasis and De emphasis circuits are observed.

VIVA:

1. What is the value of time constant used in commercial pre-emphasis circuit ?

2. For which modulated signals pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits are used ?
3. Explain the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis characteristics.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

5. VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM

AIM: To verify the sampling theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Sampling theorem verification trainer kit -- 1 No.

2. Function Generator (1MHz) -- 1 No.

3. Dual trace oscilloscope (20 MHz) -- 1 No.

Theory :

Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system continuous wave forms
are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the
sampling times together with synchronizing signals.

At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the information regarding
the samples.

Sampling theorem Statement:

A band limited signal of finite energy which has no frequency components higher than fm Hz, is
completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by ½ f m
seconds.

The sampling theorem states that, if the sampling rate in any pulse modulation system exceeds
twice the maximum signal frequency, the original signal can be reconstructed in the receiver with
minimum distortion.

Fs>2fm is called Nyquist rate.

Where fs – sampling frequency

Fm – Modulating signal frequency

If we reduce the sampling frequency fs<fm, the side bands and the information signal will overlap
and we cannot recover the information signal simply by low pass filter. This phenomenon is
called fold over distortion or Aliasing.

There are two methods of sampling (i) Natural sampling (ii) flat top sampling.

Sample and Hold circuit holds the sample value until the next sample is taken.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

Sample & Hold technique is used to maintain reasonable pulse energy.

The duty cycle of a signal is defined as the ratio of pulse duration to the pulse repetition period.
The duty cycle of 50% is desirous taking the efficiency into account.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 1.

2. Switch on the power supply. And set at +11V and -11V.

3. Apply the sinusoidal signal of approximately 4V (p-p) at 105Hz frequency and

pulse signal of 11V (p-p) with frequency between 100Hz and 4 KHz.

4. Connect the sampling circuit output and AF signal to the two inputs of oscilloscope

5. Initially set the potentiometer to minimum level and sampling frequency to 200Hz and
observe the output on the CRO. Now by adjusting the potentiometer, vary the amplitude of
modulating signal and observe the output of sampling circuit. Note that the amplitude of
the sampling pulses will be varying in accordance with the amplitude of the
modulating signal.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

6. Design the reconstructing circuit. Depending on sampling frequency, R & C values are
calculated using the relations Fs = 1/Ts, Ts = RC. Choosing an appropriate value for C, R
can be found using the relation R=Ts/C

7. Connect the sampling circuit output to the reconstructing circuit shown in Fig 2

8. Observe the output of the reconstructing circuit (AF signal) for different sampling
frequencies. The original AF signal would appear only when the sampling frequency is
200 Hz or more.

PROCEDURE:

Sampling: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1.

(a) Output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input in sampling

circuit keeping the switch in 1KHz position, and amplitude pot to max position.

(b) Output of pulse generator to sampling pulse input in sampling circuit keeping the

switch in 16 KHz position. (Adjust the duty cycle pot to mid position i.e.50%.

2. Switch ON the power supply

3. Observe the outputs of sampling, sampling and hold, output. By varying the

amplitude pot also observe the effect on outputs.

4. By varying duty cycle pot observe the effect on sampling outputs.

5. Vary the switch position in the pulse generator circuit to 32 KHz and now observe

the outputs. By varying the amplitude pot also observe the effect on outputs.

6. Now, vary the switch position in modulating signal generator to 2KHz and repeat

all the above steps 3 & 4

7. Switch OFF the power supply.

Reconstruction:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2

(a) Output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input in sampling
circuit keeping the switch in 1KHz position,
(b) Output of pulse generator circuit to sampling pulse input in the sampling
circuit, keeping the switch in 16 KHz position
(c) Connect the sample output to the input of low pass filter.
(d) Output of low pass filter to input of AC amplifier, keep the gain pot in AC
amplifier to max position.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

2. Switch ON the power supply.

3. Observe the output of AC amplifier. The output will be the replica of the input. By
varying the gain pot observe the demodulating signal amplification.
4. Similarly connect the sample and hold output and observe reconstructed the signal.
5. Vary the Switch position in the sampling frequency circuit to 32KHz and now repeat
the steps 3 & 4
6. Vary the Switch Position in the modulating signal generator to 2 KHz and repeat all the
above steps 3 to 5.
7. Switch OFF the power supply.

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

PRECAUTIONS :

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done carefully.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

RESULT:

The output waveforms are observed.

VIVA:

1. Define sampling theorem.

2. What is meant by nyquist rate?

PANEL DIAGRAMS

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

6. MIXER CIRCUIT

AIM: To design and obtain the characteristics of a mixer circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Transistor BC107 -- 1 No.

2. Resistors 1kΩ, 6.8kΩ, 10kΩ -- 1No.
3. Capacitors 0.01µf -- 1 No.
4. Inductor 1mH -- 1 No.
5. CRO (20MHz) -- 1 No.
6. Regulated Power Supply -- 1 No.
7. Function Generator -- 1 No.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1. Assume C=0.1µF and
calculate value of L1 using f= where f=7KHz 2 L 1 C 1
2. Apply the input signals at the appropriate terminals in the circuit.

3. Note down the frequency of the output signal, which is same as difference frequency of given
signals .

4.

5. MODEL WAVEFORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the connections before giving the supply .

2. Observations should be done carefully .
VIVA:

1. How can we use mixer circuit to generate AM signal ?

2. what are the applications of mixer ?

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

7. PAM AND RECONSTRUCITON

AIM: To verify the Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation processes

APPARATUS:

1. Dual Trace CRO -- 1 no

2. Experimental board, FT 1503 -- 1 no

Theory:
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system
continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal
is transmitted only at the sampling times together with syncing signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.
The pulse amplitude modulation is the simplest form of the pulse modulation.
PAM is a pulse modulation system is which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, and
each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling.
The pulses are then sent by either wire or cable are used to modulated carrier.
The two types of PAM are (i) double polarity PAM and (ii) The single polarity
PAM, in which a fixed dc level is added to the signal to ensure that the pulse are always
positive. Instantaneous PAM sampling occurs if the pulses used in the modulator are
infinitely short.
Natural PAM sampling occurs when finite-width pulses are used in the modulator,
but the tops of the pulses are forced to follow the modulating waveform.
Flat-topped sampling is a system quite often used because of the ease of
generating the modulated wave.
PAM signals are very rarely used for transmission purposes directly. The reason
for this lies in the fact that the modulating information is contained in the amplitude
factor of the pulses, which can be easily distorted during transmission by noise, crosstalk,
or other form of distortion. They are used frequently as an intermediate step in other
pulse-modulating methods, especially where time division multiplexing is used.
Demodulation:
The demodulation section comprises of a fourth order low pass filter and an AC
amplifier. The TL074 (U5) is used as a lowpass filter and AC amplifier the output of the
modulator is given as the input to the lowpass filter.
The lowpass filter output is obviously less and it is fed to the AC amplifier which
comprises of a single Op-amp and whose output is amplified.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PAM BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Study the layout of the experimental board.

2. Observe the AF o/p of signal source on CRO and measure its amplitude and
frequency.
3. Observe the synchronous clock at the synchronous clock generator and measure its
frequency.
4. Apply, AF and clock signals as inputs to PAM modulator and observe its output.
5. Apply PAM wave as input to PAM demodulator and observe its output. Note down
the amplitude and frequency of demodulated signal and compare it with that of the
modulating signal. The frequency of demodulated signal must be the same as that of
modulating signal.
6. Draw waveforms of AF, clock, PAM & detected signals.

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EC 361 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB Dept. of ECE

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1

(a) Output of the sine wave to modulating signal input TP2 keeping the switch in 1KHz
position, and amplitude pot to max position.
(b) 16 KHz pulse output to pulse input. (keep the frequency pot in minimum position in pulse
generator block).
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Observe the outputs also by varying amplitude pot (which is in modulation signal generator
block).
4. Now vary the frequency selection switch position in modulating signal generator block to
2KHz amplitude pot in max position.
5. Repeat all the above steps for the pulse frequency 32 KHz (by varying the frequency pot in
the pulse generator block).
6. Switch OFF the power supply.

DEMODULATION:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 3

(a) Output of the sine wave to modulating signal input keeping the switch in 1KHz position,
amplitude pot in max position.
(b) 16 KHz pulse output to pulse input.
(c) Sample output, sample and hold output and flat-top outputs respectively to the input of
lowpass filter and LPF output to AC amplifier input.
2. Observe the output of lowpass filter and AC amplifier, corresponding to inputs. The outputs
will be the true replica of the input.
3. Now, set the switch position in modulating signal generator to 2KHz and observe the outputs,
corresponding to inputs.
4. Vary the frequency of the pulse to 32KHz (put it in max. position) and repeat the above steps
2 & 3.
5. Switch OFF the power supply.

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MODEL WAVEFORMS:

OBSERVATIONS:

Amplitude of modulating signal, Em=

Frequency of modulating signal, fm=

Amplitude of clock signal, Ec=

Frequency of clock signal, fc=

Amplitude of detected signal, Ed=

Frequency of detected sogma;, fd=

PRECAUTIONS:

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1. Avoid loose connections

2. Check the continuity of wires and CRO probes used
3. Readings should be taken without any errors.
4. Do not make any interconnections on the board when the power supply is ON.

RESULT:

Output waveforms are drawn.

VIVA:

1. What is PAM?
2. Where PAM is used?

PANEL DIAGRAMS:

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PART B : DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS

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8. Generation and Detection of Pulse Code Modulation

Aim: To study the Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation using PCM trainer kit

Apparatus: PCM kit, CRO and connecting probes.

Theory:

Pulse code modulation is a process of converting a analog signal into digital. The
voice or any data input is first sampled using a sampler (which is a simple switch) and
then quantized. Quantization is the process of converting a given signal amplitude to an
equivalent binary number with fixed number of bits. This quantization can be either
mid-tread or mid-raise and it can be uniform or non-uniform based on the requirements.
For example in speech singles, the higher amplitudes will be less frequent than the low
amplitudes. So higher amplitudes are given less step size than the lower amplitudes and
thus quantization is performed non-uniformly. After quantization the signal is digital and
the bits are passed through a parallel to serial converter and then launched into the
channel serially.

At the demodulator the received bits are first converted into parallel frames and each
frame is de-quantized to an equivalent analog value. This analog value is thus equivalent
to a sampler output. This is the demodulated signal.

In the kit this is implemented differently. The analog signal is passed trough a ADC
(Analog to Digital Converter) and then the digital code word is passed through a parallel
to serial converter block. This is modulated PCM. This is taken by the serial to parallel
converter and then through a DAC to get the demodulated signal. The clock is given to
all these blocks for synchronization. The input signal can be either DC or AC according
to the kit. The waveforms can be observed on a CRO for DC without problem. AC also
can be observed but with poor resolution.

Procedure:

The kit is self-explanatory. Identify the blocks according to the theory mentioned and
generate a PCM modulated signal and demodulate to check if the same signal is obtained
or not. The steps are also given below in a detailed fashion:

1. Power on the Future Tech PCM kit

2. Measure the frequency of sampling clock.
3. Apply the DC voltage as modulating signal.

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4. Connect the DC input to the ADC and measure the voltage.

5. Connect the clock to the timing and control circuit.
6. Note the binary work form LED display. The serial data through the channel
can be observed in the CRO.
7. Also observe the binary word at the receiver end.
8. Now apply the AC modulating signal at the input
9. Observe the waveform at the output of DAC
10. Now the amplitude of the input voltage and the codeword. Also note the value
of the output voltage. Show the codeword graphically for a DC input.

Result: Pulse code modulation and demodulation for sinusoidal signal and DC signal are
observed and plotted.

PCM:

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9. Generation and Detection of Amplitude Shift Keying

Aim: To study the Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation using ASK
trainer kit.

Apparatus: ASK kit, CRO and Connecting probes.

Theory:

Amplitude Shift Keying modulation technique is used to transmit digital data using
sinusoidal carrier. When the output of source is binary „1‟ a sinusoidal carrier of
frequency „fc‟ and amplitude „Ac‟ will be transmitted. Whereas when binary „0‟ comes at
the output of the source no signal will be transmitted. ASK modulation technique is also
known as On-Off Keying (OOK). To demodulate the ASK waveform either envelope
detector or synchronous detector can be used. In this kit envelope detector is used. ASK
waveform is a kind of Amplitude Modulated waveform therefore information can be
recovered by passing the waveform through envelope detector followed by a low – pass
filter.

Procedure:

1. Connect the ac adaptor to the mains and the other side to the experimental trainer.
2. Observe the bit clock frequency on the oscilloscope and adjust the frequency to 10
KHz thereafter connect clock to pin no. 2 of IC 74165.
3. Set SPDT switches pattern to the desired code.
4. Parallel load by changing the switch to opposite side to shift side for a short duration
and get back to shift position.
5. Observe the 8 bit word pattern at the output of the 8 bit word generator and this is
the modulating signal.
6. Adjust the carrier frequency of 100KHz and 5V p-p and apply this as input to the
ASK modulator.
7. Connect the 8 bit word generators output to the data input terminal of the ASK
modulator.
8. Observe the data input on one channel of CRO and ASK output on the second
channel.
9. Apply ASK modulator output to the input of ASK demodulator and observe the
demodulated signal. Compare this waveform with modulating signal.

Result: Amplitude shift keying for sinusoidal carrier and square wave modulating signal are
observed and plotted.
ASK:

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10. Generation and Detection of Frequency Shift Keying

Aim: To study the operation of Frequency Shift Keying modulation and demodulation
with the help of kit.

Apparatus: FSK kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:

Frequency Shift Keying is the process generating a modulated signal from a digital
data input. If the incoming bit is 1, a signal with frequency f1 is sent for the duration of
the bit. IF the bit is 0, a signal with frequency f2 is sent for the duration of this bit. This is
the basic principle behind FSK modulation.

Basically a 555 timer is used as an A stable multivibrator, which generates a clock

pulse of frequency determined by the values of R and C in this circuit. This is divided by
2, 4, 8 and 16 using 74163 IC, and two of these outputs are used in a NAND logic gates
circuit, to generate a FSK modulated wave. To this NAND gates‟ circuit a binary data
sequence is also supplied. The circuit operation causes a frequency f1 for bit 1, and f2 for
bit 0. In the demodulator circuit, the FSK modulated signal is applied to a high Q tuned
filter. This filter is tuned to the frequency of either 0 or 1. This filter passes the selected
frequency and rejects the other. The output is then passed through a FWR (Full Wave
Rectifier) circuit and the output is now above zero volts only. It is then passed through a
comparator. If the input to the comparator is generator than threshold value, the output is
1, else it is 0. This digital output of the comparator is the demodulated FSK output.

Procedure:

1. Power on the kit. Apply one binary sequence as input message to the FSK modulator.
This sequence is taken form decade counter outputs.
2. Give the modulated FSK signal to the demodulator input. Observe the output of the
demodulator on the CRO along with the original data sequence. Adjust the tuning
controls (of filter and comparator) so that input and demodulated outputs are the same.
Do not touch the tuning controls after the adjustment is done.
3. Apply another data sequence input form the decade counter as input message and
observe the demodulated output message. Both will be identical. Note the FSK
modulated and demodulated waveforms. Sketch them with proper indications.

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Precautions:

1. Keep the connections tight.

2. Do not lift the IC pains. Check if the ICs of the kit are intact.

Result: Frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation is verified and

plotted.

FSK:

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PANEL DIAGRAM

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11 Generation and Detection of Phase Shift Keying

Aim: to study the operation of Phase Shift Keying modulation and demodulation with the
help of kit.

Apparatus: PSK kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:

Phase shift keying is a digital modulation technique. A cosinusoidal of a fixed frequency

and amplitude is taken. The digital data of 1‟s and 0‟s is converted to

S1(t)=Ac cos (2πfct)

S2(t)=Ac cos (2πfct+π)

respectively. In the kit, phase shift keying is obtained using an Op-AMP circuitry and
switch. If incoming bit is 0, the output is same as the carrier; if it is zero, the output is
1800 phase shifted version of the carrier signal. For demodulation a coherent detector is
used. It has 3 parts, a multiplier, and integrator and decision device.

Procedure:

1. Power on the kit. Apply carrier signal to the input of the modulator
2. Apply the modulating data signal from one of the decade counter‟s outputs.
Observe the modulated signal in the CRO.
3. Apply the PSK modulator output to the input of demodulator. Also apply the
carrier signal to the demodulator.
4. Observe the demodulator output on the CRO.
5. Compare the two signal amplitudes.

Precautions:

1. Keep the connections tight.

2. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are intact

Result: Phase shift keying modulation and demodulation for square wave
data input is observed and plotted.

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PSK Block Diagram:

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12 Generation and Detection of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Aim: To study the operation of Quadraturei Phase Shift Keying modulation and
demodulation with the help of kit.

Apparatus: QPSK kit, CRO and Connecting probes

Theory:

To transmit Digital Signal over limited band width channel various methods of
Modulation techniques were developed. In simple PSK system the phase of the carrier
was modulated such that the carrier phase is reversed during the logic „1‟ bit while the
carrier without any phase shift is transmitted during logic „0‟ bit. This method is also
known as Binary Phase Shift Keying. In QPSK the phase of the carrier depends upon the
pair of successive bits in the data stream. Thus there are four possible combinations of bit
pair viz 00,01,10, and 11. The block diagrammatic representation of QPSK modulator
and demodulator are shown in figure (a) and figure (b) respectively.

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Procedure:
1. Connect the QPSK Modulator-Demodulator to mains card to AC source and switch
on the trainer.
2. Check the phase difference of the Quadri Phase carriers generated at the outputs of
FF1 and FF2.
3. Connect the output at TP1 to CH1 of oscilloscope and synchronize the scope with
CH1 and positive ope trigger. Observe on CH2 the phase shifted carriers at TP2,
TP3 and TP4 with respect to the carrier at TP1 and fill up the Table-1.

Signal at Phase angle with

respect to carrier at
TP1

TP1

TP2

TP3

TP4

Table-1 Quadriphase Carrier – Phase Angle

4. Test the odd even bit separator for static bit levels. The logic levels at socket S2 and S3
will determine the odd bit and even bit in the data stream. Test the following bit stream
combinations as given in Table-2.
Note: S2 or S3 when open presents logic 1 levels as the inputs are pulled up.
5.Observe on CH1 carrier fc with 1800 at TP1. Connect the output of QPSK modulator to
CH2 and observe the switched carrier as shown in below figure

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Phase angle of
QPSK output w.r.t
Socket S2 Socket S3
fc with 1800 carrier
on CH1

GND(0) GND(0)

OPEN(1) GND(0)

GND(0) OPEN(1)

OPEN(1) OPEN(1)

Table-2 Phase angle of carrier switched corresponding to the input bit pair
Dynamic Testing:
In dynamic testing the serial random data generated by the serial shift register is connected
to the two D-flip flops FF-4 and FF-5 to generate random bit pairs which select the
Quadriphase clocks randomly.

1. Set the desired serial data on the switches keys connected to 74165.Using the push
button switch parallel load the data by temporarily pushing the switch to parallel load
mode. The data pattern set by the switches is circulated in the shift register.
2. Draw the 8 bit data pattern on the graph sheet
3. Construct the even and odd pair data patterns between the original data patterns with
the even and odd clocks.
4. Mark the corresponding carrier phase for each combination.
5. Observe and compare the quadriphase carriers in these bit pair time slots.
6. The final combined QPSK modulated signal can be observed at the output of the
modulator.

Result: Quadri-Phase shift keying modulation and demodulation for square

wave data input is observed and plotted.

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Block Diagrams:
QPSK:

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Model Graphs:

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Model Graphs:

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Panel Layout:

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Panel Layout:

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13. Generation and Detection of Differential Phase Shift Keying

Aim: To study the various steps involved in generating the differential binary signal and
differential phase shift keyed signal at the modulator and recovering the binary signal from
the received DPSK signal.

Apparatus: Cathode ray oscilloscope, Probes, Patch chords

Theory:
Figure below shows the block diagram of differential phase shift key modulation and de
modulation. The circuit has IC 8038 a basic wave form generator which generates sine,
square, triangle waveforms. The sine wave generated by 8038 Ic is used as a carrier signal to
the system. The square wave generated by 8038IC is ±12V level, so this is converted into a
+5V signal with the help of a transistor and diodes as shown in fig 1. This square wave is
used as a clock input to a decade counter which generates the modulating data outputs.

The differential signal to the modulating signal is generated using an Exclusive OR gate
and a 1 – bit delay circuit. CD 4051 is an analog multiplexer to which carrier is applied with
and without 180 degrees phase shift (created by using an operational amplifier connected in
inverting mode) to the two inputs of the IC 741. Differential signal generated by Ex-OR gate
(IC 7486) is given to the multiplexers control signal input depending upon the level of the
control signal, carrier signal applied with or without phase shift is steered to the output 1 –
bitdelay generation of differential signal to the input is created by using a D-flip flop
(IC7474). During the demodulation, the DPSK signal is converted into a +5V square wave
using a transistor and is applied to one input of the Ex-OR gate. To the second input of the
gate, carrier signal is applied after conversion into a +5V signal. So the Ex-OR gate output is
equivalent to the differential signal of the modulating data. This differential data is applied to
the one input of the Ex-OR gate and to the second input after 1-bit delta the same signal is
given. So the output of this Ex-OR gate is modulating signal.

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Block Diagram

Procedure:
1. Switch on the experimental board.
2. Check the carrier signal and the data generator signals initially.
3. Apply the carrier signal to the carrier input of the DPSK modulator and give the data
generator to the data input of DPSK modulator and bit clock output to the input of DPSK
modulator and bit clock o/p to bit clock input of modulator.
4. Observe the DPSK modulating output with respect to the input data generated signal of dual
trace oscilloscope, and observe the DPSK signal with respect to differential data also.
5. Give the output of the DPSK modulator signal to the input of the demodulator, give the
bit clock output to the bit clock input to the demodulator and also give the carrier output to
the carrier input of demodulator.
6. Observe the demodulator output with respect to data generator signal.

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Result: Differential phase shift keying modulation and demodulation is observed.

Model Graphs:

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14. Generation and Detection of Delta Modulation

Aim: To study the operation of delta modulation and demodulation with the help of
kit.

Apparatus: DM kit, CRO and connecting probes

Theory:
Delta modulation is the DPCM technique of converting an analog message signal to a
digital sequence. The difference signal between two successive samples is encoded into a
single bit code. The block and kit diagrams show the circuitry details of the modulation
technique. A present sample of the analog signal m(t) is compared with a previous sample and
the difference output is level shifted, i.e. a positive level (corresponding to bit 1) is given if
difference is positive and negative level (corresponding to bit 0) if it is negative. The
comparison of samples is accomplished by converting the digital to analog form and then
comparing with the present sample. This is done using an Up counter and DAC as shown in
block diagram. The delta modulated signal is given to up counter and then a DAC and the
analog input is given to OPAMP and a LPF to obtain the demodulated output.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the kit. Connect the clock signal and the modulating input signal to the
modulator block. Observe the modulated signal in the CRO.
2. Connect the DM output to the demodulator circuit. Observe the demodulator output on
the CRO.
3. Also observe the DAC output on the CRO.
4. Change the amplitude of the modulating signal and observe the DAC output. Notice the
slope overload distortion. Keep the tuning knob so that the distortion is gone. Note this
value of the amplitude. This is the minimum required value of the amplitude to overcome
slope overload distortion.
5. Calculate the sampling frequency required for no slope overload distortion.
6. Compare the calculated and measured values of the sampling frequency.

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Precautions:
1. Keep the connections tight.
2. Do not lift the IC pins. Check if the ICs of the kit are intact.

Result: Delta modulation and demodulation for sinusoidal signal input is observed and

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Panel Layout Diagram

Expected Waveforms:

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