ANALOG COMMUNICATION

LAB MANUAL
Government college of engineering, jalgaon

Department of: electronics and telecommunication

Subject: Analog communication lab ( ET258U)

Name: KARTIKEYA RAJESH PATKOTWAR

PRN: 2111030
 ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB
List of Experiments

1. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

2. DSB SC Modulation and Demodulation

3. SSB SC Modulation and Demodulation

4. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

5. Pre Emphasis - De Emphasis Circuits

6. Verification of Sampling Theorem

7. PAM generation and Reconstruction

8. AM Modulation (MATLAB Exercise)

9. DSBSC and SSB Modulations (MATLAB Exercise)

10. AM Demodulation (MATLAB Exercise)

11. AM Demodulation by envelope method and coherent method (MATLAB Exercise)

12. Frequency modulation and demodulation (FM) (MATLAB Exercise)

13. Phase Modulation and Demodulation (MATLAB Exercise)

 1. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation

Aim: 1. To generate amplitude modulated wave and determine the percentage modulation.
2. To Demodulate the modulated wave using envelope detector.

Apparatus Required:

Name of the Specifications/Range Quantity

Component/Equipment

fT = 300 MHz
Transistor(BC 107) Pd = 1W 1
Ic(max) = 100 mA
Diode(0A79) Max Current 35mA 1

Resistors 1KΩ, 2KΩ, 6.8KΩ, 10KΩ 1 each

Capacitor 0.01µF 1

Inductor 130mH 1

CRO 20MHz 1

Function Generator 1MHz 2

Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1

Theory:

Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is
varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t).The standard form of an
amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by

s(t ) = Ac 1 + K a m(t ) cos(2f c t )

Where K a is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.

The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM
wave at the receiver. An envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective device that is well suited for
the demodulation of AM wave, for which the percentage modulation is less than 100%.Ideally, an envelop
detector produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the input signal wave form exactly; hence,
the name. Some version of this circuit is used in almost all commercial AM radio receivers.
 (Emax − Emin )
The Modulation Index is defined as, m = (E + E )
max min

Where Emax and Emin are the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave.

Circuit Diagrams:
For modulation:

Fig.1. AM modulator

For demodulation:

Fig.2. AM demodulator

Procedure:

1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.1.

2. Switch on + 12 volts VCC supply.
3. Apply sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz frequency and amplitude 2 Vp-p as modulating signal, and carrier
signal of frequency 11 KHz and amplitude 15 Vp-p.
4. Now slowly increase the amplitude of the modulating signal up to 7V and note down values of Emax
and Emin.
5. Calculate modulation index using equation
6. Repeat step 5 by varying frequency of the modulating signal.
7. Plot the graphs: Modulation index vs Amplitude & Frequency
1
8. Find the value of R from f m = taking C = 0.01µF
2RC
9. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.2.
10. Feed the AM wave to the demodulator circuit and observe the output
11. Note down frequency and amplitude of the demodulated output waveform.
12. Draw the demodulated wave form .,m=1

Waveforms and graphs:

Precautions:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply
2. Observations should be done carefully.
 2.DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation

Aim: To generate AM-Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal.

Apparatus Required:

Name of the
Specifications/Range Quantity
Component/Equipment
Wide frequency response up to 100 MHz
IC 1496 1
Internal power dissipation – 500mw(MAX)

6.8KΩ 1

Resistors 10 KΩ, 3.9 KΩ 2 each

1KΩ ,51 KΩ 3 each

Capacitors 0.1 µF 4

Variable Resistor
0-50KΩ
(Linear Pot) 1

CRO 100MHz 1

Function Generator 1MHz 2

Regulated Power Supply 0-30 v, 1A 1

Theory:

Balanced modulator is used for generating DSB-SC signal. A balanced modulator consists of two
standard amplitude modulators arranged in a balanced configuration so as to suppress the carrier wave. The
two modulators are identical except the reversal of sign of the modulating signal applied to them.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1. Balanced Modulator Circuit

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1.
2. An Carrier signal of 1Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 83 KHz is applied as carrier to pin no.10.
3. An AF signal of 0.5Vp-p amplitude and frequency of 5 KHz is given as message signal to pin no.1.
4. Observe the DSB-SC waveform at pin no.12.

Waveforms:
 3.SSB Modulation and Demodulatiom

Aim: To generate the SSB modulated wave.

Apparatus Required:

Name of the Component/Equipment Specifications Quantity

SSB system trainer board --- 1

CRO 30MHz 1

Theory:

An SSB signal is produced by passing the DSB signal through a highly selective band pass filter.
This filter selects either the upper or the lower sideband. Hence transmission bandwidth can be cut by half
if one sideband is entirely suppressed. This leads to single-sideband modulation (SSB). In SSB modulation
bandwidth saving is accompanied by a considerable increase in equipment complexity.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1 Single Side Band system

Procedure:

1. Switch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated power supply i.e., ±12V and -8V.
2. Observe the output of the RF generator using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the RF generator, one is
direct output and another is 90o out of phase with the direct output. The output frequency is 100 KHz
and the amplitude is ≥ 0.2VPP. (Potentiometers are provided to vary the output amplitude).
3. Observe the output of the AF generator, using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the AF generator, one
is direct output and another is 90o out of phase with the direct output. A switch is provided to select the
required frequency (2 KHz, 4KHz or 6 KHz). AGC potentiometer is provided to adjust the gain of the
oscillator (or to set the output to good shape). The oscillator output has amplitude  10VPP. This
amplitude can be varied using the potentiometers provided.
4. Measure and record the RF signal frequency using frequency counter. (or CRO).
5. Set the amplitudes of the RF signals to 0.1 Vp-p and connect direct signal to one balanced modulator
and 90o phase shift signal to another balanced modulator.
6. Select the required frequency (2KHz, 4KHz or 6KHz) of the AF generator with the help of switch and
adjust the AGC potentiometer until the output amplitude is  10 VPP (when amplitude controls are in
maximum condition).
7. Measure and record the AF signal frequency using frequency counter (or CRO).
8. Set the AF signal amplitudes to 8 Vp-p using amplitude control and connect to the balanced
modulators.
9. Observe the outputs of both the balanced modulators simultaneously using Dual trace oscilloscope
and adjust the balance control until desired output wave forms (DSB-SC).
10. To get SSB lower side band signal, connect balanced modulator output (DSB_SC) signals to subtract
or.
11. Measure and record the SSB signal frequency.
12. Calculate theoretical frequency of SSB (LSB) and compare it with the practical value.
LSB frequency = RF frequency – AF frequency

13. To get SSB upper side band signal, connect the output of the balanced modulator to the summer
circuit.
14. Measure and record the SSB upper side band signal frequency.
15. Calculate theoretical value of the SSB(USB) frequency and compare it with practical value. USB
frequency = RF frequency + AF frequency
Observations:

Signal Amplitude (volts) Frequency (KHz)

Message signal 2 1

Carrier signal 2 100

SSB (LSB) 0.5 98.54

SSB (USB) 0.42 101.4

Precautions:

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done careful
 4. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Aim: 1. To generate frequency modulated signal and determine the modulation index and

bandwidth for various values of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal.

2. To demodulate a Frequency Modulated signal using FM detector.

Apparatus required:

Name of the
Specifications/Range Quantity
Component/Equipment

Operating voltage –Max-24 Volts

IC 566 1
Operating current-Max.12.5 mA

Power dissipation – 750mW 1

IC 8038
Supply voltage - ±18V or 36V total

Power dissipation -1400mw 1

IC 565
Supply voltage - ±12V

15 K Ω, 10 K Ω, 1.8 K Ω, 1,2,1
Resistors
39 K Ω, 560 Ω 2,2

470 pF, 0.1µF 2,1

Capacitors
100pF , 0.001µF 1,1 each

CRO 100MHz 1

Function Generator 1MHz 2

Regulated Power Supply 0-30 v, 1A 1

Theory: The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal, is called “Frequency Modulation”. The FM signal is expressed as

s(t ) = Ac cos(2f c +  sin (2f m t ))

Where AC is amplitude of the carrier signal, fC is the carrier frequency

 is the modulation index of the FM wave

Circuit Diagrams:

Fig.1. FM Modulator Using IC 566

Fig.2. FM Modulator Circuit

Fig.3. FM Demodulator Circuit

Procedure: Modulation:
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.2( Fig.1 for IC 566)
2. Without giving modulating signal observe the carrier signal at pin no.2 (at pin no.3 for IC 566). Measure
amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal. To obtain carrier signal of desired frequency, find value
of R from f = 1/ (2ΠRC) taking C=100pF.
3. Apply the sinusoidal modulating signal of frequency 4KHz and amplitude 3Vp-p at pin no.7. ( pin no.5
for IC 566)
Now slowly increase the amplitude of modulating signal and measure fmin and maximum frequency
deviation ∆f at each step. Evaluate the modulating index (mf = β) using ∆f / fm where ∆f = |fc - fmin|.
Calculate Band width. BW = 2 (β + 1)fm = 2(∆f + fm)
4. Repeat step 4 by varying frequency of the modulating signal.

Demodulation:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram shown in Fig.3
2. Check the functioning of PLL (IC 565) by giving square wave to input and observing the
output
3. Frequency of input signal is varied till input and output are locked.
4. Now modulated signal is fed as input and observe the demodulated signal (output) on
CRO.
5. Draw the demodulated wave form.

Waveforms:
 5. Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis

Aim:

I) To observe the effects of pre-emphasis on given input signal.

ii) To observe the effects of De-emphasis on given input signal.

Apparatus Required:

Name of the
Specifications/Range Quantity
Component/Equipment

fT = 300 MHz

Transistor (BC 107) Pd = 1W 1

Ic(max) = 100 mA

Resistors 10 KΩ, 7.5 KΩ, 6.8 KΩ 1 each

10 nF 1
Capacitors
0.1 µF 2

CRO 20MHZ 1

Function Generator 1MHZ 1

Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1

Theory:

The noise has a effect on the higher modulating frequencies than on the lower ones. Thus, if the
higher frequencies were artificially boosted at the transmitter and correspondingly cut at the receiver, an
improvement in noise immunity could be expected, there by increasing the SNR ratio. This boosting of
the higher modulating frequencies at the transmitter is known as pre-emphasis and the compensation at
the receiver is called de-emphasis.
Circuit Diagrams:

For Pre-emphasis:

Fig.1. Pre-emphasis circuit

For De-emphasis:

Fig.2. De-emphasis circuit

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1.

2. Apply the sinusoidal signal of amplitude 20mV as input signal to pre emphasis circuit.
3. Then by increasing the input signal frequency from 500Hz to 20KHz, observe the output voltage
(vo) and calculate gain (20 log (vo/vi).
4. Plot the graph between gain Vs frequency.
5. Repeat above steps 2 to 4 for de-emphasis circuit (shown in Fig.2). by applying the sinusoidal
signal of 5V as input signal
Graphs:

Precautions:

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observation should be done carefully
 6. SAMPLING THEOREM VERIFICATION

Aim: To verify the sampling theorem.

Apparatus Required:

1. Sampling theorem verification trainer kit

2. Function Generator (1MHz)

3. Dual trace oscilloscope (20 MHz)

Theory:

The analog signal can be converted to a discrete time signal by a process called sampling. The sampling
theorem for a band limited signal of finite energy can be stated as,

‘’A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component higher than W Hz is
completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W
seconds.’’

It can be recovered from knowledge of samples taken at the rate of 2W per second.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: 1 Sampling Circuit

 Fig: 2 Reconstructing Circuit

Procedure:

1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 1.
2. Switch on the power supply. And set at +11V and -11V.
3. Apply the sinusoidal signal of approximately 4V (p-p) at 105Hz frequency and pulse signal of 11V
(p-p) with frequency between 100Hz and 4 KHz.
4. Connect the sampling circuit output and AF signal to the two inputs of oscilloscope
5. Initially set the potentiometer to minimum level and sampling frequency to 200Hz and observe the
output on the CRO. Now by adjusting the potentiometer, vary the amplitude of modulating signal
and observe the output of sampling circuit. Note that the amplitude of the sampling pulses will be
varying in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
6. Design the reconstructing circuit. Depending on sampling frequency, R & C values are calculated
using the relations Fs = 1/Ts, Ts = RC. Choosing an appropriate value for C, R can be found using
the relation R=Ts/C
7. Connect the sampling circuit output to the reconstructing circuit shown in Fig 2
8. Observe the output of the reconstructing circuit (AF signal) for different sampling frequencies. The
original AF signal would appear only when the sampling frequency is 200Hz or more.
 7. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Aim: To generate the Pulse Amplitude modulated and demodulated signals.

Apparatus required:

Name of the Apparatus Specifications/Range Quantity

1KΩ, 10KΩ, 100KΩ, 5.8KΩ,

Resistors Each one
2.2KΩ,

Transistor BC 107 2

Capacitor 10µF, 0.001µF each one

CRO 30MHz 1

Function generator 1MHz 1

Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1

CRO Probes --- 1

Theory:

PAM is the simplest form of data modulation .The amplitude of uniformly spaced pulses is varied in
proportion to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message m (t).

A PAM waveform consists of a sequence of flat-topped pulses. The amplitude of each pulse corresponds
to the value of the message signal x (t) at the leading edge of the pulse.

The pulse amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitudes of regularity spaced rectangular
pulses vary with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous message signal in a one-one fashion. A
PAM wave is represented mathematically as,

S (t) =  [1+Ka x (nTs)] P (t-nTs)

N= - 
Where

x (nTs) ==> represents the nth sample of the message signal x(t)

K= ==> is the sampling period.

Ka ==> a constant called amplitude sensitivity

P (t) ==>denotes a pulse

PAM is of two types

1) Double polarity PAM ==> This is the PAM wave which consists of both positive and negative pulses
shown as

2) Single polarity PAM ==> This consists of PAM wave of only either negative (or)

Positive pulses. In this the fixed dc level is added to the signal to ensure single polarity signal. It is
represented as

Fig: 1 Bipolar PAM signal Fig: 2 Single polarity PAM

Circuit Diagram:

Fig: 3 Pulse Amplitude Modulation Circuit

Fig: 4 Demodulation Circuit

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 3
2. Set the modulating frequency to 1KHz and sampling frequency to 12KHz
3. Observe the o/p on CRO i.e. PAM wave.
4. Measure the levels of Emax & Emin.
5. Feed the modulated wave to the low pass filter as in fig 4.
6. The output observed on CRO will be the demodulated wave.
7. Note down the amplitude (p-p) and time period of the demodulated wave. Vary the amplitude and
frequency of modulating signal. Observe and note down the changes in output.
8. Plot the wave forms on graph sheet.
This page is only for instructions and not to be included in the final journal.

Instructions for submission work of AC lab:

1. While preparing your journal copy, you have to appropriately edit it, enter College and
department name, your PRN, Name, course code and course name on the front page of the lab
journal.

2. The lab manual contains 7 experiments; you have to add 6 more MATLAB exercises along with
their printouts of result. So, total experiments should be 13.

3. The SY students should submit the lab journal latest by Friday, 7th July, 2023, up to 5:30 pm. in
hardcopy form, along with a proper index, certificate format etc as applicable to all the other lab
course journals.