6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.

6 The Reynolds analogy

boundary layers

The Reynolds analogy

‰ Integral momentum eq. of flat surface flow without ∇p

d ⎡ 1 u u y⎤ Cf
dx ⎣ ∫0 u∞ u∞
⎢δ [ ( − 1)]d ⎥ = −
δ⎦ 2

‰ Integral energy eq. for the case of Tw=const

d ⎡ 1 u T − T∞ y ⎤ qw
dx ⎣ ∫0 u∞ Tw − T∞
6.6 The Reynolds analogy ⎢φδ ( )d ( )⎥ =
δ t ⎦ ρc p u∞ (Tw − T∞ )

‰ Distribution of u and T
3 3
u 3 y 1⎛ y⎞ 3 y 1⎛ y ⎞
= − ⎜ ⎟ Θ = 1− + ⎜ ⎟⎟
u∞ 2 δ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ 2 δ t 2 ⎜⎝ δ t ⎠
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.6 The Reynolds analogy 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.6 The Reynolds analogy
boundary layers boundary layers

The Reynolds analogy The Reynolds analogy

ƒ Similarity of temperature and flow boundary layers, Pr=1 ‰ For the case of Pr ≠ 1, Reynolds-Colburn analogy
T − Tw u T − T∞ u h Cf Cf
δ = δt then = = −( − 1) Pr 2 / 3 = St Pr 2 / 3 =
T∞ − Tw u∞ Tw − T∞ u∞ ρc p u ∞ 2 2
δ
ƒ Substituting the result in integral energy eq. by notice φ = t = 1
δ 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 50
d ⎡ 1 u u y⎤ qw ‰ Stanton number
dx ⎣ ∫0 u∞ u∞
⎢δ [ ( − 1)]d ⎥ = −
δ⎦ ρ c p u∞ (Tw − T∞ ) h Nu x
St ≡ =
ƒ By comparing it with the integral momentum eq. ρc p u ∞ Re x Pr

Cf qw h
≡ St h ΔT actual heat flux to the fluid
= = Stanton number =
2 ρ c p u∞ (Tw − T∞ ) ρ c p u∞ ρ c p u ∞ ΔT heat flux capacity of the fluid flow
Reynolds analogy
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers

boundary layers

Turbulence
‰ Boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent
ƒ the smoke rise from a lighted cigarette in a draft-free room

6.7 Turbulent boundary layers ƒ flow along a flat plat

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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers
boundary layers boundary layers

Turbulence Turbulence
‰ Mixing length l
‰ Fluctuation of u and other quantities in a turbulent
ƒ Average length that a parcel of fluid moves between
pipe flow interactions (similar to that of the molecular mean free path)
ƒ For the laminar shear stress
⎛ ∂u ⎞
τ yx = (constant)( ρC )⎜⎜ l ⎟⎟
⎝ ∂y ⎠
ƒ In turbulent case
=u ′
∂u
τ yx = μ + τ ′yx
∂y
¾ l become to mixing length
1 T ¾ C → v = v + v′
u ≡= ∫ udt
‰The shear stress,τ y x ,in a
T 0 τ ′yx = (constant)[ρ (v + v′)]u ′ laminar or turbulent flow.
u′ = 0 ¾ By Navier-Stokes eq. Const=-1
ρ T

T ∫0
τ ′yx = − [(v u ′ + v′u ′)]dt = − ρv u ′ − ρ v′u ′ τ ′yx = − ρ v′u ′
0
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers
boundary layers boundary layers

Turbulence v′ > 0 u
Turbulence near walls
‰ Shear stress of turbulent flow ‰ Average momentum eq. in the near wall region
∂u y τ yx u′ < 0 ∂u ∂u ∂ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ∂ ∂⎛ ∂u ⎞
τ yx = μ − ρ v′u ′ u +v = ⎜μ − ρ v′u′ ⎟ = τ yx = ⎜ ρ (ν + ε m ) ⎟
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂y ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠
ƒ Introduce eddy diffusivity εm for momentum neglect very near the wall

ƒ ∂τ yx / ∂y ≅ 0 means that shear stress is constant in y and equal

∂u ∂u
− ρ v′u ′ = ρε m τ yx = ρ (ν + ε m ) to the value on the wall
∂y ∂y ∂u u τw y dy
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
τ w ≅ τ yx = ρ (ν + ε m )
∂y ∫0
du =
ρ ∫
0 ν + εm
∂u
ρε m = − ρ v′u ′ = − ρ (cnstant) ⎜ ±l ⎟ ⎜ ∓l ⎟ =u ( y )
∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ u = fn (τ w , ρ ,ν , y )
Near-wall velocity profile dose not
∂u ∂u depend directly upon x
= ρ (cnstant)l 2
ƒ 5 variables in 3 dimensions
∂y ∂y ƒ 2 pi-groups *
∂u u* ≡ τ w / ρ
εm = l 2
u u y
∂y Eddy diffusivity for momentum, Boussinesq in 1877 = fn ( ) or u + = fn( y + ) Where
u* ν Friction velocity
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers
boundary layers boundary layers

Turbulence near walls Turbulence near walls

The viscous sublayer (u y / ν ) ≤ 7 The log layer (u y / ν ) ≥ 30 and y/δ ≤ 0.2
* *
‰ ‰
ƒ Very near the wall, the eddies must become tiny, l and thus εm ƒ Farther away from the wall, l is larger and turbulent shear
will tend to zero, so that ν >> εm stress is dominant: εm >> ν
τw y dy ∂u ∂u ∂u l = κ y for y / δ ≤ 0.2
u ( y) =
ρ ∫0 ν + εm →0
τ w ≅ ρε m
∂y
= ρl 2
∂y ∂y
Where
κ = 0.41
τw τw y ƒ Assuming the velocity gradient to be positive
*
y dy u ≡ τw / ρ
*
u ( y) u y
u ( y) =
ρ ∫ 0 ν
=
ρν u*
=
ν τ w dy dy u*
∫ u ( y) = u* ∫
ρ ∫ l
du = + C = ln y + C
u+ = y+ κy κ
ƒ This region is called as the viscous sublayer
¾ Thickness ≈10~100μm ƒ To fix the constant with experimental data

u ( y) 1 ⎛ u* y ⎞ B ≅ 5 .5
¾ Turbulent mixing is ineffective in the region, it is responsible for a = ln⎜⎜ ⎟+ B Log law
major fraction of thermal resistance u* κ ⎝ ν ⎟⎠
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers
boundary layers boundary layers

Turbulence near walls Turbulence near walls

1/ 7
u ( y) u ( y) u ( y) ⎛ u* y ⎞
= 8.3ln ⎜ ⎟
u* u* u* ⎝ ν ⎠
u ( y) ⎛ u* y ⎞
= 2.44 ln ⎜ ⎟ + 4.9
u* ⎝ ν ⎠

u ( y) u* y
=
u* ν
*
(u * y / ν ) ≤ 7 u y
(u * y / ν ) ≥ 30
ν
u* y
ν

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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.7 Turbulent boundary layers

boundary layers

Turbulence near walls

‰ Buffer layer 7 < (u * y / ν ) < 30
ƒ more complicated equations for l, εm and u are used to connect
the viscous sublayer to the log layer
l = κ y 3/ 2
‰ The outer part of the b.l ( y / δ V 0.2）
l = 0.09δ
δ ( x) 0.16 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent
Where = 1/ 7
x Re x boundary layers
Lead to C ( x ) =
0.027
f for Re x = 106 ~ 109
Re1x/ 7
0.455
More accurate formula valid for all Rex C f ( x) =
[ln(0.06 Re x ）
]2
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent
boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers

The Reynolds-Colburn analogy for turbulent flow The Reynolds-Colburn analogy for turbulent flow
‰ Eddy diffusivity of heat ε h ‰ Average b.l energy eq.
∂T ⎛ another constant, which ⎞ ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂ ∂ ⎡ ν ε m ∂T ⎤
q = −k −⎜ ⎟ u +v =− q= ⎢ ρc p ( + ) ⎥
∂y ⎜⎝ reflects turbulence mixing ⎟⎠ ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ⎣ Pr Prt ∂y ⎦
neglect very near wall
≡ ρc p ε h

∂T ƒ ∂q / ∂y ≅ 0 means that heat flux is constant in y and equal to

q = − ρc p (α + ε h )
∂y the wall heat flux ν ε ∂T
q = q w = − ρc p ( + m
)
ε Pr Prt ∂y
‰ Turbulent Prandtl number, Prt ≡ m
εh ƒ By integrating,
ν ε ∂T
q = − ρc p ( + m ) ⎧ ⎛ u* y ⎞
Pr Prt ∂y ⎪ Pr ⎜ ⎟ thermal sublayer
ƒ Pr is a physical property of the fluid Tw − T ( y ) ⎪ ⎝ ν ⎠
=⎨
qw /( ρ c p u ) ⎪ 1 ⎛ u * y ⎞
*

⎪ κ ln ⎜ ν ⎟ + A(Pr) thermal log layer For Prt =1

ƒ Prt is a property of the flow field more than of the fluid ⎩ ⎝ ⎠
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent
boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers

The Reynolds-Colburn analogy for turbulent flow The Reynolds-Colburn analogy for turbulent flow
ƒ For Pr>0.5 (experimental data) ƒ Rearrangement

A(Pr) = 12.8 Pr 0.68 − 7.3 qw Cf / 2

=
( ρc p u∞ )(Tw − T∞ ) 1 + [ A(Pr) − B ] C f / 2
ƒ subtract the dimensionless log-law from its thermal counterpart
Tw − T ( y ) u ( y ) ƒ Substituting B=5.5 and A(Pr) = 12.8 Pr 0.68 − 7.3
− * = A(Pr) − B
qw /( ρc p u * ) u
ƒ In the outer part of the boundary h Cf / 2
St x ≡ = Pr ≥ 0.5
Tw − T∞ u ρ c p u∞ 1 + 12.8[Pr 0.68 − 1] C f / 2
− ∞ = A(Pr) − B
qw /( ρc p u * ) u *
¾ Works for either uniform Tw or uniform qw
ƒ recall
¾ Cf can be determined by using equation (6.102), p15 in this lecture
note
u* τw Cf Tw − T∞ Cf 2
≡ = − = A(Pr) − B
u∞ ρu∞2 2 qw /( ρc p u∞ ) 2 Cf
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent
boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers

Other equations for heat transfer in turbulent b.l. Other equations for heat transfer in turbulent b.l.
‰ For Pr ≈1, Re not too far from transition ‰ Average Nusselt number for uniform Tw
⎛ Cf ⎞ −2 / 3
St x = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Pr for Pr ≈ 1 1 L 1 L 1 L kNu x
⎝ 2 ⎠ h=
L ΔT ∫ 0
qdx =
L ∫0
hx dx = ∫
L 0 x
dx
‰ For wide-range (Žukauakas)
⎛ Cf ⎞ −0.57 hL L Nu ⎡ L 1 0.8 ⎤
St x = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Pr for 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 380 Nu L = =∫ x
dx = 0.0296 Pr 0.43 ⎢ ∫ Re x dx ⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠ k 0 x ⎣ 0 x ⎦
ƒ Flat plate flow with low-Re
0.0592 Nu L = 0.0370 Re 0L.8 Pr 0.43
Cf ≅ 5 × 105 ≤ Re x ≤ 10 7
Re1x/ 5
Nu x = 0.0296 Re 0x.8 Pr 0.43 ƒ It may be used for either Tw=const or qw=const and for Re L ≤ 3 × 10
7

ƒ More accurate
Nu x = 0.032 Re 0x.8 Pr 0.43 2 × 10 5 ≤ Re x ≤ 5 × 10 6
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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent
boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers

Other equations for heat transfer in turbulent b.l. A correlation for laminar, transitional, and
turbulent flow
‰ Laminar and turbulent b.l ‰ Churchill suggests
1/ 2
⎛ (φ / 2600) 3 / 5 ⎞
qdx = ⎡ ∫ hturbulent dx ⎤
1 1 xtrans
Nu x = 0.45 + (0.3387φ 1/ 2 )⎜⎜1 + ⎟
L L
h=
L ΔT ∫0 L ⎢⎣ 0
hlaminar dx + ∫
x trans ⎥⎦ 7/ 2 2/5 ⎟
⎝ [1 + (φu / φ ) ] ⎠
ƒ Where
{
Nu L = 0.0370 Pr 0.43 Re 0L.8 − Re 0trans
.8
[
− 17.95 Pr 0.097 (Re trans )1/ 2 ]} ⎡
φ ≡ Re x Pr 2 / 3 ⎢1 + ⎜
⎤
⎛ 0.0468 ⎞
⎥ ⎟
2 / 3 −1 / 2

⎢⎣ ⎝ Pr ⎠
⎥⎦
φu ≈ 10 ~ 10 φu ≈ φ (Re x = Re u )
5 7

‰ For liquid, Whitaker suggested ƒ Reu is the Reynolds number at the end of the turbulent
transition region
1/ 4
⎛μ ⎞ ƒ It is for uniform Tw
(
Nu L = 0.0370 Pr 0.43 Re 0L.8 − 9200 ⎜⎜ ∞ ⎟⎟ ) ƒ May be used for uniform qw, if
⎝ μw ⎠ 0.3387 0.4637, 0.0468 0.02052

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6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent 6 . Laminar and turbulent 6.8 Heat transfer in turbulent
boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers boundary layers

A correlation for laminar, transitional, and Homework

turbulent flow
‰ Average Nusselt number ‰ 补充题
⎛ ⎞
1/ 2 水以2kg/s的质量流量流过直径为40mm，长为4m
(φ / 12500) 3/ 5
Nu L = 0.45 + (0.6774φ 1/ 2 )⎜⎜1 + ⎟
7/ 2 2/5 ⎟ 的圆管，管壁温度保持在90℃，水的进口温度为30℃。
⎝ [1 + (φ / φ ) ] ⎠
um
求水的出口温度和管子对水的散热量。水的物性参数
φum ≈ 1.875φ (Re x = Re u ) 按40℃的水查取。不考虑由温差引起的修正。
ƒ Where
‰ 6.30
ƒ Applicable for either uniform Tw or uniform qw ‰ 6.31

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