SES-302 Notes for 7TH Module (Prepared by Dr.

Tayyaba Naz)

TITLE: Industrial Development and Environment:

Industry: The aggregate of manufacturing or technically productive enterprises in a particular
field often named after its principal product. e.g. the textile industry; the automobile industry etc.
Industry refers to that sector of economy which is related with manufacturing and production of
different products.
Industrialization: setting up and expansion of industries in an area is called industrialization.
Significance of Industrial Development
Industrial development is necessary for economic growth, development of science and
technology and capital formation. Industrialization has resulted in enhanced international trade,
reduction in poverty and unemployment and has improved the standard of living. Self-reliance in
defense products also depends on industrial development. The industrial development is
important for
Economic Development
Economic development and uplift of a country depends on industrial sector. Industrial
development improves national income and contributes in gross domestic product (GDP) of
country. The countries having strong industrial sector show higher economic growth and
development. The developed countries have diverse industrialized economies and higher
income.
Living standard
Industrial development improves the standard of living by providing goods and services. More
facilities are now available due to industrialization which make our life easy.
Foreign Exchange Earning
Foreign exchange is earned for country through the export of industrial products. Industrial
development results in reduced imports and conservation of foreign exchange. In our country
textile products, leather and sports goods are exported.
Agricultural Development
Industrial Sector plays important role in agricultural development. The availability of machinery
like tractors, harvesters, sprayers, seed drills etc. has mad farm operation very easy and efficient.
It enhanced the efficiency and precision of agriculture and of yield and production has increased
many folds due to the mechanization. Availability of advanced technology has increased the
scale of production with reduced cost and product quality has improved.
Employment
Industries are the source of employment and both skilled and unskilled labour is provided
employment in industrial sector. Unemployment can be reduced by ch developing industrial
sector which can absorb millions of people. Development of one industry leads to the
development and expansion of other industries. In this way more employment is created.
Modern Defense
Local industry is the base for the sound footing of defense system of a country. The basic need
for defense are provided by modern industry and development of related industry is very
important as the defense has become very important in the present time. Industrial sector
provides modern arms and other equipment for defense.
Factors responsible for industrialization of particular region
 Availability of resources and facilities
 Local environmental conditions
 Demand of society
Type of Industries
Primary Industries
These are involved in extracting raw materials or natural resources from land or sea. E.g. timber,
iron ore, mining, fishing, forestry and farming etc.
Secondary Industries (Manufacturing industry)
These are related to the manufacturing of products using raw materials either manually or
mechanically. E.g. car factory, textile industry
Tertiary Industries (Services industry)
These provide services to other industries and to people. These are not involved in the extraction
of raw materials or the synthesis of products. Examples include, banks, refuse collection serives,
doctors etc.
Quaternary Industries
These are the high tech industries and have highly qualified staff. Most common type of
businesses this type of industries include research and development.
All of the companies are linked in one way or another. For example:
The raw material cotton is extracted by primary industries
The cotton may then be turned into an item of clothing in the secondary industry.
Tertiary industries may advertise the goods in magazines and newspapers.
The quaternary industry may involve the product being advertised or researched to check that the
item of clothing meets the standards that it claims too.
Industries in Pakistan
Textile industry
Leather industry
Fashion industry
Cement industry
Sugar industry
Food industry
Chemical industry
Fertilizer industry
Oil and gas industry
The Environmental Consequences of Industrial Development
Waste generation
The industrial processes require raw material and energy and their amount used is directly related
to the amount of wastes generated. The wastes produced from industries may be hazardous or
non-hazardous wastes depending on the nature of industry and industrial process.
Type of industrial wastes
Non-hazardous wastes
The wastes that do not meet the EPA’s definition of hazardous wastes e.g. brimides, lactic acis,
sugars, carbonates etc. Although these materials do not affect human health negatively, they
must be collected and disposed of properly for a variety of reasons.
Hazardous waste
These wastes that are potentially toxic or dangerous to our health and environment. The waste
are categorized as hazardous if they meet either one or more of the following criteria:
Corrosivity: These waste can cause corrosion to metallic containers such as drums, storage
tanks etc. These include acids (pH ≤ 2) or basis (pH ≥ 12.5). e.g. battery acid
Ignitability: These wastes are ignitable and create fires, e.g. solvents, waste oil etc
Toxicity: these are fatal or harmful when absorbed or ingested. E,g. Lead, Nickel, mercury.
Reactivity: These are unstable under normal conditions, can cause toxic fumes, gases or
explosion upon heating, compression and mixing with water. E.g. explosives, lithium-sulfur
batteries
Industrial Development and Air Pollution
Industries release a variety of pollutants in the atmosphere resulting in air pollution. The
industries release CO, CO2, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur ino the air. Other materials like CFCs,
organic chemicals, odors, hydrogen sulphide, dust, particulate matter and CH4, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) etc. are also emitted into the atmosphere by different industries. Some of
these emitted gases act as green-house gases such as (CO, CO2, CH4, N2O etc.) and play role in
enhancing the temperature of earth. The resultant global warming affect all form of life on planet
earth. Oxides of nitrogen and Sulphur are responsible for acid rains. Chlorofluorocarbons and
nitrous oxide are involved in the depletion of stratospheric ozon which prevents the earth from
harmful ultra violet radiations of earth. The health of humans and other living organisms is also
affected due to air pollution caused by industrial development.
Industrial Development and Soil Pollution:
Industriael development also affect the quality and health of soil because of the release of
different wastes and pollutants in soil. The disposal of industrial wastes, sludges, oil and grease
wastes, salts, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, hazardous wastes, effluents, Sulphur compounds
contaminate the soil, affects its productivity and disturb microbial populations residing there.
The plants grown on contaminated soils uptake harmful elements such as heavy metals and in
this way toxic materials get their way to food chain.
Industrial Development and Water Pollution
The discharge of industrial effluent into water bodies contaminate water resources. Both surface
and ground water are contaminated due to industrial development as industries release their
waste water without any prior treatment. Only 1% industries treat waste water to remove toxic
materials before disposal. Owners are reluctant to spend money on non-productive issues and
enforcement of regulations was inadequate in the past however these are strictly enforced at
present. There may be Physical contamination (sediments, solids etc.), chemical contamination
(organic, inorganic contaminants, nutrients) and/or biological contamination (organic matter,
pathogens etc.) of water bodies.
Impact of industrial development on health
These pollutant affect the quality of soil, air and water and health of humans and other living
organisms. The presence of some pollutants such as suspended particulate matter (carbon,
smoke, salts, dust, metals etc.) in air can affect the function of lungs causing respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases. Some pollutants such as VOCs are carcinogenic. CO aggravates
cardiovascular diseases, oxides of nitrogen are lung irritants while Pb causes brain damage
especially in children.
Drinking of contaminated water results in many disease like hepatitis, typhoid fever, diarrhea,
poliomyelitis. The soil pollution due to industrial waste water results in the introduction of toxic
materials nto the food chain such as heavy metals etc. the consumption of contaminated food
affect human and animal health.
Wastewater treatment
Primary treatment (to remove physical contamination)
Secondary treatment (to decrease organic loading)
Tertiary treatment (to remove specific pollutants)
Recent concepts of economic growth
Cleaner production is a preventive, company-specific environmental protection initiative. It is
intended to minimize waste and emissions and maximize product output.
Green Economy
The green economy is defined as an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and
ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the
environment. 
Green growth is a term to describe a path of economic growth that uses natural resources in a
sustainable manner. It is used globally to provide an alternative concept to typical industrial
economic growth. 
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs” (United Nations General Assembly, 1987, p. 43).
Meeting triple bottom line
The environmental, social and economic policies have been developed separate for many years.
However an integration of environmental social and economic goals is required for sustainable
development. The social and economic policies must be made in a way that ensure
environmental protection. Sustainable development calls for solutions that make sense from all
three perspectives simultaneously. Therefore the strategies that satisfy social, economic and
environmental goals are required for developing sustainably.