BILLABONG HIGH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, ANDHERI

Name:

GEOGRAPHY
RESOURCE MATERIAL

GRADE – 7IGCSE

VOLUME -2
 Industry

Employment structure –

The divisions of a country’s population based upon the economic activity in

which it is employed are known as economic sector. Employment
structures change over time.
⦿ How industries perform affect how our economy performs.
⦿ One of the measures we use to determine economic performance is by
calculating ‘Gross Domestic Product’ aka GDP.

LEDC and MEDCs-

The LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) sector includes countries

with a lower GDP and a lower standard of living than MEDC (More
Economically Developed Country) countries.
Indicators used to classify countries as LEDC or MEDC include industrial
development, standard of living and education level of the people.
MEDCs pursue the expansion of manufacturing industries and provide a
wider access to education than LEDCs, which generally rely on agriculture
and have less educational opportunities and low standard of living.
Secondary sector industries are classified into several categories using the
criteria of size, ownership and raw material used.

The key terms related to industries:

Inputs: Elements those are required for the processes to take place. Inputs
include raw materials, labour, energy and capital.
Processes: industrial activities that take place in the factory to make the
finished product. For example, in the car industry processes include
moulding steel sheets into the shaped panels that make up the car, welding
and painting.
Outputs: the finished product or products that are sold to customers.
By-product: is something that is left over from the main production process
which has some value and therefore can be sold. All manufacturing
industries produce waste product which has no value and must be
disposed of. Costs will be incurred in the disposal of waste product.

Types of Industries:
LIGHT AND HEAVY INDUSTRY:

Light Industry:
Light Industry produces low value goods and they are easy to transport.
These industries are clean and do not produce pollution and waste
products. These industries are mostly situated near the residential areas
and easy to the work force to reach the work place. Some light industries
require large work force, sometimes the employees are women.
Example: Textile Industry, Printing, Plastic industry, Furniture manufacturing
industry. Assembly of computers.

Heavy Industry:
Heavy industries are the industries which processes large amount of raw
materials to produce the finished goods. The final products are heavy in
weight, bulky and have low transportability. These industries are more
capital intensive, requires more advanced resources, facilities and
management. These industries cause pollution.
Example: Iron and steel industry, coal, mineral oil, ship building, heavy
machinery manufacturing industry.
HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES
A High technology (Hi-tech) industry is one that produces sophisticated
products. There is a significant emphasis on research and development.
Often the 'raw materials' are electrical components. Examples of Hi-tech
industries include:
Computers
Telecommunications
Aerospace and military equipment

High Tech Industries

They are set up for the development of new and high technology.
The infrastructure includes adapted multi-rental units, shared-expense offices
and lots ready for development. There is an underground utility grid that
provides electricity, natural gas and telecommunications.
High tech Parks favours innovative businesses and research centres that use
or apply advanced techniques, technologies or processes, or devote a
significant proportion of their activities to research and development.
Consulting firms mainly focused on technical support to high-tech
businesses are also set up.
It is a business centre offering a full complement of services with shared-
expense offices and flexible leases (permanent personalized phones with
messaging, mail reception and distribution, phone voice mail, conference
halls and boardrooms, fully-equipped kitchen, free parking, advanced
security system, and photocopy, fax and audiovisual services at preferred
rates).

Science Parks
They are located on the edge of cities in Greenfield locations. Many of the
firms located in science parks are connected with information, high-
technology, and electronic industries. Science parks have direct links with
universities for research. They have attractive layouts with grassy areas,
ornamental gardens, ponds. An example is The Cambridge Science Park.

The Cambridge Science Park

The Cambridge Science Park is on the edge of Cambridge. It is located here
because it is very accessible, land values are lower on the edge of an
urban area and there is plenty of open space for expansion. A number of
companies have links with research departments at Cambridge University.
You can find out more about the Cambridge Science Park.
LOCATION OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES

High tech industries often locate on edge-of-town science or business parks.

They need enough space to cater to the needs of these industries. Modern
buildings with central heating, air conditioning, large windows for light,
large car parking areas are few of the requirements of these industries.
Industries in decline are often sunset industries.
Sunrise industries are growth industries.
Factors considered while choosing the location for High-tech industries:
Proximity to:
motorways or good roads
highly qualified and skilled workers
research facilities in universities
pleasant housing and open space
attractive countryside and good leisure facilities
An airport for international links.
Geographical clusters are an important factor that determines an industry's
international competitiveness.

Case study: ‘Silicon Valley North’: the Ottawa Region of Canada.

Use the World map to locate the region.

High-technology is the fastest-growing industry in Canada today. Ottawa has
the greatest number of electronics and computer companies in Canada.
The area is known as Silicon Valley North after the world-renowned Silicon
Valley in California. The other main high-technology clusters in Canada
are in Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. Ottawa is a popular location for
high-tech industries for several reasons:
It is the capital city. Decisions- makers and experts of all kinds work there.
The region has benefited from the growth of public scientific research
laboratories such as the Atomic Energy of Canada Laboratory.
Ottawa’s two universities are famous for science and engineering. There are
strong formal and informal links between high-tech firms and the
universities.
Many high-tech companies began with the help of government grants and
many now rely on government contracts for work.
High-tech firms benefit from the ‘agglomeration economies’ of being close
together. They ‘swap’ ideas and staff.
The region has had good access to venture capital which has been vital in
providing the start-up costs of many new companies.
It is close to Major Canadian and US markets where many of the products are
sold.
Ottawa is very pleasant place to live. This helps firms to attract highly skilled
workers. The city’s economic development corporation advertises the
advantages of Ottawa internationally.
High-tech companies in Ottawa region include 3M, Cisco Systems, Dell,
Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, Logic Vision, Mitel and Nortel. A 2006 survey
recorded 1841 high-tech companies in the Ottawa region, employing over
78,000 people. There is a spread of large, medium-sized and small high-
tech companies in the region.

the following links to collect information:

https://svsf40.icann.org/about - About Silicon Valley

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley - Silicon Valley
http://www.siliconvalley-usa.com/about/terman.html -History of the Silicon
Valley

What is tourist industry?

Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only

within that country. A playing holiday is a holiday (vacation) spent in the
same country; this class may overlap with staycation (in British English), a
vacation spent in the same region.

Outbound tourism comprises the activities of residents of a given country

travelling to and staying in places outside their country of residence and
outside their usual environment for not more than 12 consecutive months
for leisure, business and other purposes.

Inbound tourism

According to the World Tourism Organization the inbound tourism is the

activities of the visitor travelling to a place outside his usual environment
 for not more than one consecutive year and not less than 24 hours. The
travel is for leisure, business and not forperment work and gaining money.

Internal

Resident and non-resident visitors take part in domestic tourism trips.

National

Outbound tourism and domestic tourism together.

International

Inbound tourism and outbound tourism together.

Advantages of tourism
Economics – through foreign exchange earnings. –
contributions to government revenues. – employment
and business opportunities. – serve as a catalyst for
a country's development – ranks fourth worldwide in
terms of export earnings
Tax Revenues – Accommodation taxes – Restaurant
taxes – Airport taxes – Sales taxes – Park entrance
fees – Employee income taxes
Employment – Wider range of job and business
opportunities. – Generate a variety of jobs through
the supply of goods and services needed by tourism-
related businesses. – Reducing unemployment rate.
Education – With the income generated from tourism
for funding. – Improve the quality of life in rural areas.
Socio-cultural – Experience foreign cultures. –
Broaden international relations.
Reducing Poverty – Through hiring local residents,
especially the poor, in tourism enterprises, goods and
services. – The running of small business that
positively influence poverty reduction.

DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM
Insufficient Infrastructure – Local governments
unable to cope with the influx of tourists. – Lack of
sufficient planning. – Difficult for local community to
bear.
Cultural Differences – Tourists have different cultures
and principles which contrast with the native
population. – Personal experiences.
Priority on tourist instead of locals – Local
governments focus their attention and resources on
the potential cash flow from tourism rather than the
local population and its issues.
Environmental – Undermines culture by
commercializing. – With increasing litter, graffiti,
vandalism and noise.
Illegal Marketing – Endanger species – Illegal hunters
– Counterfeit products.
Local Housing Areas – Housing area are planned to
be developed into a tourist destination. – Affects the
residents of the housing areas.
High-technology industry
High-technology industry involves a highly-
skilled workforce and its products require a
high proportion of research and development.

High-technology industry is relatively

footloose since access to raw materials is
not very important. The ‘raw materials’ that
are required are usually lightweight electronic
components.
Example: Anshan High Tech Park, China
Examples
The largest concentration of high-tech industries is found in Silicon Valley.

Silicon Valley is the nickname

for the high-tech heartland of
the United States. It is located
between San Francisco and
San Jose, California.
 Where does high-tech
industry locate in the
UK?

Silicon Glen

Cambridge and the

M11 corridor

M4 Corridor M3 corridor
Bangalore has been called
the Silicon Valley of India.

Electronics City in
Bangalore is India’s first
science park. It is home to
about 100 companies
including Siemens, Hewlett
Packard and Motorola.
Infosys was the first Indian
firm to float on the US Stock
Exchange.
 A science park is a planned industrial
complex which contains high tech
companies while a business park can
also contain manufacturing
companies.

Science park

Business park
Trinity and Trinity Hall are planning to develop a 22 acre plot to the west of their site.
It will attract further high-tech industries to the area.
What pressures do you think will be created as a result?
Decide what the viewpoints of the following will be:

Trinity College
Local residents in Milton
Logatech (a small high-tech
company)
Greenworld (an environmental
group)
Local farmer
High technology industry involves a highly-skilled workforce and its
products require a high proportion of research and development.
The largest concentration of high-tech industries can be found in Silicon
Valley, USA. In the UK, the M4 corridor is an attractive location for high-
tech industry.
Bangalore is the centre of high-tech industry in India.
High technology industry is relatively footloose.
Factors behind location include: a highly-skilled workforce, proximity to
research centres and attractive environments.
A science park is a planned industrial complex which contains quaternary
companies such as Cambridge Science Park.
The growth of the high-tech industry can bring advantages and
disadvantages.