GROUP NO.

6
NAME: Trishka Madeleine G. Delez

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

HYDROCARBONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Apply the nomenclature of simple hydrocarbons to given 2D and 3D structures.
2. Interpret the core formula types for organic compounds.
3. Decide the appropriate chemical formula type to use for a given hydrocarbon.
4. Describe how the properties of hydrocarbons vary depending on molecular size.

PROCEDURE:
1. Access the recorded virtual lab simulation and supplementary videos. You can do it individually since
the learning materials can be accessed using mobile smartphones and tablets. You may use the
designated group channels if you want to have a discussion forum with your groupmates.
2. Answer the guide questions and practice exercises provided. Make sure you will cite your references.

RECORDED VIRTUAL LAB SIMULATION ON HYDROCARBONS

Go to Files > Class Materials > Hydrocarbon Nomenclature and Representations

SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS ON HYDROCARBONS

Khan Academy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPqq3Ex6viM
The Organic Chemistry Tutor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hQ8iZZ8dU&t=25s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYU_JluleME
GCSE Science Revision Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EAh9E2KhOE

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. How do we represent hydrocarbons in 2D?

- Structural formulae

o
- Skeletal Structure/Formula

o
2. What is a skeletal formula?
- Also called line-angle formula or shorthand formula
- A shorthand structural formula
o Each end of a line and each intersection determines a C atom.
o H atoms are implied, where each C has enough H to satisfy the octet rule.
o H atoms attached to heteroatoms are drawn in the formula.
o Heteroatoms are drawn explicitly.

3. What is a hydrocarbon derivative?

- A hydrocarbon derivative is a hydrocarbon with heteroatoms attached to the carbon, not only
hydrogen.
4. What does the degree of unsaturation mean?
- Saturated molecules are molecules only containing single bonds with no rings
o Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for an acyclic alkane.
- Unsaturated molecules contain double bonds, triple bonds, or rings.
- Degrees of Unsaturation is also known as the Double Bond equivalent. It can be thought of as how
far a molecule is from being saturated/having its maximum number of hydrogen bonds.

-
o Where C is the number of carbons
o N is the number of nitrogens
o X is the number of halogens
o H is the number of hydrogens
5. How do we differentiate alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes in terms of their chemical and physical
properties?
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
Physical Hybridization Sp3 Sp2 Sp
properties Configuration CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
Geometry Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Linear
Bond angle 109.47° 120° 180°
Solubility Non-polar Non-polar Non-polar
Soluble in polar Soluble in polar Soluble in polar
solvents solvents solvents
Boiling Point - Low boiling point - Lower than alkane - Slightly higher
which increases with with same number of boiling points than
increasing molecular C atoms alkanes and alkenes
weight - increases with - increases with
- Straight chain increasing molecular increasing
alkanes have higher weight molecular weight
boiling points than - Straight chain - Straight chain
their structural alkenes have higher alkenes have higher
isomers boiling points than boiling points than
their structural their structural
isomers isomers
Melting Point - Increases with - Lower than alkane - Higher than
increase in molecular with same number of alkanes and alkenes
 weight C atoms - Cis have lower
- Cis have lower melting points than
melting points than trans
trans isomers
Polarity Non-polar Non-polar Non-polar
Acidity Least acidic More acidic than Terminal alkynes
alkanes are stronger than
akenes and alkanes
Reactivity Least reactive type of More reactive than More reactive than
organic compound alkanes due to double alkenes
bonds
SomeReactions - Combustion - Addition reaction - Addition reaction
Chemical - Halogenation - Dihydrogen - Hydrogen Halide
properties - Halogens - HX
- Halogen halides - HX to terminal
- Water alkyne
- Ozonolysis reaction - Halogens
- Oxidation reaction
PRACTICE EXERCISES

A. Write the molecular formula and IUPAC name for the following hydrocarbons.

1.

Molecular Formula: __C5H12___

IUPAC Name: ______pentane________________

2.

Molecular Formula: _______CH4________________

IUPAC Name: ___________Methane_________________

3.

Molecular Formula: ______C4H10______________

IUPAC Name: _______butane_______________

4.

Molecular Formula: _________C3H8______________

IUPAC Name: ________propane_______________
5.

Molecular Formula: ________C2H6___________

IUPAC Name: __________ethane______________

6.

Molecular Formula: _______C7H14________________

IUPAC Name: _________3-heptene/ hept-3-ene___________

7.

Molecular Formula: ________C8H16_______________

IUPAC Name: ________3-octene/ oct-3-ene______________

8.

Molecular Formula: _________C4H6____________

IUPAC Name: __________2-butyne/ but-2-yne__________

9.

Molecular Formula: ___________C6H10____________

IUPAC Name: ________2-hexyne/hex-2-yne_________

10.

Molecular Formula: _______C10H18________________

IUPAC Name: ______4-decyne/dec-4-yne______________________
 B. Draw the skeletal structure of the following hydrocarbons. Give the condensed structural formula and
molecular formula.

1. Decane
- Condensed structural formula: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
- Molecular Formula: C10H22

- Skeletal Structure:
2. Propyne
- Condensed structural formula:CH≡C-CH3
- Molecular Formula: C3H4

- Skeletal Structure:
3. but-2-ene
- Condensed structural formula: CH3-CH=CH-CH3
- Molecular Formula: C4H8

- Skeletal Structure:
4. oct-3-yne
- Condensed structural formula: CH3-CH2-C≡C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
- Molecular Formula: C8H14

- Skeletal Structure:
5. hex-3-ene
- Condensed structural formula: CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH3
- Molecular Formula: C6H12

- Skeletal Structure:

GENERALIZATION/CONCLUSION
1. Apply the nomenclature of simple hydrocarbons to given 2D and 3D structures.
2. Interpret the core formula types for organic compounds.
3. Decide the appropriate chemical formula type to use for a given hydrocarbon.
4. Describe how the properties of hydrocarbons vary depending on molecular size.

There are different ways to show hydrocarbons. In 2d, there’s the molecular formula, the condensed
structural, and the skeletal formula. In 3d, we have the ball and stick models. In both, we can apply the
nomenclature of hydrocarbons by counting the number of carbons and determining if there are double bonds
or triple bonds.

Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are the basic structures of our hydrocarbons. We base the prefixes on whether
they’re alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Hydrocarbons vary with how many carbons (molecular size), how many bonds they have, and where these
bonds are (terminal or internal). The bigger the molecular size, the higher the boiling and melting points. It is
also that lower molecular sizes tend to be liquids or even gasses. More carbons can also mean that they are
more non-polar!

REFERENCES
https://www.c3l6.com/files/C3L6_Understanding_Skeletal_Formulae.pdf
https://study.com/academy/lesson/hydrocarbon-derivatives-definition-properties.html
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_%28Organic_Chemistry
%29/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Degree_of_Unsaturation
https://byjus.com/
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/209alkenes.html
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/chemistry-science/difference-between-alkanes-alkenes-and-
alkynes/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_%28Organic_Chemistry
%29/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Properties_and_Bonding_in_the_Alkynes

Grading Criteria Score

Answers to Guide Questions (5 pts per
item)
Practice Exercises (35 items)
Generalization/Conclusion (10 pts)
References (5 pts)