MATHEMATICS

XII (ALL)

CONTENTS
LIMIT
KEY CONCEPT — Page-2
PROFICIENCY TEST — Page-4
EXERCISE-I — Page-6
EXERCISE-II — Page-7
EXERCISE-III — Page-9
EXERCISE-IV — Page-11
EXERCISE-V — Page-12
ANSWER KEY — Page-14

CONTINUITY
KEY CONCEPT — Page-15
PROFICIENCY TEST — Page-17
EXERCISE-I — Page-19
EXERCISE-II — Page-21
EXERCISE-III — Page-23
EXERCISE-IV — Page-25
EXERCISE-V — Page-26
ANSWER KEY — Page-27

DIFFERENTIABILITY
KEY CONCEPT — Page-28
PROFICIENCY TEST — Page-30
EXERCISE-I — Page-31
EXERCISE-II — Page-32
EXERCISE-III — Page-34
EXERCISE-IV — Page-36
EXERCISE-V — Page-37
ANSWER KEY — Page-41

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 KEY CONCEPTS (LIMIT)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when
Lim f (x) = Lim f (x) = finite quantity..
x a  
x a

2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS:

Let Lim f (x) = l & Lim g (x) = m. If l & m exists then :
x a x a

(i) Lim f (x) ± g (x) = l ± m (ii) Lim f(x). g(x) = l. m

x a x a

f ( x) 
(iii) Lim  , provided m  0
x a g ( x) m
(iv) Lim k f(x) = k Lim f(x) ; where k is a constant.
x a x a

 
(v) Lim f [g(x)] = f  Lim g( x )  ; provided f is continuous at x = lim
x a
g(x)
x a  x a 

3. STANDARD LIMITS :

sin x tan x tan 1 x sin 1 x

(a) Lim =1= Lim = Lim = Lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
[Where x is measured in radians]
x
(b) Lim (1 + x)1/x = e = Lim 1  1  note however there Lim (1 – h2)n = 0
x 0 x   x h 0
n 

and Lim (1 + h2)n 

h 0
n 

(c) If Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;

x a x a

Lim
Lim f ( x ) ( x )  e x a  ( x )[f ( x )1]
x a

(d) If Lim f(x) = A > 0 & Lim (x) = B (a finite quantity) then ;
x a x a

Lim [f(x)](x) = AB
x a

x x
(e) Lim a  1 = ln a (a > 0). In particular Lim e  1 = 1
x 0 x x 0 x

xn  a n
(f) Lim  n a n 1
x a x  a

4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :

If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit Limit Limit
x  a f(x) = l = x  a h(x) then x  a g(x) = l.

5. INDETERMINANT FORMS :
0 
, , 0  , 0, ,    and 1
0 
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 Note :
(i) We cannot plot  on the paper. Infinity () is a symbol & not a number. It does not obey the laws of
elementry algebra.
(ii) += (iii)  ×  =  (iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v) is not defined , if a  0.
0
(vi) a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.

6. The following strategies should be born in mind for evaluating the limits:
(a) Factorisation
(b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(c) Use of trigonometric transformation ;
appropriate substitution and using standard limits
(d) Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sinx ,
cosx , tanx should be remembered by heart & are given below :

x ln a x 2 ln 2a x 3ln 3a x x x 2 x3
(i) a x  1    .........a  0 (ii) e  1     ............
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4 x3 x5 x 7
(iii) ln(1+ x) = x     .........for  1  x  1 (iv) sin x  x     .......
2 3 4 3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6 x 3 2x 5
(v) cos x  1     ...... (vi) tan x = x    ........
2! 4! 6! 3 15

x3 x5 x 7
(vii) tan–1x = x    .......
3 5 7
12 3 12.32 5 12.32.52 7
(viii) sin–1x = x x  x  x  .......
3! 5! 7!
x 2 5x 4 61x 6
(ix) sec–1x = 1     ......
2! 4! 6!

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 PROFICIENCY TEST-01
13
2
Lim x  x
2
Lim x  x.1nx  1nx  1 x 7 x
1. x 1
2. x 1
3. Lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 5 x 3 x
4. Lim [ln (1 + sin²x). cot(ln2 (1 + x))]
x 0

a  2x x
5. (a) Lim tan
1
Lim 
2 , where a R ; (b) Plot the graph of the function f(x) = t 0
tan 1 2 
x 0 x   t 
 100 k 
  x  100
6. Lim K1 
x 1 x 1
1/ 3 1/ 5

7. Lim 2 x  3x  5x
x  3x  2  (2x  3)1/ 3

8. Lim sec 4 x  sec 2x

x 0
sec 3x  sec x

8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
9. Lim 1  cos  cos  cos cos 
x 0 x8  2 4 2 4

Lim 2  cos   sin 

10.  4
( 4   ) 2

PROFICIENCY TEST-02
n
  
1. If l = Lim
n
  (r  1) sin r  1  r sin r  then find { l }. (where { } denotes the fractional part function)
r 2

(3x 4  2 x 2 ) sin 1x  | x |3 5
2. Lim
x 
| x |3  | x |2  | x | 1

Sn 1  Sn
3. Let Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an where lim an = 2, then find the value of lim n
n n
k
k 1

 1 
–
 x 2 1 
4. lim 
Calculate x 0  1  xe sin 
x4 
 

x
5. Lim  x  c   4 then find c
x 
 xc

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 8x 2  3
2
6. Lim  2x  3 
x  2
 2x  5 

7. lim cos(l n(n  1)  l n(n  1))( n 1)2

n

1  x  ln x
8. Evaluate, Lim
x 1 1  cos x

  ay   by  
 exp x ln(1  )   exp x1n(1  )  
 x   x 
9. Lim Limit
y 0  x   y 
 
 

ax 2  bx  c ( x  a)( x  b)( x  c )
10. lim = 2, then find the value of lim
x 1 ( x  1)2 x 1 ( x  1)

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 EXERCISE–I
 p q 
1. Lim    p, q N
x 1  1  x 1  x q 
p

(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 )......(1  x 2n )

2. If L = Lim then show that L can be equal to
x 1 [(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 ).........(1  x n )]2
n
nr 1 n
(a)  r (b)  ( 4r  2)
n! r 1
r 1
(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1.
(d) The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n.

t t
3. Lim (x  l n cosh x) where cosh t = e  e .
x  2

cos 1 2 x 1  x 2 
Lim  
4.
1 1
x
2
x
2
 cos x
Lim 2 1
5. 
x 2 
x(x  2 )

a sin x  sin 2x
6. If Lim is finite then find the value of 'a' & the limit.
x 0 tan 3 x
x
7. If f 1(x) = + 10  x R and fn(x) = f 1 (f n–1 (x)) ,  n 2 , n N, then evaluate lim f (x)
n n
2

x
8. Let f (x)  , x 0 and g( x )  x  3, x 1
sin x
 2  x, x  0  x 2  2 x  2, 1  x  2
 x  5,
x2
find LHL and RHL of g f (x )  at x = 0 and hence find Lim g f ( x )  .
x0

Pn 1 Pn
9. Let Pn  a  1 ,  n = 2, 3,.......and Let P1 = ax – 1 where a  R+ then evaluate Lim .
x 0 x
n
   / 2   / 2  /2    / 2 
10. Determine nlim

  sin
k 1
k 
 – cos
 k
 – sin
  k  2
  cos

  .
 k  2 

nx
 x1 1 1 1
x 
Lim  a 1  a 2  a 3 ..... a n 
x x

11. x    where a1, a2, a3, ......an > 0

 n 

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  
4 
 n3 1  
(1  n 1 ) 2
12. Let L =  1  2  ; M =   n 3  1  and N =  1  2n 1
, then find the value of
n 3  n  n 2   n 1

L–1 + M–1 + N–1.

n
 
13. If f (n,)=  1  tan 2 2r  , then compute Lim
n 
f (n , )
r 1

14. Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate

 1 1 1 1 
(a) Lim     .......... .  
n   n 2 2
n 1 2
n 2 2 
n  2n 


Lim 1 2 n
(b) 2 + 2 + ......... +
n  1 n 2n n  n2
n
1
(c) Lim
n   2  2   2  2  .........  2  2
13 15 1 ( 2n1)
 (d) Lim
n 

k 0
n
Ck

 1 1 
Lim    L  153
15. If L = x 0  ln(1  x ) 2  then find the value of .
 ln( x  1  x )  L

EXERCISE–II
(ln (1  x )  ln 2)(3.4 x 1  3x )
1. Lim 1 1
x 1
[(7  x ) 3  (1  3x ) 2 ]. sin( x  1)

x x
(cos  )  (sin  )  1 (cos  ) x  (sin  ) x  cos 2
2. (i) Lim
x 2 (ii) lim
x 4
x2 x4

1  1 1  ax  1 2 3
3. If the Lim 3
   exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of   .
x 0 x  1 x 1  bx  a l b

 x2  1   2 
4. Find a & b if : (i) xLim

  ax  b  =0 (ii) xLim
 
x  x  1  ax  b = 0
 x  1  

2 n 2  n 1
 n 2  n 1 
5. Lim  
n  n 
 

x2
  a 
6. Lim  cos  2   x    aR
x     1  x   
  

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 sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x}) Lim Lim
7. Let f(x) = then find x0 f(x) and x0 f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
2{x} . (1  {x})
part function.

x x
ae  b cos x  ce
8. Find the values of a, b & c so that Lim
x 0 2
x. sin x

xn 1  xn  2
9. If a sequence of numbers {xn}, determine by the equality xn = and the values x0 & x1, Prove that
2
x0  2 x1
lim x = .
n
n 3

a
10. If lim
x 1

1  ax  bx 2  x 1 = e–3, find the values of ordered pair (a, b).

11. Lim [1.x ]  [ 2 .x ]  [ 3.x ]  .....  [ n .x ] , Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
n 
n2

n
x cot x
12. Let f (x) = Lim  3n 1 sin 3 n and g (x) = x – 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim 1  g( x )  .
n 3 x 0
n 1

cos 2x  (1  3x )1 3 3 4 cos3 x  ln (1  x ) 4

13. L = Lim 2 4
x 0 x
If L = a b where 'a' and 'b' are relatively primes find (a + b).

x2
 cosh (  x )  e t  e t
14. Lim   where cosh t =
x    cos (  x )  2

15. At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B are
joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as the arc AB
decreases indefinitely.


16. A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x < as shown in the
2
figure. The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let T(x) be
the area of triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of
the shaded region. Compute:
T (x )
(a) T(x) (b) S(x) & (c) the limit of as x  0.
S(x )

17. Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that AT = AP.
If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P moves upto A is
double the diameter of the circle.

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 EXERCISE–III
Lim 1  tan x
1. x  4
1  2 sin x

1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2

2. Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function
tan x  sin x
f(x) = as x  0 and whose common ratio is the limit of the function
sin 3 x
1 x
g(x) = as x  1.
(cos 1 x) 2
2 3 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 5 3

Lim 1  sin 2x
3. x  4
  4x

 4
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) does not exist
4 

x x x
4. Lim 27  9  3  1
x 0 2  1  cos x

(A) 4 2(ln3)2 (B) 8 2(ln3)2 (C) 4 2(ln3) (D) 8 2(ln3)

1/ x
 1  x 1/ x 
5. Lim  
x 0  e 
 

1
(A) e (B) (C) e 1/2 (D) e
e

 x2 
6. lim   , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
x 0 sin x tan x
 

(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) does not exist

tan 2x
7. Lim  tan x 
x 1 4 

1
(A) e (B) (C) e 1/2 (D) e
e
 ( n 1)
8. Let x0 = 2 cos and xn = 2  x n 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, .........., find Lim 2 · 2  xn
6 n

1 1  
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 3

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 3
9. Lim 2(tanxsinx)x
x 0
x5

1 2 1 5
(A) – (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 6

1
2
ex
  1  1 
10. Calculate xlim 1  e x 2 arctan 1  xe x 2 sin 1 
0 
 x2 x 4 

(A) e (B) e2 (C) e/2 (D) e–/2

x 2  1 , x  0
sin x , x  n , n  I 
11. If f(x) =  and g(x) = 4 , x  0 , then lim g{f(x)} is :
2 , otherwise 6 , x 0
x2


(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

 1  1   1   1 

12. lim 1   1  2  1  4  ....... 1  2n  is equal to :
n  5  5   5   5 

(A) 0 (B) 5/4 (C) 4/5 (D) 1/5

13.
1/n
The value of the limit lim n2 a – a
n

1/(n 1)

(a > 0) is :

(A) ln a (B) ea (C) e–a (D) 1

16  26  36  .......  n6
14. lim =
n (12  22  32  .......  n2 )(13  23  33  ......  n3 )

21 12
(A) 2 (B) (C) 1 (D)
8 7

a b c
cos  cos cos
15. If a, b, c are non zero constant numbers then lim r r r equals :
r  b c
sin sin
r r

a2  b2  c 2 c 2  a2  b2 b2  c 2  a2
(A) (B) (C) (D) Independent of a, b, c
2bc 2bc 2bc

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 EXERCISE–IV(Mains)
2x
 a b 
1. If lim  1   2   e2 , then the values of a and b are [AIEEE 2004]
x   x x 

(A) a R, b R (B) a = 1, b R (C) a R, b = 2 (D) a = 1, b = 2

1  cos(ax2  bx  c)
2. Let and be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then xlim is equal to
a (x   )2

[AIEEE 2005]

a2 a 1
(A) (  )2 (B) 0 (C) (   )2 (D) (   )2
2 2 2

f(3x) f(2x)
3. Let f : R R be a positive, increasing function with xlim  1 . Then lim is equal to
 f(x) x  f(x)

[AIEEE 2010]

2 3
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) (D)
3 2

 1  cos{2(x  2)} 
4. lim   [AIEEE 2011]
x 2  x2 
 

1
(A) Equals (B) Does not exist (C) Equals 2 (D) Equals – 2
2

sin(  cos 2 x)
5. lim is equal to [IIT Mains - 2014]
x 0 x2

(A)  (B) (C) 1 (D) –
2
 f(x) 
6. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree four having extreme values at x = 1 and x=2. If xlim
0 
1  2   3 , then f(2)
 x 
is equal to: [IIT Mains - 2015]
(A) 4 (B) –8 (C) –4 (D) 0

(1  cos2x)(3  cos x)
7. lim is equal to : [IIT Mains - 2015]
x 0 x tan 4x

1
(A) (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
2

1
8.
x 0

Let p = lim 1 tan 2 x 2x then log p is equal to : [IIT Mains-2016]

1 1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 4
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 lim cot x – cos x
9.  equals : [IIT Mains - 2017]
x
2 (  – 2x ) 3

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 4 24 16

  1  2  15  
10. For each t  R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then lim x        ........    
x 0
  x   x   x 
(A) does not exist (in R) (B) is equal to 0 [IIT Mains - 2018]
(C) is equal to 15 (D) is equal to 120

EXERCISE–V(Advanced)
xtan2x  2xtanx
1. Lim is : [JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]
x 0 (1cos2x )2

(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1/2 (D)  1/2

x
 x  3
2. For x  R , Lim
x    = [ JEE 2000, Screening]
 x  2
(A) e (B) e 1 (C) e 5 (D) e5

a tan x  a sin x
3. Evaluate Lim , a > 0. [REE 2001, 3 out of 100]
x 0 tan x  sin x

(cos x  1)(cos x  e x )
4. The integer n for which Lim is a finite non-zero number is
x 0 xn

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

[JEE 2002 (screening), 3]

sin( n x )[(a  n )n x  tan x ]

5. If Lim  0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to [JEE 2003 (screening)]
x 0 x2
1 n2 1
(A) (B) n2 + 1 (C) (D) None
n n

2 1  1  
6. Find the value of Lim  (n  1) cos  n   n  .
n   
[ JEE ' 2004, 2 out of 60]
  

x2
a  a2  x 2 
7. Let L = lim 4 , a > 0. If L is finite, then [ JEE ' 2009, 3]
x 0 x4
1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32

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8.
x 0

If lim 1  x ln(1  b 2 ) 
1/ x
= 2b sin2, b > 0 and  (–, ], then the value of  is [JEE ‘ 2011]

   
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
4 3 6 2

9. Let (a) and (a) be the roots of the equation [JEE ‘ 2012]

3 1  a  1x2   1  a  1x  6 1  a  1  0 where a > – 1.

Then lim (a) and lim (a) are
a0  a0 

5 1 7 9
(A) – and 1 (B) – and – 1 (C) – and 2 (D)  and 3
2 2 2 2

 x2  x  1 
10. If lim  – ax – b   4 , then [JEE ‘ 2012]
 
x 
 x 1 
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = –4 (C) a = 2, b = –3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
1– x
 – ax  sin( x – 1)  a 1– x 1
11. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which xlim
1    is
 x  sin( x – 1) – 1  4
[IIT Advance-2014]

 e cos( an ) – e 
12. Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1. If lim     e  then the value of m is
a 0  m  n
   2

[IIT Advance - 2015]

x 2 sin(x )
13. Let , R be such that xlim
0 x  sin x
= 1. Then 6( + ) equals : [IIT Advance - 2016]

1  x(1 | 1  x |)  1 
14. Let f(x)  cos   for x  1. Then [IIT Advance - 2017]
| 1 x |  1 x 

(A) lim f(x) does not exist (B) lim f(x) does not exist
x 1 x 1

(C) xlim
1
f(x)  0 (D) xlim
1
f(x)  0

15. For any positive integer n, define fn : (0, )   as [IIT Advance - 2018]
 1 
fn ( x )   nj  1 tan –1  for all x  (0, ).
 1  ( x  j)( x  j – 1) 
  
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan–1 x assumes values in  – ,  .)
 2 2
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?

(A)  5j  1 tan2 (f j (0))  55 (B) 10 ' 2

j  1 (1  f j ( 0 )) sec ( f j ( 0 ))  10

1
(C) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan( fn ( x )) 
x  n
(D) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec 2 ( fn ( x ))  1
x 

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 ANSWER KEY
PROFICIENCY TEST-01
45
1. 3 2. 2 3. 4. 1
91
5. (a) /2 if a > 0 ; 0 if a = 0 and –/2 if a < 0 (b) f(x) = | x | 6. 5050

2 3 1 1
7. 8. 9. 10.
3 2 32 16 2

PROFICIENCY TEST-02
1.  – 3 2. 2 3. 0 4. 1 5. c = ln2 6. e–8 7. e–2
1
8. – 9. a–b 10. 5/2
2
EXERCISE–I
pq 2ln2
1. 3. ln 2 4. does not exist 5. 6. a = 2 ; limit = 1 7. 20
2 
8. – 3, –3, – 3 9. (ln a)n 10. 3 11. (a1.a2.a3....an) 12. 8


13. 14. (a) 2 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 2 15. 307
tan 

EXERCISE–II
9 4
1.  ln 2. (i) cos² lncos + sin² lnsin, (ii) cos4 lncos – sin4 lnsin
4 e

2
a2
 
3. 72 4. (i) a =1, b = 1 (ii) a = 1 , b =1/2 5. e–1 6. e  2  7. ,
2 2 2

x
8. a = c = 1, b = 2 10.   
3,  3 ,  3, 3  11.
2

2
12. g(x) = sin x and limit = e 13. 19 14. e 

1 x x sin x 1 1 3
16. T(x) = tan2 . sin x or tan  , S(x) = x  sin x, limit =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

EXERCISE–III
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B
8. D 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. D
15. C

EXERCISE–IV(Mains)
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. D
8. C 9. D 10. D
EXERCISE–V(Advanced)
2
1. C 2. C 3. lna 4. C 5. C 6. 1 7. A,C

8. D 9. B 10. B 11. 0 12. 2 13. 7 14. A, C
15. D

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 CONTINUITY
KEY CONCEPTS
T HINGS T O REMEMBER :

1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a if x lim

a –
f(x) = x lim
a 
f(x) = f(a) i.e.

L.H.L. = R.H.L. = value of the function at x = a i.e. xlim

a
f(x) = f(a)
If f(x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f(x) is discontinuous at x = a.
f(x) will be discontinuous at x = a in any of the following cases.

(i) xlim
a
f(x) does not exist

(ii) xlim
a
f(x)  f(a)
(iii) f(a) is not defined.

2. Types of Discontinuities :
Type - 1: ( Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable discontinuity
x c
or discontinuity of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) & make
x c
it continuous at x= c. Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
(a) M I SSI N G P OI N T D I SC ON T I N U I T Y : W here Limit f (x) exists f initely but f (a) is not def ined.
x a
(1  x )(9  x 2 ) sin x
e.g. f(x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 , and f(x) = has a missing point
1  x  x
discontinuity at x = 0

(b) ISOLATED POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but ; Limit  f(a).
x a x a
x 2  16
e.g. f(x) = , x  4 & f (4) = 9 has an isolated point discontinuity at x = 4.
x4
0 if x  I

Similarly f(x) = [x] + [ –x] =  has an isolated point discontinuity at all x  I.
 1 if x  I
Type-2: ( Non - Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it.
x c
Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity or discontinuity of the 2nd kind. Non-removable
type of discontinuity can be further classified as :

1 1 1
(a) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x  [x] at all integral x ; f(x) = tan at x = 0 and f(x) = 1 at x = 0 ( note
x
that f(0+) = 0 ; f(0–) = 1 ) 1 2 x

1 or g(x) = 1  cosx
(b) Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = at x = 4 ; f(x) = 2tanx at x = and f(x) = at
2 2 x
x4 ( x  4)
x = 0.

(c) Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin

1 at x = 0.
x
In all these cases the value of f(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but
Limit f(x) does not exist.
x a

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 Note: From the adjacent graph note that
– f is continuous at x = – 1
– f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
– f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2
– f has non removable (finite type)

discontinuity at the origin.

3. In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at x =
c & LHL at x = c is called T HE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY. A function having a finite number of jumps in a given
interval I is called a PIECE WISE CONTINUOUS or SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this interval.
4. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in their domains.
5. If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by :
F1(x) = f(x)  g(x); F2(x) = K f(x), K any real number; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at x= c. Further,
f (x)
if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x= c.
g(x)
6. The intermediate value theorem:
Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I , and a
and b are any two points of I. Then if y0 is a number
between f(a) and f(b) , their exists a number c
between a and b such that f(c) = y0.

NOTE VERY CAREFULLY THAT :

(a) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
sin x x0
f(x) = x & g(x) = 
0 x0
(b) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily be
discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
 1 x0
f(x) =  g(x) = 
 1 x0
(c) A Continuous function whose domain is closed must have a range also in closed interval.
(d) If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at x = c. eg.
x sin x x sin x
f(x) = 2 & g(x) = x are continuous at x = 0 , hence the composite (gof) (x) = 2 will also be
x 2 x 2
continuous at x=0.
7. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a , b).

(b)  
A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval a ,b if :
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a , b) &
(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity..
x a
(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity..
x  b
Note that a function f which is continuous in a ,b  possesses the following properties :
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the open
interval (a , b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = K in the open inetrval (a , b).

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 PROFICIENCY TEST

3x 2  ax  a  3
1. If the function f (x) = is continuous at x = – 2. Find f (–2).
x2  x  2

2. Find all possible values of a and b so that f (x) is continuous for all x  R if

| ax  3 | if x  1

 | 3x  a | if  1  x  0
f (x) =  b sin 2 x
  2b if 0  x  
 x
cos2 x  3 if x  

ax 2  bx  c, | x |  1
3. f(x) =  . Find the values of a, b, c so that f(x) is continuous for all values of x.
x  3 , | x | 1

4. Draw the graph of the function f(x) = x x  x², 1  x  1 & discuss the continuity or discontinuity of f in
the interval 1  x  1.

1sin x
1 cos 2 x
, x  12
 p, x  12 . Determine the value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous at
5. Let f(x) = 
 2 x 1 1
,x 2
4  2 x 1  2

x=1/2.

6. Given the function g (x) = 6  2 x and h (x) = 2x2 – 3x + a. Then


g( x ), x  1
(a) evaluate h ( g(2) ) (b) If f (x) =  , find 'a' so that f is continuous.
 h ( x ), x 1

1  x , 0  x  2
7. Let f(x) =  . Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of discontinuity of
3  x , 2  x  3
g , if any.

8. Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by

[ x 1]

 exp {( x  2)n4}
4 16
, x 2
f (x) =  4x 16 .
 1cos ( x 2)
 A ( x 2)tan ( x 2) , x 2

Find the values of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.

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  1 for 0  x  2
 x 31
9. Discuss the continuity of the function ‘f’ defined as follows: f(x) =  x 1 for 2  x  4 and draw the graph of
 x 1
 x  5 for 4  x  6
the function for x  [0, 6]. Also indicate the nature of discontinuities if any.

10. State whether True or False.

1
(i) f(x) = Limit is continuous at x = 1.
n  1  n sin 2  x

x
(ii) The function defined by f(x)= for x  0 & f(0) = 1 is continuous at x = 0.
| x | 2 x 2
 21 /(1 x )
(iii) The function f(x) = 2 if x  1 & f(1) = 1 is not continuous at x = 1.

(iv) There exists a continuous function f: [0, 1] onto [0, 10], but there exists no continuous function
g : [0, 1] onto (0, 10).

(v) If f (x) is continuous in [0 , 1] & f(x) = 1 for all rational numbers in [0 , 1] then f 1  
2 equal to 1.

cos x  sin( x 2)
if x  1
 ( x  1)(3x 2  2x  1) 3 2
(vi) If f (x) = is continuous, then the value of k is .
 32
k if k  1

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 EXERCISE-I
ln cos x
if x  0
4 2
 1 x 1
1. Let f(x) = 
 e sin 4 x  1
if x  0
ln (1  tan 2x )

Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not then
indicate the nature of discontinuity.

x2 x2 x2
2. Let yn(x) = x2 +   ............ and y (x) = Lim y n ( x )
1  x 2 (1  x 2 )2 (1  x 2 ) n1 n

Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n  N) and y(x) at x = 0

tan 6x
 5

6 tan 5x
if 0x 2

3. The function f(x) =
 b2 if x 2
  a tan x 
1 cosx  b  if  x
2

Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = /2.

 ax b,  1  x  0
 e x  1
4. f(x) =   , 0  x  1 . Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
 x 
 bx a, 1 x  2

Find values of 'a' and 'b' so that f(x) is continuous for all values of x [–1, 2]

1  x 3 , x  0 x  11/ 3 , x  0

5. Let f(x) =  2 ; g(x) =  1/ 2 . Discuss the continuity of g (f (x)).
x  1 , x  0  x  1 , x0

 1sin 3 x if x  2
 3cos 2 x

6. Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = . f(x) =  a if x  2
2 b (1sin x )
 2 if x  2
   2 x 

sin(a 1)xsinx
x
for x0

7. Determine the values of a, b & c for which the function f (x) =  c for x0
 xbx2 1/ 2 x1/ 2 for x0
bx3 / 2
is continuous at x = 0.
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 sin 3 x  A sin 2 x  B sin x
8. If f(x) = (x 0) is cont. at x = 0. Find A & B. Also find f(0).
x5
Select the correct alternative : (More than one are correct)

9. A function f is defined on an interval [a, b]. Which of the following statement(s) is/are INCORRECT?
(A) If f (a) and f (b), have opposite sign, then there must be a point c  (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
(B) If f is continuous on [a, b], f (a) < 0 and f (b) > 0, then there must be a point c  (a, b) such that f (c) = 0
(C) If f is continuous on [a, b] and there is a point c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0, then f (a) and f (b) have
opposite sign.
(D) If f has no zeroes on [a, b], then f (a) and f (b) have the same sign.

10. Which of the following functions f has/have a removable discontinuity at the indicated point?

x 2  2x  8 x7
(A) f (x) = at x = – 2 (B) f (x) = | x  7 | at x = 7
x2

x3  64 3 x
(C) f (x) = at x = – 4 (D) f (x) = at x = 9
x4 9x

2 n2
11.
n
Let ‘f’ be a continuous function on R. If f (1/4n) = sine en
  n2  1
then f(0) is :

(A) not unique (B) 1

(C) data sufficient to find f(0) (D) data insufficient to find f(0)

x
12. Indicate all correct alternatives if, f (x) =  1 , then on the interval [0, ]
2
1 1
(A) tan ( f (x) ) & are both continuous (B) tan ( f (x) ) & are both discontinuous
f ( x) f (x)
1
(C) tan ( f (x) ) & f 1 (x) are both continuous (D) tan ( f (x) ) is continuous but is not
f (x)

 5
sin  x  0
13. Let f(x) =   x  , then (fg)(x) is continuous at x = 0, if g(x) is equal to
 0 x 0

(A) (x2 + 1), x  R (B) n (1 + x), x  (–1, ) (C) cos x, x  R (D) ex, x  R

1 f (f ( x ))
14. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then the value(s) of x at which g(x) is discontinuous is/are
2x 3f ( f ( x ))  1

(A) 1 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) 3

2
x + px + 1 ; x  Q
15. Let f(x) = 2 and f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and x = 2, then
px + 2x + r ; x  Q

(A) p = 2 (B) r = 0 (C) p = 1/2 (D) r = 2

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 EXERCISE-II

1. If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the continuity of
f in [ – 2, 2 ].
 ax  b
for x 1
2. Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f (x) =  3x for 1  x  2

is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2.  bx 2  a for x2

x n f (x)  h(x)  1 sin 2 (·2 x )

Let g (x) = Lim , x  1 and g (1) = Lim
3.
n 2 x n  3x  3 x 1 ln sec( ·2 x ) 
be a continuous function at

x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) – h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.

4. If g : [a, b] onto [a, b] is continous show that there is some c  [a, b] such that g (c) = c.

 2  cos x 3 
5. The function f(x) =   
 x 3 sin x x 4  is not defined at x = 0. How should the function be defined at
x = 0 to make it continuous at x = 0.

a sin x  a tan x
6. f (x) = for x > 0
tan x  sin x

ln (1  x  x 2 )  ln (1  x  x 2 )
= for x < 0, if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a'.
sec x  cos x

 x
Now if g (x) = ln  2   · cot (x – a) for x  a, a  0, a > 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that
 a
g(e–1) = – e.

7. (a) Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x , y & if the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 , then show that f(x) is
continuous at all x.
(b) If f(x. y) = f(x). f(y) for all x , y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x
except at x = 0. Given f(1)  0.

n
x  x 
8. Given f (x) =  tan  r  sec  r  1  ; r , n  N
2 
r 1 2 

Limit
g (x) = n  
 2  
 n f (x)  tan xn  f (x)  tan xn . sin tan x
2 2      for x  
n 4

1  f (x)  tan xn
2 

= k for x = and the domain of g (x) is (0 , /2).
4
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g (x) is continuous at x = /4. Also state the points of discontinuity of
g (x) in (0 , /4) , if any.
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 f (x)
9. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 – 3x – 1 and h (x) = where h is a rational function such that
g( x )
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = – 1, (b) Lim h ( x )   and
1 x 
(c) Lim h ( x )  .
x  1 2
Find Lim 3h ( x )  f ( x )  2g( x ) 
x 0

 1
10. Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c in 0, 
  2
 1
such that f (c) = f  c  
 2
 1  ax  xax na
 for x  0
 a x x2
11. Consider the function g(x) = x x where a > 0.
2 a  x n2  x na  1
 for x  0
 x2
find the value of 'a' & 'g(0)' so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = 0.

  
  sin 1 1{x}2 .sin 11{x}
 2 for x 0
12. Let f(x) =  2 {x
}{x} 3
 where {x} is the fractional part of x.
 
 for x 0
 2
Consider another function g(x) ; such that
g(x) = f(x) for x  0
= 2 2 f(x) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x) at x = 0.

 4 x  5 [x] for x  1
13. Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) =  ; where [x] is the greatest integer
 cos  x for x  1
not greater than x. Also draw the graph.

[x ]
14. Let g(x) = tan–1|x| – cot–1|x|, f(x) = {x}, h(x) = g(f (x)) where {x} denotes fractional part and [x]
[x  1]
denotes the integral part then which of the following holds good?
(A) h is continuous at x = 0 (B) h is discontinuous at x = 0
–
(C) h(0 ) = /2 (D) h(0+) = – /2

 a  x   x 
sin   tan   for x  a
  2   2a 
15. f (x) = 
 cos   x  
   2a  
for x  a
ax
where [x] is the greatest integer function of x, and a > 0, then
(A) f (a–) < 0 (B) f has a removable discontinuity at x = a
(C) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x=a (D) f (a+) < 0

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 EXERCISE-III
1. f is a continuous function on the real line. Given that for all real values of x,

x² + (f(x)  2) x  3 . f(x) + 2 3  3 = 0. Then the value of f( 3 )

(A) can not be determined (B) is 2 (1  3 ) (C) is zero (D) is

2  32 
3

2. If f (x) = sgn (cos 2 x  2 sin x + 3) , where sgn ( ) is the signum function , then f (x)
(A) is continuous over its domain (B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity (D) has irremovable discontinuity.

x n  sin x n
3. Consider f (x) = Limit for x > 0, x  1,
n   x n  sin x n
f (1) = 0
then
(A) f is continuous at x = 1 (B) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
(C) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1 (D) f has a removable type of discontinuity at x = 1.

2
| x |e x x  {x}
4. Given f(x) = for x  0
 e1 x 2  1 sgn (sin x )
 

= 0 for x = 0
where {x} is the fractional part function; [x] is the step up function and sgn(x) is the signum function of x then, f(x)
(A) is continuous at x = 0 (B) is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0 (D) has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0

x[ x ]2 log (1 x ) 2 for  1  x  0


5. Consider f(x) =  ln  e x 2  2 x 
  
  for0  x  1
tan x

where [ * ] & {*} are the greatest integer function & fractional part function respectively, then
(A) f(0) = ln2  f is continuous at x = 0 (B) f(0) = 2  f is continuous at x = 0
(C) f(0) = e2  f is continuous at x = 0 (D) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0

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 1 x  1 x 
6. Consider f (x) = ,x0 ; g (x) = cos 2x, – < x < 0,
{x} 4

1
f (g(x)) for x  0
2
h(x) – 1 for x  0
f (x) forx  0

then, which of the following holds good.

where {x} denotes fractional part function.
(A) 'h' is continuous at x = 0 (B) 'h' is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(g(x)) is an even function (D) f(x) is an even function

2x  1
7. The function f(x) = [x]. cos  , where [•] denotes the greatest integer function, is discontinuous at
2
(A) all x (B) all integer points
(C) no x (D) x which is not an integer

sin x  x cos x
8. Consider the function defined on [0, 1]  R, f (x) = if x  0 and f (0) = 0, then the function
x2
f (x)
(A) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(B) has a non removable finite discontinuity at x = 0
(C) has a non removable infinite discontinuity at x = 0
(D) is continuous at x = 0

sin x  x 2n sin( x  1)
9. Consider the function f (x) = Lim , where n  N
n  1  x 2n 1  x 2n
Statement-1: f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2: f (1) = 0.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

10. Consider the functions, f (x) = sgn (x – 1) and g (x) = cot–1[x – 1]

where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Statement-1 : The function F (x) = f (x) · g (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2 : If f (x) is discontinuous at x = a and g (x) is also discontinuous at x = a then the product
function f (x) · g (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

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 a cos x – cos bx
11. f(x)  , when x  0 and f(0) = 4. If f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then the value of (n + ai + bi)
x2
is
[Here, n = number of ordered pairs (a, b);
ai = sum of all distinct possible values of a ;
bi = sum of all distinct possible values of b]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

12. Statement-1 : Function f(x) = [cos x] is discontinuous at x = .

Statement-2 : Function g(x) = [x] is discontinuous at integral values of x.
[Here, [·] denotes greatest integer function, i.e., [k] equals the greatest integer less than or equal to ‘k’]
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true & Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true & Statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

x 2  ax  2 , if x is rational
13. Consider the function f ( x )   , where ‘a’ is a parameter that can take any real
 1 – x , if x is irrational

value. If f(x) is discontinuous for all real values of x, then number of possible integral values of a is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
 1  2
14. If f(x) = [x] +  x   +  x   , then number of points of discontinuity of f(x) in [–1, 1] is :
 3   3 
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 6

15. If f(x) = sgn (sin2x – sinx – 1) has exactly four points of discontinuity for x  (0, n), n N, then
(A) the minimum possible value of n is 5
(B) the maximum possible value of n is 6
(C) there are exactly two possible values of n
(D) None of these

EXERCISE-IV
1  tan x       
1. Let f(x) = , x  , x  0,  . If f(x) is continuous in 0,  , then f   is- [AIEEE 2004]
4x   4  2   2  4
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) – 1/2 (D) –1
1 2
2. The function f : R – {0}  R given by f ( x)  x  2 x can be made continuous at x = 0 by defining f(0) as
e 1
(A) 2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1 [AIEEE 2007]

3. The value of p and q for which the function [AIEEE 2011]

 sin(p  1)x  sin x
 x0
 x

f(x) =  q , x  0 is continuous for all x  R, are :
 2
 xx – x
 x0
x3 / 2

1 3 1 3 5 1 3 1
(A) p = ,q= (B) p = ,q=– (C) p = ,q= (D) p = – ,q=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
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  2x  1 
4. If f : R  R is a function defined by f(x) = [x] cos   , where [x] denotes the greatest integer function,
 2 
then f is : [AIEEE 2012]
(A) continuous for every real x. (B) discontinuous only at x = 0
(C) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x. (D) continuous only at x = 0
1

(x  1) 2  x , x  1,x  2
5. Let f(x) =  [IIT Main 2018]
 k ,x  2
The value of k for which f is continuus at x = 2 is :
(A) 1 (B) e (C) e–1 (D) e–2
1 k 1
6. If the function f defined as f(x)   2x , x  0 , is continuous at x = 0, then the ordered pair (k, f(0)) is
x e 1
equal to [IIT Main Online 2018]
1 
(A) (2, 1) (B) (3, 1) (C)  , 2  (D) (3, 2)
3 

EXERCISE-V
1. The function f(x) = [x]2  [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is discontinuous at :
(A) all integers (B) all integers except 0 & 1 [ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]
(C) all integers except 0 (D) all integers except 1

 1/ x
 (1  ax) for x  0
2. Determine the constants a, b & c for which the function f(x) =  b for x  0 is continuous at x = 0.
 (x  c)1/3  1
 1/2 for x  0
 (x  1)  1
[ REE '99, 6 ]
3. Discuss the continuity of the function
 e1/(x 1)  2
 , x 1
f(x) =  e1/(x 1)  2
 1, x 1
at x = 1. [REE 2001 (Mains) , 3 out of 100]
4. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let function f : R  R be given by [JEE 2012]
an  sin x , for x  [ 2n, 2n  1]
f(x) = b  cos x , for x  (2n  1, 2n) , for all integers n.
 n
If f is continuous , then which of the following hold(s) for all n ?
(A) an–1 – bn–1 = 0 (B) an – bn = 1 (C) an – bn+1 = 1 (D) an–1 – bn = – 1

5. For every pair of continuous functions f, g : [0, 1]  R, such that max {f(x) : x  [0, 1]} =
max{g(x): x  [0, 1]}, the correct statement(s) is(are) : [IIT Advance 2014]
(A) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(B) (f(c))2 + f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(C) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(D) (f(c))2 = (g(c))2 for some c  [0, 1]

6. Let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equals to x. Then, at which of the following point(s) the function
f(x) = x cos ((x + [x])) is discontinuous? [IIT Advance - 2017]
(A) x = 1 (B) x = –1 (C) x = 0 (D) x = 2

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 ANSWER KEY
PROFICIENCY TEST
1. –1 2. a = 0, b = 1 3. b = 1 and a, c  R such that a + c = 3

4. f is cont. in 1  x  1 5. P not possible. 6. (a) 4 – 3 2  a , (b) a = 3

7. g(x) = 2 + x for 0  x  1, 2  x for 1 < x  2, 4  x for 2 < x  3 , g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
8. A = 1 ; f(2) = 1/2 9. discontinuous at x = 1, 4 & 5
10. (i) false ; (ii) false ; (iii) true ; (iv) true; (v) true; (vi) true

EXERCISE-I
1. f(0+)= –2 ; f(0–)
= 2 hence f(0) not possible to define
2. yn(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0
3. a = 0 ; b = –1 4. a = 0, b = 1 5. gof is dis-continuous at x = 0, 1 & – 1
6. a = 1/2, b = 4 7. a =  3/2, b  0, c = 1/2 8. A =  4 , B = 5, f(0) = 1
9. A, C, D 10 A, C, D 11. B, C 12. C, D
13. B 14. B, C, D 15. B, C

EXERCISE-II
1. discontinuous at all integral values in [ 2 , 2]
2. locus (a, b)  x, y is y = x – 3 excluding the points where y = 3 intersects it.
1
3. 5 5.
60
 n (tan x) if 0  x  
8. k = 0 ; g (x) =  4 . Hence g (x) is continuous everywhere.
 0 if   x  
4 2

9. g (x) = 4 (x + 1) and limit = –

39
11. a=
1
, g(0) =
  n 2 2
4 2 8
 
12. f(0+) = ; f(0) =  f is discontinuous at x = 0 ;
2 4 2
g(0+) = g(0) = g(0) = /2  g is continuous at x = 0
1
13. the function f is continuous everywhere in [0 , 2] except for x = 0 , , 1 & 2.
2
14. A 15. B
EXERCISE-III
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C
8. D 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D
15. C
EXERCISE-IV
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. B

EXERCISE-V
2 2
1. D 2. a = ln ; b= ; c=1
3 3
3. Discontinuous at x = 1; f(1+) = 1 and f(1–) = –1 4. BD 5. AD 6. A,B,D

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 DIFFERENTIABILITY
KEY CONCEPTS
T HINGS T O REMEMBER :
1. Right hand & Left hand Derivatives ;

f ( x )  f (a )
By definition : f (a) = Limit
x a if it exist
xa

(i) The right hand derivative of f  at x = a

denoted by f (a+) is defined by :

Limit f ( a  h ) f ( a )
f ' (a+) = h 0  ,
h
provided the limit exists & is finite.

(ii) The left hand derivative : of f at x = a

denoted by f (a–) is defined by :

Limit f ( a  h ) f ( a )
f ' (a–) = h 0  ,
h
Provided the limit exists & is finite.
We also write f (a+) = f +(a) & f (a–) = f _(a).
* This geomtrically means that a unique tangent with finite slope can be drawn at x = a as shown in the figure.

(iii) Derivability & Continuity :

(a) If f (a) exists then f(x) is derivable at x= a  f(x) is continuous at x = a.

(b) If a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x.

f ( x  h ) f ( x )
For : f (x) = Limit
h 0 exists.
h

f (x  h ) f ( x )
Also f ( x  h )  f ( x )  .h [ h  0 ]
h
Therefore :

f ( x  h )f ( x )
Limit [f ( x  h ) f ( x )] = Limit .h  f '( x ).0  0
h 0 h 0 h

Therefore Limit Limit

h 0 [f ( x  h ) f ( x )] = 0  h 0 f (x+h) = f(x)  f is continuous at x.

Note : If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain.
The Converse of the above result is not true :

“ IF f IS CONTINUOUS AT x , THEN f IS DERIVABLE AT x ” IS NOT TRUE.

1
e.g. the f unctions f (x) =  x  & g(x) = x sin ; x  0 & g(0) = 0 are continuous at
x
x = 0 but not derivable at x = 0.

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NOTE CAREFULLY :
(a) Let f +(a) = p & f _(a) = q where p & q are finite then :
(i) p = q  f is derivable at x = a  f is continuous at x = a.
(ii) p  q  f is not derivable at x = a.  f is continuous at x = a.
In short, for a function f :
Differentiability  Continuity ; Continuity 
 derivability ;
 discontinuous;
Non derivibality  But discontinuity Non derivability

(b) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner at x = a.
3. DERIVABILITY OVER AN INTERVAL :
f (x) is said to be derivable over an interval if it is derivable at each & every point of the interval f(x) is said to
be derivable over the closed interval [a, b] if :
(i) for the points a and b, f (a+) & f (b ) exist &
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f (c+) & f (c ) exist & are equal.

NOTE :
1. If f(x) & g(x) are deriv able at x = a then the f unctions f(x) + g(x), f (x)  g(x) , f (x).g(x)
will also be derivable at x = a & if g (a)  0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a.
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a & g(x) is not differentiable at x = a , then the product function F(x) = f(x). g(x) can
still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x
3. If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function ;
F(x) = f(x). g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
4. If f(x) & g(x) both are non-deri. at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a differentiable function.
e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x
  f (x) is continuous at x = a.
If f(x) is derivable at x = a 

x 2 sin 1x if x  0
e.g. f(x) = 
0 if x  0

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 PROFICIENCY TEST

1. Discuss the continuity & differentiability of the function f(x) = sinx + sinx , x R. Draw a rough sketch of
the graph of f(x).

2. Examine the continuity and differentiability of f(x) = x+ x  1+ x  2x R.
Also draw the graph of f(x).

 1 for   x 0

3. A function f is defined as follows : f(x) = 1 | sin x | for 0 x 2

  2
 2 x  2  for   x  
2

Discuss the continuity & differentiability at x = 0 & x = /2.

4. Examine the origin for continuity & derrivability in the case of the function f defined by
f(x) = x tan1(1/x) , x  0 and f(0) = 0.

5. Discuss the continuity & the derivability of 'f' where f (x) = degree of (ux² + u² + 2u  3) at x = 2

Fill in the blanks :

f (3  h2 )  f (3  h2 )
6. If f(x) is derivable at x = 3 & f (3) = 2 , then Limit = _______.
h 0 2h2

7. If f(x) = sin x & g(x) = x3 then f[g(x)] is ______ & ______ at x = 0. (State continuity and derivability)

8. Let f(x) be a function satisfying the condition f( x) = f(x) for all real x. If f (0) exists, then its value is _____.

x
, x0
 1  e1 / x
9. For the function f(x) = , the derivative from the right, f(0+) = _____ & the derivative from the
 0 , x0

left, f (0) = _______.

10. The number of points at which the function f(x) = max. {a  x, a + x, b},   < x < , 0 < a < b cannot be
differentiable is ______.

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 EXERCISE-I
1. Given a differentiable function f (x) defined for all real x, and is such that
f (x + h) – f (x)  6h2 for all real h and x. Show that f (x) is constant.

2. Let f (0) = 0 and f ' (0) = 1. For a positive integer k, show that

1 x x 1 1 1
Lim  f ( x )  f    ......f    = 1    ...... 
x 0 x   2 k 2 3 k

 1  1 
x x
3. Let f(x) = xe  ,x  0 ; f(0) = 0. Test the continuity & differentiability at x = 0.

4. If f(x)=x 1. ( [x]  [x]) , then find f (1+) & f (1-) where [x] denotes greatest integer function.

a x 2  b if x  1
5. If f(x) = 1 is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
  x
if x  1

6. Consider the functions f (x) = x2 – 2x and g (x) = – | x |

Statement-1: The composite function F (x) = f g (x )  is not derivable at x = 0.

because
Statement-2: F ' (0+) = 2 and F ' (0–) = – 2.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Select the correct alternative : (More than one are correct)

7. f(x) = x[x] in  1  x  2 , where [x] is greatest integer  x then f(x) is :

(A) continuous at x = 0 (B) discontinuous x = 0
(C) not differentiable at x = 2 (D) differentiable at x = 2
8. f(x) =1 + x.[cosx] in 0 < x  /2 , where [ ] denotes greatest integer function then ,
(A) It is continuous in 0 < x < /2 (B) It is differentiable in 0 < x < /2
(C) Its maximum value is 2 (D) It is not differentiable in 0 < x< /2

9. f(x) = (sin–1x)2. cos(1/x) if x 0 ; f(0) = 0 , f(x) is :

(A) continuous no where in 1  x  1 (B) continuous every where in 1  x  1
(C) differentiable no where in 1  x  1 (D) differentiable everywhere in 1 < x < 1

  
10. f(x) = x + sinx in   ,  . It is :
 2 2
(A) Continuous no where (B) Continuous every where
(C) Differentiable no where (D) Differentiable everywhere except at x = 0

11. If f(x) = 2 + sin1 x, it is :

(A) continuous no where (B) continuous everywhere in its domain
(C) differentiable no where in its domain (D) Not differentiable at x = 0

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12. If f(x) = x². sin (1/x) , x  0 and f(0) = 0 then ,
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (B) f(x) is derivable at x = 0
(C) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 (D) f (x) is not derivable at x = 0

13. A function which is continuous & not differentiable at x = 0 is :

(A) f(x) = x for x < 0 & f(x) = x² for x  0 (B) g(x) = x for x < 0 & g(x) = 2x for x  0
(C) h(x) = xx x  R (D) K(x) = 1+x, x  R

14. If sin–1x + y = 2y then y as a function of x is :

(A) defined for -1  x  1 (B) continuous at x = 0

dy 1
(C) differentiable for all x (D) such that  for –1 < x < 0
dx 3 1  x 2

Min  f (t ) / 0  t  x for 0  x  2
15. Let f(x) = cos(x) & H(x) =  
, then
 2 x for 2  x  3

(A) H (x) is continuous & derivable in [0, 3]

(B) H(x) is continuous but not derivable at x = /2
(C) H(x) is neither continuous nor derivable at x = /2
(D) Maximum value of H(x) in [0,3] is 1

EXERCISE-II
 1 ,  2  x  0
1. Let f(x) be defined in the interval [-2, 2] such that f(x) =  &
 x 1 , 0x2
g(x) = f(x) + f(x). Test the differentiability of g(x) in ( 2, 2).

  2 [x ]  
2. Given f(x) = cos1  sgn    where sgn (.) denotes the signum function & [.] denotes the greatest
  3x  [x ]  
integer function. Discuss the continuity & differentiability of f (x) at x = ± 1.

3. Examine for continuity & differentiability the points x = 1 & x = 2, the function f defined by

 x [ x] , 0x2
f(x) =  where [x] = greatest integer less than or equal to x.
(x  1) [x] , 2  x  3

 e x  x  2 
4. f(x) = x .  , x  0 & f(0) = 1 where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x. Test the
 x  x 
 
differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.

 2 x  3 [ x ] for x  1
5. Discuss the continuity & the derivability in [0 , 2] of f(x) =  x
sin 2 for x  1

where [ ] denote greatest integer function .

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6. If f(x) = 1 + x  1, 1  x  3 ; g(x) = 2  x + 1,  2  x  2 , then calculate (fog) (x) & (gof) (x). Draw
their graph. Discuss the continuity of (fog) (x) at x = 1 & the differentiability of (gof) (x) at x = 1.

ax( x  1)  b when x  1

7. The function f ( x)  x  1 when 1 x  3
px 2  qx  2 when x  3


Find the values of the constants a, b, p, q so that

(i) f(x) is continuous for all x (ii) f ' (1) does not exist (iii) f '(x) is continuous at x = 3

a 1/ x  a 1/ x
8. Examine the function , f (x) = x. , x  0 (a > 0) and f (0) = 0 for continuity and existence of the
a 1/ x  a 1/ x
derivative at the origin.

 1  x , ( 0  x  1)

9. f(x) =  x  2 , ( 1 x  2 ) Discuss the continuity & differentiability of y = f [f(x)] for 0  x  4.
 4  x , ( 2  x  4 )

10. f : R  R be a function satisfying f(x + 2y) = f(x) + f(2y) + 4xy + ex . e2y – ex – e2y  x, y  R. If
f (0) = 1, find f(x) in terms of x.

11. Let f (x) be a function defined on (–a, a) with a > 0. Assume that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 and
f ( x )  f ( kx )
Lim =  , where k  (0, 1) then compute f ' (0+) and f ' (0–), and comment upon the
x 0 x
differentiability of f at x = 0.

2 
 x cos 2x if x  0
12. Consider the function, f (x) = 
 0 if x  0

(a) Show that f ' (0) exists and find its value (b) Show that f ' 1 3 does not exist.
(c) For what values of x, f ' (x) fails to exist.

13. Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero satisfies the equation,
f(x + yn) = f(x) + (f(y))n for all real x & y and f  (0)0 where n (> 1) is an odd natural number. Find f(10).

x
14. A derivable function f : R+  R satisfies the condition f (x) – f (y)  ln + x – y for every x, y  R+. If g
y

100
1
denotes the derivative of f then compute the value of the sum  g n  .
n 1

15. Suppose that f & g are non constant differentiable, real valued functions on R. If for every x, y  R,
f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) – g(x) g(y); g(x + y) = g(x) f(y) + f(x) g(y) & f(0) = 0 then prove that f2(x) + g2(x) = 1,  x  R.

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 EXERCISE-III

|x|
1. Let f(x) = for x  0 & f(0) = 1 then ,
sin x
(A) f(x) is continuous & derivable at x = 0 (B) f(x) is continuous & not derivable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 (D) none

   [x ] 2[ x ]   5 
   x  
log a [x]  [ x] x a 
2. Given f(x) = 
a    1  for x  0 ; a  1
where [ ] represents the integral
x
  3a 
  
 0 for x  0

part function, then :

(A) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f is cont. & diff. at x = 0
(C) the differentiability of 'f' at x = 0 depends on the value of a
(D) f is cont. & diff. at x = 0 and for a = e only.

3. For what triplets of real numbers (a, b, c) with a 0 the function

x x 1
f(x) =  2 is differentiable for all real x ?
ax  bx  c otherwise
(A) {(a, 12a, a)  a  R, a 0 } (B) {(a, 12a, c)  a, c  R, a 0 }
(C) {(a, b, c)  a, b, c  R, a + b + c =1 } (D) {(a, 12a, 0)  a  R, a 0}

4. A function f defined as f(x) = x[x] for  1  x  3 where [x] defines the greatest integer  x is :
(A) continuous at all points in the domain of f but non-derivable at a finite number of points
(B) discontinuous at all points & hence non-derivable at all points in the domain of f (x)
(C) discontinuous at a finite number of points but not derivable at all points in the domain of f (x)
(D) discontinuous & also non-derivable at a finite number of points of f (x).

5. [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If f(x) = [x] [sin x] in (1,1) then f(x) is :
(A) continuous at x = 0 (B) continuous in (1, 0)
(C) differentiable in (1,1) (D) none

 x if x0
6. The function f(x) is defined as follows f(x) =
 x 2
if 0x1 then f(x) is :
 3
 x  x  1 if x1

(A) derivable and continuous at x = 0 (B) derivable at x = 1 but not continuous at x = 1

(C) neither derivable nor continuous at x = 1 (D) not derivable at x = 0 but continuous at x = 1

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 x  {x}  x sin{x} for x  0
7. If f(x) =  where {x} denotes the fractional part function, then :
0 for x  0

(A) 'f' is continuous & diff. at x = 0 (B) 'f' is continuous but not diff. at x = 0
(C) 'f' is continuous & diff. at x = 2 (D) none of these

x
8. The set of all points where the function f(x) = is differentiable is :
1 x

(A) ( , ) (B) [ 0, ) (C) ( , 0)  (0, ) (D) (0, )

9. Let f be an injective and differentiable function such that f (x) · f (y) + 2 = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) for all non negative
real x and y with f '(0) = 0, f '(1) = 2  f (0), then
(A) x f '(x) – 2 f (x) + 2 = 0 (B) x f '(x) + 2 f (x) – 2 = 0
(C) x f '(x) – f (x) + 1 = 0 (D) 2 f (x) = f '(x) + 2

10. Let f (x) = [n + p sin x], x  (0, ), n  I and p is a prime number. The number of points where f (x) is not
differentiable is
(A) p – 1 (B) p + 1 (C) 2p + 1 (D) 2p – 1.
Here [x] denotes greatest integer function.

11. The function f(x) = sin–1 (cos x) is :

3
(A) discontinuous at x = 2 (B) differentiable at x =
2


(C) not differentiable at x = (D) differentiable at x = 2
2

12. f 1(x) = (x2 – 4) |(x – 2)(x – 3)| ; f2(x) = sin (|x – 2|) – |x – 2|, f 3(x) = tan (|x – 2|) + |x – 2|
How many of the above functions {f1(x), f 2(x), f 3(x)} are differentiable at x = 2 ?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

13. Consider the function f(x) = max{||x – 2| – 1|, }, where,  is some real number. Find the number of values of

1
x   at which f(x) is non-differentiable if  
2
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

| x |  x(31 / x  1)
14. The function f(x) = , x  0, f(0) = 0 is :
31 / x – 1

(A) discontinuous at x = 0 (B) continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable there

(C) both continuous and differentiable at x = 0 (D) differentiable but not continuous at x = 0

15. If f(x) = |1 – x|, then the points where sin–1(f|x|) is non-differentiable are :
(A) {0, 1} (B) {0, –1} (C) {0, 1, –1} (D) None of these

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 EXERCISE-IV
  1  1 
  |x| x 
 xe  , x  0
1. If f(x) = then f(x) is [AIEEE 2003]
0 , x0


(A) discontinuous everywhere (B) continuous as well as differentiable for all x

(C) continuous for all x but not differentiable at x = 0 (D) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0
2. If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying | f(x) – f (y) |  (x – y)2, x, y  R and f(0) = 0, then f(1)
equals [AIEEE-2005]
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 1

1
3. Suppose f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 and hlim
0 h
f(1 + h) = 5, then f(1) equals - [AIEEE-2005]

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

x
4. The set of points where f(x) = is differentiable is – [AIEEE 2006]
1 | x |

(A) (– , – 1)  (–1, ) (B) (– , ) (C) (0, ) (D) (– , 0)  (0, )

5. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = min {x + 1, |x| + 1}. Then which of the following is true?
[AIEEE 2007]
(A) f(x)  1 for all x  R (B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1

(C) f(x) is differentiable everywhere (D) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0

 1
( x  1) sin if x  1
6. Let f(x) =  x 1
 0 if x  1

Then which one of the following is true ? [AIEEE 2008]

(A) f is differentiable at x = 0 and at x = 1 (B) f is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 1

(C) f is differentiable at x = 1 but not at x = 0 (D) f is neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 1

k x  1 , 0  x  3
7. If the function , g(x) = 
mx  2 , 3  x  5

is differentiable, then the value of k + m is : [IIT Mains - 2015]

16 10
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) (D)
5 3

8. Let S = { t  R : f(x) = |x –  |. (e|x| – 1) sin|x| is not differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to
[IIT Mains - 2018]
(A) {0, } (B)  (an empty set) (C) {0} (D) {}

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 EXERCISE-V
1. The function f(x) = (x2  1) x2  3x + 2 + cos (x) is NOT differentiable at : [JEE'99, 2(out of 200)]
(A)  1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

2. Let f : R  R be any function. Define g : R  R by g (x) = f (x) for all x. Then g is

(A) onto if f is onto (B) one one if f is one one
(C) continuous if f is continuous (D) differentiable if f is differentiable.
[JEE 2000, Screening, 1 out of 35]
 x , |x|  1
1  |x |
3. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function, f (x) =  x . [REE, 2000,3]
 , |x|  1
1  |x |
4. [JEE 2001 (Screening)]
(a) Let f : R  R be a function defined by, f(x) = max [ x, x 3 ]. The set of all points where
f (x) is NOT differentiable is :
(A) { 1 , 1} (B) { 1 , 0} (C) {0 , 1} (D) { 1 , 0 , 1}
(b) The left hand derivative of , f (x) = [ x ] sin ( x) at x = k , k an integer is :
where [ ] denotes the greatest function.
(A) ( 1)k(k  1) (B) ( 1)k  1(k  1) (C) ( 1)k k  (D) ( 1)k  1 k 

(c) Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0?

(A) cos (x) + x (B) cos (x)  x (C) sin (x) + x (D) sin (x)  x

 tan 1 x if | x|  1

5. The domain of the derivative of the function f (x) =  1 is
 2 (| x|1) if | x|  1

(A) R – {0} (B) R – {1} (C) R – {–1} (D) R – {–1, 1}

[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]

/ x
 f (1  x) 
6. Let f: R  R be such that f (1) = 3 and f (1) = 6. The Limit   equals
x0  f (1) 
(A) 1 (B) e1/2 (C) e2 (D) e3

[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]

x  a if x  0 x  1 if x  0
7. f (x) =  and g (x) =  2
| x  1| if x  0 ( x  1)  b if x  0
Where a and b are non negative real numbers. Determine the composite function gof. If (gof) (x) is continuous
for all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for these values of a and b, is gof differentiable at
x = 0? Justify your answer. [JEE 2002, 5 out of 60]

8. If a function f : [ –2a , 2a]  R is an odd function such that f (x) = f (2a – x) for x  [a, 2a] and the left hand
derivative at x = a is 0 then find the left hand derivative at x = – a. [JEE 2003(Mains) 2 out of 60]

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9.(a) The function given by y = | x | 1 is differentiable for all real numbers except the points
(A) {0, 1, –1} (B) ± 1 (C) 1 (D) – 1
[JEE 2005 (Screening), 3]
(b) If | f(x1) – f(x2) |  (x1 – x2)2, for all x1, x2  R. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
(1, 2). [JEE 2005 (Mains), 2]

10. If f (x) = min. (1, x2, x3), then [JEE 2006, 5]

(A) f (x) is continuous  x  R (B) f x   0 ,  x > 1

(C) f(x) is not differentiable but continuous  xR (D) f(x) is not differentiable for two values of x

( x  1)n
11. Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are integers, m  0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand derivative
n cos m ( x  1)

of | x – 1 | at x = 1. If Lim g(x) = p, then [JEE 2008, 3]

x 1

(A) n = 1, m = 1 (B) n = 1, m = –1 (C) n = 2, m = 2 (D) n > 2, m = n

12. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y),  x, y  R. If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then
(A) f(x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing zero [JEE 2011]
(B) f(x) is continuous  x  R
(C) f (x) is constant  x  R
(D) f(x) is differentiable except at finitely many points

  
– x – 2 , x–
2
 
 – cos x, –  x  0,
13. If f(x) =  2 then [JEE 2011]

x – 1, 0  x 1
 ln x, x 1


(A) f(x) is continuous at x = –/2 (B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0

(C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 (D) f(x) is differentiable at x = –3/2

 2 
 x cos , x0
14. Let f(x) =  x , x R , then f is [JEE 2012]
 0 x0


(A) differentiable both at x = 0 and at x = 2 (B) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x=2
(C) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2 (D) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2

15. Let f 1 : R  R, f 2 : [0, )  R, f 3 : R  R and f4 : R  [0, ) be defined by [JEE Advance 2014]

| x | if x  0 sin x if x  0
f 1 (x) =  x ; f 2(x) = x2 ; f 3(x) =  ;
e if x  0  x if x  0

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 and
f2 ( f1( x )) if x  0
f 4(x) = f ( f ( x ))  1 if x  0
2 1
List-I List-II
(P) f 4 is (1) onto but not one-one
(Q) f 3 is (2) neither continuous nor one-one
(R) f 2of 1 is (3) differentiable but not one-one
(S) f 2 is (4) continuous and one-one
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 1 3 4 2
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 1 3 2 4

16. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be respectively given by f(x) = |x| + 1 and g(x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R  R by
max {f ( x ), g( x )} if x  0.
h( x)  
 min {f ( x ), g( x )} if x  0.
The number of points at which h(x) is not differentiable is [JEE Advance 2014]

17. Let g :    be a differentiable function with g(0) = 0, g'(0) = 0 and g'(1)  0.

 x
 g( x ), x  0
Let f ( x )  | x | and h(x) = e|x| for all x  . Let (f  h)(x) denote f(h(x)) and (h  f)(x) denote h(f(x)).
 0, x0

Then which of the following is(are) true? [IIT Advance - 2015]

(A) f is differentiable at x = 0 (B) h is differentiable at x = 0
(C) f  h is differentiable at x = 0 (D) h  f is differentiable at x = 0

18. Let a, b   and f :   be defined by f(x) = a cos (|x3 – x|) + b|x| sin (|x3 + x|). Then f is
[IIT Advance - 2016]
(A) Differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 (B) Differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0
(C) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0 (D) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1

 1   1 
19. Let f :  – , 2  R and g :  – , 2  R be functions defined by [IIT Advance - 2016]
 2   2 

f(x) = [x2 – 3] and g(x) = |x| f(x) + |4x – 7| f(x), where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y
for y  R. Then
 1 
(A) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in  – , 2
 2 
 1 
(B) f is discontinuous exactly at four points in  – , 2
 2 

 1 
(C) g is NOT differentiable exactly at four points in  – , 2 
 2 

 1 
(D) g is NOT differentiable exactly at five points in  – , 2 
 2 

20. Let f :    be a differentiable function with f(0) = 1 and satisfying the equation
f(x + y) = f(x) f '(y) + f '(x) f(y) for all x, y  .
Then, the value of loge (f(4)) is _______. [JEE Advance 2018]
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21. Let f : R  R be a function. We say that f has [JEE Advnace 2019]

f(h) – f(0)
PROPERTY 1 if lim exists and is finite, and
h 0 h

f(h) – f(0)
PROPERTY 2 if lim exists and is finite.
h 0 h2
Then which of the following options is/are correct?
(A) f(x) = x|x| has PROPERTY 2 (B) f(x) = x2/3 has PROPERTY 1
(C) f(x) = sinx has PROPERTY 2 (D) f(x) = |x| has PROPERTY 1

 
22. Let f 1 : R  R, f2 :   ,   R , f3 :  1, e  / 2  2   R and R4 : R  R be functions defined by
 3 2

(i) f1(x)  sin  1  e ,

 x2
[JEE Advnace 2019]

 | sin x |
 if x0
(ii) f2 (x)   tan1 x , where the inverse trigonometric function tan–1x assumes values in
 1 if x0

  
 2,2 ,
 

(iii) f 3(x) = [sin(loge(x + 2))], where, for t  R, [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t,

 2  1
 x sin   if x0
(iv) f4 (x)   x .
 0 if x0


List - I List - II
(P) The function f 1 is (1) NOT continuous at x = 0
(Q) The function f 2 is (2) continuous at x = 0 and NOT differentiable
at x = 0
(R) The function f 3 is (3) differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is
NOT continuous at x = 0
(S) The function f4 is (4) differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is
continuous at x = 0
The correct option is :
(A) P  2; Q 3; R 1; S 4 (B) P  4; Q 1; R 2; S 3
(C) P  4; Q 2; R 1; S 3 (D) P  2; Q 1; R 4; S  3

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 ANSWER KEY
PROFICIENCY TEST
1. f(x) is continuous but not derivable at x = 0 2. continuous  x  R, not derivable at x = 0,1 & 2
3. continuous but not derivable at x = 0 ; derivable & continuous at x = /2
4. continuous but not derivable at x = 0 5. continuous but not derivable at x = 2
6. 2 7. continuous & derivable 8. 0 9. f (0+) = 0 , f (0) = 1 10. 2
EXERCISE-I
3. f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0 4. f (1+) = 3 , f(1) = 1

5. a = 1/2 , b = 3/2 6. A 7. A, C 8. A, B 9. B, D 10. B, D

11. B, D 12. A, B , D 13. A, B, D 14. A, B, D 15. A, D

EXERCISE-II
1. not derivable at x = 0 & x = 1
2. f is continuous & derivable at x =  1 but f is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 1
3. discontinuous & not derivable at x = 1, continuous but not derivable at x = 2
4. not derivable at x = 0
5. f is continuous at x = 1 , 3/2 & discontinuous at x = 2, f is not derivable at x =1, 3/2 , 2
6. (fog)(x) = x+1 for  2  x   1,  (x + 1) for  1 < x  0 & x  1 for 0 < x  2.
(fog)(x) is continuous at x = 1, (gof)(x) = x+1 for 1  x  1 & 3  x for 1 < x  3.

(gof)(x) is not differentiable at x = 1

1
7. a  1, b  0, p  and q   1
3
8. If a  (0, 1) f  (0+) =  1 ; f  (0) = 1  continuous but not derivable
a = 1 ; f (x) = 0 which is constant  continuous and derivable
If a > 1 f  (0) =  1 ; f  (0+) = 1  continuous but not derivable

9. f is continuous but not derivable at x = 1, discontinuous at x = 2 & x = 3. continuous & derivable at all other points

10. f(x) = x2 + ex  x  R 11. f ' (0) =
1 k
 1    1   1
12. (a) f ' (0) = 0, (b) f '   = – and f '

  = , (c) x = nI
2 3 2 2n  1
3  
13. f (x) = x  f(10) = 10 14. 5150
EXERCISE-III
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. D
8. A 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B
15. C
EXERCISE-IV
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B
8. B
EXERCISE–V
1. D 2. C 3. Discont. hence not deri. at x = 1 &  1. Cont. & deri. at x = 0
4. (a) D, (b) A, (c) D 5. D 6. C 7. a = 1; b = 0(gof)'(0) = 0
8. f (a–) = 0 9. (a) A, (b) y – 2 = 0 10. A, C 11. C
12. BC 13. ABCD 14. B 15. D 16. 3
17. A, D 18. A,B 19. B,C 20. 2 21. BD
22. D
*************************
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