Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R.

Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda

Effective Stress Formulas and Concepts

STRESSES IN SATURATED SOIL WITHOUT SEEPAGE
  H w  H A  H  sat
Where σ = total stress at the elevation of point A
γw = unit weight of water
γsat = saturated unit weight of soil
H = height of water table from the top of the soil column
HA = distance between point A and the water table

The total stress, σ, can be divided into two parts:

1. A portion is carried by water in the continuous void spaces. This portion
acts with equal intensity in all directions.
2. The rest of the total stress is carried by the soil solids at their points of
contact. The sum of the vertical components of the forces developed at the
points of contact of the solid particles per unit cross-sectional area of the
soil mass is called the effective stress.

P1v   P2 v   P3v   ...  Pn v 

 '
A
Where A = cross-sectional area of the soil mass under
consideration
P1(v), P2(v), P3(v), … Pn(v) = vertical components of P1, P2, P3, … Pn

a s  a1  a 2  a3  ...  an

   '

u A  as 
  'u 1  a ' s 
A
Where u = HAγw = pore water pressure (that is, the hydrostatic pressure at A)
as’ = a s / A = fraction of unit cross-sectional area of the soil mass occupied
by solid-solid contacts (can be neglected)

   'u
Where u = also referred to as neutral stress.

 '  H w  H A  H  sat   H A w

 '  H A  H  sat   w 
 '  Height of the soil column    '
Where γ’ =  sat   w = submerged unit weight of soil

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda
STRESSES IN SATURATED SOIL WITH SEEPAGE

Upward Seepage
For boiling, or quick condition
 C '  z 'icr z w
Where icr = critical hydraulic gradient (for zero effective stress)

'
icr 
w

Downward Seepage
 C  H 1 w  z sat
uC  H 1  z  iz  w
 C '  H 1 w  z sat   H 1  z  iz  w  z 'iz w

SEEPAGE FORCE
P1 '  z ' A
P2 '  z 'iz w A

P1 ' P2 '  iz w A

Seepage force per unit volume of soil
P1 ' P2 ' iz w A
  i w
Volume of soil zA
Factor of Safety

W'
FS 
U

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda
WhereFS = factor of safety
W’ = submerged weight of soil in the heave zone per unit length of sheet
pile = D(D/2)(γsat – γw) = (½)D2γ’
U = uplifting force caused by seepage on the same volume of soil

U  Soil volume  iav  w   12 D 2 iav w

Where iav = average hydraulic gradient at the bottom of the block of soil

'
FS 
iav w

USE OF FILTERS TO INCREASE THE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST

HEAVE

D 1
W '  D   sat   w   D 2 '
2 2
D 1
WF '  D1   F '  D1 D F '
2
  2
WhereγF’ = effective unit weight of the filter

U  12 D 2 iav  w

Factor of safety against heave

1 2 1  D1 
D  ' D1 D F '  '  F '
W 'WF ' 2 2 D
FS   
U 1 2 iav  w
D iav w
2

SELECTION OF FILTER MATERIAL

Terzaghi and Peck (1948) criteria

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda
D15 F 
1. 4
D85B 
D15 F 
2. 4
D15 B 
Where D15(F), D15(B) = diameters through which 15% of the filter and base
material, respectively, will pass
D85(B) = diameter through which 85% of the base material will pass

CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS

 2
 d hc  w  dT cos 
4 
4T cos 
hc 
d w
Where T = surface tension (force/length)
α = angle of contact
d = diameter of capillary tube
γw = unit weight of water

For pure water and clean glass, α = 0

4T
hc 
d w
For water T = 72 mN/m
1
hc 
d

Capillary rise in soils (Hazen)

C
h1 mm  
eD10
Where D10 = effective size (mm)
e = void ratio
C = a constant that varies from 10 to 50 mm2

EFFECTIVE STRESS IN THE ZONE OF CAPILLARY RISE

Pore water pressure

 S 
u    w h
 100 
Where S = degree of saturation, in percent

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Lecture Notes in Geotechnical Engineering Engr. Domingo R. Pojarda
EFFECTIVE STRESS IN PARTIALLY SATURATED SOIL
Bishop and colleagues (1960)
 '    u a   u a  u w 
Where σ’ = effective stress
σ = total stress
ua = pore air pressure
uw = pore water pressure

GENERAL COMMENTS
For fine-grained soils
   ig  u 1  a s '  A' R'
Whereσig = intergranular stress
A’ = electrical attractive force per unit cross-sectional area of soil
R’ = electrical repulsive force per unit cross-sectional area of soil

For granular soils, silts, and clays of low plasticity

 ig   '    u

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