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Geostatic Stresses

Geostatic stresses refer to the stresses within a soil mass due to its own weight and occur even without external loading. The vertical geostatic stress is equal to the weight of the overlying soil (σv = γz) and for stratified soils it is the sum of the weights of each layer (σv = γ1z1 + γ2z2 + γ3z3). Effective stress, which controls soil behavior, is defined as the total stress minus the pore water pressure (σ' = σ - u).

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916 views10 pages

Geostatic Stresses

Geostatic stresses refer to the stresses within a soil mass due to its own weight and occur even without external loading. The vertical geostatic stress is equal to the weight of the overlying soil (σv = γz) and for stratified soils it is the sum of the weights of each layer (σv = γ1z1 + γ2z2 + γ3z3). Effective stress, which controls soil behavior, is defined as the total stress minus the pore water pressure (σ' = σ - u).

Uploaded by

Madhu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Geostatic Stresses

• When there are no external load, stresses within a soil are caused by the
weight of the soil
• For an almost homogenous soil with a horizontal ground surface, the
pattern of stresses is known as Geostatic Stresses
• For such conditions, there are no shear stresses upon the vertical and
horizontal planes within the soil
• The vertical geostatic stress is given by 𝜎𝑣 = 𝛾𝑧
• For stratified soil geostatic stress is
𝜎 𝑣 = 𝛾 1𝑧 1 + 𝛾 2 𝑧 2 + 𝛾 3 𝑧 3
Geostatic Stresses

• For homogenous soils,


vertical geostatic stress is
given by:
𝜎𝑣 = 𝛾𝑧

• For stratified soil, geostatic


stress is
𝜎 𝑣 = 𝛾 1𝑧 1 + 𝛾 2 𝑧 2 + 𝛾 3 𝑧 3

𝜎𝑣 = ∑ 𝛾𝑧
Total Stresses
• The total stress, either due to self-weight of the soil or due to external
applied forces or due to both, at any point inside a soil mass is resisted by
the soil grains as also by water present in the pores or void spaces in the
case of a saturated soil.
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑧
Pore water Pressure/ Stresses (u)
• Neutral stress’ is defined as the stress carried by the pore water and it is
the same in all directions when, there is static equilibrium since water
cannot take static shear stress.

This is also called ‘pore water pressure’ and is designated by u.

ϒ𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑢
Concept of Stress in a Particulate
System
Soil element A with static • Total vertical stress due to soil grain
ground water above it
and water pressure
𝜎𝑣 = 𝜎 ′ + 𝑢
𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑧 𝑤
• Effective stress principle
• 𝜎 ′ = 𝜎𝑣 − 𝑢
• Effective stress’ is defined as the difference
between the total stress and the neutral stress ;
this is also referred to as the intergranular
pressure
• Effective stress controls several aspects of soil
behavior such as compression and strength
Concept of Effective
Stress
Concept of Effective
Stress

• Effective stress
𝜎 ′ = 𝛾𝑧1 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑧2 − 𝛾𝑤𝑧2
𝜎 ′ = 𝛾𝑧1 + (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝛾𝑤)𝑧2
EXAMP
LE

Sand
h1 = 2 m
t = 18.0 kN/m3
MA
T d = 13.1 kN/m3
h2 = 2.5 m

Clay
h3 = 4.5 m
t = 19.80 kN/m3

x
Bina Nusantara
EXAMP
LE
• Total Stress
 = d,1 . h1 + t,1 . h2 + t,2 . h3
 = 13.1 . 2 + 18 . 2.5 + 19.8 . 4.5
= 160.3 kN/m2

• Pore Water Pressure


u = w . (h2+h3)
u = 10 . 7
= 70 kN/m2
’ = d,1 . h1 + (t,2 - w) . h2 + (t,2 - w) . h3
• Effective Stress ’ = 13.1 . 2 + (18-10) . 2.5 + (19,8-10) . 4.5
’ =  - u = 90.3 kN/m2 = 90.3 kN/m2
EXAMP
LE
Total Stress () Pore Water Pressure (u) Effective Stress (’)

26.2 kPa 26.2 kPa


-2.0

71.2 kPa 25 kPa 46.2 kPa


-4.5

160.3 kPa 70 kPa 90.3 kPa


-9.0

Bina Nusantara
Profile of Vertical Stress

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