THEN

You graphed linear equations and

inequalities.

NOW
You will:
Graph quadratic functions.
Solve quadratic equations.
Perform operations with complex
numbers.
Graph and solve quadratic
inequalities.

G WHY
MOTION In soccer, it is important to
have a plan for where the ball will go
and how fast it will get there. Linear
functions can be used to model an
object, like a soccer ball, in motion.
Use the Mathematical Practices to
complete the activity.
1. Using Tools Use t he Internet to
learn about linear motion and how
it could apply to ball movement.
2. Sense Making What equation
can be applied to determine the
distance traveled by a ball? What
equation can be used to determine
average velocity of the ball?
3. Reasoning Why do you need to
know the distance traveled to
calculate the average velocity?
4. Applying Math If you know the
distance a ball traveled and the
time it took, use the Equation Chart
Mat to illustrate the equations
needed to find the average velocity.

Average velocity
= 1
total displaceme nt
lime Interval
..C:O ~o Online to Guide Your Learning
Explore &Explain Organize

Product Mat and Algebra Tiles Foldables

Use the Product Mat and the Algebra Get organized! Create a Quadratic
Tiles in ConnectED to enhance your Functions Foldable before you start the
understanding of factoring trinomials, chatper to organize your notes about
as explored in Lesson 3-4. quadratic functions and relations.

,,
The Geometer's Sketchpad
Use The Geometer's Sketchpad to illustrate
y• 2.20
how to graph quadratic functions, how to
solve quadratic equations graphically, and to 1-+--1-~--+
relate the graphs of quadratic equations to
Collaborate
their solutions. The Geometer's Sketchpad
can also be used to illustrate how to
recognize the number of roots for quadratic Chapter Project
equations and to illustrate how to graph the In the just Drop It project, you will
solution sets of quadratic inequalities, as use what you have learned about
discussed in Lesson 3-7. quadratic functions to complete a
project that addresses global
awareness.

~-~~ ~-
Before starting the chapter, answer the
Chapter Focus preview questions. Check
your answers as you complete each lesson.
At the end of the chapter, try the
Performance Task. \ --
Focus

LEARNSMART. ALEKs·
Need help studying? • A'CH'IEVE _,....,._._.,.__.
You can use the Quadratic and
Complete the Polynomial, Polynomial Functions and
Rational, and Radical Exponents and Polynomial
Relationships and Expressions topics in ALEKS to
Modeling with Functions explore what you know about
domains in LearnS mart to quadratic functions and what
review for the chapter test. you are ready to learn.'*

'* Ask your teacher if this is part of your program.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 149
Get Ready for the Chapter
Connecting Concepts New Vocabulary

Concept Check English Espanol

Review the concepts used in this chapter by answering quadratic term p.151 termino cuadratico
the questions below.
linear term p.151 termino lineal
1. Given f(x) = -2X2 + 3x -1 and f(2), what would be constant term p.151 termino constante
your first step to find the value of the equation?
vertex p.152 vertice
2. Marla has budgeted $65 per day on food during a
business trip. Write a function that is a model for this maximum value p.154 valor maximo
situation.
minimum value p.154 valor mfnimo
3. If Marla, from question 2, is gone on a business trip for
quadratic equation p.163 ecuaci6n cuadratica
2 weeks, how would you determine how much she has
budgeted to spend on food? What is her budget? standard form p.163 forma estandar
4. Is the polynomiai2X2-- x -3 factorable or prime? root p.163 rafz
5. Is the polynomial X2 -11x + 15 factorable or prime? zero p.163 cero
6. The rectangular room imaginary unit p.172 unidad imaginaria
shown has an area of
X2 + 14x + 48 square I A =(x 2 + 14x+ 48)tt2 I (x + 6) ft pure imaginary number p.172 numero imaginario puro
feet. If the width of the complex number p.173 numero complejo
room is complex conjugates p.175 conjugados complejos
(x + 6} feet, how would you determine the length of
the room? factored form p.179 forma reducida

7. What is the length of the room described in FOIL method p.179 metodo FOIL
question 6? completing the square p.192 completar el cuadrado
8. Given = 2X2 + 2x -3x -3, what property can you Quadratic Formula p.199 formula cuadratica
apply to begin to simplify the equation?
discriminant p.202 discriminante
9. Given = 2x(x + 1) + -3(x +1}, what property can you
apply to simplify the equation? quadratic inequality p.209 desigualdad cuadratica

Performance Task Preview

You can use the concepts and skills
in the chapter to model the
I _,
CHAPTtR 3
Pt ,:par~ng for Assessment
....
Review Vocabulary

domain dominio the set of all x-coordinates of the ordered

~¥.E1gt~~~:;r6::.
projectile motion of a bottle rocket.
Understanding quadratic functions
--·--....-.-.. -...
....... ......--.., . ...... .....
· 2-,.~...=--..:::::.--·
~ - pairs of a relation
function funci6n a relation in which each x-coordinate is
---·--
~:;.:::.::::::."'::--
l ~-·,

will help you finish the Performance

Task at the end of the chapter.
... ........-_.,........
~~=~&§::=
- paired with exactly one y-coordinate

G In this Performance Task -·--------.. _

· :::--:==-~.:==
. ,......
range ran go the set of ally-coordinates of the ordered
pairs of a relation
you will:
• make sense of problems and
-_______
· ::::;;--·-~·-·--
,_ ...
,_...__ ..._. ......_
_ _ lA _ _ .,., _ _ _ _
_.,. ......,._
Domain Range

persevere in solving them

• model with mathematics
• attend to precision

150 I Chapter 3 I Quadratic Functions

• You identified and
manipulated graphs
•1 Graph quadratic
functions.
• Eddie is organizing a charity tournament.
He plans to charge a $20 entry fee for
Tournament Prize Pool
~ ,. t l(l'f j"' 1/< • ...... f ~ "'

of functions. each of the 80 players. He recently 3000

Find and interpret
2 the maximum and
decided to raise the entry fee by $5,
and 5 fewer players entered with the 2400
V" --
minimum values of
a quadratic function.
increase. He used this information to
determine how many fee increases
Ql
.~
en
1800 / '\ ~

will maximize the money raised. gD.. 1200 1\

The quadratic function at the right
600
'\
represents this situation. The tournament \
prize pool increases when he first increases ~
0
the fee, but eventually the pool starts to 4 8 12 16 20
'fbJ New decrease as the fee gets even higher. Number of Increases
Vocabulary
quadratic function
quadratic term
linear term
constant term
parabola
axis of symmetry
1Graph Quadratic Functions In a quadratic function, the greatest exponent is 2.
These functions can have a quadratic term, a linear term, and a constant term. The
general quadratic function is shown below.
vertex
maximum value
minimum value f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a=/:= 0

G Mathematical
Practices The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. To graph a quadratic function,
1 Make sense of graph ordered pairs that satisfy the function.
problems and perservere
in solving them.
4 Model with Example 1 Graph a Quadratic Function by Using a Table
mathematics.
Graph f(x) = 3x 2
- 12.x + 6 by making a table of values.
Choose integer values for x, and evaluate the function for each value. Graph the
resulting coordinate pairs, and connect the points with a smooth curve.

.A f(x) ~
Ul
J"
v

4
1-- j - -

1-- j - -
t- 1 I
t-21 \ I
-2-1 0 j 1 2 i4 5 6x
I 0
t-- t- -4
t-- t--6
\ ./
t-- r- -8
I

Guided Practice
Graph each function by making a table of values.
1A. g(x) = -2x 2 + 8x- 3 18. h(x) = 4x 2 - 8x +1

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 151
 Notice in Example 1 that there seemed to be a pattern in axis of symmetry I
the values for f(x). This is due to the axis of symmetry of
parabolas. The axis of symmetry is a line through the graph
of a parabola that divides the graph into two congruent
•
1 (-4, 10)
l
fY 'A V
. (10, 10) J
I
I
~
'I

I
halves. Each side of the parabola is a reflection of the 1\ I I
\ I 1/
other side. I

Review Vocabulary ( 11)

\ B- +r-CJ (7, 1) - 1--

Symmetry When 0 1\.. 1A..If X

The axis of symmetry will intersect a parabola at only one '"' -tt;: I
something is symmetrical, its I

opposite sides are mirror

point, called the vertex. The vertex of the graph at the right ' (3, -3) -
I I I
f-- 1--

images of each other. is A(3, -3).

Notice that the x-coordinates of points Band Care both 4 units away from the
x-coordinate of the vertex, and they have the same y-coordinate. This is due to
the symmetrical nature of the graph.

Go Online! ~-~~
Words Consider the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, where a =f. 0.
How does changing the
values of a, b, and c in the • They-intercept is a(0)2 + b(O) + cor c.
equation of a quadratic
function affect its graph? • The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = -
2~.
2~.
Investigate by using the
• The x-coordinate of the vertex is-
Graphing Tools in
ConnectED.
........... ,, ... Model
=-~:::,----

==== ~r-~---·-· ~[~· -~- >

. J_..

Now you can use the axis of symmetry to help plot points and graph a parabola. For
y = x2 + 6x- 2 below, the axis of symmetry is x =-;a =- 2 1) or x = 1 -3.

Study Tip
Plotting Reflections The [Find the axis of symmetry J [Find the y-intercept [Connect the points with J
and the vertex. and its reflection. a smooth curve.
reflection of a point is its
mirror image on the other E3J vI y L~~~ I ~~=-3J \
side of the axis of symmetry. 1
I~
4
r1
I
I
4
y 7
v ..\ :1
I
y
4
~

I I I \
I

I
-8 -4 : 0 4 8x -8 -4 ~ o lr 4 8x -8 -4 ~ 0 4 8x
I I
(- 3 -2) f - f-J--4 (0, -2) (- 3, -2) I (0, -2)
4
iI 1' I I I \ i 1.1
~ I8 ~ I8 \ ~ IL
I , I ,
' l l~u
(-3, -11) • .,
A
12
(-3, - 11) +IA
f l12
(- 3, - 11) '+"·
12
f l I I I lf 1

152 I Lesson 3-1 I Graphing Quad ratic Functions

 Example 2 Axis of Symmetry, y-intercept, and Vertex
Consider f(x) = x 2 + 4x - 3.

a. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the x-coordinate of
the vertex.
The function is of the formf(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, so we can identify a, b, and c.
f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c
l l l
f(x) = 1x + 4x- 3
2
---+ a= 1, b = 4, and c = -3
Study Tip
Quadratic Form Make The y-intercept is c = -3.
sure the function is in
standard quadratic form, Use a and b to find the equation of the axis of symmetry.
y = ax2 + bx + c, before
graphing. x= - {a Equation of the axis of symmetry
4
--- a=1andb=4
2(1)
= -2 Simplify.

The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = -2. Therefore, the x-coordinate of the
Study Tip vertex is -2.
Fractions When the
x-coordinate of the vertex is
a fraction, select the nearest b. Make a table of values that includes the vertex.
integer for the next point to Select five specific points, with the vertex in the middle and two points on either
avoid using fractions and
side of the vertex, including they-intercept and its reflection. Use symmetry to
simplify the calculations.
determine they-values of the reflections.

c. Use this information to graph the function. ~ f~ ~

~0
Graph the points from the table and connect them u •
with a smooth curve. \ u I
\ 4 I
Draw the axis of symmetry, x = -2, as a dashed \ 2/
line. The graph should be symmetrical about -8-6-\ - 0 l/ 2468x
this line. t •.~
1\ t J
T'

Guided Practice
2. Consider f(x) = -5x 2 - lOx + 6.
A. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the x-coordinate
of the vertex.
B. Make a table of values that includes the vertex.
C. Use this information to graph the function.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 153
Watch Out!
Maxima and Minima The
2 Maximum and Minimum Values They-coordinate of the vertex of a quadratic
function is the maximum value or the minimum value of the function. These values
represent the greatest or lowest possible value the function can reach.
terms minimum point and
minimum value are not
interchangeable. The
minimum point on the graph
of a quadratic function is the Words The graph of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a =f- 0,
ordered pair that describes
the location of the vertex. • opens up and has a minimum value when a> 0, and
The minimum value of a • opens down and has a maximum value when a< 0.
function is they-coordinate
of the minimum point. It is Model a is positive. a is negative.
the smallest value obtained
when f(x) is evaluated for
all values of x.

X X

They-coordinate is They-coordinate is
the minimum value. the maximum value.

Example3 Maximum or Minimum Values

Consider f(x) = -4x 2 + 12x + 18.
a. Determine whether the function has a maximum or minimum value.
For this function, a = -4, so the graph opens down and the function has a
maximum value.

b. State the maximum or minimum value of the function.

The maximum value of the function is the y-coordinate of the vertex.
The x-coordinate of the vertex is -
2 (~4 ) or 1.5.
Find they-coordinate of the vertex by evaluating the function for x = 1.5.
f(x) = -4x 2 + 12x + 18 Original function

= -4(1.5) + 12(1.5) + 18
2
X= 1.5

Study Tip = -9 + 18 + 18 or 27 The maximum value of the function is 27.

Domain and Range The
c. State the domain and range of the function.
domain of a quadratic
function will always be all D = (-oo, +oo), {all real numbers}, or { -oo < x < +oo}
real numbers. The range will R = (-oo, 27], {f(x) I f(x) ::;; 27}, or { -oo < x::;; 27}
either be all real numbers
less than or equal to the
maximum or all real Guided Practice
numbers greater than or
equal to the minimum. 3. Consider f(x) = 4x 2 - 24x + 11.
A. Determine whether the function has a maximum or minimum value.
B. State the maximum or minimum value of the function.
C. State the domain and range of the function.

154 I Lesson 3-1 I Graphing Quadratic Functions

 Real-World Example 4 Quadratic Equations in the Real World .
CHARITY Refer to the beginning of the lesson.

a. How much should Eddie charge in order to maximize charity income?

....
Words

Variable
Total equals fee times

Let x = the number of price increases.

Let P(x) = the total pool as a function of x.
number of entrants.

0
Real-World Link Equation P(x) 20 +5x (80- Sx)
As of 2012, there were
approximately 2.3 million Solve for the x-value of the vertex.
nonprofit organizations in
the United States.
P(x) = (20 + Sx) • (80 - Sx)
Source: National Center for = 20(80) + 20( -Sx) + 5x(80) + Sx( -5x) Distribute.
Charitable Statistics
= 1600 - 100x + 400x - 25x 2 Multiply.

= 1600 + 300x - 25x 2 Simplify.

= - 25x + 300x + 1600

2
ax2 + bx + cform
Use the formula for the axis of symmetry, x = -;a' to find the x-coordinate.
300
x =- 2(_ 25 ) or 6
a = -25 and b = 300

Eddie needs to have 6 price increases, so he should charge 20 + 6(5) or $50.

b. What will be the maximum value of the pool?

Find the maximum value of the quadratic function P(x) by evaluating P(6).
P(x) = -25x 2 + 300x + 1600 Total pool function

P(6) = -25(6) 2 + 300(6) + 1600 x= 6

= -900 + 1800 + 1600 or 2500 Simplify.

Thus, the maximum prize pool is $2500 after 6 price increases.

CHECK Graph the function on a graphing calculator

and use the CALC:maximum function to
Study Tip
~ Modeling Use logic
confirm the solution.
r~
and the information from the Select a left bound of 0 and a right bound
problem to determine the NGXifi'IUfi'l
of 10. The calculator will display the 11=5.!.1!1199!1!.11 .. Y=UOO -....-
domain and range that are coordinates of the maximum at the bottom
reasonable in the situation. of the screen. [0, 10) sci: 1 by [0, 2500] sci: 100
"'01
"'
.§
>. The domain is {x Ix :::::: 0} because there can be no negative increases in
~
l:)
price. The range is {y I 0 ::; y::; 2500} because the prize pool cannot have a
~
"'v negative monetary value.
_g
u
"'
"'
.r:;
a. Guided Practice
"'Ol
0

~ 4. Suppose a different tournament that Eddie organizes has 120 players and the entry
~ fee is $40. Each time he increases the fee by $5, he loses 10 players. Determine what
~0
Q)
the entry fee should be to maximize the value of the pool.
Q)
CL

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 155
 llrJ'J Go Online! for a
Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. V Self-Check Quiz

Examples 1-2 Complete parts a- c for each quadratic function.

a. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the x-coordinate of the vertex.
b. Make a table of values that includes the vertex.
c. Use this information to graph the function.
1. f(x) = 3x2 2. f (x) = - 6x 2
3. f(x) = x2 - 4x 4. f(x) = -x 2 - 3x + 4
5. f(x) = 4x 2 - 6x - 3 6. f(x) = 2x 2 - Bx + 5

Example 3 Determine whether each function has a maximum or minimum value, and find that value.
Then state the domain and range of the function.
7. f(x) = -x 2 + 6x - 1 8. f (x) = x 2 + 3x - 12
9. f(x) = 3x 2 + Bx + 5 10. f (x) = -4x 2 + lOx - 6

Example 4 11. BUSINESS Beach Bikes rents 1400 bicycles per week at $22.50 per rental. The owner
estimates that she will rent 100 fewer bikes for each $2.50 increase in price. What price
will maximize the income of the store?

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R3.

Examples 1-2 Complete parts a-c for each quadratic function.

a. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the x-coordinate of the vertex.
b. Make a table of values that includes the vertex.
c. Use this information to graph the function.
12. f(x) = 4x 2 13. f(x) = - 2x 2
14. f(x) = x2 - 5 15. f(x) = x2 + 3
16. f(x) = 4x 2
- 3 17. f(x) = -3x + 5 2

= x 2 - 6x + 8
18. J(x) !!)f(x) = x2 - 3x- 10
20. f(x) = -x 2 + 4x - 6 21. f(x) = -2x 2 + 3x + 9

Example 3 Determine whether each function has a maximum or minimum value, and find that value.
Then state the domain and range of the function.
22. f(x) = 5x 2 23. f (x) = - x2 - 12
24. f(x) = x2 - 6x + 9 25. f (x) = - x 2 - 7x + 1
26. f(x) = Bx - 3x 2 + 2 27. f(x)= 5 - 4x - 2x 2
28. f(x) = 15 - 5x2 29. f(x) = x 2 + 12x + 27
30. f(x) = -x 2 +lOx + 30 31. f(x) = 2x2 - 16x - 42

Example 4 32. G MODELING A financial analyst determined that the cost, in thousands of dollars, of
producing bicycle frames is C = 0.000025f 2 - 0.04f + 40, where f is the number of
frames produced.
a. Find the number of frames that minimizes cost.
b. What is the total cost for that number of frames?
156 I lesson 3-1 I Graphing Quadratic Functions
Complete parts a-c for each quadratic function.
a. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the x-coordinate of the vertex.
b. Make a table of values that includes the vertex.
c. Use this information to graph the function.
33. f(x) = 2x2 - 6x - 9 34. f(x) = -3x2 - 9x + 2
35. f(x) = -4x2 + 5x 36. f(x) = 2x2 + 11x
37. f(x) = 0.25x + 3x + 4
2
38. f(x) = - 0.75x2 + 4x + 6
39. f(x) = ~x 2 + 4x - % 40. f(x) = t x2 - fx + 9

41. FINANCIAL LITERACY A babysitting club sits for 50 different families. They would like
to increase their current rate of $9.50 per hour. After surveying the families, the club
finds that the number of families will decrease by about 2 for each $0.50 increase in
the hourly rate.
a. Write a quadratic function that models this situation.
b. State the domain and range of this function as it applies to the situation.
c. What hourly rate will maximize the club's income? Is this reasonable?
d. What is the maximum income the club can expect to make?

42. ACTIVITIES Last year, 300 people attended the Franklin High School Drama Club's
winter play. The ticket price was $8. The advisor estimates that 20 fewer people would
attend for each $1 increase in ticket price.
a. What ticket price would give the greatest income for the Drama Club?
b. If the Drama Club raised its tickets to this price, how much income should it expect
to bring in?

~ TOOLS Use a calculator to find the maximum or minimum of each function. Round to
the nearest hundredth if necessary.
43. f(x) = -9x 2 - 12x + 19 44. f(x) = 12x2 - 21x + 8
45. f(x) = -8.3x 2
+ 14x - 6 46. f(x) = 9.7x 2
- 13x - 9
47. f(x) = 28x - 15 - 18x2 48. f(x) = -16- 14x - 12x 2

Determine whether each function has a maximum or minimum value, and find that value.
Then state the domain and range of the function.
f(x) = -5x2 + 4x - 8 50. f(x) = -4x2 - 3x + 2
51. f(x) = -9 + 3x + 6x2 52. f(x) = 2x - 5- 4x2
53. f(x) = t x 2 + 6x - 10 54. f(x) = -%x2 + 4x - 8

Determine the function represented by each graph.

55. f(K) ~
56. ·~ f(K il 57. f~) .I ~ ~ r-
A8 8
(0 8) ~
u
-6 1
4
u

4
ul 1
41 _l
t I 2 j
If
-8-6-4-2~ 2 4/ 6 8x -8-6- \-20 t 4 6 8x
2 '
-8-6-4-20 ~4 6 ~
'J l \ ' 4 1/ 14 (3, -1)
~ c. V(0 - I6) I- r-
- ~f' l5l6 \ I (-1 , -7) ~ 1' I I
6
8
~ (2 , -9) I
I I 1
' I ~ 18

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 157
 58. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider f(x) = x 2 4x + 8 and g(x) = 4x 2 - 4x + 8.
-
a. Tabular Make a table of values for f(x) and g(x) if -4 : : ; ; x : : ; ; 4.
b. Graphical Graph f(x) and g(x).
c. Verbal Explain the difference in the shapes of the graphs of f(x) and g(x). What
value was changed to cause this difference?
d. Analytical Predict the appearance of the graph of h(x) = 0.25x 2 - 4x + 8. Confirm
your prediction by graphing all three functions if -10::::;;; x::::;;; 10.

MULTI-STEP Omar owns a vending machine in a bowling alley. He currently sells 600
bottles of soda per week at $1.50 per bottle. He estimates that he will lose 50 customers
for every $0.25 increase in price. He has a fixed cost of $40 for every 100 bottles he
buys. He also incurs a variable cost of $10 when he restocks the vending machine. He
needs to restock the machine once it falls below 50% of its capacity of 400 bottles.
a. What is his maximum weekly profit?
b. Explain your solution process.
60. BASEBALL The height h of a baseball in feet after it is thrown straight up t seconds after
it is released is given by the function h(t) = -16t 2 + 30t + 5.
a. State the domain and range for this situation.
I b. Find the maximum height the ball will reach.

I· Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills J

61. ERROR ANALYSIS Trent thinks that the function f(x) graphed below, and the function
g(x) described next to it have the same maximum. Madison thinks that g(x) has a
greater maximum. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
f(x)
0 1 I I I I I I IX
lf\ g(x) is a quadratic function
rn1 with roots of 4 and 2 and a
ITTl y-intercept of -8.

1 ..'
62. G REASONING Determine whether the following statement is sometimes, always, or
never true. Explain your reasoning.
In a quadratic function, if two x-coordinates are equidistant from
the axis of symmetry, then they will have the same y-coordinate.
63. CHALLENGE The table at the right represents some
points on the graph of a quadratic function.
a. Find the values of a, b, c, and d. -20 -377

b. What is the x-coordinate of the vertex? c -13

c. Does the function have a maximum or a minimum? -5 -2
-1 22
64. OPEN-ENDED Give an example of a quadratic function with a
d-1 a
a. maximum of 8. b. minimum of -4. c. vertex of (-2, 6).
5 a-24

65. WRITING IN MATH How can you apply what you have learned about 7 -b
symmetry and maximum and minimum values to the graph of an 15 -202
absolute value function, f(x) = IxI ? 14- c -377

158 I Lesson 3-1 I Graphing Quadratic Functions

Preparing for Assessment
66. Consider the function f(x) = 3x 2 - 11x + 5. 71. Which function best represents the graph shown
What is the equation of the axis of symmetry? below? G7
G6
0A x =-11..
3
~ f(J') 8 ~
\ I
6
0B x =-11..
6
\
\
4
I
I
2
\ I
Oc X = 11
6 -8-6- -20 2 4 6 8X
\ 1
0D X = 11
3 (-12' 1-1) ~6
8
, I __! I
67. A pizza parlor sells 320 pizzas per night when they
charge $9.00 per pizza. The owner believes
increasing the price by $0.15 will result in selling
0 A f(x) = x2 - 4x - 1

four fewer pizzas per night. What price, in dollars, 0 B f(x) = x2 - 2x- 1
should he charge to generate the maximum total
revenue from pizza sales? G 1 0 C f(x) = x 2 + 2x - 1

0 D f(x) = x 2 + 4x - 1

68. Consider the function f(x) = 2x 2 - 16x + 13.

Which statement best describes the function?
G7
0 A The function has a minimum value of -19. 72. MULTI-STEP Consider the function
0 B The function has a minimum value of 4. f(x) = 4x2- 24x + 36. G 2
a. What is they-intercept of this function?
0 C The function has a maximum value of 13.
0 D The function has a maximum value of 17. 0A9
0 B -9

69. Consider the functionf(x) = x 2 - 8x- 20. What is 0 c 36

the range of the function? G 1
0 D -36
0 A {f(x) I f(x) ~ -36}
0 B {f(x) I f(x) ~ -32} b. Which of the following statements are true?

0 C {f(x) I f(x) ~ - 20} D A The axis of symmetry of this function

0 D {f(x) I f(x) ~ 0} is x = 3.
0 E {f(x) I f(x) ~ 28} D B The axis of symmetry of this function
is y = 3.

70. Which of the following functions have a graph whose D C A vertical line passed through a graph
parabola opens up? Select all that apply. G 2 of this function would cross the line
D A f(x) = 3x2 + 2x - 5 twice.

D B f(x) = 3x2 +x+1 D D The function is a curved line with the

D C f(x) = -x + 3x + 8
2 ends pointing up.

D D f(x) = x2 - 7x + 12 D E The function is a curved line with the

0 E f(x) = - 2x2 - x + 1 ends pointing down.

D F f(x) = -5x2 - 5x- 5 c. Factor to write this function another way.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 159
 Mathematical Practices
When three points on the graph of a parabola
are known, a system of equations can be
G 4 Model with mathematics.
5 Use appropriate tools strategically.
used to write a quadratic function.

WEATHER Andi recorded the outside temperature several times during the day.
a. Write a quadratic function that could be used to model the data. Use your model
to predict the temperature at 10 P.M.
Let x represent the number of hours since 12 A.M. andy represent the temperature. -- - -- - - - -- -

So, three points for the quadratic function are (8, 68), (12, 80), and (16, 84).
Substitute each point in ax 2 + bx + c = y to write a system of three equations.
a(8) 2 + b(8) + c = 68 ---+ 64a + 8b + c = 68 (Equation 1)

a(12) 2 + b(12) + c = 80 ---+ 144a + 12b + c = 80 (Equation 2)

a(16) 2 + b(16) + c = 84 ---+ 256a + 16b + c = 84 (Equation 3)

Solve the system.

(Equation 1)- (Equation 2) (Equation 2)- (Equation 3)

64a+ 8b + c = 68 144a+ 12b + c = 80

(-)144a + 12b + c = 80 (-)256a + 16b + c = 84
-80a -4b = -12 -112a -4b = -4

Solve the resulting system of two equations.

-80a- 4b = -12 -80a- 4b = -12
(-)-112a- 4b = -4 -80(-0.25)- 4b = -12
32a = -8 20- 4b = -12
a=_ 32
8 or -0.25 -4b = -32
b=8

Solve for c using one of the initial equations. CHECK You can use a matrix and a graphing
calculator to verify your answer.
64a + 8b + c = 68
64( -0.25) + 8(8) + c = 68 OF:Hfll rLOAT tlUTO f!Etll !lEGREE HP

-16 + 64 + c = 68 rref([AJ
1 0 0 -.25]
[0 1 0 8
c = 20 .!L~ . J... ...;4~ .. ...

So, a = -0.25, b = 8, and c = 20.

A quadratic function that models the situation

is f(x) = -0.25x 2 + 8x + 20.

160 I Extend 3-1 I Graphing Technology Lab: Modeling Real-World Data

 To predict the temperature at 10 P.M., or 22 hours since 12 A.M., substitute 22 for
x in the modeling function.
f(x) = -0.25x 2 + 8x + 20
f(22) = -0.25(22) 2 + 8(22) + 20
= 75
According to the modeling function, the temperature at 10 P.M. would be 75°F.

b. Determine whether this quadratic model is suitable for predicting ORHAL FLOAT AUTO REAl DEGREE HP

~
the temperature for the next two days. Explain.
Examine the graph of the function. The parabola opens down.
This indicates that as x increases, the value of y decreases.
Or, as the number of hours increases, the temperature decreases.
The model is not suitable as it would predict temperatures that
continually decrease without ever increasing. [0, 24] sci: 1 by [0, 120] sci: 5

Previously, you determined a line of regression and its equation for a set of data. Similarly,
you can determine a quadratic regression equation for data. Often, you will need to
compare the correlation coefficient rfor various models to determine which is the most
appropriate.

Activity 2 Determine Model for Real-World Data

WATER A container is filled with water. The water is allowed to drain from a hole
made near the bottom of the container. The table shows the level of water y measured
in centimeters from the bottom of the container after x seconds.

a. Determine whether a linear model or a quadratic model best fits the data.
fia Enter the data. Place the values for time in L1 and the values for the water level in l2.

fi®fj Calculate and graph a linear regression equation.

HORMAL FLOAT AUTO REAL DEGREE HP I ORHAL F'LOAT AUTO REAL OEGRE£ HP

lm:m

t=:
o,!=ax+b
a=-. 0571503497
b=41.11153846
r 2 =. 9517173393
r=-. 9755600132

[0, 260] sci: 20 by [0, 45) sci: 5

The r-value, r:::::: -0.976, indicates that a linear model fits the data well because I r I
is close to 1.
(continued on the next page

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 161
 fii§iJ Calculate and graph a quadratic regression equation.

ORNAL rLOAT AUTO REAL DEGREE NP OftHAL flOAT AUTO REAL DEGREE HP' n
r!mi:m

L=
y=ax 2 +bx+c
a=2. 1035215E -4
b=-. 1034278222
c=42. 65412088
R 2 =. 9998523273

[0, 260] sci: 20 by [0, 45] sci: 5

The R 2-value corresponds to an r-value of about 0.999. So, the

quadratic regressions fits the data extremely well.
Recall that the closer I r I is to 1, the better the fit of a regression equation.
Because the r-value for the quadratic regression is closer to 1 than that of the
linear regression, the quadratic model is more appropriate for the data.

b. Determine which regression equation would make better predictions about the
water level for any time after 220 seconds.
The linear regression would be better for making predictions because it is continually
decreasing, just as the water level would. The quadratic regression begins to increase
indicating that the water level begins to rise, which is not possible.

Exercises
Work cooperatively.
1. ROCKETS Ari launched a model rocket straight up. Sensors in the rocket recorded Time (s) I Altitude (ft)
data for 3 seconds before malfunctioning. 1 160
2 287
a. Write a quadratic function to represent this situation. Then use the function to
3 382
determine the altitude of the rocket for each of the next 5 seconds.
b. Determine whether this quadratic model is suitable for predicting the altitude of the rocket.
Explain.

Work cooperatively. The table shows the height of a person jumping straight up. Height of Player's Feet
above Floor
2. Determine a linear model and a quadratic model. Which best fits the data?
Time (s) I Height (in.)
3. Use each regression equation to estimate the height of the player after 1 second 0.1 3.04
and 1.5 seconds. 0.2 5.76
0.3 8.16
4. Compare and contrast the estimates you found in Exercise 3. 0.4 10.24
0.5 12
5. How might choosing a regression equation that does not fit the data well affect 0.6 13.44
predictions made by using the equation? 0.7 14.56

162 I Extend 3-1 I Graphing Technology Lab: Modeling Real-World Data

 • You solved systems
of equations by
•1 Solve quadratic
equations by graphing.
• Arielle works in the marketing
department of a major retailer.
graphing. Her job is to set prices for new
Estimate solutions of
2
quadratic equations
by graphing.
products sold in the stores.
Arielle determined that for a
certain product, the function
f(p) = -6p 2 + 192p- 1440
tells the profit f(p) made at price p.

Arielle can determine the price range

by finding the prices for which the
profit is equal to $0. This can be 100

~
done by finding the solutions 90
of the related quadratic equation ~ 80
0 = -6p 2 + 192p- 1440. [ 70
E
0 60
The graph of the function indicates u 50
that the profit is zero at 12 and 20, so 0 40
the profitable price range of the item
is between $12 and $20. -e
It'-
~ 30

a.
20
10
0
4 8 12 16 202428323640
Price of Item
%J New
Vocabulary
quadratic equation
standard form
root
zero
1Solve Quadratic Equations Quadratic equations are quadratic functions that are
set equal to a value. The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
where a =/= 0 and a, b, and c are integers.
The solutions of a quadratic equation are called the roots of the equation. One
method for finding the roots of a quadratic equation is to find the zeros of the
G Mathematical related quadratic function.
Practices
3 Construct viable The zeros of the function are the x-intercepts of its graph.
arguments and critique
the reasoning of others.
Quadratic Function Graph of Function

f(x) = x 2 - x- 6 I I ~ f(x) 4I .
-2 , 0) 1 (3, 0)
J(-2) = (- 2) 2 - (-2)- 6 or 0 1\ 0 X

1\ I
f(3) = 3 2 - 3 - 6 or 0 \ I
~
-2 and 3 are zeros of the function. '1\
\
r-
1/
J

Quadratic Equation
.,.
"'g'
x2 - x- 6 =0 The x-intercepts are -2 and 3 .
t:

~
(3
(-2) 2 - (-2)- 6 or 0
"'en 3 2 - 3- 6 or 0
E
Q)
(.)
::,
-2 and 3 are roots of the equation.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 163
 Example1 Two Real Solutions
Solve x 2 - 3x - 4 = 0 by graphing.
Graph the related function, f(x) = x2 - 3x - 4. The equation of the axis of symmetry
is x =- ({) or 1.5. Make a table using x-values around 1.5. Then graph each point.
2
-1 I 0 3 I 4 ~ 8 f(K) j.
I

Study Tip
0 I -4 I -6 -4 I 0 '\ ~
4
I
I

I
Set-Builder Notation In
Lesson 1-5, you learned how
to express the solution set of
The zeros of the function are -1 and 4. Therefore, the
solutions of the equation are -1 and 4 or {xI x = -1, 4}.
-
-2 ~
r- ~-}
'
I
2

~ .....l/
If
J X

an inequality using set-builder I

notation. The solutions of an r-- r-- - -8

equation can also be Guided Practice I

expressed in set-builder Solve each equation by graphing .

. notation. For example, the
solutions of XL= 25 can be 1A. x2 + 2x - 15 =0 1B. x 2 - 8x = -12
expressed as {xI x = -5, 5}.

The graph of the related function in Example 1 has two zeros; therefore, the quadratic
equation has two real solutions. This is one of the three possible outcomes when solving
a quadratic equation.

, Key Concept Solutions of a Quadratic Equation

Words A quadratic equation can have one real solution, two real solutions, or no real solutions.

Models

~
one real solution
X

w
two real solutions
X

~
no real solution
X

Example 2 One Real Solution

Solve 14 - x2 = -6x + 23 by graphing.
14 - x2 = - 6x + 23 Original equation
f~) ~ J.
14 = x2 - 6x + 23 Add x2 to each side. 1\ I
Study Tip 0 = x2 - 6x + 9 Subtract 14. \ 1/
I
Optional Graph
f(x) = -x2 + 6x - 9 could
also have been graphed for
Graph the related function f(x) =x 2
- 6x + 9. ' \
\ I
I

If
this example. The graph
would appear different, 4
2 3 4 I 5
0
'
\.. /
X

but it would have the same

solution.
The function has only one zero, 3. Therefore, the solution is 3 or {xI x = 3}.

Guided Practice
Solve each equation by graphing.
2A. x 2 + 5 = -8x - 11 28. 12 - x 2 = 48 - 12x

164 I Lesson 3-2 I Solving Quadratic Equation s by Graphing

 Example3 No Real Solution
NUMBER THEORY Use a quadratic equation to find two real numbers with a sum of 15
and a product of 63.
Understand Let x represent one of the numbers. Then 15 - xis the other number.

Plan x(15- x) = 63 The product of the numbers is 63.

15x- x 2 = 63 Distributive Property
-x 2 + 15x- 63 =0 Subtract 63.

Solve Graph the related function. I y

-20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14x
The graph has no x-intercepts. This means
the original equation has no real solution. f-- _1_4
f-- -6
Check Because the equation has no real solutions, it is f-- -8 ir
-10 \
not possible for two real numbers to have a sum I

, '
-12
of 15 and a product of 63. I
-14
-16 II ~
Try finding the product of several pairs of I ~
numbers with sums of 15. Is each product
less than 63 as the graph suggests?

Guided Practice
3. Find two real numbers with a sum of 6 and a product of -55, or show that no such
numbers exist.

Watch Out!
2 Estimate Solutions Often exact roots cannot be found by graphing. You can
estimate the solutions by stating the integers between which the roots are located.

Zeros You will see in later When the value of the function is positive for one value and negative for a second value,
chapters that many zeros can then there is at least one zero between those two values.
appear within small intervals.

Go Online! ~- Example4 Estimate Roots

Watch Personal Tutor Solve x 2 - 6x + 4 = 0 by graphing. If exact roots cannot be found, state the
videos to hear descriptions consecutive integers between which the roots are located.
of problem solving. Try
j f(K) ~
~ I -~ _! I _: I _: I -~ I :
describing how to solve a
problem for a partner. Have I 1\ I
them ask you questions to
\ I
help your understanding. \ I
The x-intercepts of the graph indicate that one solution 0 l X
'J J~ .~-~~k is between 0 and 1, and the other solution is between ~ J
l ·-;·-<S,.-(•0
1r-s..-J·r 5 and 6. \ I
IJ
'

~
~
~· s-'
~ ><-f·O

Guided Practice
'~ ..)

4. Solve x 2 - x - 10 = 0 by graphing. If exact roots cannot be found, state the

consecutive integers between which the roots are located.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 165
 You can also use tables to solve quadratic equations. After entering the equation in your
calculator, scroll through the table to locate the solutions.

Example5 Solve by Using a Table

Solve x 2 - 6x + 2 = 0.
Enter Y1 = x 2 - 6x + 2 in your graphing calculator. Use the TABlE window to find
where the sign of Y1 changes. Change 6 Tbl to 0.1 and look again for the sign change.
Repeat the process with 0.01 and 0.001 to get a more accurate location of the zero.

Y1
~.07~6
.... .02:2:5
.)li ·.0)0'1
.)7 ·.08)1
.)8 ·.U51i
.) !II ·.187!11
.it ·.2:'1

One solution is approximately 0.354.

Guided Practice
5. Locate the second zero in the function above to the nearest thousandth.

Quadratic equations can be solved with a calculator as well. After entering the equation,
use the zero feature in the CAlC menu.

Real-World Example 6 Solve by Using a Calculator

BALL A golfer hits a ball from an elevated tee box 200 feet above the fairway.
The ball's height above the fairway is modeled by h(t) = -16t 2 + 28t + 200,
where tis the time in seconds after it is hit. How long will it take the ball to
reach the fairway?
We need to find t when h(t) is 0. Solve 0 = -16t 2 + 28t + 200. Then graph the related
function f(t) = -16t 2 + 28t + 200 on a graphing calculator.
• Use the zero feature in the CAlC menu to find
the positive zero of the function, since time
cannot be negative.
About 220,000 students
participate in high school • Use the arrow keys to select a left bound and
golf teams in the United press IENTER I. v=o \
States.
• Locate a right bound and press IENTER I twice. [-10, 10] sci: 1 by [-200, 200] sci: 20

• The positive zero of the function is about 4.52.

The ball would take about 4.52 seconds to
reach the ground.

g;
Guided Practice 3'
0

6. How long would it take to reach the ground if the height was modeled by
h(t) = -16t 2 + 48t + 400? f
!>
aT
~~

166 I Lesson 3-2 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

 = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on taae:lft,~~
Example 1 Use the related graph of each equation to determine its solutions.
1. x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 2. x 2 - 3x- 10 = 0 3. -x 2 - 8x- 16 = 0
~
, Yl4 y

~
'I
f--
4 y li
f-- 2 II
J r /
'
l 0 X
1\ I - :\-10 1 2 3 4 J 6x J 1\
If

'~ I..J
f--
f--

f-- ~
~~~
j
'I
I
~
II
'I
\

'
0 X
f--

f-- -12 1\..

I
- /
'I
,
I
I rY
T
1

Examples 2-5 ~ PRECISION Solve each equation. If exact roots cannot be found, state the consecutive
integers between which the roots are located.
4. x 2 + 8x = 0 A x2 - 3x - 18 =0
6. 4x - x 2 + 8 =0 7. -12 - Sx + 3x 2 = 0
8. x2 - 6x + 4 = -8 9. 9- x 2 = 12

10. 5x 2 + 10x - 4 = -6 11. x 2 - 20 =2+x

12. NUMBER THEORY Use a quadratic equation to find two real numbers with a sum of 2
and a product of -24.

Example 6 13. PHYSICS How long will it take an object to fall from the roof of a building 400 feet
above the ground? Use the formula h(x) = -16t 2 + h 0, where tis the time in seconds
and the initial height h 0 is in feet.

Example 1 Use the related graph of each equation to determine its solutions.
14. x 2 + 4x = 0 15. -2x 2 - 4x- 5 = 0 16. 0.5x 2 - 2x +2= 0
~
1\
~
I
y ..
1\
y .4
I
\ I 0 X \ I

' \ ld
I
X
/ \
1\ I
If
1\

' ~ ./
I{

I
J
If
'1\1\
0
' ~
"~~o.. ~
j

X
It ~1

17. -0.25x 2 - x- 1 = 0 18. x 2 - 6x + 11 = 0 19. -0.5x 2 + O.Sx + 6 = 0

..... ,
y y ..
, ~
1/ r\
y

l/ 0 X l J j ~
1\ I
'
1/ II

I
j
' ~
\ '~ _)
If
1/
II
J \
\
~
I ~

0 X I
J 0 'll X

It 11
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 167
Examples 2-4 Solve each equation. If exact roots cannot be found, state the consecutive integers
between which the roots are located.
20. x 2 = 5x 21. - 2x 2 - 4x = 0

22. x2 - 5x - 14 =0 23. -x 2 + 2x + 24 =0
24. x 2 - 18x = -81 25. 2x 2 - 8x = -32
26. 2x 2 - 3x - 15 = 4 27. -3x 2 - 7 + 2x = -11

28. -0.5x 2 + 3 = -5x - 2 29. -2x + 12 = x2 + 16

Example 5 Use the tables to determine the location of the zeros of each quadratic function.
30.

31.

32.

Example 6 NUMBER THEORY Use a quadratic equation to find two real numbers that satisfy each
situation, or show that no such numbers exist.
Their sum is -15, and their product is -54.

34. Their sum is 4, and their product is -117.

35. Their sum is 12, and their product is -84.

36. Their sum is -13, and their product is 42.

37. Their sum is -8 and their product is -209.

G MODELING For Exercises 38-40, use the formula h(t) = v t - 16t 0

2
, where h(t) is the
height of an object in feet, v 0 is the object's initial velocity in feet per second, and tis the
time in seconds.
38. BASEBALL A baseball is hit with an initial velocity of 80 feet per second. Ignoring the
height of the baseball player, how long does it take for the ball to hit the ground?

39. CANNONS A cannonball is shot with an initial velocity of 55 feet per second. Ignoring the
height of the cannon, how long does it take for the cannonball to hit the ground?

40. GOLF A golf ball is hit with an initial velocity of 100 feet per second. How long will
it take for it to hit the ground?

Solve each equation. If exact roots cannot be found, state the consecutive integers
between which the roots are located.
41. 2x 2 +x= 15 42. -5x- 12 = -2x 2
43. 4x 2 - 15 = -4x 44. -35 = -3x- 2x 2
45. -3x 2 + 11x + 9 = 1 46. 13- 4x 2 = -3x

47. -0.5x 2 + 18 = -6x + 33 48. 0.5x 2 + 0.75 = 0.25x

168 I lesson 3-2 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
 WATER BALLOONS Tony wants to drop a water balloon
so that it splashes on his brother. Use the formula
h(t) = -16t 2 + h 0, where tis the time in seconds and
the initial height h 0 is in feet, to determine how far
his brother should be from the target when Tony lets
go of the balloon.

50. WATER HOSES A water hose can spray water at an

initial velocity of 40 feet per second. Use the formula
h(t) = v 0 t - 16t 2, where h(t) is the height of the water
in feet, v 0 is the initial velocity in feet per second, and
t is the time in seconds.
a. How long will it take the water to hit the
nozzle on the way down?
b. Assuming the nozzle is 5 feet up, what is
the maximum height of the water?

51. SKYDIVING In 2003, John Fleming and Dan Rossi became

Jump from
the first two blind skydivers to be in free fall together. plane at
They jumped from an altitude of 14,000 feet and free 14,000 ft
fell to an altitude of 4000 feet before their parachutes
opened. Ignoring air resistance and using the formula Free-fall
h(t) = -16t 2 + h 0, where t is the time in seconds and the
initial height h 0 is in feet, determine how long they were Open
in free fall. parachutes
at4,000ft

52. MULTI-STEP In economics, the law of diminishing returns states that the cost of
producing one more unit of a good increases as more of that good is produced. The
table below shows the cost associated with the production of canned cheese for
Wholesome Dairy.
Units Produced 60
------
Total Cost($) 1625

a. The marginal cost is the change in the total cost divided by the change in units
produced. How many units should the company produce to minimize their marginal
cost?
b. Explain your solution process.

Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

53. CHALLENGE Find the value of a positive integer k such that

f(x) = x 2 - 2kx +55 has roots at k + 3 and k- 3.

54. G REASONING If a quadratic function has a minimum at (-6, -14) and a root at
x = -17, what is the other root? Explain your reasoning.

55. OPEN-ENDED Write a quadratic function with a maximum at (3, 125) and roots at
-2 and 8.

56. WRITING IN MATH Explain how to solve a quadratic equation by graphing its related
quadratic function.

connectED.mcqrnw-hill.com 169
Preparing for Assessment
57. Consider the function graphed below. G7 61. MULTI-PART Consider this equation. G 2, 6
6 y x2 + 3x- 10 = x -2
.-l..o-"' ~
~ r\ a. When the equation is rearranged to be equal
"3
J 2
' 1\
to zero and written in function notation as
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, what are the values of
I 1 1
I \ a, b, and c?
-4-3-2 -10 1 2 3, 4x
_L 2 0 A 1, 2, 8
I
0 B 1, -2,12
Which best describes the location of a zero?
0A between 0 and 2 0 c 1, 2,-8

0B between 3 and 4 0 D -1, 2,12

oc between 4 and 5 b. Which of the following statements are true?

Oo between 5 and 6 D A The graph of f(x) is a parabola that
opens down.

58. What are the x-intercepts of the graph of the related D B The graph of f(x) is a parabola that
function for x2 + x- 20 = 2x - 8? G 6 opens up.
0A -7 and 4
D C The vertex of the graph of f(x) is below
0B -5 and 4 the x-axis.

oc - 3 and 4 D D The vertex of the graph of f(x) is above

the x-axis.
Oo no x-intercepts
D E The graph of f(x) does not intersect the
x-axis.
59. Which equation has n o real roots? G2
0 A x2 - 16 = 0 c. What are the zeros of f(x)?

0 B x2 -4x +8=0

0 C x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
d. What is they-intercept of the graph of f(x)?
0 D 2
x +6x= O
0 E x2 + 8x + 16 =0

62. The height of a model rocket launched vertically

60. Which statements are always true about the graph
upward is described by the formula h(t) = v0t-
of a quadratic function that has only one real zero? 16t2, where h(t) is the height in feet, v 0 is the initial
G2 velocity in feet per second, and t is the time in
D A The graph has one x-intercept. seconds. How long is the model rocket in the air if
it is launched with an initial velocity of 96 feet per
D B The graph will open upward. second? G 1
D C The x-intercept is the vertex.

D D The equation of the axis of symmetry

is x = 0.

D E The vertex is on the y-axis.

170 I Lesson 3-2 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

 c=J
0000
Graphing Technology Lab 0000
0000
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing CJOO

You can use a TI-83/84 Plus graphing

calculator to solve quadratic equations.

Work cooperatively. Solve x 2 - Bx + 15 = 0.

Jim Let Y1 = x 2 - 8x + 15 and Y2 = 0.
~~"

Jim Graph Y1 and Y2 in the standard viewing window. 1\ j'--"

KEYSTROKEs: IV= II X,T,e,n I C2] [8] 8\ X,T,e,n I [±J 15\ ENTER I oI ZOOM 16 ..,.. '

[ -10, 10] sci: 1 by [-10, 10] sci: 1

Jim To find the x-intercepts, determine the points where Y1 = Y2.

KEYSTROKES: \2nd I [CALC] 5
Press IENTER I for the first equation. Press IENTER I for the second equation. Ir.tus~ctiofl
X:3: IV:(I

Move the cursor as close to the left x-intercept and press IENTER I.
[-10, 10] sci: 1 by [-10, 10] sci: 1

Find the second x-intercept.

KEYSTROKES: \2nd I[CALC] 5

Press IENTER I for the first equation. Press IENTER I for the second equation. Iflt~nHtiofl
X=~ IV:(I

Move the cursor as close to the right x-intercept and press IENTER I.
[ -10, 10] sci: 1 by [-10, 10] sci: 1

The x-intercepts are 3 and 5, sox= 3 and x = 5.

Exercises
Work cooperatively. Solve each equation. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. x2 - + 12 = 0
7x 2. x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 3. x2 - 3 = 2x
4. x2 + 5x + 6 = 12 5. x2 + 5x = 0 6. x2 - 4= 0
7. x2 + 8x + 16 = 0 B. x2 - lOx= -25 9. 9x2 + 48x + 64 = 0
10. 2x2 + 3x - 1 = 0 11. 5x2 -7x= -2 12. 6x2 + 2x +1=0

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 171
• You simplified •1 Perform operations • Consider the graph of y = x2 + 2x + 4 at the ~··

square roots. with pure imaginary

numbers.
right. Notice how this graph has no x-intercepts
and therefore does not have any roots. Does this
mean there are no solutions to 0 = x2 + 2x + 4?
~ v
2
Perform operations
with complex Use the Solver function located in the MATH menu
numbers. of a graphing calculator. Enter the equation and
select x = 2 as your guess to a solution.
..... ~-

[ -10, 10] sci: 1 by [ -10, 10] sci: 1

I II I
Press ALPHA ENTER and the calculator
will attempt to solve the equation. The calculator
indicates there is no solution with the error ~·
ERR: NO SIGN CHt~G
message. So there are no real solutions. However, LIIQuit
Z:Goto
there are imaginary solutions.

lillra.t.

'l'bJ New
Vocabulary
imaginary unit
pure imaginary number
1Pure Imaginary Numbers In your math studies so far, you have worked with real
numbers. Equations like the one above led mathematicians to define imaginary
numbers. The imaginary unit i is defined to be i 2 = -1. The number i is the principal
complex number square root of -1; that is, i = ~.
complex conjugates

Numbers of the form 6i, - 2i, and i V3 are called pure imaginary numbers. Pure
imaginary numbers are square roots of negative real numbers. For any positive real
G Mathematical numberb,~ =VfJ·~ orbi.
Practices
6 Attend to precision.
Example1 Square Roots of Negative Numbers
Simplify.

a. v-27 b. v-216
~=V-1·3 2 ·3 v-216 = v-1 . 6 2
• 6
=~·#·V3 =~.{62:6
= i • 3 • V3 or 3ivl3 = i · 6 • V6 or 6i\(6

Guided Practice
1A. V-18 18. v-125
The Commutative and Associative Properties of Multiplication hold true for pure
imaginary numbers. The first few powers of i are shown below.

i1 = i i 2 = -1 i3 = P · i or -i i 4 = (i 2) 2 or 1
i 5 = i 4 • i or i i 6 = i 4 • i 2 or -1 P= i 4 • i 3 or -i i 8 = (i 2) 4 or 1

172 I Lesson 3-3

 Example2 Products of Pure Imaginary Numbers
Simplify.
a. -5i • 3i
-5i • 3i = -15P Multiply.
= -15(-1) ;2= -1
= 15 Simplify.

b. R·v-ts
R. V-15 = iV6. iv'15 i=R
= i2V9Q Multiply.
= -1·V9 ·Vlo Simplify.
= -3Vlo Multiply.

Guided Practice
2A. 3i • 4i 28. V-20 . V=12 2C. i31

You can solve some quadratic equations by using the Square Root Property. Similar to a
difference of squares, the sum of squares can be factored over the complex numbers.

Example 3 Equation with Pure Imaginary Solutions

Solve x 2 + 64 = 0.

Method 1 Square Root Property Method 2 Factoring

x2 + 64 = 0 x2 + 64 = 0
x 2 = -64 x2 + 8 2 = 0
X= ±v'-64 x2 -(-8 2)=0
X= ±8i (x + 8i)(x - 8i) = 0
(x + 8i) = 0 or (x - 8i) = 0
X= -8i X = 8i

Guided Practice
Solve each equation.
3A. 4x 2 + 100 = 0 38. x 2 +4 =0

Consider 2 + 3i. Because 2 is a real

2 Operations with Complex Numbers
number and 3i is a pure imaginary number, the terms are not like terms and cannot
be combined. This type of expression is called a complex number.

r~• Key Concept Complex Numbers

Words A complex number is any number that can be written in the form a+ bi, where a
and bare real numbers and i is the imaginary unit. a is called the real part, and b is
called the imaginary part.

Examples 5 + 2i 1 - 3i = 1 + (-3)i

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 173
 The Venn diagram shows the set of complex Complex Numbers (a + bi)
numbers.
• If b = 0, the complex number is a real number.
b= O
I
Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers
b =/= 0
• If b =I= 0, the complex number is imaginary.
• If a= 0, the complex number is a pure
imaginary number.

Two complex numbers are equal if and only

if their real parts are equal and their imaginary
parts are equal. That is, a+ bi = c + di if and
only if a= c and b =d.
Study Tip
G Precision Whereas all Example4 Equate Complex Numbers
real numbers are also
complex, the term complex Find the values of x andy that make 3x- 5 + (y- 3)i = 7 + 6i true.
number usually refers to a
number that is not real. Set the real parts equal to each other and the imaginary parts equal to each other.
3x - 5 =7 Real parts y-3=6 Imaginary parts

3x = 12 Add 5 to each s1de. y=9 Add 3 to each side.

x =4 Divide each side by 3.

Guided Practice
4. Find the values of x and y that make 5x + 1 + (3 + 2y)i = 2x - 2 + (y - 6)i true.

The Commutative, Associative, and Distributive Properties of Multiplication and

Addition hold true for complex numbers. To add or subtract complex numbers,
combine like terms. That is, combine the real parts, and combine the imaginary parts.

ExampleS Add and Subtract Complex Numbers

Simplify.
a. (5- 7i) + (2 + 4i)
(5 - 7i) + (2 + 4i) = (5 + 2) + (-7 + 4)i Commutattve and Associative Properties

= 7 - 3i Simplify.

b. (4- Si)- (3- 6i)

(4 - 8i) - (3 - 6i) = (4 - 3) + [- 8 - (- 6) ]i Commutative and Associative Properties

=1 - 2i Simplify.

Guided Practice
SA. (-2 + 5i) + (1 - 7i) 58. (4 + 6i)- (-1 + 2i)
Study Tip
Reading Math Electrical
engi neers use j as the Complex numbers are used with electricity. In these problems, j usually represents the
imaginary unit to avoid
imaginary unit. In a circuit with alternating current, the voltage, current, and impedance,
confusion with th e i for
current.
or hindrance to current, can be represented by complex numbers. To multiply these
numbers, use the FOIL method.

174 I Lesson 3-3 I Complex Numbers

 Real-~orld Example 6 Multiply Complex Numbers
ELECTRICITY In an AC circuit, the voltage V, current C, and impedance I are related by
the formula V = C • I. Find the voltage in a circuit with current 2 + 4j amps and
impedance 9 - 3j ohms.
V= C · I Electricity formula

= (2 + 4J) • (9 - 3J) C= 2 + 4Jand /= 9 -3j

= 2(9) + 2( -3J) + 4j(9) + 4j( -3J) FOIL Method

= 18 - 6j + 36j - 12j 2 Multiply.

= 18 + 30j- 12(-1) /=-1

= 30 + 30j Add.

Electrical Engineer
The voltage is 30 + 30j volts.
Electrical engineers design,
develop, test, and supervise
Guided Practice
the making of electrical
equipment such as digital 6. Find the voltage in a circuit with current 2 - 4j amps and impedance 3 - 2j ohms.
music players, electric
motors, lighting, and radar
and navigation systems.
A bachelor's degree in
engineering is required Two complex numbers of the form a + bi and a - bi are called complex conjugates. The
for almost all entry-level product of complex conjugates is always a real number. You can use this fact to simplify
engineering jobs. the quotient of two complex numbers.

Example7 Divide Complex Numbers

Simplify.
2i
a. 3 + 6i
2i 2i 3- 6i
3 + 6i and 3- 6i are complex conjugates.
3 + 6i = 3 + 6i • 3 - 6i
6i- 12i 2
Multiply.
9- 36i 2
6i-12(-1)
;2= - 1
9- 36(-1)
6i + 12 Simplify.
Study Tip 45
Technology Operations 4 + 2. a+ biform
w\th complex numbers can
= 15 151
be preformed with a 4 +i
Tl-83/84 Plus graphing b. 5i
calculator. Use
4+i 4+i i i
I I
the 2nd [i] function to sr-=sr-·i Mult1ply by j ·
enter the expression. Then
- 4i + j2
I
press MATH ENTERI I - ---si2 Multiply.
ENTER!to view the answer.
- 4i -1 ;2= - 1
- ----=5

~2666666667+.
i,/(3+6\.) 1 4.
ns~Frac.
13... =s--s' a+ btform

.,"' 4/15+2/15\.
I
>. Guided Practice
., -2i
-.. 78. 2 + i
~ JA. 3 + 5i 1- i
~

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 175
 Check Your Understandi_
ng_~~- = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.
Examples 1-2 Simplify.
tv=sl 2.~
3. (4i)( -3i) 4. 3V-24 . 2V-i8
5• ·40
l 6. ·63
l

Example 3 Solve each equation.

7. 4x 2 + 32 = 0 8. x2 + 1 =0
Example 4 Find the values of a and b that make each equation true.
9. 3a + (4b + 2)i = 9- 6i 10. 4b - 5 + (-a - 3)i =7- 8i

Examples Simplify.
5 and 7
11. (-1 + Si) + (-2- 3i) 12. (7 + 4i) - (1 + 2i)
13. (6 - 8i)(9 + 2i) 14. (3+2i)(-2+4i)

16 2 + i
3- i
15. 4 + 2i · 5 + 6i

Example 6 17. ELECTRICITY The current in one part of a series circuit is 5 - 3j amps. The current in
another part of the circuit is 7 + 9j amps. Add these complex numbers to find the total
current in the circuit.

Practice ant!_ Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R3.

Examples 1-2 Simplify.

18. v-121 19. v-169
20. v-1oo 21. R1
22. (-3i)( -7i)(2i) 23. 4i(-6i) 2
24. i 11 25. i 25
Examples 5-7 26. (10 - 7i) + (6 + 9i) 27. (-3 + i) + (-4 - i)
28. (12 + Si) - (9 - 2i) 29. (11 - 8i) - (2 - 8i)
30. (1 + 2i) (1 - 2i) 31. (3 + Si) (5 - 3i)
2i
32. (4 - i)(6 - 6i) 33. 1 + i
5
35.
5 +i
34. 2 + 4i 3i

Example 3 Solve each equation.

36. 4x 2 + 4 = 0 f) 3x 2 + 48 =0
38. 2x 2 + 50 = 0 39. 2x 2 + 10 = 0
40. 6x 2 + 108 =0 41. 8x 2 + 128 = 0

Example 4 Find the values of x andy that make each equation true.
42. 9 + 12i = 3x + 4yi 43. X + 1 + 2yi = 3 - 6i
44. 2x + 7 + (3 - y)i = -4 + 6i 45. 5 + y + (3x - 7)i =9- 3i
46. a + 3b + (3a - b)i = 6 + 6i 47. (2a - 4b)i + a + 5b = 15 + 58i

176 I Lesson 3-3 I Complex Numbers

 Simplify.
48. V-10. V-24 49. 4i( ti)\-2i) 2 50. i41

51. (4 - 6i) + (4 + 6i) 52. (8 - 5i) - (7 + i) 53. (-6 - i)(3 - 3i)

54. (5 + i)2 55. _§_:::_j_

2 - 3i
56. (-4 + 6i)(2- i)(3 + 7i)

57. (1 + i)(2 + 3i)(4 - 3i) 59. 2- iV3

2 +iV3
60. ELECTRICITY The impedance in one part of a series circuit is 7 + 8j ohms, and the
impedance in another part of the circuit is 13 - 4j ohms. Add these complex numbers
to find the total impedance in the circuit.
ELECTRICITY Use the formula V = C • I.
The current in a circuit is 3 + 6j amps, and the impedance is 5- j ohms. What is
the voltage?
62. The voltage in a circuit is 20 - 12j volts, and the impedance is 6 - 4j ohms. What
is the current?

63. Find the sum of ix 2 - (4 + 5i)x + 7 and 3x 2 + (2 + 6i)x- 8i.

64. Simplify [(2 + i)x 2 - ix + 5 + i] - [(-3 + 4i)x 2 + (5- 5i)x- 6].
65. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will explore quadratic equations that
have complex roots.
a. Algebraic Write a quadratic equation in standard form with 3i and -3i as
its roots.
b. Graphical Graph the quadratic equation found in part a by graphing its
related function.
c. Algebraic Write a quadratic equation in standard form with 2 + i and 2 - i
as its roots.
d. Graphical Graph the quadratic equation found in part c by graphing its
related function.
e. Analytical How do you know when a quadratic equation will have only
complex solutions?

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

66. ERROR ANALYSIS Joe and Sue are simplifying (2i)(3i)(4i). Is either of them correct?
Explain your reasoning.

1 z~~o~ -z~ 11 24~~~~241 1

67. CHALLENGE Simplify (1 + 2i) 3 .

68. ~ REASONING Determine whether the following statement is always, sometimes, or
never true. Explain your reasoning.
Every complex number has both a real part and an imaginary part.
69. OPEN-ENDED Write two complex numbers with a product of 20.
70. WRITING IN MATH Explain how complex numbers are related to
quadratic equations.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 177
Preparing for Assessment
71. Which expression is equivalent to 75. If a > 0 and (a - 2i) (a + 2i) = 5 then
5- 3(-7 + 4i)- (8- i)? G 6 what is the value of a? G 1
0 A -22 + 7i

0 B -22 + 9i
0 c 18 -11i
76. MULTI-STEP Consider the expression
0 D 18 + 3i (-5 + 3i)(4 + 2i) ~
1- 2i · v 3
a. Which expressions are equivalent to the
numerator? Choose all that apply.

D A 5(4 + 2i) + 3i(4 + 2i)

72. The formula V = C • I describes the relationship
between voltage (V) current (C) and impedance
1 1
DB -5(4) + (-5)(2i) + (3i)(4) + (3i)(2i)
(I). What is the voltage when the current in a
circuit is 5 - 7j amps and the impedence is 4 + j
D c -42i + 6P
ohms? G4 D D -26 + 2i
0A 13 - 18j volts
D E -20 - 10i + 12i + 6P
0B 13 - 23j volts
DF -20- 2i +6
Oc 27- 18j volts
b. What is the complex conjugate of the
0D 27 - 23j volts denominator?

c. Which expression is equivalent to the

quotient?
73. Which expression is equivalent to
1- n G6 0A 6 + 10i
0A i30 + i31 -22 + 54i
0B 5
0B i30 - i31
Oc -2 + 6i
Oc i31 - i30
0 D -6 -10i
0D (i30)( i31)

0E (i30)(-i31)
77. Which expressions are equal to -1? G6
D A j2

DB p

74. What are the values of x and y when Dc 1 +P

(9 + 6i) - (x + yi) = -2 + 4i? G 6
DD (iS) (i)
0 A x=7~y=2
D E i- 3- 4P
0 B X= 71 y = 10
DF 1- p + 2P - i
0 C X= 11 1 y = 2

0 D x = 11 y = 10
1

178 I Lesson 3-3 I Complex Numbers

 greatest common
•1 Write quadratic
equations in standard
• The factored form of a quadratic equation is
0 = a(x- p)(x- q).ln the equation, p and q
y~
1\
.4
I
factors of sets of form. represent the x-intercepts of the graph of \ I
numbers. the equation. \ ,
1/
Solve quadratic
2
equations by factoring. The x-intercepts of the graph at the right are 0 '1\ ~ J
I
X

2 and 6. In this lesson, you will learn how to

\ I
change a quadratic equation in factored form
~ ~
into standard form and vice versa.
Standard Form Factored Form
Related Graph
0 = x2 - Bx+ 12 0 = (x- 6)(x- 2) 2 and 6 are

(Ltar!] x-intercepts.

'l'bJ New
Vocabulary
factored form
FOIL method
1Standard Form You can use the FOIL method to write a quadratic equation that is
in factored form in standard form. The FOIL method uses the Distributive Property to
multiply binomials.

G Mathematical It Key Concept FOIL Method for Multiplying Binomials

Practices Words To multiply two binomials, find the sum ofthe products of f the First terms,
2 Reason abstractly and 0 the Outer terms, I the Inner terms, and Lthe Last terms.
quantitatively.
Examples Product of Product of Product of Product of
First Terms Outer Terms Inner Terms Last Terms
F 0 l l l l
(~) = (x)(x) + (x)(-2) + (-6)(x) + (-6)(-2)
~ = x2 - 2x - 6x + 12 or x2 - Sx + 12

Example 1 Translate Sentences into Equations

Write a quadratic equation in standard form with -t and 6 as its roots.
(x- p)(x- q) = 0 Write the pattern.

[x- (-j-) j(x- 6) = 0 Replace pwith -~and qwith 6.

(x + j-) (x - 6) =0 Simplify.

x2 -lZ.x- 2 = 0 Multiply.
3
3x2 - 17x- 6 =0 Multiply each side by 3 so that band care integers.

Guided Practice
1. Write a quadratic equation in standard form with i and -5 as its roots.
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 179
 2 Solve Equations by Factoring Solving quadratic equations by factoring is an
application of the Zero Product Property.

~ Key Concept Zero Product Property

Words For any real numbers a and b, if ab = 0, then either a= 0, b = 0, or both a
and b equal zero.

Example If (x + 3)(x- 5) = 0, then x + 3 = 0 or x- 5 = 0.

Example 2 _ Factor the GCF

Solve each equation.
a. 16x2 + 8x = 0
16x 2 + 8x = 0 Original equation
8x(2x) + 8x(l) = 0 Factor the GCF.
8x(2x + 1) = 0 Distributive Property
8x = 0 or 2x + 1 = 0 Zero Product Property
x =0 2x = -1 Solve both equations.
1
x= --
2
2
b. 21x -14x = 0
21x2 - 14x = 0 Original equation
7x(3x) - 7x(2) =0 Factor the GCF.
7x(3x- 2) =0 Distributive Property
7x =0 or 3x- 2 = 0 Zero Product Property
2
x=O x=3 Solve both equations.

Guided Practice
2A. 20x 2 + 15x = 0 28. 4y 2 + 16y = 0 2C. 6a 5 + 18a 4 = 0

Review Vocabulary
perfect square a number
When factoring, look for patterns like a difference of squares, sum of squares, or a perfect
with a positive square root
that is a whole number
square trinomial. To use the rules for a difference of squares or sum of squares, both
terms in the binomial must be perfect squares. To use the rules for perfect square
trinomials, the first and last terms of the trinomial must be perfect squares and the
middle term must be twice the product of the square roots of the first and last terms.

Factoring Special Products

Type of Polynomial Factoring Rule Example

Difference of squares cJ. - t:f = (a + b)( a - b) XZ - 49 = (x + 7)(x - 7)

i

Sum of squares cJ. + t:f = (a + b1)(a - b1) XZ + 25 = (x + S1)(x- 51)

i

Perfect square trinomial cJ. - 2ab + t:f = (a - b)(a - b) XZ - 18x + 81 = (x- 9)2 I

cJ. + 2ab + t:f = (a + b)( a + b) XZ + 12x + 36 = (x + 6)2

180 I Lesson 3-4 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

 Example3 Perfect Squares and Differences of Squares
Solve each equation.
a. x 2 + 16x + 64 = 0
x 2 = (x) 2; 64 = (8) 2 First and last terms are perfect squares.
Study Tip
16x = 2(x)(8) Middle term equals 2ab.
Square Roots By inspection,
notice that the square root of x2 + 16x + 64 is a perfect square trinomial.
64 is -8 and 8. Also, for x2 + 16x + 64 = 0 Original equation
x2 = 4, the solutions would be
-2 and 2. (x + 8) = 0
2
Factor using the pattern.
x + 8 =0 Take the square root of each side.
x= -8 Solve.
2
b. x = 64
x2 = 64 Original equation
=0 x 2
- 64 Subtract 64 from each side.
x - (8) = 0
2 2
Write in the form a2 - b2.
(x + 8)(x - 8) = 0 Factor the difference of squares.
x + 8 = 0 or x - 8 = 0 Zero Product Property
x= -8 x= 8 Solve.

c. x 2 + 225 = 0
x2 + 225 = 0 Original equation
x 2
+ (15) 2 = 0 Write in the form a2 + b2.
(x + 15i)(x- 15i) = 0 Factor the difference of squares.
x + 15i = 0 or x - 15i = 0 Zero Product Property
X= -15i X= 15i Solve.

d. 4x 2 - 44x + 121 = 0
4x2 = (2x) 2; 121 = (11) 2 First and last terms are perfect squares.
-44x = 2(2x)(11) Middle term is 2ab.
x2 - 44x + 121 is a perfect square trinomial.
x2 - 44x + 121 = 0
(2x- 11) 2 = 0 Factor using the pattern.
2x- 11 =0 Take the square root of each side.
X= 5.5 Solve.

Guided Practice
3A. 4x 2 - 12x + 9 = 0 38. 81x 2 - 9x = 0 3C. a 2 + 9 = 0

Study Tip A special pattern is used when factoring trinomials of the form ax 2 + bx + c. First,
G Structure If values for multiply the values of a and c. Then, find two values, m and p, such that their product
m and p exist, then the equals ac and their sum equals b.
trinomial can always be
factored. Consider 6x 2 + 13x- 5: ac = 6(-5) = -30.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 181
 Now the middle term, 13x, can be rewritten as -2x + 15x.
This polynomial can now be factored by grouping.
6x 2 + 13x - 5 = 6x 2 + mx + px - 5 Write the pattern.
= 6x - 2
+ 15x - 52x m = -2 and p = 15
= (6x 2 -2x) + (15x - 5) Group terms.
= 2x(3x - 1) + 5(3x - 1) Factor the GCF.
= (2x + 5)(3x- 1) Distributive Property

Example4 Factor Trinomials

Solve each equation.
a. x 2 + 9x + 20 = 0
ac = 20 a= 1.c=20

1,20 21 -1,-20 -21

2,10 12 -2, -10 -12

Study Tip 4, 5 9 -4,-5 -9

Trinomials It does not matter
if the values of m and pare x2
+ 9x + 20 = 0 Original expression
switched when grouping. x2 + mx + px + 20 = 0 Write the pattern.
x 2 + 4x + 5x + 20 = 0 m=4andp= 5
(x 2 + 4x) + (5x + 20) = 0 Group terms with common factors.
x(x + 4) + 5(x + 4) = 0 Factor the GCF from each grouping.
(x + 5) (x + 4) = 0 Distributive Property
x + 5 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 Zero Product Property
x= -5 x= -4 Solve each equation.
b. 6y 2 - 23y + 20 = 0
ac = 120 a= 6, c = 20
m = -B, p = -15 -8(-15) = 120; -8 + (-15) = -23
6y+ 20 = 0
2
- 23y Original equation
6y + my + py + 20 = 0
2
Write the pattern.
6y 2 - By - 15y + 20 = 0 m = -8 and p = -15
(6y 2 - By) + (-15y + 20) = 0 Group terms with common factors.
2y(3y - 4) - 5 (3y - 4) =0 Factor the GCF from each grouping.
(2y - 5)(3y - 4) = 0 Distributive Property
2y- 5 =0 or 3y- 4 = 0 Zero Product Property
2y = 5 3y =4 Solve both equations.
5 _4
Y =- 2 y-3

Guided Practice
4A. x 2 - 11x + 30 =0 48. x2 - 4x - 21 =0
4C. 15x 2 - Bx + 1 = 0 40. -12x 2 + Bx + 15 = 0

182 I Lesson 3-4 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

 Real-World ExampleS Solve Equations by Factoring
TRACK AND FIELD The height of a javelin in feet is modeled by h(t) = -16t 2 + 79t + 5,
where t is the time in seconds after the javelin is thrown. How long is it in the air?

To determine how long the javelin is in the air, we need to find when the height
equals 0. We can do this by solving -16t 2 + 79t + 5 = 0.

-16t 2 + 79t + 5 = 0 Original equation

m=BO;p=-1 -16{5) = -80, 80· (-1) = -80,80 + (-1) =79

-16t 2+ 80t - t + 5 = 0 Write the pattern.

(-16t 2 + 80t) + (-t + 5) = 0 Group terms with common factors.

16t(-t + 5) + 1(-t + 5) = 0 Factor GCF from each group.

Barbara Spotakova of the
Czech Republic broke the
(16t + 1)(-t + 5) = 0 Distributive Property
javelin world record in
2008 with a distance of
16t + 1 = 0 or -t +5=0 Zero Product Property

72.28 meters. 16t = -1 -t= -5 Solve both equattons

Source: IAAF
1
t=--
16 t =5 Solve.

CHECK We have two solutions.

• The first solution is negative and since time cannot be negative, this
solution can be eliminated.
• The second solution of 5 seconds seems reasonable for the time a javelin
spends in the air.
• The answer can be confirmed by substituting back into the original
equation.

Go Online! . ,.. -16t 2 + 79t +5=0

-16(5) 2 + 79(5) + 5 ;b 0
Solving equations by
factoring is an important -400 + 395 + 5 ;b 0
concept in algebra. Be sure
to master it using the Self-
0 =0 ./
Check Quiz in ConnectED.
The javelin is in the air for 5 seconds.
1 W.t ,.L~-!•Obf 6acn.a-

Guided Practice
l~;.' -3,-l• O..,. ....._
5. BUNGEE JUMPING Juan recorded his brother bungee jumping from a height of
c..,
A.. -l.t
.. ..., 1100 feet. At the time the cord lifted his brother back up, he was 76 feet above
... the ground. If Juan started recording as soon as his brother fell, how much time
elapsed when the cord snapped back? Use f(t) = -16t 2 + c, where cis the height
in feet.

"'
f>.
~

~
~
c
"'"'
Q)
::>
::0

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 183
 Q = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.
Example 1 Write a quadratic equation in standard form with the given root(s).
3 1 2 5
1. -8, 5 2. 2<I 3. -3, 2

Examples 2-4 Factor each polynomial.

4. 35x 2 - 15x 5. 18x 2 - 3x + 24x - 4 6. x 2 - 12x + 32
7. x 2 - 4x- 21 8. x 2 - 22x + 121 9. 4x 2 - 121

Example 5 Solve each equation.

10. x 2 - 36 = 0 11. 12x 2 - 18x =0 12. 12x 2 - 2x- 2 =0
13. x2 - 9x = 0 14. x 2
- 3x - 28 = 0 15. 2x 2 - 24x = -72

G SENSE-MAKING Tamika wants to double the area of

6m D
16. 9m
her garden by increasing the length and width by the
same amount. What will be the dimensions of her
garden then?

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R3.

---
Example 1 Write a quadratic equation in standard form with the given root(s).
17. 7 18. -5, 1 19. 1 , 6
2 5
Examples 2-4 Factor each polynomial.
20. 40a 2 - 32a 21. 51c 3 - 34c 22. 32xy + 40bx - 12ay - 15ab
23. 3x 2 - 12 24. 15y 2 - 240 ~ 48cg + 36cf- 4dg - 3df

26. x + 13x + 40
2
27. x2 - 9x - 22 28. 3x 2 + 12x - 36

29. 15x 2 + 7x - 2 30. 4x 2 + 29x + 30 31. 18x 2 + 15x - 12

32. 8x 2z 2 - 4xz 2 - 12z 2 33. 9x 2 + 25 34. 18x 2 y 2 - 24xy 2 + 36y 2

Example 5 Solve each equation.

35. 15x 2 - 84x - 36 =0 36. 12x 2 + 13x- 14 =0 37. 12x 2 - 108x = 0
38. x 2 + 4x - 45 = 0 39. x 2 - 5x - 24 =0 40. x 2 = 121
41. x 2 + 17 = 13 42. -3x2 - lOx + 8 = 0 43. -8x 2 + 46x - 30 =0
44. GEOMETRY The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 1 centimeter longer than one side and
4 centimeters longer than three times the other side. Find the dimensions of the triangle.
45. NUMBER THEORY Find two consecutive even integers with a product of 624.

GEOMETRY Find x and the dimensions of each rectangle.

46. 1' A_:_:_:j

=~ X - 2 ft
47. ~ -1 48.
Li~ x-2in.
x+2ft A = 448 ft 2 I 3x - 4 ft
x+ 4 in.

x+2ft

184 I lesson 3-4 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Solve each equation by factoring.
49. 12x 2 - 4x =5 50. 5x 2 = 15x 51. 16x 2 + 36 = -48x
52. 75x 2 - 60x = -12 53. 4x 2 - 144 =0 54. -7x + 6 = 20x 2

55) MOVIE THEATER A company plans to build a large multiplex theater. The
financial analyst told her manager that the profit function for their theater was
P(x) = -x 2 + 48x - 512, where xis the number of movie screens, and P(x) is the profit
earned in thousands of dollars. Determine the range of production of movie screens
that will guarantee that the company will not lose money.

Write a quadratic equation in standard form with the given root(s).

4 3 2 5
56. - 7 , 8 57. 3.4, 0.6 58. il'
9

Solve each equation by factoring.

59. 10x 2 + 25x = 15 60. 27x 2 + 5 = 48x 61. x 2 + 0.25x = 1.25
62. 48x 2 - 15 = - 22x 63. 3x 2 + 2x = 3.75 64. -32x 2 + 56x = 12

65. DESIGN A square is cut out of the figure at the right. Write an X

expression for the area of the figure that remains, and then
factor the expression.
X

66. ~ PERSEVERANCE After analyzing the market, a company

that sells websites determined the profitability of their
product was modeled by P(x) = -16x2 + 368x - 2035,
6
where xis the price of each website and P(x) is the
company's profit. Determine the price range of the websites
that will be profitable for the company.

67. PAINTINGS Enola wants to add a border to her

painting, distributed evenly, that has the same area
as the painting itself. What are the dimensions of
the painting with the border included?

68. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you

will consider a(x- p)(x- q) = 0.
a. Graphical Graph the related function for a = 1,
p = 2, and q = -3.
b. Analytical What are the solutions of the equation?
c. Graphical Graph the related functions for a= 4, -3, and
21 on the same graph.
d. Verbal What are the similarities and differences between the graphs?
e. Verbal What conclusion can you make about the relationship between
the factored form of a quadratic equation and its solutions?

69. GEOMETRY The area of the triangle is

26 square centimeters. Find the length
of the base.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 185
 70. SOCCER When a ball is kicked in the air, its height in meters above the ground can
be modeled by h(t) = -4.9t 2 + 14.7t and the distance it travels can be modeled by
d(t) = 16t, where t is the time in seconds.
a. How long is the ball in the air?
b. How far does it travel before it hits the ground? (Hint: Ignore air resistance.)
c. What is the maximum height of the ball?

Factor each polynomial.

71. 18a - 24ay + 48b - 64by 72. 3x 2 + 2xy + lOy + 15x
~ 6a 2b2 - 12ab2 - 18b3 74. 12a 2 - 18ab + 30ab3
75. 32ax + 12bx - 48ay - 18by 76. 30ac + 80bd + 40ad + 60bc
77. 5ax 2 - 2by 2 - 5ay 2 + 2bx 2 78. 12c 2x + 4d2y - 3d2x - 16c 2 y

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

79. ERROR ANALYSIS Gwen and Morgan are solving -12x 2 + Sx + 2 = 0. Is either of them
correct? Explain your reasoning.

GW'en tv\cv~~\\

-12.x ;z_ + 5x + 2. = 0 -12,.:2 -+- S",.:-+- 2 ::= 0

2
-12.x ;z_ + 8x - 3x + 2. = 0 -12,.: -+- 8,.: - '" -+- 2 ::= 0

'tx(-3x + 2.)- ( 3x + 2.) = 0 4,.:(-'3,.:-+- 2)-+- (-'3,.:-+- 2) ::= 0

(4-x- 1)(3x + 2.) = 0 (4,.:-+- 1)(-'3,.:-+- 2) ::= 0

I 2.
x= Lt1 or-
2.
3
,.: ::= -4 OV' ~

80. CHALLENGE Solve 3x 6 - 39x 4 + 108x2 = 0 by factoring.

81. CHALLENGE The rule for factoring a difference of cubes is shown

below. Use this rule to factor 40r5 - 135x2y 3 .
a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a 2 + ab + b2 )

82. OPEN-ENDED Choose two integers. Then write an equation in standard form with
those roots. How would the equation change if the signs of the two roots were
switched?

83. CHALLENGE For a quadratic equation of the form (x- p)(x- q) = 0, show that the axis
of symmetry of the related quadratic function is located halfway between the
x-intercepts p and q.

84. WRITE A QUESTION A classmate is using the guess-and-check strategy to factor

trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c. Write a question to help him think of a way
to use that strategy for ax2 + bx + c.

85. G CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Determine whether the following statement is sometimes,

always, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
In a quadratic equation in standard form where a, b, and c are integers,
if b is odd, then the quadratic cannot be a perfect square trinomial.

86. WRITING IN MATH Explain how to factor a trinomial in standard form with a > 1.

186 I Lesson 3-4 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Preparing for Assessment
87. The height, in feet, of a football is modeled by h(t) = 92. MULTI-PART Consider the equation 3x2 + 4x- 4 = 0.
-16t2 + 49t where t is the time in seconds after the G3
ball is kicked. How long is the ball in the air? G 1, 6
a. Derry wrote out the following solution to the
QA .1&. second
49 equation. Which of the lines have errors in
QB t second them? Choose all that apply.

Qc 1i seconds D A 3x2 + 4x - 4 = 0

Qn 3 1~ seconds
D B 3x2 + 6x -2x - 4 = 0

QE 4 seconds
D C 3x2 (x + 2) - 2(x + 2) = 0

On (3x2 - 2) (x + 2) = 0

DE 3x2 - 2= 0
88. The table represents the quadratic function f(x).
What is the negative solution of f(x) = 0? G 6
OF x+2=0

b. What are the solutions of the equation?

QA x = -2 or x = l3

• ~6 I -~0 -~2 I -~2 I

QB
Qc
x = -2 or x = 2

x = -2 or x = 6

0 n x = -1 or x = 4

89. What are the solutions of x 2 - x - 42 = 0? G1

QA x = -7 or x = -6

QB x = -7 or x = 6
93. a. Factor 4x2 + 64 = 0. G 6,2
Qc x = 7 or x = -6

Qn x = 7 or x = 6
b. What mathematical fact about complex
numbers did you use to factor this equation?

90. Which quadratic equations have solutions of

3 andt? G2 c. G What mathematical practice did you use to
solve this problem?
DA 2x2 - 7x +3= 0

DB 2x2 + 6x +1=0
DC -4x2 + 14x = 6 94. Which are solutions to the equation x2 = 144? G2
Dn 2x2 + 7x =3 D A -9

DE x2 - 3.5x + 1.5 = 0 DB -12

D c 9

On 12
91. What are the solutions to the equation
5x2 = 20x? G2 DE 16

OF 72

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 187
A complex number a+ bi can be graphed in the complex plane by representing
it with the point (a, b). Similar to a coordinate plane, the complex plane is comprised imaginary (t)
of two axes. The real component is plotted on the real axis, which is horizontal. The
imaginary component is plotted on the imaginary axis, which is vertical. The complex b
plane may also be referred to as the Argand (arGON) plane.
01 reai(R)

Example 1 Graph in the Complex Plane

Graph z = 3 + 4i in the complex plane.

mil Represent z with the point (a, b).
The real component a of z is 3.
The imaginary component bi of z is 4i.
z can be represented by ~he point (a, b) or (3, 4).

Lilhf:fj Graph z in the complex plane.

Construct the complex plane and plot the point (3, 4).
i
z

0 R

Recall that for a real number, the absolute value is its distance from zero on the number
line. Similarly, the absolute value of a complex number is its distance from the origin in the
complex plane. When a+ bi is graphed in the complex plane, the absolute value of a+ bi is
the distance from (a, b) to the origin. This can be found by using the Distance Formula.

V(a - 0} 2 + (b- 0) 2 or Va2 + g

The absolute value of the complex number z =a+ bi is i

(a, b)
lzl = Ia+ bil =Va2 + g_ lzl '
/ b
I

0 a R

188 I Extend 3-4 I Algebra Lab: The Complex Plane

 Example 2 Absolute Value of a Complex Number
Find the absolute value of z = -5 + 12i.
l:ift:illi Determine values for a and b.
The real component a of z is -5. The imaginary component bi of z is 12i.
Thus, a = -5 and b = 12.

l:il1t:fJ Find the absolute value of z.

lzl = Va2 + b2 Absolute value of a complex number

= V (-5) 2 + 12 2 a=-5andb=12

= v'169 or 13 Simplify.

The absolute value of z = -5 + 12i is 13.

Addition and subtraction of complex numbers can be performed graphically.

Example 3 Simplify by Graphing

Simplify (1 - 2i) - (-2 - 5i) by graphing.
l:ift:illi Write (1 - 2i) - (- 2 - 5i) as (1 - 2i) + (2 + 5i).
l:il1t:fJ Graph 1 - 2i and 2 + 5i on the same complex plane. Connect each point
with the origin using a dashed segment.

m::miJ Complete the parallelogram that has the two segments as two of its sides.
Plot a point where the two additional sides meet. The solution of
(1 - 2i) - (-2- 5i) is 3 + 3i.
i i
I I
2 + 5i ~~ ~,
I
I \
II I/ l 3 + 3i
I

I I I

o, R o ~, / R
\
r-- r--l ~ 1-2i
\/
I I

Step 2 Step 3

Exercises
Graph each number in the complex plane.
1. z = 3 + i 2. z = -4 - 2i 3. z = 2- 2i
Find the absolute value of each complex number.
4. z = -4- 3i 5. z = 7- 2i 6. z = -6- i
Simplify by graphing.
7. (6 + 5i) + (- 2 - 3i) 8. (8 - 2i) - (4 + 7i) 9. (5 + 6i) + (-4 + 3i)
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 189
 1. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of 9. BASEBALL A baseball is hit upward with an initial
symmetry, and the x-coordinate of the vertex for of 40 feet per second. Ignoring the height of the
f (x) = 2x 2 + 8x - 3. Then graph the function by baseball player, how long does it take for the ball to
making a table of values. (Lesson 3-1) fall to the ground? Use the formula
h(t) = v 0t- 16t 2 where h(t) is the height of an
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE For which equation is the axis of object in feet, v 0 is the object's initial velocity in feet
symmetry x = 5? (Lesson 3-1) per second, and tis the time in seconds. (Lesson 3-2)
A f (x) = x2 - 5x +3 Simplify. (Lesson 3-3)
2
B f(x) = x - 10x + 7
C f(x) = x 2 + 10x- 3
10. V-81 11. y- 25x y
4 5

12. (15 - 3i) - (4 - 12i) 13. i 37

D f (x) = x 2 + 5x + 2 3-i
14. (5 - 3i)(5 + 3i) 15
· 2 + 5i
3. Determine whether f (x) = 5 - x + 2x has a 2

maximum or a minimum value. Then find this 16. The impedance in one part of a series circuit is
maximum or minimum value and state the domain 3 + 4j ohms and the impedance in another part of the
and range of the function. (Lesson 3-1) circuit is 6 - 7j ohms. Add these complex numbers to
find the total impedance in the circuit. (Lesson 3-3)
4. PHYSICAL SCIENCE From 4 feet above the ground,
Maya throws a ball upward with a velocity of 18 feet Solve each equation by factoring. (Lesson 3-4)
per second. The height h(t) of the ball t seconds after 17. x2 - x - 12 = 0
Maya throws the ball is given by h(t) = -16t 2 + 18t
+ 4. Find the maximum height reached by the ball and 18. 3x 2 + 7x + 2 = 0
the time that this height is reached. (Lesson 3-1) 19. x2 - 2x - 15 =0
5. Solve 3x 2 - 17x + 5 = 0 by graphing. If exact roots 20. 2x 2 + 5x - 3 =0
cannot be found, state the consecutive integers 21. x2 + 100 = 0
between which the roots are located. (Lesson 3-2)
22. 5x 2 + 180 = 0
Use a quadratic equation to find two real numbers that 23. TRIANGLES Find the dimensions of a triangle if the
satisfy each situation, or show that no such numbers
exist. (Lesson 3-2)
t
base is the measure of the height and the area is
12 square centimeters. (Lesson 3-4)
6. Their sum is 15, and their product is 36.
24. PATIO Eli is putting a cement slab in his backyard.
7. Their sum is 7, and their product is 15. The original slab was going to have dimensions of
8 feet by 6 feet. He decided to make the slab larger
8. MULTIPLE CHOICE Using the graph of the function
by adding x feet to each side. The area of the new
f(x) = x 2 + 6x- 7, what are the solutions to the
slab is 120 square feet. (Lesson 3-4)
equation x 2 + 6x- 7 = 0? (Lesson 3-2)

f--+--+---''F---'tf(xtrF+l----+---t-+--1

1---+-t--t-+~
l-+-t-~+4HS)V-+~~
-15-12 -l--40
1---+-+-H'~-~ 8~-+,_~
f(x) = x 2 + 6x -

4 8 12 16x
7 I
E
a. Write a quadratic equation that represents the
area of the new slab.
f--t--t--t-- \jL#t----t--t----t--+-----1
~ ·~ b. Find the new dimensions of the slab.

A -1,6 c -1,7
B 1,-6 D 1,-7
c. G What mathematical practice did you use to
solve this problem?
190 I Chapter 3 I Mid-Chapter Quiz
 • You factored perfect
square trinomials.
•1 Solve quadratic
equations by using
• A train moving at 24 meters per second
begins to decelerate at a rate of 2 meters
the Square Root per second. The distance it travels after
Property. beginning to decelerate is given by the
equation d = - f.+ 24t, where tis the
Solve quadratic
2 equations by
completing the
number of seconds after the deceleration
begins.

square. Suppose you want to know how long it will

take to travel SO meters. Substitute 80 ford
in the equation:
80=-t:2+24t
You can solve this problem by completing
the square and using the Square Root
Property.

'rhJ New
Vocabulary Square Root Property You have solved equations like x2 - 25 = 0 by factoring.
completing the square 1 You have also used the Square Root Property to solve such equations. This method
can be useful with equations like the one above that describes the train's speed.

G Mathematical Example1 Equation with Rational Roots

Practices
7 Look for and make use Solve x 2+ 6x + 9 = 36 by using the Square Root Property.
of structure.
x 2 + 6x + 9 = 36 Original equation

(x + 3) 2 = 36 Factor the perfect square trinomial.

X+ 3 = ±V36 Square Root Property

X+ 3 = ±6 -136=6
X = -3 ± 6 Subtract 3 from each side.

x = -3 +6 or x= - 3- 6 Write as two equations.

= 3 = - 9 Simplify.

The solution set is { -9, 3} or {xlx = - 9, 3}.

CHECK Substitute both values into the original equation.

x 2 + 6x + 9 = 36 Original equat1on x 2 + 6x
+ 9 = 36
3 2 + 6(3) + 9 :b 36 Substitute3and - 9. (-9) 2 + 6(-9) + 9 :b 36
9 + 18 + 9 :b 36 Simplify. 81 - 54 + 9 :b 36

Q)
36 = 36 ./ Both solutions are correct. 36 = 36 ./
0'1

.E"'
"'0
c
"'
Guided Practice
~
~ Solve each equation by using the Square Root Property.
..§

~
1A. x 2 - 12x + 36 = 25 18. x 2 - 16x + 64 = 49
Vl

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 191
Go Online! 2 Using Completing the Square All quadratic equations can be solved using the
Square Root Property by manipulating the equation until one side is a perfect square.
This method is called completing the square.
Watch and listen to the
animation to see how to
complete the square with
Consider x2 + 16x = 9. Remember to perform each operation on each side of the
algebra tiles. equation.
2
x + 16x + • = 9 What value is needed for the perfect square?

-~~ (216) = 64; add 64 to each side.

2
x2 + 16x + 64 = 9 + 64
11 -1 ~
• L!.J ) ~0 x2 + 16x + 64 = 73 Simplify.
(x + 8) 2 = 73 We can now use the Square Root Property.

Use this pattern of coefficients to complete the square of a quadratic expression.

fJ Key Concept Completing the Square

Words To complete the square for any quadratic expression of the form x2 + bx, follow the
steps below.

Symbols

You can solve any quadratic equation by completing the square. Because you are solving
an equation, add the value you use to complete the square to each side.

Example2 Solve an Equation by Complet ing the Square

Solve x 2 + lOx - 11 = 0 by completing the square.
x 2 + lOx - 11 = 0 Notice that x2 + 10x- 11 is not a perfect square.

Watch Out! x 2 +lOx= 11 Rewrite so the left side is of the form x2 + bx.
Each Side When solving x 2 +lOx+ 25 = 11 + 25 10)2 = 25. add 25 to each s1de.
Since (2
equations by completing
the square, don't forget to (x + 5) 2 = 36 Write the left side as a perfect square.
add (fr to each side of X+ 5 = ±6 Square Root Property
the equation.
X= -5 ± 6 Subtract 5 from each side.
x = -5 + 6 or x = -5 - 6 Write as two equations.
=1 = -11 Simplify.

The solution set is { -11, 1} or {xlx = -11, 1}. Check the result by using factoring.

Guided Practice
Solve each equation by completing the square.
2A. x 2 - lOx + 24 = 0 28. x 2 + lOx + 9 = 0

192 I Lesson 3-5 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

 When the coefficient of the quadratic term is not 1, you must divide the equation by that
coefficient before completing the square.

Example3 Equation with a i= 1

Solve 2x 2 - 7x + 5 = 0 by completing the square.
2x 2 - 7x +5 =0 Notice that 2x2 - 7x + 5 is not a perfect square.

x2 - Zx + ~ = 0 Divide by the coefficient of the quadratic term. 2.

2 2
2 57
x - 2x= -2 Subtract% from each side.

Because ( - 7 -:-. 2)2 = 49 . add 49 to each s1de.

2 7 49 5 49 .
x - 2x + 16 = -2 + 16 2 16 16

(x-47)2 =169 Write the left side as a perfect square by factoring .

Simplify the right side.
7 3
X--=+-
4 -4 Square Root Property

x=Z+~
4- 4 Add ito each side.

7 3 or x = Z- ~
x=-+-
4 4 4 4
Write as two equations.

_5
-2 =1

The solution set is { 1, f} or {xlx = 1, f}

Guided Practice
Solve each equation by completing the square.
3A. 3x 2 +lOx- 8 = 0 38. 3x 2 + 14x- 16 = 0

Not all solutions of quadratic equations are real numbers. In some cases, the solutions
are complex numbers of the form a+ bi, where b i= 0.

Study Tip Example4 Equation with Imaginary Solutions

G Tools Agraph of the Solve x2 + Bx + 22 = 0 by completing the square.
related function shows that
the equation has no real x 2 + 8x + 22 = 0 Not1ce that x2 + Bx + 22 is not a perfect square.
solutions since the graph has
no x-intercepts. Imaginary
x2 + 8x= -22 Rewrite so the left side is of the form x2 + bx
solutions must be checked x2 + 8x + 16 = -22 + 16 Because (~t = 16, add 16 to each side.
algebraically by substituting
them in the original equation. (x + 4) 2 = -6 Wnte the left side as a perfect square.

x + 4 = ±H Square Root Property

X + 4 = ±ivl6 R =i
x = -4 ± ivf6 Subtract 4 from each side.

The solution set is { -4 + ivf6, -4 - ivf6} or {xlx = -4 + ivf6, -4 - i\1'6}.

Guided Practice
Solve each equation by completing the square.
4A. x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 48. x2 - 6x + 25 = 0

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 193
 Completing the square can also be used rewrite expressions which contain quadratics.
This will often make it easier to determine important characteristics of the function. One
such of example of this is to change a quadratic function in standard form to a form
known as vertex form.
The vertex form of a quadratic function is y =a( x- h) 2 + k, where (h, k) is the vertex of
the parabola, x = h is the axis of symmetry, and a determines the shape of the parabola
and the direction in which it opens.
When a quadratic equation is in the form y = ax2 + bx + c, you can complete the square
to write the function in vertex form. If the coefficient of the quadratic term is not 1, then
factor the coefficient from the quadratic and linear terms before completing the square.
After completing the square and writing the function in vertex form, the value of k
indicates a minimum value if a> 0 or a maximum value if a< 0.

ExampleS Write Functions in Vertex Form

Write each function in vertex form. Identify the vertex.
a. y = x 2 + 6x - 5

y = x2 + 6x- 5 Original equation.

y = (x2 + 6x + 9) - 5 - 9 Complete the square.
y = (x + 3) 2 - 14 Simplify.

The vertex is (-3, -14).

b. y = 2x2 + Sx - 3

y = - 2x2 + 8x - 3 Original equation.

y = -2(x2 - 4x)- 3 Group ax2 + bx and factor, dividing by a.
y = -2(x2 - 4x + 4)- 3- (-2)(4) Complete the square.
y = - 2(x - 2) 2 + 5 Simplify.

The vertex is (2, 5).

Guided Practice
Write each function in vertex form. Identify the vertex.
5A. y = x2 + 4x + 6
58. y = 2x2 - 12x + 17

194 I Lesson 3-5 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

 Check Your Understanding
Example 1 Solve each equation by using the Square Root Property. Round to the nearest
hundredth if necessary.
1. x 2 + 12x + 36 = 6 2. x 2 - 8x + 16 = 13
3. x 2 + 18x + 81 = 15 4. 9x 2 + 30x + 25 = 11

5. LASER LIGHT SHOW The area A in square feet of a projected laser light show is given
by A= 0.16d2, where dis the distance from the laser to the screen in feet. At what
distance will the projected laser light show have an area of 100 square feet?

Examples 2-4 Solve each equation by completing the square.

6. x 2 + 2x - 8 = 0 7. x 2 - 4x + 9 = 0 8. 2x 2 - =0
3x - 3
9. 2x 2 + 6x - 12 = 0 10. x 2
+ 4x + 6 = 0 11. x 2
+ 8x + 10 = 0

Example 5 Write each function in vertex form. Identify the vertex.

12. y = x2 + 3x- 5 13. y = -5x2 + 20x- 51

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R3.

------~--------------------------~--
Example 1 Solve each equation by using the Square Root Property. Round to the nearest hundredth
if necessary.
14. x 2 + 4x + 4 = 10 15. x2 + 9 = 20
- 6x 16. x 2 + 8x + 16 = 18
17. x2 + lOx + 25 = 7 18. x + 12x + 36 = 5
2
19. x2 - 2x + 1 = 4
20. x 2 - 5x + 6.25 = 4 21. x 2 -15x + 56.25 = 8 22. x 2 + 32x + 256 = 1
23. x 2 - 3x t
+ =6 24. x2 + 7x + ~ = 4 25. x2 - 9x + 841 = t
Examples 2-4 Solve each equation by completing the square.
26. x2 -+ 12 = 0
4x 27. x 2 + 2x - 12 = 0 28. x2+ 6x + 8 = 0
29. x - 4x + 3 = 0
2
30. 2x 2 + x - 3 = 0 31. 2x - 3x + 5 = 0
2

32. 2x 2 + 5x + 7 = 0 ~ 3x 2 - 6x - 9 = 0 34. x2 - 2x + 3 = 0
35. x 2 + 4x + 11 = 0 36. x 2 - 6x + 18 = 0 37. x2 - lOx + 29 = 0
38. 3x 2 - 4x =2 39. 2x 2 - 7x = -12 40. x 2 - 2.4x= 2.2
41. x2 - 5.3x = -8.6 42. x2 - %x - 151 = 0 43. x - 2
%x - 254 = 0
Example 5 Write each function in vertex form. Identify the vertex.
44. y = x2 + lOx+ 17 45. y = x2 - 22x + 125
46. y = 2x2 - 4x + 5 47. y = -8x2 - 64x -146

48. ~MODELING An architect's blueprints call for a dining room 13ft X ft

measuring 13 feet by 13 feet. The customer would like the dining
room to be a square, but with an area of 250 square feet. How
much will this add to the dimensions of the room?
13ft Ill
xft t = B
Solve each equation. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
49. 4x 2 - 28x + 49 = 5 50. 9x 2 + 30x + 25 = 11
51. x 2
+x+ t =t 52. x 2
+ 1.2x + 0.56 = 0.91

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 195
 FIREWORKS A firework's distanced meters from the ground is given by
d = -1.5t 2 + 25t, where t is the number of seconds after the firework has been lit.
a. How many seconds have passed since the firework was lit when the
firework explodes if it explodes at the maximum height of its path?
b. What is the height of the firework when it explodes?

Write each function in vertex form. Identify the vertex.

1 21
54. y = x2 - 3x + 9 55. y = 2x2 -4x -2 56. y = 3x2 - 3x +1

57. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will use quadratic

equations to investigate golden rectangles and the golden ratio.
a. Geometric
AD B
• Draw square ABCD. D C
• Locate the midpoint of CD. Label the midpoint P. Draw PB.
• Construct an arc with a radius of PB from B clockwise past the bottom of the square.
• Extend CD until it intersects the arc. Label this point Q.
• Construct rectangle ARQD.
b. Algebraic Let AD = x and CQ = 1. Use completing the square to solve
DQ QR
AD= CQ forx.
c. Tabular Make a table of x and values for CQ = 2, 3, and 4.
d. Verbal What do you notice about the x-values? Write an equation you could use to
determine x for CQ = n, where n is a nonzero real number.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

58. ERROR ANALYSIS Alonso and Aida are solving x 2 + 8x - 20 = 0 by completing the
square. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Alonso AitAfJ\
x 2 + Bx - 2.0 = 0 ~2 +- 8'~- 20 == 0

x2 + Bx = 2.0 ~2 +- 8'~ == 20

x 2 + Bx + 16 = 2.0 + 16 ~2 +- 8'~ +- I ' == 20

(x + 4-) 2 = 36 (~ +- 4? == 20

X+ Lf = ±6 ~ +-4== ±VfO

X= -Lf ± 6 ~==-4±VW

59. CHALLENGE Solve x 2 + bx + c = 0 by completing the square. Your answer will be an

expression for x in terms of b and c.

60. G CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Without solving, determine how many unique solutions
there are for each equation. Are they rational, real, or complex? Justify your reasoning.
a. (x + 2) 2 = 16 b. (x - 2) 2 = 16 c. - (x - 2) 2 = 16
d. 36 - (x- 2) 2 = 16 e. 16(x + 2) 2 = 0 f. (x + 4) 2 = (x + 6) 2
61. OPEN-ENDED Write a perfect square trinomial equation in which the linear coefficient
is negative and the constant term is a fraction. Then solve the equation.

62. WRITING IN MATH Explain what it means to complete the square. Describe each step.

196 I lesson 3-5 I Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

Preparing for Assessment
63. The length of a rectangular field is 16 feet less than 69. MULTI-STEP Solve the equation x2 + l4x + 9 = -4
twice the width. What is the width of the field if its following the steps. G 7
area is 9216 square feet? G 7
a. What number must be added to each side of the
0 A 60 feet equation to create a perfect square trinomial?

0 B 72 feet

0 C 80 feet b. Which is the factored form of the equation?

0 D 96 feet 0A (x + 7)2 = 14
0B (x + 7) 2 = 36

64. Which value should be added to each side to solve oc (x + 14) 2 = 44

the following equation by completing the square?
G7
0 D (x + 14) 2 = 49
c. Which are solutions to the equation?
x2 - 36x +- = 30 +
0 A 36
DA -13

0B 294 DB -6

0 c 324
Dc -1

0 D 648 DD 6

0E 11296 DE 1

OF 13

65. What is the solution set for 3x 2 - 7x- 12 = 0? G 7

70. Which are solutions to the equation x2 - lOx +
6 = o? G7

66. Solve x 2 + 8x = 4 by completing the steps

0 ±~
A

below. G7 0B ±~
Step 1: x2 + 8x + _ = 4 +_ 0c -5 ±Vl9
Step 2: (x + _) 2 = _ Oo5±Vl9
Step 3: x +_ =±_
Step 4: x =- _ ±_
71. Which equations have solutions with complex
Step 5: x = - _ ± 2_ solutions? G 7
DA x2 + 8x + 20 = 0
67. Solve x2 + 6x = -1 by completing the square. G7 DB x2 -lOx- 6 =0
DC x2 + x -8=0

DD x2 - 6x + 16 = 0

68. Solve 2x2 + 15 = 6x by completing the square. G 7 DE x2 + 4x +5=0

OF x2 - l2x + 22 = 0

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 197
You can use TI-N spireTM CAS Mathematical Practices
technology to solve quadratic G 5 Use appropriate tools strategically.
equations.

Work cooperatively. Solve each equation.

a. 3x 2 - 4x +1 =0
fiQiU Add a new Calculator page.

fi®fl Select the Solve tool from the Algebra menu. solve
(
6·x 2 +4·x-3=0,x) C
-C,J22+2
) £-2
=1/_u_
x= .. _ orx
6 6

fi®IJI Type 3x 2 - 4x + 1 = 0 followed by a comma, x, and then enter.

The solutions are x =tor x = 1.

b. 6x 2 + 4x - 3 =0
fiQiU Select the Solve tool from the Algebra menu.

fi®fl Type 6x 2 - 4x - 3 = 0 followed by a comma, x, and then enter.

.
The solutions are x = - -_
-2 ± v'22

c. x 2 - 6x + 10 = 0. ( 2 4·x- 3=0,x)
solve 6·x + -({22 +2) C
=..'l.E.=_
2
fiQiU Select the Solve tool from the Algebra menu. x= . ·-6- or x 6

solve~ 2 - 6-x+ l O=O,x)

fi®fl Type x 2
- 6x + 10 = 0 followed by a comma, x, and then enter. cSolve~ 2 - 6-x+ lO=O,x)

The calculator returns a value of false, meaning that there are

no real solutions.

fii§:tiJ Under menu, select Algebra, Complex, then Solve. Reenter

the equation.
The solutions are x = 3 ± i.

Exercises
Work cooperatively. Solve each equation.
1. x2 - 2x - 24 = 0 2. - x2 + 4x - 1= 0 3. 0 = -3x2 - 6x +9
4. x2 - 2x +5= 0 5. 0 = 4x2 - 8 6. 0 = 2x2 - 4x +1
7. x2 + 3x + 8 = 5 8. 25 + 4x2 = -20x 9. x2 - x = -6

198 I Extend 3-5 I Solving Quadratic Equations

 • You solved equations •
by completing the
1
Solve quadratic
equations by using
• Pumpkin catapult is an event in which a
contestant builds a catapult and launches
square. the Quadratic Formula. a pumpkin at a target.
Use the discriminant The path of the pumpkin can be
2
to determine the
number and type of
modeled by the quadratic function
h = -4.9f + 117t + 42, where his the
roots of a quadratic height of the pumpkin and tis the
equation. number of seconds.
To predict when the pumpkin will hit
the target, you can solve the equation
0 = -4.9t2 + 117t + 42. This equation
would be difficult to solve using factoring,
graphing, or completing the square.

'rJ>J New
Vocabulary
Quadratic Formula
discriminant
1Quadratic Formula You have found solutions of some quadratic equations by
graphing, by factoring, and by using the Square Root Property. There is also a
formula that can be used to solve any quadratic equation. This formula can be
derived by solving the standard form of a quadratic equation.

G Mathematical General Case Specific Case

Practices
8 Look for and express Standard quadratic
regularity in repeated ax 2 + bx +c= 0 2x 2 + Bx + 1 = 0
equation
reasoning.

x2 + .l!_x + .£a = 0 Divide each side by a. x2 + 4x + ! =0

a 2
c
Subtract a from each
x2 + .£-x = -f side.
x2 + 4x = - 21
b b
x2 +-x+-=
a 4a2
2
-ac- +4a
b
-2
2
Complete the square. x2 + 4x + ( t y= -t + (tt
(X+ _.1!.__
2a
)2 = _ .£ + £
a 4a2
Factor the left s1de. (x + 2)2 = -t + (tr
(x +{ay b2- 4ac
4a 2
Simplify the nght side. (x + 2)2 = z.2

x + _.1!.__ = + Vb2 - 4ac Square Root Property X+ 2 = ±{?;

2a - 2a

x = __.1!.__ + Vb2 - 4ac Subtract

2~ from each X= -2 ± {?;
2a - 2a side.
V>

"'g' x=
- b± Vb 2
- 4ac
Simplify. X= -4 ± VM
.E 2a 2
>-

~"'
iii
~ -b +yb 2 - 4ac
I The equation x = - a is known as the Quadratic Formula.
2

~nnectED.mcgr_aw-hill,com 199
Go Online!
fa Key Concept Quadratic Formula
Words The solutions of a quadratic equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a =f 0,
You will want to reference
are given by the following formula.
the Quadratic Formula
often. Log into your -b± 2 - 4ac
x=-----
Vb
eStudent Edition to 2a
bookmark this lesson. 2
Example x 2 + 5x + 6 = o---* x = - 5 ± V5 - 4(1)(6)
2(1)

Example1 Two Rational Roots

Solve x 2 - lOx = 11 by using the Quadratic Formula.
First, write the equation in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and identify a, b, and c.
ax 2+ bx + c = 0
l l l
x2 - lOx= 11 ---+ l x 2 - lOx - 11 =0
Then, substitute these values into the Quadratic Formula.

X
- b± Vb2 - 4ac
Quadratic Formula
2a
- (-10) ± v (-10) 2 - 4 (1 )(-11)
Replace a with 1. b with -10, and c with -11.
2 (1)

- 10 ± v'100 + 44 Multiply.
- 2

10 ± v'144 Simplify.
2

10 ± 12
2
v144 = 12

x = 10 + 12 or x = 10 - 12 Write as two equations.

2 2
= 11 = -1 Simplify.

The solutions are -1 and 11.

CHECK Substitute both values into the original equation.

x2 - lOx= 11 x2 - lOx= 11
(-1) 2 - 10(-1):;; 11 (11) 2 - 10(11) :;; 11
1 + 10:;; 11 121 - 110 :;; 11
11 = 11 ./ 11 = 11 ./

Guided Practice
Solve each equation by using the Quadratic Formula.
1A. x 2 + 6x = 16 18. 2x 2 + 25x + 33 = 0
Review Vocabulary
radicand the value
underneath the radical symbol / When the value of the radicand in the Quadratic Formula is 0, the quadratic equation
has exactly one rational root.

200 I Lesson 3-6 I The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

 Example2 One Rational Root
Solve x 2 + Bx + 16 = 0 by using the Quadratic Formula.
Identify a, b, and c. Then, substitute these values into the Quadratic Formula.
- b
x=------
± Vb2 - 4ac
Quadratic Formula
2a
- (8) ± y (8) 2- 4 (1) (16)
Replace a with 1. b with 8, and c with 16.
2 (1)
-s±vo Simplify.
2
Math History link --8
Brahmagupta (598-668) -Tor -4 VO =O
Indian mathematician
Brahmagupta offered the The solution is -4.
first general solution of
the quadratic equation CHECK A graph of the related function shows that
a>f. + bx = c, now known there is one solution at x = -4. Zoi:t'O
X= · ~t.OOOOO~ IY:o
as the Quadratic Formula.

Guided Practice [ -10, 10] sci: 1 by [ - 10, 10] sci: 1

Solve each equation by using the Quadratic Formula.

2A. x 2 - 16x + 64 = 0 28. x 2 + 34x + 289 = 0

You can express irrational roots exactly by writing them in radical form.

Example3 Irrational Roots

Solve 2x 2 + 6x - 7 = 0 by using the Quadratic Formula.
- b_
x= _ Vb
2 - 4ac
± . . . :_2_a_ __ Quadratic Formula

- (6) ± v (6) 2 - 4 (2)( -7)

Replace a with 2. b with 6. and c with -7.
2 (2)

-6 ± V92
Simplify.
4

-6 ± 2V23 -3 ± V23
V9z = V4 · 23 or 2V23
= 4 or 2

The approximate solutions are -3.9 and 0.9.

CHECK Check these results by graphing the related

quadratic function, y = 2x 2 + 6x- 7. Using
the zero function of a graphing calculator,
the approximate zeros of the related function
are -3.9 and 0.9.
Zol:t'O
X= -~. 89 7916 1'1'=0

[ -10, 10) sci: 1 by [ -10, 10) sci: 1

-"'
u
Guided Practice
~
.8
.£> Solve each equation by using the Quadratic Formula .
.,
01
-¥a
-6
3A. 3x 2 + 5x + 1 = 0 38. x 2 - 8x +9= 0
g
6

connectED.mcgrnw-hill.~_o.m 201
 -

I~

Study Tip When using the Quadratic Formula, if the value of the radicand is negative, the solutions
will be complex. Complex solutions always appear in conjugate pairs.
Complex Numbers
Remember to write your .--
solutions in the form a + bi,
sometimes called the
Example4 Complex Roots h
2
standard form of a Solve x - 6x = -10 by using the Quadratic Formula.
complex number.
- b ± 2_a_
x = ___ Vb
2 - 4ac
__ Quadratic Formula

- (-6) ± y (-6) 2- 4 (1) (10)

Replace a with 1, b with -6. and c with 10.
2 (1)

6±v=4 Simplify.
2

=3±i
± 2i
2

The solutions are the complex numbers 3

v-=4 = V4 · (-1) or 2i
Simplify.

+ i and 3 - i.
- E!
CHECK A graph of the related function shows that the
solutions are complex, but it cannot help
you find them. To check complex solutions,
substitute them into the original equation.

x 2 - 6x = -10 Original equation

-
[ -10, 10] sci : 1 by [-10, 10] sci : 1

(3 + i) 2 - 6 (3 + i) ::b -10 x=3+i

9 + 6i + i 2 - 18 - 6i ::b -10 Square of a sum: Distributive Property
-9 + i 2 ::b -10 Simplify.
-9 -1 = -10 ./ i2 = -1

x 2 - 6x = -10 Original equation

(3 - i) 2 - 6 (3 - i) ::b -10 x=3-i
9 - 6i + i 2 - 18 + 6i ::b -10 Square of a sum; Distributive Property
-9 + i 2 ::b -10 Simplify.
-9 -1 =-10 ./ j2 = -1

Guided Practice
Solve each equation by using the Quadratic Formula.
4A. 3x 2 + 5x + 4 = 0 48. x 2 - 4x = -13

2 Roots and the Discriminant In the previous examples, observe the relationship
between the value of the expression under the radical and the roots of the quadratic
equation. The expression b2 - 4ac is called the discriminant.

-b ± Vb2 - 4ac +--discriminant

x = 2a

The value of the discriminant can be used to determine the number and type of roots
of a quadratic equation. The table on the following page summarizes the possible types
of roots.
The discriminant can also be used to confirm the number and type of solutions after you
solve the quadratic equation.

202 I Lesson 3-6 I The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

Study Tip
Roots Remember that the
solutions of an equation Consider ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and care rational numbers and a =f. 0.
are called roots or zeros
Value of Type and Number Example of Graph
and are the value(s) where
the graph crosses the Discriminant of Roots of Related Function
x-axis.
y
b2 - 4ac > 0;
b2 - 4ac is a 2 real , rational roots
perfect square.

X
b2 - 4ac > 0;
b2 - 4ac is not a 2 real , irrational roots
perfect square.

b2 - 4ac = 0 1 real rational root X

b2 - 4ac <0 2 complex roots

0 X

ExampleS Describe Roots

Find the value of the discriminant for each quadratic equation. Then describe the
number and type of roots for the equation.
a. 7x 2 - 11x + 5 =0 b. x 2 + 22x + 121 =0
a = 7, b = -11, c = 5 a = 1, b = 22, c = 121
b2 - 4ac =( -11) 2 -
4(7)(5) b2 - 4ac = (22) 2 - 4(1)(121)
= 121- 140 = 484-484
= -19 =0
The discriminant is negative, so The discriminant is 0, so there is
there are two complex roots. one rational root.

Guided Practice
SA. - 5x 2 + 8x - 1 =0 58. -7x + 15x 2 - 4 =0

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 203
 You have studied a variety of methods for solving quadratic equations. The table below
summarizes these methods.
Study Tip
Study Notebook You may
wish to copy this list of Solving Quadrat ic Equations
methods to your math Method Can be Used When to Use
notebook or Foldable to keep
as a reference as you study. Use only if an exact answer is not
required. Best used to check the
graphing sometimes
reasonableness of solutions found
algebraically.

Use if the constant term is 0 or if

factoring sometimes the factors are easily determined.
Example x2 - 7x = 0

Use for equations in which a perfect

Square Root Property sometimes square is equal to a constant.
Example (x- 5)2 = 18

Useful for equations of the form

completing the square always x2 + bx + c = 0, where b is even.
Example x2 + 6x -14 = 0

Useful when other methods fail or

Quadratic Formula always are too tedious.
Example 2.3x2 -1.8x + 9.7 = 0

IPi J Go Onlin~! for a

Check Your Understanding" ' - - - - - {1) = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. V Self-Check Quiz ,
\ , i~~:. :JrJt%1~

Examples 1-4 Solve each equation by using the Quadratic Formula.

!) x2 + 12x - 9= 0 2. x 2 + 8x + 5 = 0
3. 4x 2 - 5x - 2 = 0 4. 9x 2 + 6x - 4 =0
5. 10x2 - 3 = 13x 6. 22x = 12x 2 + 6
7. -3x 2 + 4x = -8 8. x 2 + 3 = - 6x + 8

Examples 3-4 9. G MODELING An amusement park ride takes riders to

the top of a tower and drops them at speeds reaching
80 feet per second. A function that models this ride is
h = -16t 2 - 64t + 60, where h is the height in feet and
t is the time in seconds. About how many seconds does
it take for riders to drop from 60 feet to 0 feet?

Exa mple 5 Complete parts a and b for each quadratic equation.

a. Find the value of the discriminant.
b. Describe the number and type of roots.

10. 3x 2 + 8x + 2 = 0 11. 2x 2 - 6x +9=0

12. -16x 2 + 8x - 1 =0 13. 5x 2 + 2x +4=0
204 I lesson 3-6 I The Quadratic Formula and the Oiscrimi nan
 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R3.

Examples 1-4 Solve each equation by using the Quadratic Formula.

14. x 2 + 45x = -200 15. 4x 2 - 6 = -12x
16. 3x 2 - 4x- 8 = -6 17. 4x 2 - 9 = -7x- 4
18. 5x 2 - 9 = 11x 19.12x 2 +9x-2=-17

20. DIVING Competitors in the 10-meter platform diving competition jump upward and
outward before diving into the pool below. The height h of a diver in meters above the
pool after t seconds can be approximated by the equation h = -4.9t 2 + 3t + 10.
a. Determine a domain and range for which this function makes sense.
b. When will the diver hit the water?

Example 5 Complete parts a-c for each quadratic equation.

a. Find the value of the discriminant.
b. Describe the number and type of roots.
c. Find the exact solutions by using the Quadratic Formula.

~ 2x 2 + 3x - 3 = 0 22. 4x 2 - 6x + 2 = 0 23. 6x 2 + 5x - 1 = 0
24. 6x 2 - x- 5= 0 25. 3x 2 - 3x + 8 = 0 26. 2x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0
27. -5x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0 28. x 2 - 6x = -9 29. - 3x 2 - 7x + 2 = 6
30. -8x 2 + 5 = -4x 31. x 2 + 2x - 4 = -9 32. -6x 2 + 5 = -4x + 8

33. PHONES While Darnell is talking to his friend Jack

from his balcony, he drops his phone. Darnell stands
at his bedroom window, and Jack stands directly below
the window. If Jack tosses the phone to Darnell with an
initial velocity of 35 feet per second, an equation for the
height h in feet of the phone after t seconds is
h = -16t 2 + 35t + 5.
a. If the window is 25 feet above the ground, will Darnell
have 0, 1, or 2 chances to catch his phone?
b. If Darnell is unable to catch his phone, when will it hit
the ground?

34. G SENSE-MAKING Civil engineers are designing a section of road that is

going to dip below sea level. The road's curve can be modeled by the equation
y = 0.00005x 2 - 0.06x, where xis the horizontal distance in feet between the
points where the road is at sea level and y is the elevation. The engineers want
to put stop signs at the locations where the elevation of the road is equal to sea
level. At what horizontal distances will they place the stop signs?

Complete parts a-c for each quadratic equation.

a. Find the value of the discriminant.
b. Describe the number and type of roots.
c. Find the exact solutions by using the Quadratic Formula.

35. 5x 2 + 8x = 0 36. 8x 2 = - 2x +1 37. 4x- 3 = -12x 2

38. 0.8x 2 + 2.6x = -3.2 39. 0.6x 2 + 1.4x = 4.8 40. -4x 2 + 12 = -6x- 8
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 205
 @ SMOKING A decrease in smoking in the United States has
resulted in lower death rates caused by lung cancer. The
number of deaths per 100,000 people y can be approximated
by y = -0.26x 2 - 0.55x + 91.81, where x represents the
number of years after 2000.
a. Calculate the number of deaths per 100,000 people for 2017.
b. Use the Quadratic Formula to solve for x when y =50.
c. According to the quadratic function, when will the death
rate be 0 per 100,000? Do you think that this prediction is
reasonable? Why or why not?
42. NUMBER THEORY The sum 5 of consecutive integers 1, 2, 3, ... , n is given by the
formula 5 = tn(n + 1). How many consecutive integers, starting with 1, must be
added to get a sum of 666?

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

--------------------------------------~
43. ERROR ANALYSIS Tama and Jonathan are determining the number of solutions of
3x 2 - 5x = 7. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Tarn a Jo~t'l.tht'l.~

))(2- ~)C := 7
3x2.- 5x = 7
))( 2 - ~)C- 7 := 0
b 2. - Lf-ac = ( -5)2. - Lf-(3)(7)
'p
2
- 4~c := ( -5'/- 4(3)(-7)

=-59 := IO'f
Si\\ce H"e J-iscviiMt\\~\\t- is pcsit-ive,
Since the discriminant is negative. there
t-~eve ~ve +we ve~l vcct-s.
are no real solutions.

44. CHALLENGE Find the solutions of 4ix 2 - 4ix + Si = 0 by using the

Quadratic Formula.
45. G REASONING Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain
your reasoning.
a. In a quadratic equation in standard form, if a and c are different signs, then the solutions
will be real.
b. If the discriminant of a quadratic equation is greater than 1, the two roots are real irrational
numbers.
46. OPEN-ENDED Sketch the corresponding graph and state the number and type of roots for each of
the following.
a. b2- 4ac = 0
b. A quadratic function in which f(x) never equals zero.
c. A quadratic function in which f(a) = 0 and f(b) = 0; a -=/= b.
d. The discriminant is less than zero.
e. a and b are both solutions and can be represented as fractions.

47. CHALLENGE Find the value(s) of m in the quadratic equation x 2 + x + m + 1 = 0 such that it has
one solution.

48. WRITING IN MATH Describe three different ways to solve x 2 - 2x - 15 = 0. Which method
do you prefer, and why?

206 I Lesson 3-6 I The Quadratic Formula and the Discrimi nant
Preparing for Assessment
49. What is the solution set for the equation shown 53. Find the exact solutions of x2 - lOx - 13 = 0 using
below? G8 the Quadratic Formula. G 8
x2 - lOx + 36 = 2
0 A 3±iYli

0 B 5 ± 3i
54. Solve 5x2 7x + 12 = 0 using the Quadratic
0 c 5 ± iv's8 Formula.
-

G8
0 D 10 ± 6i

50. Which value describes the discriminant of the

equation graphed below? G 8 55. What type of solutions do you expect when you
solve x2 + 3x + 15 = 0? G 8
~ 6 y 1-4 I

' 1\
\ ~II
5 j
1/

~
" 1
-5-4-3-2 -10 1 2 3X 56. MULTI-STEP Solve the equation 2x2 - 4x +7=0
I2
I
following the steps. G 2
I
I a. What does the discriminant tell you about the
0 A -1 number and type of solutions?

0 B 0
0 c 2 b. Which is the correct substitution into the
quadratic formula?
0 D 3
0 A 4± J(- 4)2- 4(2)(7)
2(2)
51. What is the solution set for the equation
-2 ± y (2)2 - 4(-4)(7)
10x 2 - 7x - 3 = 0? G 8 0B 2(-4)

0 c - 7 ± y(7)2- 4(2)(-4)
2(2)

52. Solve 3x2 + 8x = 1 by completing the steps below. 0 D 4 ± y (-4)2- 4(7)(2)

88
Step 1: 3x2 + 8x - D =0 c. Which are solutions to the equation?

I I 0 A - 4 ~V4Q
2 ± iv'W
I 0B
= -D ± Yo
7
Step 3: x
D 0 c 4 ± iv'W
2

Step 4: x = -0 ± Yo 0 D 2 ± iv'iO
D
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 207
You have learned that a linear function has a Mathematical Practices
constant rate of change. In this lab, ~ 7 Look for and make use of structure.
you will investigate the rate of change
for quadratic functions.

Consider f(x) = 0.1875x 2 - 3x + 12.

Jim Make a table like the one below. Use values from 0 through 16 for x.
2 3 16

6.75

fim Find each y-value. For example, when x = 1, y = 0.1875(1) 2 - 3(1) + 12

or 9.1875.
fiAi@j Graph the ordered pairs (x, y). Then connect the points with a smooth
curve. Notice that the function decreases when 0 < x < 8 and increases when
8 <X< 16.
fim The rate of change from one point to the next can be found by using the
9 1 7
slope formula. From (0, 12) to (1, 9.1875), the slope is · ~ ~ ~ 12 or -2.8125.
This is the first-order difference at x = 1. Complete the table for all the
first-order differences. Describe any patterns in the differences.
fitnfj The second-order differences can be found by subtracting consecutive
first-order differences. For example, the second-order difference
at x = 2 is found by subtracting the first order difference at x = 1
from the first-order difference at x = 2. Describe any patterns in
the differences.

Exercises

For each function make a table of values for the given x-values. Graph the function.
Then determine the first-order and second-order differences.
1. y = -x 2 + 2x- 1 for x = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
2. y = 0.5x 2 + 2x- 2 for x = -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1
3. y = -3x 2 - 18x - 26 for x = -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0
4. MAKE A CONJECTURE Repeat the activity for a cubic function. At what order difference
would you expect g(x) = x 4 to be constant? h(x) = xn?

208 I Extend 3-6 I Algebra Lab: Quadratics and Rate of Change

 inequalities.
•1 Graph quadratic
inequalities in two
• A water balloon launched from a slingshot can be
represented by several different quadratic equations
variables. and inequalities.
Solve quadratic Suppose the height of a water balloon h(t) in meters
2
inequalities in one
variable.
above the ground t seconds after being launched is
modeled by the quadratic function h(t) = -4.9t2 +
32t + 1.2. You can solve a quadratic inequality to
determine how long the balloon will be a certain
distance above the ground.

'f:>J New
Vocabulary
quadratic inequality 1Graph Quadratic Inequalities You can graph quadratic inequalities in
two variables by using the same techniques used to graph linear inequalities
in two variables.
~1@11 Graph the related ~1trtfl Test a point not on ~1Qill Shade accordingly.
G Mathematical function. the parabola.
Practices
1 Make sense of
problems and persevere
~
\
4· y
I
.
\
{x1, y1)
I
l 'Y I~
\
.4 Y
1
IJ
'
in solving them. I
'\ '
I

\ }0 X JO X ~ Jo X

I \ I \ ~ I
v·
'/
I
~t '
\. _/
I

'
~1
/
~
' [\ lj
\
/
[ Should the parabola
be solid or dashed?
l y 1 ~ a(x1) 2 + b(x1) + c jl
J
(x1• y1) is a solution. ]
\

[ (x1, y1) is not a solution. J

Example1 Graph a Quadratic Inequality

Graph y > x 2 + 2x + 1.
f1®JI Graph the related function, y = x2 + 2x + 1. ~ y ,4
The parabola should be dashed.
'. I
i
~1trtfl Test a point not on the graph of the parabola. '' I

y > x 2 + 2x +1
~
I• ,., _I

'', 1

-1 >o2 + 2(0) + 1 ~'" /

' jy = x 2
+ 2x + 1 I
-1 I 1 So, (0, -1) is not a -- --C-1--...Q X

solution of the inequality.

"'
I ~1Qill Shade the region that does not contain the point (0, -1).
~
\!)

~
u:: Guided Practice
~
~ Graph each inequality.
~
~
c
>.
1A. y :::; x2 + 2x + 4 1B. y < - 2x 2 + 3x + 5
~

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 209
 2 Solve Quadratic Inequalities Quadratic inequalities in one variable can be
solved using the graphs of the related quadratic functions.
ax 2 + bx + c < 0 a>o a <o
~
Graph y = ax + bx + c and
2
ll T\
identify the x-values for which 1\-~ 7 II I 1\
the graph lies below the x-axis. IT II I 1\
For ~' include the x-intercepts ' 1/ I I I '

in the solution.
~x1~\ Ill I~x~ ~x. ~ I I I r\ 2 ~
1
\1 I V
II I I I I I '
1\J/
~
{xJx 1 <x<x 2 } [xlx<x 1 orx>x 2 }

+ bx + c > 0
ax 2 a>O a<O

Graph y = ax 2 + bx + c and
1 i
1/r\
identify the x-values for which 1\ I II I ~
the graph lies above the x-axis. \ 1/ 7 rT-T\
v
For 2::, include the x-intercepts
in the solution.
~x1 h l ' I I Jo/2~ 1/ I I I '
f-+-x'1 ~ I I I ~2 ~
\1 I V Jr l· r 1· 1 1\
1\..1/
~
{xJx<x 1 orx>x 2 } [x I x 1 < x < x 2}

Study Tip Example2 Solve ax2 + bx + c < 0 by Graphing 1:

Solving Quadratic Solve x 2 + 2x - 8 < 0 by graphing.
Inequalities by Graphing
A precise graph of the The solution consists of x-values for which the graph of the related function lies below
related quadratic function is the x-axis. Begin by finding the zeros of the related function.
not necessary since the
zeros of the function were x 2 + 2x - 8 = 0 Related equat1on
found algebraically.
(x - 2)(x + 4) = 0 Factor.

x- 2 =0 or x +4=0 Zero Product Property

X= 2 X= -4 Solve each equation.

Sketch the graph of a parabola that has x-intercepts at Yl I

-4 and 2. The graph should open up because a > 0. Ot I j X
1\ r r-r· r 1·1
The graph lies below the x-axis between x = -4 ·rr-r-r-r--1 /
u -r~· r · · · rt
and x = 2. Thus, the solution set is {xI -4 < x < 2}
or (-4, 2). '
[1~ I I I J

CHECK Test one value of x less than -4, one y=x

2
+ 2x- ~~ I V
between -4 and 2, and one greater than i\.J)
2 in the original inequality.
Test x = -6. Test x = 0. Testx = 5.
2
x + 2x- 8 < 0 x2
+ 2x- 8 < 0 x 2 + 2x- 8 < 0
(-6) 2 + 2(-6)- 8 ~ 0 0 2 + 2(0) - 8 ~ 0 5 2 + 2(5) - 8 <0
16 < 0 X -8 < 0 ./ 27 <o x
.. Guided Practice
Solve each inequality by graphing.
2A. 0 > x 2 + 5x - 6 28. - x 2 + 3x + 10 ~ 0

210 I Lesson 3-7 I Quadratic Inequalities

 Example3 Solve ax2 + bx + c ~ 0 by Graphing
Solve 2x 2 + 4x - 5 ~ 0 by graphing.
The solution consists of x-values for which the graph of the related function lies on and
above the x-axis. Begin by finding the zeros of the related function.
2x 2 + 4x - 5 =0 Related equation
- b ± Vb2 - 4ac
x= 2a
Use the Quadratic Formula.

X=
- 4± v 4 2 - 4(2)(-5)
2(2) Replace a with 4, b with 2, and c with -5.

or Simplify and write as two equations.

Simplify.

Sketch the graph of a parabola with x-intercepts at

-2.87 and 0.87. The graph opens up since a > 0. The
1
\
y' I

graph lies on and above the x-axis at about x:::;; -2.87

0 J X
and x ~ 0.87. Therefore, the solution is approximately /) I
{xI x:::;; -2.87 or x ~ 0.87} or (-oo, -2.87] U [0.87, oo). L
1\ I
Iy = 2x 2 + 4x - 5
1\ I
' \ J
\ J
Guided Practice
Solve each inequality by graphing.
3A. x 2 - 6x +2> 0 38. -4x 2 + 5x +7~0

Real-world problems can be solved by graphing quadratic inequalities.

Real-World Example 4 Solve a Quadratic Inequality

WATER BALLOONS Refer to the beginning of the lesson. At what time will a water
balloon be within 3 meters of the ground after it has been launched?
The function h(t) = -4.9t 2 + 32t + 1.2 describes the height of the water balloon.
Therefore, you want to find the values oft for which h(t) :::;; 3.
h(t) :::;; 3 Original inequality
-4.9t 2
+ 32t + 1.2 :::;; 3 h(t) = -4.9t2 + 32t + 1.2
-4.9t 2 + 32t - 1.8 :::;; 0 Subtract 3 from each side.

Graph the related function y = -4.9x 2 + 32x - 1.8 ~

It takes just milliseconds for

a water balloon to break. A
high-speed camera can
capture the impact on the
fluid before gravity makes
using a graphing calculator. The zeros of the function
are about 0.06 and 6.47, and the graph lies below the
x-axis when x < 0.06 and x > 6.47.
So, the water balloon is within 3 meters of the ground
during the first 0.06 second after being launched and
again after about 6.47 seconds until it hits the ground.
...
r\
2~t·o:. . . ....
ll=6.'tnB6!:1:1: V=O
~

it fall. [-1 , 9] sci: 1 by [-5, 55] sci: 5

Source: NASA
Guided Practice
4. ROCKETS The height h(t) of a model rocket in feet t seconds after its launch can be
~
:§ represented by the function h(t) = -16t 2 + 82t + 0.25. During what interval is the
(ij

rocket at least 100 feet above the ground?

1
0::

connectEO.mcgraw-hill.com 211
 Exa111ple 5 Solve a Quadratic Inequality Algebraically
Go Online! 'tt·
Solve x 2 - 3x ~ 18 algebraically.
Watch the Personal Tutor
to see how to solve a a.ji§:U Solve the related quadratic equation x 2 - 3x = 18.
quadratic inequality
algebraically. Then try it on
x2 - = 18
3x Related quadratic equation

your own. x2 - 3x -18 = 0 Subtract 18 from each side.

7] Vlr.~o~
(x + 3)(x - 6) = 0 Factor.
~ - -'·· ·-
' -""•!!'·;?;' ,,_,
(J.)! +bt+<..-o xao l
-(o)..+Wl~ -.>1
x+3 =0 or x- 6 =0 Zero Product Property
'i....•i·~· · -(...l"'•S{,<l£"'1
x = -3 x=6
"
x'-f»<-"'' 0
(!1.-l l}r.•l ) • O
·31Dt -J<l Solve each equation.
:~~ :J2
~jQiff Plot -3 and 6 on a number line. Use dots since these values are solutions of the
'-v-J ~
>C<·' . )£Y.£.6 Ht original inequality. Notice that the number line is divided into three intervals.
• • M
I: I
X " -3
I I ..
tI -3 "X "
I I I I I I I•
6 t~ I
X"' 6
I I:
I
-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

~jGiiJ Test a value from each interval to see if it satisfies the original inequality.
X ~ -3 -3 ~X ~ 6 X ;;;::: 6
Test x = -5. Testx = 0. Test x = 8.
x 2 - 3x ~ 18 x2 - 3x ~ 18 x2 - 3x ~ 18
(-5) 2 - 3(-5) ;; 18 (0) 2 - 3(0) ;; 18 (8) 2 - 3(8) ;; 18

40 $. 18 0 ~ 18 40 $. 18
The solution set is {x I -3 ~ x ~ 6} or [-3, 6].
• I I I • I I I I I I I I • I I I•
-6-5-4-3-2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Guided Practice
Solve each inequality algebraically.
5A. x 2 + 5x < -6 58. x 2 + 11x + 30 2: 0

Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.

~---

Example 1 Graph each inequality.

1. y ~ x 2 - 8x +2 2. y > x 2 + 6x - 2 3. y 2: -x 2 + 4x + 1
Examples 2-3 G SENSE-MAKING Solve each inequality by graphing.
4. 0 < x 2 - 5x +4 5. x 2+ 8x + 15 < 0
6. -2x 2 - 2x + 12 2: 0 7. 0 2: 2x 2 - 4x + 1
Example 4 8. SOCCER A midfielder kicks a ball toward the goal during a match. The height of the ball
in feet above the ground h(t) at timet can be represented by h(t) = -O.lt 2 + 2.4t + 1.5. If
the height of the goal is 8 feet, at what time during the kick will the ball be able to enter
the goal?
Example 5 Solve each inequality algebraically.
+ 6x- 16 < 0
9. x 2 10. x 2 - 14x > -49
ID -x 2 + 12x 2: 28 12. x2 - 4x ~ 21

212 I Lesson 3-7 I Quadratic Inequalities

I Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R3. ~
Example 1 Graph each inequality.
13. y 2::: x 2 + 5x + 6 14. x 2 - 2x - 8 <y 15. y:::; -x 2 - 7x +8
16. -x 2
+ 12x- 36 > y 17. y > 2x 2
- 2x - 3 18. y 2::: -4x 2
+ 12x - 7

Examples 2-3 Solve each inequality by graphing.

19. x2 - +9<0
9x 20. x2 - 2x - 24 ::; 0 21. x2 + 8x + 16 2::: 0
22. x + 6x + 3 > 0
2
23. 0 > -x + 7x + 12
2
24. -x 2 + 2x- 15 < 0
25. 4x 2 + 12x + 10 :::; 0 26. - 3x 2 - 3x + 9 > 0 27. 0 > -2x 2 + 4x + 4
28. 3x 2 + 12x + 36 :::; 0 29. 0 :::; -4x 2 + 8x + 5 30. - 2x 2 + 3x + 3 :::; 0

Example 4 3t) ARCHITECTURE An arched entry of a room is shaped like a parabola that can be
represented by the equation f(x) = -x 2 + 6x + 1. How far from the sides of the
arch is its height at least 7 feet?

32. MANUFACTURING A box is formed by cutting 4-inch

squares from each corner of a square piece of cardboard ~I 14
I
and then folding the sides. If V(x) = 4x 2 - 64x + 256 represents I
I
I
I
the volume of the box, what should the dimensions of the I
t----X-----t
I

I I
original piece of cardboard be if the volume of the box I I
I I
cannot exceed 750 cubic inches? I I

41 14
Example 5 Solve each inequality algebraically.

33. x2 - 9x < -20 34. x2 + 7x 2::: -10 35. 2 > x2 - x

36. -3 :::; -x 2 - 4x 37. -x 2 + 2x:::; -10 38. -6 > x 2 + 4x
2 2
39. 2x + 4 2::: 9 40. 3x 2 + x 2::: -3 41. -4x + 2x < 3
42. -11 2::: -2x 2 - 5x 43. -12 < -5x 2 -lOx 44. -3x 2 - lOx> -1

45. G PERSEVERANCE The Sanchez family is adding

24ft X
a deck along two sides of their swimming pool. The
~·
;J~
deck width will be the same on both sides and the
total area of the pool and deck cannot exceed 12ft ~
750 square feet.
~--:-:--r:'.;r

X I ~ 6 .,r . ~~,{ >t: • ,/,F.-,:;../~

a. Graph the quadratic inequality.
b. Determine the possible widths of the deck. ~.,..--'!"""~,.......

Write a quadratic inequality for each graph.

(-8, 18)
46. 47. 48.

rrrn
t (-2,
8-6-4-f
-2f OE 2l l (4,6 -2)
8x

II (!'!~~~~~~~~~ I I I

I I I l f~m+-+~
4 I I

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 213
 Solve each quadratic inequality by using a graph, a table, or algebraically.
49. -2x 2 + 12x < -15 50. 5x 2 + x + 3;;:::: 0 {51) 11:::;; 4x 2 + 7x

52. x2 - 4x :::;; -7 53. -3x 2 + lOx < 5 54. -1;;:::: -x 2 - 5x

55. BUSINESS An electronics manufacturer uses the function P(x) = x(-27.5x + 3520) +
20,000 to model their monthly profits when selling x thousand wireless headsets.
a. Suppose the manufacturer incurs a new monthly expense of $25,000. Explain how
this affects the graph of the profit function and what it represents.
b. Describe how the added expense affects the number of wireless headsets that must
be sold in order for the manufacturer to have at least $100,000 in profits. Include
details of minimum, maximum, and the range of the number of headsets.

56. UTILITIES A contractor is installing drain pipes for a shopping

center's parking lot. The outer diameter of the pipe is to be
10 inches. The cross sectional area of the pipe must be at least
35 square inches and should not be more than 42 square inches.
a. Graph the quadratic inequalities.
b. What thickness of drain pipe can the contractor use?

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

57. OPEN-ENDED Write a quadratic inequality for each condition.

a. The solution set is all real numbers.
b. The solution set is the empty set.

58. ERROR ANALYSIS Don and Diego used a graph to solve the quadratic inequality
x 2 - 2x- 8 > 0. Is either of them correct? Explain.

Von Di.eBo

y J y
~
0 X
0 X
I \ I
'.~ . I
I
\ I
'..
'
,1: \
1
\ I
II
II
I
''
t. ,' \ I
\

\.I, '
I
' ~l/ If

59. G REASONING Are the boundaries of the solution set of x2 + 4x - 12 :::;; 0

twice the value of the boundaries of tx 2 + 2x - 6 :::;; 0? Explain.

60. G REASONING Determine if the following statement is sometimes, always, or never

true. Explain your reasoning.
The intersection of y :::;; -ax 2 + c and y 2::: ax 2 - c is the empty set.

61. CHALLENGE Graph the intersection of the graphs of y :::;; -x 2 + 4 and y ; : : x 2 - 4.

62. €} WRITING IN MATH How are the techniques used when solving quadratic
inequalities and quadratic equations similar? different?

214 I Lesson 3-7 I Quadratic Inequalities

Preparing for Assessment
63. What is the solution set of the inequality 66. Which graph represents the solution of the
4x + 1 > 2 - 5 (x + 7)? G 1 inequality y;;::: x 2 + 2x- 8? G 1

0 A { xlx >- 3; } OA 11 8 y j
1 6
1
34 4
0
0
B

C
{X IX > -

{ xlx >- 2
9 }

}}
-8-6- -20' \ I
-4
2

I
~ 4 6 8X

\ 6 I
\ , II
0 D {xlx>~} ·~

QB 1). 8 y A
0 E {xlx>}} ~ 6
--:
!
-.

'
4
2
I!
,. ,
-8-6-4-20 f 4 6 8X
\ I I
'-4 I
64. What inequality is Jy ~ \-6 II
c

"~
represented by the graph?
6~ j
G1
0 A y;;:::x 2 -6x+7
41\ I
II
oc 11.
\
8 y j
I
-8-6-4-202 ' ~ 6 8X 6
\
0 y > x2 +7 I4 4

0
B

C
-

y~x 2 -6x+7
6x
6
I8
-8-6- ,-20' 1\ I 4 I
2
4 6 8X

0 D y<x 2 -6x+7 \ 6 I
7 \ n

~
On 1). 8 y l
~
6
I
65. MULTI-ST~P Solve 6 < x2 - x. G2 ' 4
!

a. What is the related function of the inequality?

' I 2 '
-8-6-4-20 f 4 6 8X
I
' I 4 ~
'\ 6
I
\L" I
,,~

b. Which are the zeros of the related function?

67. Place the correct symbol in the box to create an

D A (3, 0) D D (-2, 0)
inequality that contains (2, 4) in the solution set
D B (-2, 0) D E (4, 4) but not (-3, 0). G 1
D c (-3, o) y0x2 +2x-3

c. Which represents the solution set of the original 68. Which point is in the solution set of
inequality? y < -x2 + 5x- 3? G 1
0 A {xI x < 1 or x > 6} 0 A (2.5, 3.25)

0 B {xI x > -1 or x < -6} Q B (0, 0)

0 C {xI x < 3 - or x > 2} 0 c (2, 0)

0 D {xI x > 3 or x < - 2} Q D (0, -2)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 215
Study Guide
I Key Concepts I I Key Vocabulary
Graphing Quadratic Functions (Lesson 3-1) axis of symmetry (p.152) parabola (p. 151)

• The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, a =f 0, opens up, and the completing the square (p. 192) pure imaginary number (p.172)
function has a minimum value when a> 0. The graph opens
complex conjugates (p. 175) quadratic equation (p.163)
down, and the function has a maximum value when a< 0.
complex number (p.173) Quadratic Formula (p.199)
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing (.Lessons 3-2) constant term (p. 151) quadratic function (p.151)
• Roots of a quadratic equation are the zeros of the related discriminant (p. 202) quadratic inequality (p. 209)
quadratic function. You can find the zeros of a quadratic
function by finding the x-intercepts of the graph. factored form (p. 179) quadratic term (p. 151)
FOIL method (p.179) root (p.163)
Complex Numbers (Lesson 3-3)
imaginary unit (p. 172) Square Root Property (p.173)
• i is the imaginary unit; ; 2 = -1 and i = v'=T.
linear term (p. 151) standard form (p. 163)
Solving Quadratic Equations (Lessons 3-4,3-5, and 3-6) maximum value (p.154) vertex (p.152)
• Factoring: Step 1 Write the equation in standard form. Step 2 minimum value (p.154) zero (p. 163)
Factor the quadratic expression. Step 3 Set each factor equal
to 0 and solve.

• Completing the square: Step 1 Find one half of b, the I Vocabulary Check
coefficient of x. Step 2 Square the result in Step 1. Step 3 Add
the result of Step 2 to x2 + bx. State whether each sentence is true or false. If false,
. V
- b ± b2 - 4ac
• Quadratic Formula: x = - - _
replace the underlined term to make a true sentence.

1. The factored form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx +

c = 0, where a =f 0 and a, b, and care integers.
Quadratic Inequalities (Lesson 3-7)
• In two variables: Graph the related function, test a point not 2. The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola.
on the parabola and determine if it is a solution, and shade
3. The axis of symmetry will intersect a parabola in one point
accordingly.
called the vertex.

• In one variable: Graph the related function, and identify the 4. A method called FOIL method is used to make a quadratic
x-values for which the graph lies below the x-axis for ax2 + expression a perfect square in order to solve the related
bx + c < 0 or the x-values for which the graph lies above the equation.
x-axis for ax2 + bx + c > 0.
5. The number 6i is called a pure imaginary number.

6. The two numbers 2 + 3i and 2- 3i are called complex

conjugates.
StudyOrganizer
Use your Foldable to review the chapter. Working with a I Concept Check
partner can be helpful. Ask for clarification of concepts as
7. Explain how the value of the discriminant gives the number
needed.
and type of roots for a quadratic equation.
8. Explain the connection between the solutions of a quadratic
equation and the graph of the related quadratic function.

216 I Chapter 3 I Study Guide and Review

 I
Lesson-by-Lesson Review
~ -- ----------------------------------------------.
3-1 Graphing Quadratic Functions
Complete parts a-c for each quadratic function. Example1
a. Find they-intercept, the equation of the axis of Consider the quadratic function f(x) = x 2 - 4x + 11. Find the
symmetry, and the x-coordinate of the vertex. y-intercept, the equation for the axis of symmetry, and the
b. Make a table of values that includes the vertex. x-coordinate of the vertex.

c. Use this information to graph the function. In the function, a= 1, b = -4, and c = 11. They-intercept
9. f(x) = x + 5x + 12
2
10. f(x) =x 2
- 7x + 15 is c = 11.

11. f(x) = -2x2 + 9x- 5 12. f(x) = -3x2 + 12x- 1 Use a and b to find the equation of the axis of symmetry.
b
Determine whether each function has a maximum or x=-- Equation of the axis of symmetry
2a
minimum value and find the maximum or minimum value. -4 a= 1and b = -4
Then state the domain and range of the function . 2(1)

13. f(x) = -x2 + 3x -1 14. f(x) = -3x2 - 4x + 5 =2 Simplify.

The equation of the axis of symmetry is x= 2. Therefore, the

15. BUSINESS Sal's Shirt Store sells 100 T-shirts per week at x-coordinate of the vertex is 2.
a rate of $10 per shirt. Sal estimates that he will sell
5 fewer shirts for each $1 increase in price. What price
will maximize Sal's T-shirt income?

3-2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

----...........
Solve each equation by graphing. If exact roots cannot be Example2
found, state the consecutive integers between which the Solve 2x2- 7x + 3 = 0 by graphing.
roots are located.
The equation ofthe axis of symmetry is-;~ or x = ~·
16. x2 - x- 20 =0
7
17. 2x2 - x - 3=0 0 4
I 2 3
-
18. 4x2 - 6x- 15 = 0 3 -2 I -228 I -3 0

19. BASEBALL A baseball is hit upward at 120 feet per

second. Use the formula h(t) = v0 t -16t2, where h(t) is The zeros of the
the height of an object in feet, v0 is the object's initial related function
1
velocity in feet per second, and tis the time in seconds. are and 3.
2
Ignoring the height of the ball when it was hit, how long Therefore, the
does it take for the ball to hit the ground? solutions of the
. 1
equat1on are-
2
and 3.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 217
 3-3 Complex Numbers
----------------~
Simplify. Example3
20. yes 21. (2 - i) + (13 + 4i) Simplify (12 + 3i)- (-5 + 2i).

22. (6 + 2i) - (4 - 3i) 23. (6 + 5i)(3 - 2i) (12 + 3i)- (-5 + 2i)
24. ELECTRICITY The impedance in one part of a series = [12- (-5)] + (3- 2)i Group the real and
imaginary parts.
circuit is 3 + 2j ohms, and the impedance in the other part = 17 + i Simplify.
of the circuit is 4- 3j ohms. Add these complex numbers
to find the total impedance in the circuit. I~

Example4
Solve each equation.
Solve 3x2 + 12 = 0.
2
25. 2x + 50 = 0
3x2 + 12 = 0 Original equation
2
26. 4x + 16 = 0
3x2 = -12 Subtract 12 from each side.
27. 3x2 + 15 = 0
x2 = -4 Divide each side by 3.
28. 8x2 + 16 = 0
x= ±Y-4 Square Root Property
29. 4x2 + 1 = 0
x= ±2i Y=4=Y4·R

3-4 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

---
Write a quadratic equation in standard form with the ExampleS
given roots. Write a quadratic equation in standard form with --k and
30. 5, 6 31. -3, -7 4 as its roots.

32. -4,2 33. -3· 1

2 (x - p)(x - q) =0 Write the pattern.

[ x - ( -~) J(x - 4)
1
34. 6· 5 35. -4·1 -1 =0 Replace p with -~and q with 4.

Solve each equation by factoring. (x + ~)(x- 4) = 0 Simplify.

36. 2x2 - 2x - 24 = 0 7
x2 --x-2 =0 Multiply.
2
37. 2x2 - Sx- 3 = 0
2x2 -7x- 4 = 0 Multiply each side by 2 so that
38. 3x2 - 16x + 5 = 0
band care integers.
39. x2 + 121 =0
40. 4x2 + 64 = 0
1-
41. Find x and the dimensions of the rectangle below. Example&
Solve 2x2 - 3x- 5 = 0 by factori ng.
2x2 - 3x - 5 = 0 Original equation
A= 126 ft 2 x-3
(2x - 5)(x + 1) = 0 Factor the trinomial.

2x - 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 Zero Product Property

x+2
x=~2 x= -1
The solution set is { -1, %} or{ xI x = - 1, %}.

218 I Chapter 3 I Study Guide and Review

3-5 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
- ---
Find the value of c that makes each trinomial a perfect Example7
square. Then write the trinomial as a perfect square. Find the value of cthat makes x2 + 14x + c a perfect
42. x2 + 18x + c 43. x2 - 4x + c square. Then write the trinomial as a perfect square.

44. x2 -7x r+ c 45. x2 + 2.4x + c

2 1 47.• X2 + SX
6
46•
2x + C +C
I
X -

Solve each equation by completing the square.

48. x2 - 6x - 7 = 0
49. x2 - 2x + 8 = 0 ExampleS
50. 2x2 + 4x - 3 = 0 Solve x2 + 12x -13 = 0 by completing the square.
51. 2x2 + 3x - 5 = 0 x2 + 12x- 13 =0
52. FLOOR PLAN Mario's living room has a length 6 feet x 2
+ 12x = 13
wider than the width. The area of the living room is
x2 + 12x + 36 = 13 + 36
280 square feet. What are the dimensions of his living
room?
(x+ 6) 2 = 49
x+ 6 = ±7
x + 6 = 7 or x + 6 = -7
X= 1 X= -13
The solution set is { -13, 1} or {xI x = -13, 1}.

3-6 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

Complete parts a-c for each quadratic equation. I Exampl e 9 I

a. Find the value of the discriminant. Solve x2 - 4x- 45 = 0 by using the Quadratic Formula.
b. Describe the number and type of roots. In x 2 - 4x- 45 = 0, a= 1, b = -4, and c = -45.

c. Find the exact solutions by using the Quadratic Formula. x=

-b ± Vb2 - 4ac
Quadratic Formula
2a
2
53. x -10x + 25 =0 - -(-4) ± y (-4)2 - 4(1)(-45)
2
54. x + 4x - 32 = 0 - 2(1)

55. 2x2 + 3x -18 =0 - 4±14

- 2
56. 2x2
+ 19x- 33 = 0 Write as two equations.
2
57. x - 2x + 9 = 0 4 + 14
x = -- or
4 - 14
x = --
2 2
58. 4x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
=9 = -5
59. 2x2 + 5x + 9 = 0
The solution set is { -5, 9} or {xI x = -5, 9}.
60. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Lauren throws a ball with an initial
velocity of 40 feet per second. The equation for the height
of the ball ish= -16t2 + 40t + 5, where h represents
the height in feet and t represents the time in seconds.
When will the ball hit the ground?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 219
 Graph each quadratic inequality. Example10
61. y:::::: x2 + Sx + 4 62. y < - x2 + Sx - 6 Graph y> x2 + 3x+ 2.

63. y > x2 - 6x + 8 64. y:::::; x2 + 10x- 4 f1m Graph the related function, y > x2 + 3x + 2.
Because the inequality symbol > is used, the
65. Solomon wants to put a deck 20 ft X
parabola should be dashed.
along two sides of his garden.
The deck width will be the 15ft f1m Test a point not on the graph of the parabola such
same on both sides and the as (0, 0).
total area of the garden and
deck cannot exceed 500 square x .....___ _ _ ____.
y> x2 + 3x+2
feet. How wide can the deck be? (0) >(0)2 + 3(0) + 2
Solve each inequality using a graph or algebraically. 012
2
66. x + 8x + 12 > 0 So, (0, 0) is not a solution of the inequality.
67. 6x+ x 2
:::::: -9 f1w Shade the region A y .41
68. 2x 2 + 3x - 20 >0 that does not 8 :J
contain the
'·, 4v ~:f.y = x2 + 3x + 2 I
69. 4x2 - 3 < -5x point (0, 0). 2
\ I
70. 3x2 + 4 > 8x -8-6-4-20 2 4 6 8x
14
6
18

220 I Chapter 3 I Study Guide and Review

 • / .1 1 Go Online! for
V another Chapter Test

Complete parts a-c for each quadratic function. 20. PHYSICS A ball is thrown into the air vertically
a. Find the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of with a velocity of 112 feet per second. The ball was
symmetry, and the x-coordinate of the vertex. released 6 feet above the ground. The height above
the ground t seconds after release is modeled by
b. Make a table of values that includes the vertex.
h(t) = -16t 2 + ll2t + 6.
c. Use this information to graph the function.
a. When will the ball reach 130 feet?
1. f(x) = x 2 + 4x - 7 b. Will the ball ever reach 250 feet? Explain.
2. f(x) = -2x2 + 5x c. In how many seconds after its release will the ball
3. f(x) = -x 2 - 6x- 9 hit the ground?

Determine whether each function has a maximum or

minimum value. State the maximum or minimum
21. The rectangle below has an area of 104 square
value of each function.
inches. Find the value of x and the dimensions of
4. f(x) = x 2 + lOx + 25 5. f(x) = -x 2 + 6x the rectangle.

Simplify.
A= 104 in 2 x-1
6. (3 - 4i) - (9 - 5i)
4i
7.-4--.
t x+4
8. (4 + 5i) (2 - i)
9. (12- 3i) + (-5 + 8i)
22. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which value of c makes the
Solve each equation using the method of your choice. trinomial x 2 - 12x + c a perfect square trinomial?
Find exact solutions.
A 6
10. x2 - 8x- 9 =0
B 12
11. -4.8x 2 + 1.6x + 24 = 0
12. 12x2 + 15x - 4= 0 c 36
13. x2 - 7x - ~ =0 D 144
14. 4x 2 +x=3
15. -9x 2 + 40x + 84 = 0 Complete parts a-c for each quadratic equation.
16. 4x 2 + 1 = 0 a. Find the value of the discriminant.
17. 2x 2 + x- 1 = -5 b. Describe the number and type of roots.
c. Find the exact solution by using the Quadratic
18. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Parker throws a ball off the top
Formula.
of a building. The building is 350 feet high and the
initial velocity of the ball is 30 feet per second. Find 23. 6x 2 + 7x =0
out how long it will take the ball to hit the ground
by solving the equation -16t 2 - 30t + 350 = 0. 24. 5x 2
= - 6x + 1
25. 2x 2 + 5x - 8 = -13
19. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation below has roots
at -6 and t? Solve each inequality by using a graph or algebraically.
A 0 = 5x - 29x - 6
2

26. x2 + 6x > -5
B 0 = 5x 2 + 31x + 6
C 0 = 5x 2 + 29x - 6 27. 4x 2 - 19x ~ -12

D 0 = 5x 2 - 31x + 6 28. x 2
- 4 < 3x

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 221
Performance Task
Provide a clear solution to each part of the task. Be sure to show all of your work, include all
relevant drawings, and justify your answers.

CONTEXT A high school science class is conducting an experiment involving different methods of launching bottle
rockets straight up into the air. They build the rockets and launch them one by one off of the roof of a 10-story
building. The equation that models this type of projectile motion on Earth is h(t) = -16t2 + v0 t + h0, where h(t)
represents the height of the projectile after t seconds, v0 is the initial velocity, and h0 is the initial height. This formula
gives the height of the projectile as a function of time.

When the class launches the first rocket, it has an initial velocity of 75 feet per second. It hits
the ground after 6 seconds.

1. ~ PERSEVERANCE Determine the height of the

building from which the rocket was launched.

2. Write the equation in standard form that represents the

height of the rocket as a function of time.

3. Explain what the x- andy-values of the vertex of the

parabola represent in terms of this scenario.

1@1:1
The class launches a second rocket that has an initial velocity of 60 feet per second.

4. ~ PRECISION Use the height of the building you found

in Part A to how long, in seconds, it takes for this rocket to
hit the ground after it was launched. Round your answer
to the nearest whole number, if necessary.

1@111
A third rocket is launched with an initial velocity of 72 feet per second.

5. Determine the maximum height, in feet, the rocket

reaches. Round your answer to the nearest whole
number, if necessary.

6. Determine after how long, in seconds, it reached this

height.

•m•·•
A fourth and final rocket is launched with an initial velocity of 80 feet per second.

7. Determine for what values oft the height of the rocket is

greater than 162 feet. Round your answer to the nearest
tenth, if necessary.

I Chapter 3 I Preparing for Assessment

 I
Test-Taking Strategy
f- - -
Example _ , Test-Taking Tip
Read the problem. Identify what you need to know. Then use the information in Strategies for Solving
the problem to solve. Using a Graph
Using a graph can help you
solve many different kinds of
The students in Mr. Himebaugh's physics class built a model rocket. The rocket
problems on standardized
is launched in a large field with an initial upward velocity of 128 feet per second. tests. Graphs can help you
The function h(t) = -16t 2 + 128t models the height of the rocket above the ground solve equations, evaluate
(in feet) t seconds after it is launched. How long will it take for the rocket to reach functions, and interpret
its maximum height? solutions to real-world
problems. When you read
A 4 seconds C 6 seconds the problem below, decide
whether you should use
B 5 seconds D 8 seconds your calculator to graph the
equation representing the
Jim What are you being asked to solve? What information is given? Could a rocket's height or to sketch
graph help you solve the problem? it on a piece of paper.
I need to find the amount of time it takes the rocket to reach its maximum
height. The problem gives the equation of the parabola. A graph would help
because I could use it to find the x-value of the vertex.

fim Would it be better to sketch the graph on a piece of paper, or use your
graphing calculator?
Because the graph is a parabola and the problem gives the equation, a
graphing calculator would be better.

fii§:U How can you use the graph to solve the problem? What is the correct answer?
I can use the maximum function on the calculator, which will tell me both the
x- and y-values of the vertex. Choice A is correct.

Apply the Strategy

Read the problem. Identify what you need to know. Then use the information in the problem to solve.
How many times does the graph of f(x) = 2x2 - 3x + 2 cross the x-axis?
A 0
B 1
c 2
D 3
Answer the questions below.
a. What are you being asked to solve? What information is given? Could a graph help you solve the problem?
b. Would it be better to sketch the graph on a piece of paper, or use your graphing calculator?
c. How can you use the graph to solve the problem?
d. What is the correct answer?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 223
Read each question. Then fill in the correct answer on 5. What inequality is graphed below?
the answer document provided by your teacher or on a
8 y
sheet of paper.
6
~~
4
1. What are the solutions of x 2 - x - 42 = 0? 2 I 1\
-8-6-4-20 /2 4 6\8x
0 A x = -7 or x = -6 I 4

0 B x = -7 or x = 6 6
n
I u

0 C x = 7 or x = -6
0 D x=7orx=6
0 A y~ -% (x- 4) 2
+5
0B y > -% (x- 4) 2
+5
Oc y -% (x- 4)
5:
2
+5
0 D y < -% (x- 4) 2
+5
2. Consider the equation graphed below.

t. 4Y6_
\ 3
I
\ 6. Which expression is equivalent to
\ 2 I
\ 1 I (-7 - 6i)(3 + 5i)?
-6~ -4-3-2 -10 /1 2X
~ l -J 0A -51- 53i
\ J
1\.
~
0B -51- 17i

' ""- V I Oc 9- 53i

Which statement describes one of the zeros? 0D 9 -17i

0 A between -6 and -5

0 B between -5 and -4
7. What is the equation of the function shown in
0 C between -3 and -2 the graph?

0 D between -1 and 0 ~
4
y ~
3
1\ 2
I
IJ

3. The profit of a telemarketing company as a function -5-4-3 ' ~

~
~ 171 2 3x
1 )

of the number of employees it has can be modeled ~ (-1 -1) _1 2

I,I '1 -
by a quadratic function. If this function is graphed, 3
explain what the x- and y-values of the vertex mean I4
in the context of this scenario.
0 A y = 2 (x + 1) 2 - 1

0 B y = 2(x - 1) 2 - 1
0 C y= t (x + 1) 2
- 1
4. What are the solutions to the inequality
x2 - 5x ~ 36? 0 D y= t(x- 1) 2 - 1

224 I Chapter 3 I Preparing for Assessment

 8. Consider the functionf(x) = x 2 + 16x + 3. What is 0 C 1. .
y
l
the x-coordinate of the vertex of the graph of the \ 20
function? \ I
I
' 10 I
I
-10 -5 \ 0 5 10 X

9. Which statement describes the solutions of

.,
l
I
J

4x 2
- 12x + 11 = 2?
IJ
120 \ l _)

0A one real rational root

0B two real, rational roots
0D .. y
l
Oc two real, irrational roots \ 20
\ I
0D two complex roots \ 10 I
I
l I
-10 -5 \ 0 5 10 X

.,
l
I
l

10. Which of the following graphs can be represented

120
1\ I
by the inequality 16 2:::: x 2 + 6x? \ _)
I

0A A y ..
11. What is the solution set for the equation
20 1
l1 I x 2 - lOx + 8 = 22?
'\ 10 IL
0 A {5+Vs,5-Vs}
\ I

\ J i

-10 , -5 0 [
,[
5 10 xi
0 B {5 + Vi4, 5 - v'M}
~
ll 1 10
v 0 c { 5 + V39, 5 - V39}
) l-,~
~
0 D { 5 + vf47, 5 - vf47}
0B ~ y ~

20 I 12. Which equation represents y

\ I ~ ~ 7- - t--
the function graphed below?
\ 10 I 6- - t--

\
\
0 A y = 2(x - 3) 2 - 1
\ I
5- -
4- -
-
-
-10 -5 o I 5 10 X 0 B y = 2(x + 3) 2 - 1 \ I 3- - -

\ I \ I 2- - -
I
\ 1 10 ~·
0 C y = 2(x - +1
3) 2 ' ~
I
1- - -

'~J1
J
0 D y = 2(x + 3) 2 + 1 -6-5-4\3/2 -10 1 2X

I I I I I I I I I
0 E y = - 2(x + 3) 2 - 1

Need Extra Help?

If you missed Question ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Go to Lesson ... 3-4 3-2 3-1 3-7 3-7 3-3 3-5 3-2 3-6 3-7 3-6 3-5

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