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Three States of Matter

The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that in solids, particles are closely packed in an orderly arrangement and can only vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are also closely packed but in a disorderly arrangement, allowing them to move past one another throughout the liquid. Gases have particles that are far apart and moving randomly in all directions. The document also covers the kinetic particle theory and how it explains the behavior of particles in each state of matter.

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Fozia Shaikh
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183 views36 pages

Three States of Matter

The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that in solids, particles are closely packed in an orderly arrangement and can only vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are also closely packed but in a disorderly arrangement, allowing them to move past one another throughout the liquid. Gases have particles that are far apart and moving randomly in all directions. The document also covers the kinetic particle theory and how it explains the behavior of particles in each state of matter.

Uploaded by

Fozia Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid Liquid and

Gas
Recap
• Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent
compounds
-Melting and Boiling Point
-Electrical Conductivity
-Solubility in water
Mp and bp Electrical Solubility in
conductivity water
Ionic High Yes. Only in Yes.
Compound molten and
aqueous state.
Covalent Low Not for all No.
Compound states.
Recap
• Questions:
• What is/are the states that ionic
compounds usually exist as at r.t.p (room
temperature and pressure)? What about
covalent molecules?
• Can ionic compound exist as other states?
What do you need to do to change state?
How does it happen?
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

✓ Describe the solid, liquid and


gaseous states of matter
WHAT IS A MATTER?
(a)Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.

(b)All matter is made up of tiny particles


(atoms, molecules or ions).
Use of the general term 'particle' means the precise nature
of the particles does not have to be specified.

(c)Matters can exist in 3 states: Solid,


Liquid and gas.
• These three forms of matter are called the
states of matter.

• As shown here, water (liquid) can exist as ice


(solid) or water vapour (gas).
Food for thought…..

• Why do you smell a hamburger from a distance away? What


about perfumes? How are the bees attracted to the flowers?

• When you place a small piece of food into boiling water, what
do you observe to it?
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
The kinetic particle theory is a model
used to explain the properties of
matter.
Kinetic Theory of Matter states that:

(i) All matter is made up of tiny


particles and they exist as atoms,
molecules or ions. (The particles are
attracted to each other by
attractive forces)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
(ii) The particles are always in
continuous random motion and hence
possess kinetic energy.
**(The kinetic energy of a particle
increases with temperature and
pressure, the higher the temperature
and pressure, the faster the particles
move. At fixed temperature, lighter
particles move faster than heavier
particles.)
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
The particles in a substance are of the same
type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The
differ only in
• their arrangement
• how strongly the particles are held
together and
• the amount of kinetic energies that they
possess.

Kinetic theory can be used to explain how


solids, liquids and gases differ in movement
and arrangement.
Group Work
(5mins for discussion)

Get into groups of 4. Discuss about


• How do molecules of matter behave?
• How do the behaviour of particles account
for the property of solid, liquid and
gas?(Each group’ll be allocated 1 state)
• Selected groups will role play on the
movement of the particles in the particular
state allocated.
3 states of matter (Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Fixed Fixed Not Fixed


Shape Fixed Not Fixed Not Fixed
Not
Not
Compressibility compressibl compressible
compressible
e
Density Very Dense Dense Not dense
Closely
Packing and Closely
packed in Far apart in
arrangement packed in an
an random
between orderly
disorderly arrangement.
particles arrangement
arrangement
3 states of matter (Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Very strong Negligible
Forces of Strong forces
forces of forces of
Attraction of attraction
attraction attraction
between between
between between
particles particles
particles particles
Vibrate about Slide and roll Move about
Motion of
a fixed pass each randomly at
particles
position other high speed

Energy of
Least energy Most energy
particles
3 states of matter (Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas

Diagrammatic
Representation
solid gas
liquid

http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/
The Solid State
Arrangement of
particles
(In a solid)
Arrangement and movement Properties of solids
of particles
The particles are closely Solids have high densities
packed together, with and. cannot be
little empty space between compressed
them.
The particles are in an Solid crystals have flat faces,
orderly arrangement. straight edges and sharp
points
Arrangement of
particles
(In a solid)
Arrangement and Properties of solids
movement of particles
The particles are held
together by strong forces
of attraction between
Solids have fixed shapes
them, in fixed positions.
and cannot be
The particles can only compressed.
vibrate about their fixed
positions.
The Liquid State
Arrangement of
particles
(In a Liquid)
Arrangement and movement Properties of Liquids
of particles
The particles are closely Liquids have moderately high
packed together (but slightly densities and cannot be
further apart than those in compressed.
solid), with little empty space
between them.
The particles are in a Liquids have no fixed shapes.
disorderly arrangement.
Arrangement of
particles
(In a Liquid)
Arrangement and Properties of Liquids
movement of particles
The particles are held
together by strong forces
Liquids cannot be
of attraction between
compressed.
them (but slightly weaker
than the forces in a solid)
The particles can move Liquids can flow and
past one another and take the shape of their
throughout the liquid. containers.
The Gaseous State
Arrangement of
particles
(In a Gas)
Arrangement and Properties of Gas
movement of particles
The particles are far Gases have low densities
apart, with a lot of empty and can be easily
space between them. compressed.
The particles are in a Gases have no shapes.
random arrangement.
Arrangement of
particles
(In a Gas)
Arrangement and Properties of Gas
movement of particles
There are no (negligible) Gases can be easily
forces of attraction compressed, hence
between the particles. no definite volume.
The particles are free to Gases have no definite
move randomly in all shapes and take the shape
directions, at high speed. of their containers.
What we covered for today:
Kinetic Particle Theory
• Says that all matter consists of
many, very small particles.
• The particles are constantly moving
or in a continual state of motion.
• The particles might be atoms,
molecules or ions.
Solids…

• Particles close together


• In an orderly arrangement
Solids….

• Particles vibrate only about fixed positions.


• These vibrations increase as temperature increases.
• The degree to which the particles move is determined by
the amount of energy they have and their relationship to
other particles.
• The particles have less energy than particles in liquids and
gases.
• Strong forces between particles.
Liquids….

• Particles close together


• In a disorderly arrangement
Liquids…

• Particles vibrate and move throughout the liquid.


• Particles in liquids have more energy than solids
but less energy than gases.
• Strong forces between particles.
Gas….

• Particles are arranged far apart and in random


movement.
• Particles vibrate and move anywhere.
• Particles in gases have more energy than solids and
liquids.
• No forces between particles.
Solids… Liquids… Gas…
SOLID LIQUID GAS

• Particles close • Particles close • Particles far


Particles together apart
arrangement together
• In an orderly • In a disorderly • In a random
arrangement arrangement arrangement

About fixed Vibrate about Vibrate about


Particles and move and move
vibration positions
through liquid anywhere
Solids… Liquids… Gas…
SOLID LIQUID GAS

Energy in Least Energy Most


particles energy
energy

Forces Strong Strong


between No forces
particles forces forces
Solid? Liquid? Gas?
SOLID LIQUID GAS

What determines the state of matter?


Solid? Liquid? Gas?
SOLID LIQUID GAS

States of the matter can be


inter-converted without
changing its composition.
Change of State
condensation

Melting Boiling &


Evaporation

Freezing Condensation

Sublimation
Changes of State and the
Kinetic Particle Theory
Melting, freezing, boiling and condensation
are examples of changes of state.

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