TABLE OF CONTENTS

MEASURING UNITS

THERMAL ENERGY OR HEAT METRIC SYSTEMS OF

MEASUREMENT (Cont.)
2514 Thermometer Scales
2514 Absolute Temperature and 2525 Metric System
Absolute Zero 2525 Metric Conversion Factors
2514 Thermal Energy 2531 Metric and English Equivalents
2514 Fahrenheit-Celsius Conversion 2531 Use of Conversion Tables
2515 Interpolation Factors 2532 Ohm’s Law
2533 Binary Multiples
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2533 Linear Measure
2517 Measures of Length 2534 Decimals of an Inch to
2517 Surveyor's Measure Millimeters
2517 Nautical Measure 2536 Millimeters to Inches
2517 Square Measure 2538 Fractional Inch
2517 Cubic Measure 2539 Microinches to Micrometers
2518 Shipping Measure 2540 Micrometers to Microinches
2518 Dry Measure 2541 Foot Meter and Mile Kilometer
2518 Liquid Measure Conversion
2518 Old Liquid Measure 2541 Square Measure
2518 Apothecaries' Fluid Measure 2542 Square Inch Square Centimeter
2518 Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight Conversion
2518 Troy Weight, used for Weighing 2542 Cubic Measure
Gold and Silver 2543 Cubic Foot Cubic Meter
2519 Apothecaries' Weight Conversion
2519 Measures of Pressure 2544 Acre Hectare Conversion
2519 Miscellaneous 2545 Gallon Liter Conversion
2546 Weight
METRIC SYSTEMS OF 2546 Pound Kilogram Conversion
MEASUREMENT 2548 Pounds per Square Inch
Kilopscals Conversion
2520 International System of Units 2549 Pounds per Cubic Inch Grams per
2522 Factors and Prefixes Cubic Centimeter
2522 Standard of Length 2550 Pounds-force to Newtons
2522 Measures of Length Conversion
2523 Square Measure 2551 Power and Heat Equivalents
2523 Surveyor's Square Measure 2553 British Thermal Unit Joule
2523 Cubic Measure Conversion
2523 Dry and Liquid Measure 2554 Greek Letters and Standard
2523 Measures of Weight Abbreviations
2554 Abbreviations for Scientific and
Engineering Terms

2513
2514 THERMOMETERS

THERMAL ENERGY OR HEAT

Thermometer Scales.—There are two thermometer scales in general use: the Fahrenheit
(F), which is used in the United States and in other countries still using the English system
of units, and the Celsius (C) or Centigrade used throughout the rest of the world.
In the Fahrenheit thermometer, the freezing point of water is marked at 32 degrees on the
scale and the boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, at 212 degrees. The distance between
these two points is divided into 180 degrees. On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of
water is at 0 degrees and the boiling point at 100 degrees. The following formulas may be
used for converting temperatures given on any one of the scales to the other scale:
9 × degrees C
Degrees Fahrenheit = --------------------------------- + 32
5
5 × ( degrees F – 32 )
Degrees Celsius = -------------------------------------------------
9
Tables on the pages that follow can be used to convert degrees Celsius into degrees Fahr-
enheit or vice versa. In the event that the conversions are not covered in the tables, use
those applicable portions of the formulas given above for converting.
Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero.—A point has been determined on the ther-
mometer scale, by theoretical considerations, that is called the absolute zero and beyond
which a further decrease in temperature is inconceivable. This point is located at −273.2
degrees Celsius or −459.7 degrees F. A temperature reckoned from this point, instead of
from the zero on the ordinary thermometers, is called absolute temperature. Absolute tem-
perature in degrees C is known as “degrees Kelvin” or the “Kelvin scale” (K) and absolute
temperature in degrees F is known as “degrees Rankine” or the “Rankine scale” (R).
Degrees Kelvin = degrees C + 273.2
Degrees Rankine = degrees F + 459.7

Measures of the Quantity of Thermal Energy.—The unit of quantity of thermal energy

used in the United States is the British thermal unit, which is the quantity of heat or thermal
energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water one degree F. (Ameri-
can National Standard abbreviation, Btu; conventional British symbol, B.Th.U.) The
French thermal unit, or kilogram calorie, is the quantity of heat or thermal energy required
to raise the temperature of one kilogram of pure water one degree C. One kilogram calorie
= 3.968 British thermal units = 1000 gram calories. The number of foot-pounds of mechan-
ical energy equivalent to one British thermal unit is called the mechanical equivalent of
heat, and equals 778 foot-pounds.
In the modern metric or SI system of units, the unit for thermal energy is the joule (J); a
commonly used multiple being the kilojoule (kJ), or 1000 joules. See page 2520 for an
explanation of the SI System. One kilojoule = 0.9478 Btu. Also in the SI System, the watt
(W), equal to joule per second (J/s), is used for power, where one watt = 3.412 Btu per hour.
Fahrenheit-Celsius (Centigrade) Conversion.—A simple way to convert a Fahrenheit
temperature reading into a Celsius temperature reading or vice versa is to enter the accom-
panying table in the center or boldface column of figures. These figures refer to the temper-
ature in either Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees. If it is desired to convert from Fahrenheit to
Celsius degrees, consider the center column as a table of Fahrenheit temperatures and read
the corresponding Celsius temperature in the column at the left. If it is desired to convert
from Celsius to Fahrenheit degrees, consider the center column as a table of Celsius values,
and read the corresponding Fahrenheit temperature on the right.
 THERMOMETERS 2515

Interpolation Factors
deg C deg F deg C deg F
0.56 1 1.8 3.33 6 10.8
1.11 2 3.6 3.89 7 12.6
1.67 3 5.4 4.44 8 14.4
2.22 4 7.2 5.00 9 16.2
2.78 5 9.0 5.56 10 18.0
Interpolation factors are given for use with that portion of the table in which the center
column advances in increments of 10. To illustrate, suppose it is desired to find the Fahren-
heit equivalent of 314 degrees C. The equivalent of 310 degrees C, found in the body of the
main table, is seen to be 590.0 degrees F. The Fahrenheit equivalent of a 4-degree C differ-
ence is seen to be 7.2, as read in the table of interpolating factors. The answer is the sum or
597.2 degrees F.
Fahrenheit-Celsius (Centigrade) Conversion Table
deg C deg F deg C deg F deg C deg F deg C deg F
−273 −459.4 … −101 −150 −238 −8.3 17 62.6 9.4 49 120.2
−268 −450 … −96 −140 −220 −7.8 18 64.4 10.0 50 122.0
−262 −440 … −90 −130 −202 −7.2 19 66.2 10.6 51 123.8
−257 −430 … −84 −120 −184 −6.7 20 68.0 11.1 52 125.6
−251 −420 … −79 −110 −166 −6.1 21 69.8 11.7 53 127.4
−246 −410 … −73 −100 −148 −5.6 22 71.6 12.2 54 129.2
−240 −400 … −68 −90 −130 −5.0 23 73.4 12.8 55 131.0
−234 −390 … −62 −80 −112 −4.4 24 75.2 13.3 56 132.8
−229 −380 … −57 −70 −94 −3.9 25 77.0 13.9 57 134.6
−223 −370 … −51 −60 −76 −3.3 26 78.8 14.4 58 136.4
−218 −360 … −46 −50 −58 −2.8 27 80.6 15.0 59 138.2
−212 −350 … −40 −40 −40 −2.2 28 82.4 15.6 60 140.0
−207 −340 … −34 −30 −22 −1.7 29 84.2 16.1 61 141.8
−201 −330 … −29 −20 −4 −1.1 30 86.0 16.7 62 143.6
−196 −320 … −23 −10 14 −0.6 31 87.8 17.2 63 145.4
−190 −310 … −17.8 0 32− 0− 32 89.6 17.8 64 147.2
−184 −300 … −17.2 1 33.8 0.6 33 91.4 18.3 65 149.0
−179 −290 … −16.7 2 35.6 1.1 34 93.2 18.9 66 150.8
−173 −280 … −16.1 3 37.4 1.7 35 95.0 19.4 67 152.6
−169 −273 −459.4 −15.6 4 39.2 2.2 36 96.8 20.0 68 154.4
−168 −270 −454 −15.0 5 41.0 2.7 37 98.6 20.6 69 156.2
−162 −260 −436 −14.4 6 42.8 3.3 38 100.4 21.1 70 158.0
−157 −250 −418 −13.9 7 44.6 3.9 39 102.2 21.7 71 159.8
−151 −240 −400 −13.3 8 46.4 4.4 40 104.0 22.2 72 161.6
−146 −230 −382 −12.8 9 48.2 5.0 41 105.8 22.8 73 163.4
−140 −220 −364 −12.2 10 50.0 5.6 42 107.6 23.3 74 165.2
−134 −210 −346 −11.7 11 51.8 6.1 43 109.4 23.9 75 167.0
−129 −200 −328 −11.1 12 53.6 6.7 44 111.2 24.4 76 168.8
−123 −190 −310 −10.6 13 55.4 7.2 45 113.0 25.0 77 170.6
−118 −180 −292 −10.0 14 57.2 7.8 46 114.8 25.6 78 172.4
−112 −170 −274 −9.4 15 59.0 8.3 47 116.6 26.1 79 174.2
−107 −160 −256 −8.9 16 60.8 8.9 48 118.4 26.7 80 176.0
27.2 81 177.8 58.3 137 278.6 89.4 193 379.4 304.4 580 1076
27.8 82 179.6 58.9 138 280.4 90.0 194 381.2 310.0 590 1094
28.3 83 181.4 59.4 139 282.2 90.6 195 383.0 315.6 600 1112
28.9 84 183.2 60.0 140 284.0 91.1 196 384.8 321.1 610 1130
29.4 85 185.0 60.6 141 285.8 91.7 197 386.6 326.7 620 1148
30.0 86 186.8 61.1 142 287.6 92.2 198 388.4 332.2 630 1166
30.6 87 188.6 61.7 143 289.4 92.8 199 390.2 337.8 640 1184
2516 THERMOMETERS

Fahrenheit-Celsius (Centigrade) Conversion Table (Continued)

31.1 88 190.4 62.2 144 291.2 93.3 200 392.0 343.3 650 1202
31.7 89 192.2 62.8 145 293.0 93.9 201 393.8 348.9 660 1220
32.2 90 194.0 63.3 146 294.8 94.4 202 395.6 354.4 670 1238
32.8 91 195.8 63.9 147 296.6 95.0 203 397.4 360.0 680 1256
33.3 92 197.6 64.4 148 298.4 95.6 204 399.2 365.6 690 1274
33.9 93 199.4 65.0 149 300.2 96.1 205 401.0 371.1 700 1292
34.4 94 201.2 65.6 150 302.0 96.7 206 402.8 376.7 710 1310
35.0 95 203.0 66.1 151 303.8 97.2 207 404.6 382.2 720 1328
35.6 96 204.8 66.7 152 305.6 97.8 208 406.4 387.8 730 1346
36.1 97 206.6 67.2 153 307.4 98.3 209 408.2 393.3 740 1364
36.7 98 208.4 67.8 154 309.2 98.9 210 410.0 398.9 750 1382
37.2 99 210.2 68.3 155 311.0 99.4 211 411.8 404.4 760 1400
37.8 100 212.0 68.9 156 312.8 100.0 212 413.6 410.0 770 1418
38.3 101 213.8 69.4 157 314.6 104.4 220 428.0 415.6 780 1436
38.9 102 215.6 70.0 158 316.4 110.0 230 446.0 421.1 790 1454
39.4 103 217.4 70.6 159 318.2 115.6 240 464.0 426.7 800 1472
40.0 104 219.2 71.1 160 320.0 121.1 250 482.0 432.2 810 1490
40.6 105 221.0 71.7 161 321.8 126.7 260 500.0 437.8 820 1508
41.1 106 222.8 72.2 162 323.6 132.2 270 518.0 443.3 830 1526
41.7 107 224.6 72.8 163 325.4 137.8 280 536.0 448.9 840 1544
42.2 108 226.4 73.3 164 327.2 143.3 290 554.0 454.4 850 1562
42.8 109 228.2 73.9 165 329.0 148.9 300 572.0 460.0 860 1580
43.3 110 230.0 74.4 166 330.8 154.4 310 590.0 465.6 870 1598
43.9 111 231.8 75.0 167 332.6 160.0 320 608.0 471.1 880 1616
44.4 112 233.6 75.6 168 334.4 165.6 330 626.0 476.7 890 1634
45.0 113 235.4 76.1 169 336.2 171.1 340 644.0 482.2 900 1652
45.6 114 237.2 76.7 170 338.0 176.7 350 662.0 487.8 910 1670
46.1 115 239.0 77.2 171 339.8 182.2 360 680.0 493.3 920 1688
46.7 116 240.8 77.8 172 341.6 187.8 370 698.0 498.9 930 1706
47.2 117 242.6 78.3 173 343.4 193.3 380 716.0 504.4 940 1724
47.8 118 244.4 78.9 174 345.2 198.9 390 734.0 510.0 950 1742
48.3 119 246.2 79.4 175 347.0 204.4 400 752.0 515.6 960 1760
48.9 120 248.0 80.0 176 348.8 210.0 410 770.0 521.1 970 1778
49.4 121 249.8 80.6 177 350.6 215.6 420 788 526.7 980 1796
50.0 122 251.6 81.1 178 352.4 221.1 430 806 532.2 990 1814
50.6 123 253.4 81.7 179 354.2 226.7 440 824 537.8 1000 1832
51.1 124 255.2 82.2 180 356.0 232.2 450 842 565.6 1050 1922
51.7 125 257.0 82.8 181 357.8 237.8 460 860 593.3 1100 2012
52.2 126 258.8 83.3 182 359.6 243.3 470 878 621.1 1150 2102
52.8 127 260.6 83.9 183 361.4 248.9 480 896 648.9 1200 2192
53.3 128 262.4 84.4 184 363.2 254.4 490 914 676.7 1250 2282
53.9 129 264.2 85.0 185 365.0 260.0 500 932 704.4 1300 2372
54.4 130 266.0 85.6 186 366.8 265.6 510 950 732.2 1350 2462
55.0 131 267.8 86.1 187 368.6 271.1 520 968 760.0 1400 2552
55.6 132 269.6 86.7 188 370.4 276.7 530 986 787.8 1450 2642
56.1 133 271.4 87.2 189 372.2 282.2 540 1004 815.6 1500 2732
56.7 134 273.2 87.8 190 374.0 287.8 550 1022 1093.9 2000 3632
57.2 135 275.0 88.3 191 375.8 293.3 560 1040 1648.9 3000 5432
57.8 136 276.8 88.9 192 377.6 298.9 570 1058 2760.0 5000 9032
Above 1000 in the center column, the table increases in increments of 50. To convert
1462 degrees F to Celsius, for instance, add to the Celsius equivalent of 1400 degrees F ten
times the interpolation factor for 6 and the interpolation factor for 2 or 760.0 + 33.3 + 1.11,
which equals 794.4.
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2517

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Measures of Length
1 mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet
1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches 1 foot = 12 inches
1 mil = 0.001 inch
1 fathom = 2 yards = 6 feet 1 rod = 5.5 yards = 16.5 feet.
1 hand = 4 inches 1 span = 9 inches
1 micro-inch = one millionth inch or 0.000001 inch (1 micrometer or
micron one millionth meter = 0.00003937 inch.)
Surveyor's Measure
1 mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains
1 furlong = 10 chains = 220 yards
1 chain = 4 rods = 22 yards = 66 feet = 100 links
1 link = 7.92 inches
Nautical Measure
1 league = 3 nautical miles
1 nautical mile = 6076.11549 feet = 1.1508 statute miles
1 knot = nautical unit of speed = 1 nautical mile per hour
One degree at the equator = 60 nautical miles = 69.047 statute miles 360 degrees =
21,600 nautical miles = 24,856.8 statute miles = circum-
ference at equator
Square Measure
1 square mile = 640 acres = 6400 square chains
1 acre = 10 square chains = 4840 square yards = 43,560 square
feet. An acre is equal to a square, the side of which is
208.7 feet.
1 square chain = 16 square rods = 484 square yards = 4356 square feet.
1 square rod = 30.25 square yards = 272.25 square feet = 625 square
links
1 square yard = 9 square feet
1 square foot = 144 square inches
Measure used for Diameters and Areas of Electric Wires
1 circular inch = area of circle 1 inch in diameter = 0.7854 square inch
1 circular inch = 1,000,000 circular mils
1 square inch = 1.2732 circular inch = 1,273,239 circular mils
1 circular mil = the area of a circle 0.001 inch in diameter
Cubic Measure
1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet
1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches
The following measures are also used for wood and masonry:
1 cord of wood = 4 × 4 × 8 feet = 128 cubic feet
1 perch of masonry = 161⁄2 × 11⁄2 × 1 foot = 243⁄4 cubic feet
2518 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Shipping Measure
For measuring entire internal capacity of a vessel:
1 register ton = 100 cubic feet
For measurement of cargo:
Approximately 40 cubic feet of merchandise is considered a shipping ton, unless that
bulk would weigh more than 2000 pounds, in which case the freight charge may be based
upon weight
40 cubic feet = 32.143 U.S. bushels = 31.16 Imperial bushels
Dry Measure
1 bushel = 1 . 2 4 4 5 c u b i c f e e t = 2 1 5 0 . 4 2 c u b i c i n c h e s
(U.S. or Winchester struck bushel)
1 bushel = 4 pecks = 32 quarts = 64 pints
1 peck = 8 quarts = 16 pints
1 quart = 2 pints
1 heaped bushel = 11⁄4 struck bushel
1 cubic foot = 0.8036 struck bushel
1 British Imperial bushel = 8 Imperial gallons = 1.2837 cubic feet = 2218.19 cubic
inches
Liquid Measure
1 U.S. gallon = 0.1337 cubic foot = 231 cubic inches = 4 quarts = 8 pints
1 quart = 2 pints = 8 gills 1 pint = 4 gills
1 British Imperial gallon = 1.2009
1 U.S. gallon = 277.42 cubic inches 1 cubic foot = 7.48 U.S. gallons
Old Liquid Measure
1 barrel = 311⁄2 gallons 1 hogshead = 2 barrels = 63 gallons
1 pipe or butt = 2 hogsheads = 4 barrels = 126 gallons
1 tierce = 42 gallons 1 puncheon = 2 tierces = 84 gallons
1 tun = 2 pipes = 3 puncheons
Apothecaries' Fluid Measure
1 U.S. fluid ounce = 8 drachms = 1.805 cubic inch = 1⁄128 U.S. gallon
1 fluid drachm = 60 minims
1 British fluid ounce = 1.732 cubic inch
Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight
1 gross or long ton = 2240 pounds 1 net or short ton = 2000 pounds
1 pound = 16 ounces = 7000 grains
1 ounce = 16 drachms = 437.5 grains
The following measures for weight are now seldom used in the United States:1 hundred-
weight = 4 quarters = 112 pounds (1 gross or long ton = 20 hundred-weights); 1 quarter =
28 pounds; 1 stone = 14 pounds; 1 quintal = 100 pounds
Troy Weight, used for Weighing Gold and Silver
1 pound = 12 ounces = 5760 grains
1 ounce = 20 pennyweights = 480 grains
1 pennyweight = 24 grains
1 carat = 3.086 grains (used in weighing diamonds)
1 grain Troy = 1 grain avoirdupois = 1 grain apothecaries' weight
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2519

Apothecaries' Weight
1 pound = 12 ounces = 5760 grains
1 ounce = 8 drachms = 480 grains
1 drachm = 3 scruples = 60 grains
1 scruple = 20 grains
Measures of Pressure
1 pound per square inch = 144 pounds per square foot = 0.068 atmosphere = 2.042
inches of mercury at 62° F. = 27.7 inches of water at 62°
F. = 2.31 feet of water at 62° F
1 atmosphere = 30 inches of mercury at 62° F. = 14.7 pounds per square
inch = 2116.3 pounds per square foot = 33.95 feet of
water at 62° F
1 foot of water at 62° F = 62.355 pounds per square foot = 0.433 pound per square
inch
1 inch of mercury at 62° F = 1.132 foot of water = 13.58 inches of water = 0.491 pound
per square inch
Miscellaneous
1 great gross = 12 gross = 144 dozen
1 quire = 24 sheets
1 gross = 12 dozen = 144 units
1 ream = 20 quires = 480 sheets
1 dozen = 12 units
1 ream printing paper = 500 sheets
1 score = 20 units
Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch
1⁄ 0.015 625 11⁄ 0.343 75 43⁄ 0.671 875
64 32 64
1⁄ 0.031 25 23⁄ 0.359 375 11⁄ 0.687 5
32 64 16
3⁄ 0.046 875 3⁄ 0.375 45⁄ 0.703 125
64 8 64
1⁄ 0.062 5 25⁄ 0.390 625 23⁄ 0.718 75
16 64 32
5⁄ 0.078 125 13⁄ 0.406 25 47⁄ 0.734 375
64 32 64

3⁄ 0.093 75 27⁄ 0.421 875 3⁄ 0.750

32 64 4
7⁄ 0.109 375 7⁄ 0.437 5 49⁄ 0.765 625
64 16 64
1⁄ 0.125 29⁄ 0.453 125 25⁄ 0.781 25
8 64 32
9⁄ 0.140 625 15⁄ 0.468 75 51⁄ 0.796 875
64 32 64
5⁄ 0.156 25 31⁄ 0.484 375 13⁄ 0.812 5
32 64 16

11⁄ 0.171 875 1⁄ 0.500 53⁄ 0.828 125

64 2 64
3⁄ 0.187 5 33⁄ 0.515 625 27⁄ 0.843 75
16 64 32
13⁄ 0.203 125 17⁄ 0.531 25 55⁄ 0.859 375
64 32 64
7⁄ 0.218 75 35⁄ 0.546 875 7⁄ 0.875
32 64 8
15⁄ 0.234 375 9⁄ 0.562 5 57⁄ 0.890 625
64 16 64

1⁄ 0.250 37⁄ 0.578 125 29⁄ 0.906 25

4 64 32
17⁄ 0.265 625 19⁄ 0.593 75 59⁄ 0.921 875
64 32 64
9⁄ 0.281 25 39⁄ 0.609 375 15⁄ 0.937 5
32 64 16
19⁄ 0.296 875 5⁄ 0.625 61⁄ 0.953 125
64 8 64
5⁄ 0.312 5 41⁄ 0.640 625 31⁄ 0.968 75
16 64 32
21⁄ 0.328 125 21⁄ 0.656 25 63⁄ 0.984 375
64 32 64
2520 METRIC SYSTEMS

METRIC SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

A metric system of measurement was first established in France in the years following
the French Revolution, and various systems of metric units have been developed since that
time. All metric unit systems are based, at least in part, on the International Metric Stan-
dards, which are the meter and kilogram, or decimal multiples or submultiples of these
standards.
In 1795, a metric system called the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system was proposed,
and was adopted in France in 1799. In 1873, the British Association for the Advancement
of Science recommended the use of the cgs system, and since then it has been widely used
in all branches of science throughout the world. From the base units in the cgs system are
derived the following:
Unit of velocity = 1 centimeter per second
Acceleration due to gravity (at Paris) = 981 centimeters per second per second
Unit of force = 1 dyne = 1⁄981 gram
Unit of work = 1 erg = 1 dyne-centimeter
Unit of power = 1 watt = 10,000,000 ergs per second
Another metric system called the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system of units was
proposed by Professor G. Giorgi in 1902. In 1935, the International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) accepted his recommendation that this system of units of mechanics
should be linked with the electromagnetic units by the adoption of a fourth base unit. In
1950, the IEC adopted the ampere, the unit of electric current, as the fourth unit, and the
MKSA system thus came into being.
A gravitational system of metric units, known as the technical system, is based on the
meter, the kilogram as a force, and the second. It has been widely used in engineering.
Because the standard of force is defined as the weight of the mass of the standard kilogram,
the fundamental unit of force varies due to the difference in gravitational pull at different
locations around the earth. By international agreement, a standard value for acceleration
due to gravity was chosen (9.81 meters per second squared) that for all practical measure-
ments is approximately the same as the local value at the point of measurement.
The International System of Units (SI).—The Conference Generale des Poids et
Mesures (CGPM), which is the body responsible for all international matters concerning
the metric system, adopted in 1954, a rationalized and coherent system of units, based on
the four MKSA units (see above), and including the kelvin as the unit of temperature and
the candela as the unit of luminous intensity. In 1960, the CGPM formally named this sys-
tem the Système International d'Unites, for which the abbreviation is SI in all languages. In
1971, the 14th CGPM adopted a seventh base unit, the mole, which is the unit of quantity
(“amount of substance”).
In the period since the first metric system was established in France toward the end of the
18th century, most of the countries of the world have adopted a metric system. At the
present time, most of the industrially advanced metric-using countries are changing from
their traditional metric system to SI. Those countries that are currently changing or consid-
ering change from the English system of measurement to metric have the advantage that
they can convert directly to the modernized system. The United Kingdom, which can be
said to have led the now worldwide move to change from the English system, went straight
to SI.
The use of SI units instead of the traditional metric units has little effect on everyday life
or trade. The units of linear measurement, mass, volume, and time remain the same, viz.
meter, kilogram, liter, and second.
The SI, like the traditional metric system, is based on decimal arithmetic. For each phys-
ical quantity, units of different sizes are formed by multiplying or dividing a single base
value by powers of 10. Thus, changes can be made very simply by adding zeros or shifting
 METRIC SYSTEMS 2521

decimal points. For example, the meter is the basic unit of length; the kilometer is a multi-
ple (1000 meters); and the millimeter is a sub-multiple (one-thousandth of a meter).
In the older metric systems, the simplicity of a series of units linked by powers of ten is an
advantage for plain quantities such as length, but this simplicity is lost as soon as more
complex units are encountered. For example, in different branches of science and engi-
neering, energy may appear as the erg, the calorie, the kilogram-meter, the liter-atmo-
sphere, or the horsepower-hour. In contrast, the SI provides only one basic unit for each
physical quantity, and universality is thus achieved.
As mentioned before, there are seven base units, which are for the basic quantities of
length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance,
and luminous intensity, expressed as the meter (m), the kilogram (kg), the second (s), the
ampere (A), the kelvin (K), the mole (mol), and the candela (cd). The units are defined in
the accompanying table.
The SI is a coherent system. A system is said to be coherent if the product or quotient of
any two unit quantities in the system is the unit of the resultant quantity. For example, in a
coherent system in which the foot is the unit of length, the square foot is the unit of area,
whereas the acre is not.
Other physical quantities are derived from the base units. For example, the unit of veloc-
ity is the meter per second (m/s), which is a combination of the base units of length and
time. The unit of acceleration is the meter per second squared (m/s2). By applying New-
ton's second law of motion—force is proportional to mass multiplied by acceleration—the
unit of force is obtained that is the kilogram-meter per second squared (kg-m/s2). This unit
is known as the newton, or N. Work, or force times distance is the kilogram-meter squared
per second squared (kg-m2/s2), which is the joule (1 joule = 1 newton-meter), and energy is
also expressed in these terms. The abbreviation for joule is J. Power or work per unit time
is the kilogram-meter squared per second cubed (kg-m2/s3), which is the watt (1 watt = 1
joule per second = 1 newton-meter per second). The abbreviation for watt is W. The term
horsepower is not used in the SI and is replaced by the watt, which together with multiples
and submultiples—kilowatt and milliwatt, for example—is the same unit as that used in
electrical work.
The use of the newton as the unit of force is of particular interest to engineers. In practical
work using the English or traditional metric systems of measurements, it is a common
practice to apply weight units as force units. Thus, the unit of force in those systems is that
force that when applied to unit mass produces an acceleration g rather than unit accelera-
tion. The value of gravitational acceleration g varies around the earth, and thus the weight
of a given mass also varies. In an effort to account for this minor error, the kilogram-force
and pound-force were introduced, which are defined as the forces due to “standard grav-
ity” acting on bodies of one kilogram or one pound mass, respectively. The standard grav-
itational acceleration is taken as 9.80665 meters per second squared or 32.174 feet per
second squared. The newton is defined as “that force, which when applied to a body having
a mass of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration of one meter per second squared.” It is
independent of g. As a result, the factor g disappears from a wide range of formulas in
dynamics. However, in some formulas in statics, where the weight of a body is important
rather than its mass, g does appear where it was formerly absent (the weight of a mass of W
kilograms is equal to a force of W g newtons, where g = approximately 9.81 meters per sec-
ond squared). Details concerning the use of SI units in mechanics calculations are given on
page 116 and throughout the Mechanics section in this Handbook. The use of SI units in
strength of materials calculations is covered in the section on that subject.
Decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the SI units are formed by means of the prefixes
given in the following table, which represent the numerical factors shown.
2522 METRIC SYSTEMS

Factors and Prefixes for Forming Decimal Multiples and Sub-multiples of the
SI Units
Factor by which the Factor by which the
unit is multiplied Prefix Symbol unit is multiplied Prefix Symbol
1012 tera T 10−2 centi c
109 giga G 10−3 milli m
106 mega M 10−6 micro µ
103 kilo k 10−9 nano n
102 hecto h 10−12 pico p
10 deka da 10−15 femto f
10−1 deci d 10−18 atto a

Standard of Length.—In 1866 the United States, by act of Congress, passed a law mak-
ing legal the meter, the only measure of length that has been legalized by the United States
Government. The United States yard is defined by the relation: 1 yard = 3600⁄3937 meter. The
legal equivalent of the meter for commercial purposes was fixed as 39.37 inches, by law, in
July, 1866, and experience having shown that this value was exact within the error of
observation, the United States Office of Standard Weights and Measures was, in 1893,
authorized to derive the yard from the meter by the use of this relation. The United States
prototype meters Nos. 27 and 21 were received from the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures in 1889. Meter No. 27, sealed in its metal case, is preserved in a fireproof
vault at the Bureau of Standards.
Comparisons made prior to 1893 indicated that the relation of the yard to the meter, fixed
by the Act of 1866, was by chance the exact relation between the international meter and
the British imperial yard, within the error of observation. A subsequent comparison made
between the standards just mentioned indicates that the legal relation adopted by Congress
is in error 0.0001 inch; but, in view of the fact that certain comparisons made by the English
Standards Office between the imperial yard and its authentic copies show variations as
great if not greater than this, it cannot be said with certainty that there is a difference
between the imperial yard of Great Britain and the United States yard derived from the
meter. The bronze yard No. 11, which was an exact copy of the British imperial yard both
in form and material, had shown changes when compared with the imperial yard in 1876
and 1888, which could not reasonably be said to be entirely due to changes in Bronze No.
11. On the other hand, the new meters represented the most advanced ideas of standards,
and it therefore seemed that greater stability as well as higher accuracy would be secured
by accepting the international meter as a fundamental standard of length.
For more information on SI practice, the reader is referred to the following publications:
Metric Practice Guide, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials,
1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.
ISO International Standard 1000. This publication covers the rules for use of SI units,
their multiples and sub-multiples. It can be obtained from the American National Stan-
dards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036.
The International System of Units, Special Publication 330 of the National Bureau of
Standards—available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print-
ing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Traditional Metric Measures

Measures of Length
10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm)
10 decimeters = 1 meter (m)
1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km)
 METRIC SYSTEMS 2523

Square Measure
100 square millimeters (mm2) = 1 square centimeter (cm2)
100 square centimeters = 1 square decimeter (dm2)
100 square decimeters = 1 square meter (m2).
Surveyor's Square Measure
100 square meters (m2) = 1 are (a).
100 ares = 1 hectare (ha).
100 hectares = 1 square kilometer (km2).
Cubic Measure
1000 cubic millimeters (mm3) = 1 cubic centimeter (cm3).
1000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter (dm3).
100 cubic decimeters = 1 cubic meter (m3).
Dry and Liquid Measure
10 milliliters (ml) = 1 centiliter (cl).
10 centiliters = 1 deciliter (dl).
10 deciliters = 1 liter (l).
100 liters = 1 hectoliter (hl).
1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter = the volume of 1 kilogram of
pure water at a temperature of 39.2 degrees F.
Measures of Weight
10 milligrams (mg) = 1 centigram (cg).
10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg).
10 decigrams = 1 gram (g).
10 grams = 1 dekagram (dag).
10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram (hg).
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg).
1000 kilograms = 1 (metric) ton (t).
Table 1. International System (SI) Units
PHYSICAL NAME OF UNIT
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL DEFINITION
Basic SI Units
Distance traveled by light in vacuo during 1⁄299, 792,
Length meter m 458 of a second.

Mass of the international prototype which is in the cus-

Mass kilogram kg tody of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
(BIPM) at Sèvres, near Paris.
The duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
Time second s corresponding to the transition between the two hyper-
fine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
The constant current which, if maintained in two paral-
lel rectilinear conductors of infinite length, of negligi-
Electric
ampere A ble circular cross section, and placed at a distance of
Current
one meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between
these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10−7 N/m length.
The fraction 1⁄273.16 of the thermodynamic tempera-
Thermodynamic degree ture of the triple point of water.
K
Temperature kelvin

The amount of substance of a system which contains as

Amount of many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
mole mol
Substance kilogram of carbon 12.
Luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a
Luminous surface of 1⁄600,000 square meter of a black body at
candela cd
Intensity the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure
of 101,325 newtons per square meter.
2524 METRIC SYSTEMS

Table 1. (Continued) International System (SI) Units

PHYSICAL NAME OF UNIT
QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL DEFINITION
SI Units Having Special Names
That force which, when applied to a body having a mass
Force newton N = kg·m/s2 of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration of one meter
per second squared.
Work, The work done when the point of application of a force
Energy, of one newton is displaced through a distance of one
joule J = N·m
Quantity meter in the direction of the force.
of Heat
Electric The quantity of electricity transported in one second by
coulomb C = A·s
Charge a current of one ampere.
The difference of potential between two points of a con-
Electric ducting wire carrying a constant current of one
volt V = W/A
Potential ampere, when the power dissipated between these
points is equal to one watt.
The capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of
Electric which there appears a difference of potential of one
farad F = C/V
Capacitance volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity
equal to one coulomb.
The resistance between two points of a conductor when
a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied
Electric
ohm Ω = V/A between these two points, produces in this conductor a
Resistance
current of one ampere, this conductor not being the
source of any electromotive force.
The flux which, linking a circuit of one turn produces in
Magnetic
weber Wb = V s it an electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to
Flux
zero at a uniform rate in one second.
The inductance of a closed circuit in which an electro-
motive force of one volt is produced when the electric
Inductance henry H = V s/A
current in the circuit varies uniformly at the rate of one
ampere per second.
The flux emitted within a unit solid angle of one stera-
Luminous
lumen 1m = cd sr dian by a point source having a uniform intensity of
Flux
one candela.
Illumination lux lx = lm/m2 An illumination of one lumen per square meter.

Table 2. International System (SI) Units with Complex Names

PHYSICAL QUANTITY SI UNIT UNIT SYMBOL
SI Units Having Complex Names
Area square meter m2
Volume cubic meter m3
Frequency hertza Hz
Density (Mass Density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Velocity meter per second m/s
Angular Velocity radian per second rad/s
Acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
Angular Acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2
Pressure pascalb Pa
Surface Tension newton per meter N/m
Dynamic Viscosity newton second per meter squared N s/m2
Kinematic Viscosity
} meter squared per second m2/s
Diffusion Coefficient
Thermal Conductivity watt per meter degree Kelvin W/(m °K)
Electric Field Strength volt per meter V/m
Magnetic Flux Density teslac T
Magnetic Field Strength ampere per meter A/m
Luminance candela per square meter cd/m2
a Hz = cycle/second.
b Pa = newton/meter2.
c T = weber/meter2.
 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 2525

Metric System

In the table of conversion factors that follows, the symbols of SI units, multiples and sub-
multiples are given in parentheses in the right hand column.

Table 1. Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
Length
centimeter 0.03280840 foot
centimeter 0.3937008 inch
fathom 1.8288a meter (m)
foot 0.3048a meter (m)
foot 30.48a centimeter (cm)
foot 304.8a millimeter (mm)
inch 0.0254a meter (m)
inch 2.54a centimeter (cm)
inch 25.4a millimeter (mm)
kilometer 0.6213712 mile [U.S. statute]
meter 39.37008 inch
meter 0.5468066 fathom
meter 3.280840 foot
meter 0.1988388 rod
meter 1.093613 yard
meter 0.0006213712 mile [U. S. statute]
microinch 0.0254a micrometer [micron] (µm)
micrometer [micron] 39.37008 microinch
mile [U. S. statute] 1609.344a meter (m)
mile [U. S. statute] 1.609344a kilometer (km)
millimeter 0.003280840 foot
millimeter 0.03937008 inch
rod 5.0292a meter (m)
yard 0.9144a meter (m)
Area
acre 4046.856 meter2 (m2)
acre 0.4046856 hectare
centimeter2 0.1550003 inch2
centimeter2 0.001076391 foot2
foot2 0.09290304a meter2 (m2)
foot2 929.0304a centimeter2 (cm2)
foot2 92,903.04a millimeter2 (mm2)
hectare 2.471054 acre
inch2 645.16a millimeter2 (mm2)
inch2 6.4516a centimeter2 (cm2)
inch2 0.00064516a meter2 (m2)
meter2 1550.003 inch2
meter2 10.763910 foot2
meter2 1.195990 yard2
meter2 0.0002471054 acre
2526 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 1. (Continued) Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
mile2 2.5900 kilometer2
millimeter2 0.00001076391 foot2
millimeter2 0.001550003 inch2
yard2 0.8361274 meter2 (m2)
Volume (including Capacity)
centimeter3 0.06102376 inch3
foot3 28.31685 liter
foot3 28.31685 liter
gallon [U.K. liquid] 0.004546092 meter3 (m3)
gallon [U.K. liquid] 4.546092 liter
gallon [U. S. liquid] 0.003785412 meter3 (m3)
gallon [U.S. liquid] 3.785412 liter
inch3 16,387.06 millimeter3 (mm3)
inch3 16.38706 centimeter3 (cm3)
inch3 0.00001638706 meter3 (m3)
liter 0.001a meter3 (m3)
liter 0.2199692 gallon [U. K. liquid]
liter 0.2641720 gallon [U. S. liquid]
liter 0.03531466 foot3
meter3 219.9692 gallon [U. K. liquid]
meter3 264.1720 gallon [U. S. liquid]
meter3 35.31466 foot3
meter3 1.307951 yard3
meter3 1000.a liter
meter3 61,023.76 inch3
millimeter3 0.00006102376 inch3
quart[U.S. Liquid] 0.946 liter
quart[U.K. Liquid] 1.136 liter
yard3 0.7645549 meter3 (m3)
Velocity, Acceleration, and Flow
centimeter⁄second 1.968504 foot⁄minute
centimeter⁄second 0.03280840 foot⁄second
centimeter⁄minute 0.3937008 inch⁄minute
foot⁄hour 0.00008466667 meter⁄second (m⁄s)
foot⁄hour 0.00508a meter⁄minute
foot⁄hour 0.3048a meter⁄hour
foot⁄minute 0.508a centimeter⁄second
foot⁄minute 18.288a meter⁄hour
foot⁄minute 0.3048a meter⁄minute
foot⁄minute 0.00508a meter⁄second (m⁄s)
foot⁄second 30.48a centimeter⁄second
foot⁄second 18.288a meter⁄minute
foot⁄second 0.3048a meter⁄second (m⁄s)
foot⁄second2 0.3048a meter⁄second2 (m⁄s2)
foot3⁄minute 28.31685 liter⁄minute
 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 2527

Table 1. (Continued) Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
foot3⁄minute 0.0004719474 meter3⁄second (m3⁄s)
gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄min. 0.003785412 meter3⁄minute
gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄min. 0.00006309020 meter3⁄second (m3⁄s)
gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄min. 0.06309020 liter⁄second
gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄min. 3.785412 liter⁄minute
gallon [U. K. liquid]⁄min. 0.004546092 meter3⁄minute
gallon [U. K. liquid]⁄min. 0.00007576820 meter3⁄second (m3⁄s)
inch⁄minute 25.4a millimeter⁄minute
inch⁄minute 2.54a centimeter⁄minute
inch⁄minute 0.0254a meter⁄minute
inch⁄second2 0.0254a meter⁄second2 (m⁄s2)
kilometer⁄hour 0.6213712 mile⁄hour [U. S. statute]
liter⁄minute 0.03531466 foot3⁄minute
liter⁄minute 0.2641720 gallon [U.S. liquid]⁄minute
liter⁄second 15.85032 gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄minute
mile⁄hour 1.609344a kilometer⁄hour
millimeter⁄minute 0.03937008 inch⁄minute
meter⁄second 11,811.02 foot⁄hour
meter⁄second 196.8504 foot⁄minute
meter⁄second 3.280840 foot⁄second
meter⁄second2 3.280840 foot⁄second2
meter⁄second2 39.37008 inch⁄second2
meter⁄minute 3.280840 foot⁄minute
meter⁄minute 0.05468067 foot⁄second
meter⁄minute 39.37008 inch⁄minute
meter⁄hour 3.280840 foot⁄hour
meter⁄hour 0.05468067 foot⁄minute
meter3⁄second 2118.880 foot3⁄minute
meter3⁄second 13,198.15 gallon [U. K. liquid]⁄minute
meter3⁄second 15,850.32 gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄minute
meter3⁄minute 219.9692 gallon [U. K. liquid]⁄minute
meter3⁄minute 264.1720 gallon [U. S. liquid]⁄minute
Mass and Density
grain [1⁄7000 lb avoirdupois] 0.06479891 gram (g)
gram 15.43236 grain
gram 0.001a kilogram (kg)
gram 0.03527397 ounce [avoirdupois]
gram 0.03215074 ounce [troy]
gram⁄centimeter3 0.03612730 pound⁄inch3
hundredweight [long] 50.80235 kilogram (kg)
hundredweight [short] 45.35924 kilogram (kg)
kilogram 1000.a gram (g)
kilogram 35.27397 ounce [avoirdupois]
kilogram 32.15074 ounce [troy]
2528 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 1. (Continued) Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
kilogram 2.204622 pound [avoirdupois]
kilogram 0.06852178 slug
kilogram 0.0009842064 ton [long]
kilogram 0.001102311 ton [short]
kilogram 0.001a ton [metric]
kilogram 0.001a tonne
kilogram 0.01968413 hundredweight [long]
kilogram 0.02204622 hundredweight [short]
kilogram⁄meter3 0.06242797 pound⁄foot3
kilogram⁄meter3 0.01002242 pound⁄gallon [U. K. liquid]
kilogram⁄meter3 0.008345406 pound⁄gallon [U. S. liquid]
ounce [avoirdupois] 28.34952 gram (g)
ounce [avoirdupois] 0.02834952 kilogram (kg)
ounce [troy] 31.10348 gram (g)
ounce [troy] 0.03110348 kilogram (kg)
pound [avoirdupois] 0.4535924 kilogram (kg)
pound⁄foot3 16.01846 kilogram⁄meter3 (kg⁄m3)
pound⁄inch3 27.67990 gram⁄centimeter3 (g⁄cm3)
pound⁄gal [U. S. liquid] 119.8264 kilogram⁄meter3 (kg⁄m3)
pound⁄gal [U. K. liquid] 99.77633 kilogram⁄meter3 (kg⁄m3)
slug 14.59390 kilogram (kg)
ton [long 2240 lb] 1016.047 kilogram (kg)
ton [short 2000 lb] 907.1847 kilogram (kg)
ton [metric] 1000.a kilogram (kg)
ton [Metric] 0.9842 ton[long 2240 lb]
ton [Metric] 1.1023 ton[short 2000 lb]
tonne 1000.a kilogram (kg)
Force and Force⁄Length
dyne 0.00001a newton (N)
kilogram-force 9.806650a newton (N)
kilopond 9.806650a newton (N)
newton 0.1019716 kilogram-force
newton 0.1019716 kilopond
newton 0.2248089 pound-force
newton 100,000.a dyne
newton 7.23301 poundal
newton 3.596942 ounce-force
newton⁄meter 0.005710148 pound⁄inch
newton⁄meter 0.06852178 pound⁄foot
ounce-force 0.2780139 newton (N)
pound-force 4.448222 newton (N)
poundal 0.1382550 newton (N)
pound⁄inch 175.1268 newton⁄meter (N⁄m)
pound⁄foot 14.59390 newton⁄meter (N⁄m)
 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 2529

Table 1. (Continued) Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
Bending Moment or Torque
dyne-centimeter 0.0000001a newton-meter (N · m)
kilogram-meter 9.806650a newton-meter (N · m)
ounce-inch 7.061552 newton-millimeter
ounce-inch 0.007061552 newton-meter (N · m)
newton-meter 0.7375621 pound-foot
newton-meter 10,000,000.a dyne-centimeter
newton-meter 0.1019716 kilogram-meter
newton-meter 141.6119 ounce-inch
newton-millimeter 0.1416119 ounce-inch
pound-foot 1.355818 newton-meter (N · m)
Moment Of Inertia and Section Modulus
moment of inertia [kg · m2] 23.73036 pound-foot2
moment of inertia [kg · m2] 3417.171 pound-inch2
moment of inertia [lb · ft2] 0.04214011 kilogram-meter2 (kg · m2)
moment of inertia [lb · inch2] 0.0002926397 kilogram-meter2 (kg · m2)
moment of section [foot4] 0.008630975 meter4 (m4)
moment of section [inch4] 41.62314 centimeter4
moment of section [meter4] 115.8618 foot4
moment of section [centimeter4] 0.02402510 inch4
section modulus [foot3] 0.02831685 meter3 (m3)
section modulus [inch3] 0.00001638706 meter3 (m3)
section modulus [meter3] 35.31466 foot3
section modulus [meter3] 61,023.76 inch3
Momentum
kilogram-meter⁄second 7.233011 pound-foot⁄second
kilogram-meter⁄second 86.79614 pound-inch⁄second
pound-foot⁄second 0.1382550 kilogram-meter⁄second (kg ·
m⁄s)
pound-inch⁄second 0.01152125 kilogram-meter⁄second (kg ·
m⁄s)
Pressure and Stress
atmosphere [14.6959 lb⁄inch2] 101,325. pascal (Pa)
bar 100,000.a pascal (Pa)
bar 14.50377 pound⁄inch2
bar 100,000.a newton⁄meter2 (N⁄m2)
hectobar 0.6474898 ton [long]⁄inch2
kilogram⁄centimeter2 14.22334 pound⁄inch2
kilogram⁄meter2 9.806650a newton⁄meter2 (N⁄m2)
kilogram⁄meter2 9.806650a pascal (Pa)
kilogram⁄meter2 0.2048161 pound⁄foot2
kilonewton⁄meter2 0.1450377 pound⁄inch2
newton⁄centimeter2 1.450377 pound⁄inch2
newton⁄meter2 0.00001a bar
newton⁄meter2 1.0a pascal (Pa)
2530 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 1. (Continued) Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
newton⁄meter2 0.0001450377 pound⁄inch2
newton⁄meter2 0.1019716 kilogram⁄meter2
newton⁄millimeter2 145.0377 pound⁄inch2
pascal 0.00000986923 atmosphere
pascal 0.00001a bar
pascal 0.1019716 kilogram⁄meter2
pascal 1.0a newton⁄meter2 (N⁄m2)
pascal 0.02088543 pound⁄foot2
pascal 0.0001450377 pound⁄inch2
pound⁄foot2 4.882429 kilogram⁄meter2
pound⁄foot2 47.88026 pascal (Pa)
pound⁄inch2 0.06894757 bar
pound⁄inch2 0.07030697 kilogram⁄centimeter2
pound⁄inch2 0.6894757 newton⁄centimeter2
pound⁄inch2 6.894757 kilonewton⁄meter2
pound⁄inch2 6894.757 newton⁄meter2 (N⁄m2)
pound⁄inch2 0.006894757 newton⁄millimeter2 (N⁄mm2)
pound⁄inch2 6894.757 pascal (Pa)
ton [long]⁄inch2 1.544426 hectobar
Energy and Work
Btu [International Table] 1055.056 joule (J)
Btu [mean] 1055.87 joule (J)
calorie [mean] 4.19002 joule (J)
foot-pound 1.355818 joule (J)
foot-poundal 0.04214011 joule (J)
joule 0.0009478170 Btu [International Table]
joule 0.0009470863 Btu [mean]
joule 0.2386623 calorie [mean]
joule 0.7375621 foot-pound
joule 23.73036 foot-poundal
joule 0.9998180 joule [International U. S.]
joule 0.9999830 joule [U. S. legal, 1948]
joule [International U. S.] 1.000182 joule (J)
joule [U. S. legal, 1948] 1.000017 joule (J)
joule .0002777778 watt-hour
watt-hour 3600.a joule (J)
Power
Btu [International Table]⁄hour 0.2930711 watt (W)
foot-pound⁄hour 0.0003766161 watt (W)
foot-pound⁄minute 0.02259697 watt (W)
horsepower [550 ft-lb⁄s] 0.7456999 kilowatt (kW)
horsepower [550 ft-lb⁄s] 745.6999 watt (W)
horsepower [electric] 746.a watt (W)
horsepower [metric] 735.499 watt (W)
horsepower [U. K.] 745.70 watt (W)
kilowatt 1.341022 horsepower [550 ft-lb⁄s]
 CONVERSION TABLES 2531

Table 1. (Continued) Metric Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
watt 2655.224 foot-pound⁄hour
watt 44.25372 foot-pound⁄minute
watt 0.001341022 horsepower [550 ft-lb⁄s]
watt 0.001340483 horsepower [electric]
watt 0.001359621 horsepower [metric]
watt 0.001341022 horsepower [U. K.]
watt 3.412141 Btu [International Table]⁄hour
Viscosity
centipoise 0.001a pascal-second (Pa · s)
centistoke 0.000001a meter2⁄second (m2⁄s)
meter2⁄second 1,000,000.a centistoke
meter2⁄second 10,000.a stoke
pascal-second 1000.a centipoise
pascal-second 10.a poise
poise 0.1a pascal-second (Pa · s)
stoke 0.0001a meter2⁄second (m2⁄s)
Temperature
To Convert From To Use Formula
temperature Celsius, tC temperature Kelvin, tK tK = tC + 273.15
temperature Fahrenheit, tF temperature Kelvin, tK tK = (tF + 459.67)⁄1.8
temperature Celsius, tC temperature Fahrenheit, tF tF = 1.8 tC + 32
temperature Fahrenheit, tF temperature Celsius, tC tC = (tF − 32)⁄1.8
temperature Kelvin, tK temperature Celsius, tC tC = tK − 273.15
temperature Kelvin, tK temperature Fahrenheit, tF tF = 1.8 tK − 459.67
temperature Kelvin, tK temperature Rankine, tR tR = 9⁄5 tK
temperature Rankine, tR temperature Kelvin, tK tK = 5⁄9 tR
a The figure is exact.
Symbols of SI units, multiples and sub-multiples are given in parentheses in the right-hand column

Metric and English Equivalents

Use of Conversion Tables.—On this and following pages, tables are given that permit
conversion from English to metric units and vice versa over a wide range of values. Where
the desired value cannot be obtained directly from these tables, a simple addition of two or
more values taken directly from the table will suffice as shown in the following examples:

Example 1:Find the millimeter equivalent of 0.4476 inch.

.4 in = 10.16000 mm
.04 in = 1.01600 mm
.007 in = .17780 mm
.0006 in = .01524 mm
.4476 in = 11.36904 mm

Example 2:Find the inch equivalent of 84.9 mm.

80. mm = 3.14961 in.
4. mm = 0.15748 in.
0.9 mm = 0.03543 in.
84.9 mm = 3.34252 in.
2532 CONVERSION TABLES

Miscellaneous Conversion Factors (English Units)

Multiply By To Obtain
atmospheres 29.92 inches of mercury (32 deg. F.)
atmospheres 14.70 pounds/inch2
British thermal units/hour 12.96 foot-pounds/minute
circular mils 0.7854 square mils
feet of water (60 deg. F.) 0.8843 inches of mercury (60 deg. F.)
feet of water (60 deg. F.) 0.4331 pounds/inch2
feet/minute 0.01136 miles/hour
foot-pounds/second 0.07716 British thermal units/minute
gallons (U.S.) of water (60 deg. F.) 8.337 pounds of water (60 deg. F.)
gallons (U.S.)/second 8.021 feet3/minute
inches of mercury (32 deg. F.) 0.03342 atmospheres
inches of mercury (60 deg. F.) 1.131 feet of water (60 deg. F.)
inches of mercury (60 deg. F.) 0.4898 pounds/inch2
inches of water (60 deg. F.) 0.03609 pounds/inch2
knots (International) 1.151 miles (statute)/hour
miles/hour 88 feet/minute
miles (statute)/hour 0.8690 knots (International)
ounces (avoirdupois) 0.9115 ounces (troy)
ounces (troy) 1.097 ounces (avoirdupois)
ounces (troy) 0.06857 pounds (avoirdupois)
pounds (avoirdupois) 14.58 ounces (troy)
pounds of water (60 deg. F.) 0.01603 feet3
pounds of water (60 deg. F.) 0.1199 gallons (U.S.)
pounds/inch2 0.06805 atmospheres
pounds/inch2 2.309 feet of water (60 deg. F.)
pounds/inch2 2.042 inches of mercury (60 deg. F.)
pounds/inch2 27.71 inches of water (60 deg. F.)
square mils 1.273 circular mils

Ohm’s Law.—The following figure represents basic electrical relationships. This chart
has been formatted in such a way that each variable has been related to the other three vari-
ables. This figure is simply for reference.

2
V V
------ ---
R R
W
2
I ×R -----
V

Watts Amps W
V×I ----- Key to variables:
W I R
V =Voltage (Volts)
2 R =Resistance (Ohms)
W×R Volts Ohms V I =Current (Amps)
------
V R W W =Power (Watts)
W V
----- ---
I I
W
I×R -----
2
I

Circular Model of Electrical Relations

 CONVERSION TABLES 2533

Binary Multiples.—The International Electrotechnical Commission has assigned the fol-

lowing prefixes to represent exponential binary multiples. This avoids confusion with
standard SI decimal prefixes when representing powers of 2, as in bits and bytes.
Symbol Name Binary Power Symbol Name Binary Power
Ki kibi 210 Ti tebi 240
Mi mebi 220 Pi pebi 250
Gi gibi 230 Ei exbi 260
Example 1:2 Ki = 2 × 210 = 2 × 1,024 = 2,048. This does not equal 2 K = 2 × 103 = 2,000.
Example 2:1 mebibyte = 1 × 220 = 1,048,576 bytes. Again this does not equal 1 megabyte
= 1 × 106 = 1,000,000 bytes, a value that is often confused with 1,048,576 bytes.
Linear Measure
1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile
1 meter = 39.37 inches = 3.2808 feet = 1.0936 yards
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
1 yard = 0.9144 meter
1 foot = 0.3048 meter = 304.8 millimeters
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 25.4 millimeters
Table 2. Inch to Millimeters and Millimeters to Inch Convesion Table
Inches To Millimeters
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
10 254.00000 1 25.40000 0.1 2.54000 .01 0.25400 0.001 0.02540 0.0001 0.00254
20 508.00000 2 50.80000 0.2 5.08000 .02 0.50800 0.002 0.05080 0.0002 0.00508
30 762.00000 3 76.20000 0.3 7.62000 .03 0.76200 0.003 0.07620 0.0003 0.00762
40 1,016.00000 4 101.60000 0.4 10.16000 .04 1.01600 0.004 0.10160 0.0004 0.01016
50 1,270.00000 5 127.00000 0.5 12.70000 .05 1.27000 0.005 0.12700 0.0005 0.01270
60 1,524.00000 6 152.40000 0.6 15.24000 .06 1.52400 0.006 0.15240 0.0006 0.01524
70 1,778.00000 7 177.80000 0.7 17.78000 .07 1.77800 0.007 0.17780 0.0007 0.01778
80 2,032.00000 8 203.20000 0.8 20.32000 .08 2.03200 0.008 0.20320 0.0008 0.02032
90 2,286.00000 9 228.60000 0.9 22.86000 .09 2.2860 0.009 0.22860 0.0009 0.02286
100 2,540.00000 10 254.00000 1.0 25.40000 .10 2.54000 0.010 0.25400 0.0010 0.02540
Millimeters To Inches
mm in. mm in. mm in mm in. mm in. mm in.
100 3.93701 10 0.39370 1 0.03937 0.1 0.00394 0.01 .000039 0.001 0.00004
200 7.87402 20 0.78740 2 0.07874 0.2 0.00787 0.02 .00079 0.002 0.00008
300 11.81102 30 1.18110 3 0.11811 0.3 0.01181 0.03 .00118 0.003 0.00012
400 15.74803 40 1.57480 4 0.15748 0.4 0.01575 0.04 .00157 0.004 0.00016
500 19.68504 50 1.96850 5 0.19685 0.5 0.01969 0.05 .00197 0.005 0.00020
600 23.62205 60 2.36220 6 0.23622 0.6 0.02362 0.06 .00236 0.006 0.00024
700 27.55906 70 2.75591 7 0.27559 0.7 0.02756 0.07 .00276 0.007 0.00028
800 31.49606 80 3.14961 8 0.31496 0.8 0.03150 0.08 .00315 0.008 0.00031
900 35.43307 90 3.54331 9 0.35433 0.9 0.03543 0.09 .00354 0.009 0.00035
1,000 39.37008 100 3.93701 10 0.39370 1.0 0.03937 0.10 .00394 0.010 0.00039
For inches to centimeters, shift decimal point in mm column one place to left and read centimeters,
thus:
40 in. = 1016 mm = 101.6 cm
For centimeters to inches, shift decimal point of centimeter value one place to right and enter mm
column, thus:
70 cm = 700 mm = 27.55906 inches
2534 CONVERSION TABLES

Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters

(Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly)
Inches 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
Millimeters
0.000 … 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286
0.010 0.2540 0.2794 0.3048 0.3302 0.3556 0.3810 0.4064 0.4318 0.4572 0.4826
0.020 0.5080 0.5334 0.5588 0.5842 0.6096 0.6350 0.6604 0.6858 0.7112 0.7366
0.030 0.7620 0.7874 0.8128 0.8382 0.8636 0.8890 0.9144 0.9398 0.9652 0.9906
0.040 1.0160 1.0414 1.0668 1.0922 1.1176 1.1430 1.1684 1.1938 1.2192 1.2446
0.050 1.2700 1.2954 1.3208 1.3462 1.3716 1.3970 1.4224 1.4478 1.4732 1.4986
0.060 1.5240 1.5494 1.5748 1.6002 1.6256 1.6510 1.6764 1.7018 1.7272 1.7526
0.070 1.7780 1.8034 1.8288 1.8542 1.8796 1.9050 1.9304 1.9558 1.9812 2.0066
0.080 2.0320 2.0574 2.0828 2.1082 2.1336 2.1590 2.1844 2.2098 2.2352 2.2606
0.090 2.2860 2.3114 2.3368 2.3622 2.3876 2.4130 2.4384 2.4638 2.4892 2.5146
0.100 2.5400 2.5654 2.5908 2.6162 2.6416 2.6670 2.6924 2.7178 2.7432 2.7686
0.110 2.7940 2.8194 2.8448 2.8702 2.8956 2.9210 2.9464 2.9718 2.9972 3.0226
0.120 3.0480 3.0734 3.0988 3.1242 3.1496 3.1750 3.2004 3.2258 3.2512 3.2766
0.130 3.3020 3.3274 3.3528 3.3782 3.4036 3.4290 3.4544 3.4798 3.5052 3.5306
0.140 3.5560 3.5814 3.6068 3.6322 3.6576 3.6830 3.7084 3.7338 3.7592 3.7846
0.150 3.8100 3.8354 3.8608 3.8862 3.9116 3.9370 3.9624 3.9878 4.0132 4.0386
0.160 4.0640 4.0894 4.1148 4.1402 4.1656 4.1910 4.2164 4.2418 4.2672 4.2926
0.170 4.3180 4.3434 4.3688 4.3942 4.4196 4.4450 4.4704 4.4958 4.5212 4.5466
0.180 4.5720 4.5974 4.6228 4.6482 4.6736 4.6990 4.7244 4.7498 4.7752 4.8006
0.190 4.8260 4.8514 4.8768 4.9022 4.9276 4.9530 4.9784 5.0038 5.0292 5.0546
0.200 5.0800 5.1054 5.1308 5.1562 5.1816 5.2070 5.2324 5.2578 5.2832 5.3086
0.210 5.3340 5.3594 5.3848 5.4102 5.4356 5.4610 5.4864 5.5118 5.5372 5.5626
0.220 5.5880 5.6134 5.6388 5.6642 5.6896 5.7150 5.7404 5.7658 5.7912 5.8166
0.230 5.8420 5.8674 5.8928 5.9182 5.9436 5.9690 5.9944 6.0198 6.0452 6.0706
0.240 6.0960 6.1214 6.1468 6.1722 6.1976 6.2230 6.2484 6.2738 6.2992 6.3246
0.250 6.3500 6.3754 6.4008 6.4262 6.4516 6.4770 6.5024 6.5278 6.5532 6.5786
0.260 6.6040 6.6294 6.6548 6.6802 6.7056 6.7310 6.7564 6.7818 6.8072 6.8326
0.270 6.8580 6.8834 6.9088 6.9342 6.9596 6.9850 7.0104 7.0358 7.0612 7.0866
0.280 7.1120 7.1374 7.1628 7.1882 7.2136 7.2390 7.2644 7.2898 7.3152 7.3406
0.290 7.3660 7.3914 7.4168 7.4422 7.4676 7.4930 7.5184 7.5438 7.5692 7.5946
0.300 7.6200 7.6454 7.6708 7.6962 7.7216 7.7470 7.7724 7.7978 7.8232 7.8486
0.310 7.8740 7.8994 7.9248 7.9502 7.9756 8.0010 8.0264 8.0518 8.0772 8.1026
0.320 8.1280 8.1534 8.1788 8.2042 8.2296 8.2550 8.2804 8.3058 8.3312 8.3566
0.330 8.3820 8.4074 8.4328 8.4582 8.4836 8.5090 8.5344 8.5598 8.5852 8.6106
0.340 8.6360 8.6614 8.6868 8.7122 8.7376 8.7630 8.7884 8.8138 8.8392 8.8646
0.350 8.8900 8.9154 8.9408 8.9662 8.9916 9.0170 9.0424 9.0678 9.0932 9.1186
0.360 9.1440 9.1694 9.1948 9.2202 9.2456 9.2710 9.2964 9.3218 9.3472 9.3726
0.370 9.3980 9.4234 9.4488 9.4742 9.4996 9.5250 9.5504 9.5758 9.6012 9.6266
0.380 9.6520 9.6774 9.7028 9.7282 9.7536 9.7790 9.8044 9.8298 9.8552 9.8806
0.390 9.9060 9.9314 9.9568 9.9822 10.0076 10.0330 10.0584 10.0838 10.1092 10.1346
0.400 10.1600 10.1854 10.2108 10.2362 10.2616 10.2870 10.3124 10.3378 10.3632 10.3886
0.410 10.4140 10.4394 10.4648 10.4902 10.5156 10.5410 10.5664 10.5918 10.6172 10.6426
0.420 10.6680 10.6934 10.7188 10.7442 10.7696 10.7950 10.8204 10.8458 10.8712 10.8966
0.430 10.9220 10.9474 10.9728 10.9982 11.0236 11.0490 11.0744 11.0998 11.1252 11.1506
0.440 11.1760 11.2014 11.2268 11.2522 11.2776 11.3030 11.3284 11.3538 11.3792 11.4046
0.450 11.4300 11.4554 11.4808 11.5062 11.5316 11.5570 11.5824 11.6078 11.6332 11.6586
0.460 11.6840 11.7094 11.7348 11.7602 11.7856 11.8110 11.8364 11.8618 11.8872 11.9126
0.470 11.9380 11.9634 11.9888 12.0142 12.0396 12.0650 12.0904 12.1158 12.1412 12.1666
0.480 12.1920 12.2174 12.2428 12.2682 12.2936 12.3190 12.3444 12.3698 12.3952 12.4206
0.490 12.4460 12.4714 12.4968 12.5222 12.5476 12.5730 12.5984 12.6238 12.6492 12.6746
0.500 12.7000 12.7254 12.7508 12.7762 12.8016 12.8270 12.8524 12.8778 12.9032 12.9286
 CONVERSION TABLES 2535

Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters (Continued)

(Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly)
Inches 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
Millimeters
0.510 12.9540 12.9794 13.0048 13.0302 13.0556 13.0810 13.1064 13.1318 13.1572 13.1826
0.520 13.2080 13.2334 13.2588 13.2842 13.3096 13.3350 13.3604 13.3858 13.4112 13.4366
0.530 13.4620 13.4874 13.5128 13.5382 13.5636 13.5890 13.6144 13.6398 13.6652 13.6906
0.540 13.7160 13.7414 13.7668 13.7922 13.8176 13.8430 13.8684 13.8938 13.9192 13.9446
0.550 13.9700 13.9954 14.0208 14.0462 14.0716 14.0970 14.1224 14.1478 14.1732 14.1986
0.560 14.2240 14.2494 14.2748 14.3002 14.3256 14.3510 14.3764 14.4018 14.4272 14.4526
0.570 14.4780 14.5034 14.5288 14.5542 14.5796 14.6050 14.6304 14.6558 14.6812 14.7066
0.580 14.7320 14.7574 14.7828 14.8082 14.8336 14.8590 14.8844 14.9098 14.9352 14.9606
0.590 14.9860 15.0114 15.0368 15.0622 15.0876 15.1130 15.1384 15.1638 15.1892 15.2146
0.600 15.2400 15.2654 15.2908 15.3162 15.3416 15.3670 15.3924 15.4178 15.4432 15.4686
0.610 15.4940 15.5194 15.5448 15.5702 15.5956 15.6210 15.6464 15.6718 15.6972 15.7226
0.620 15.7480 15.7734 15.7988 15.8242 15.8496 15.8750 15.9004 15.9258 15.9512 15.9766
0.630 16.0020 16.0274 16.0528 16.0782 16.1036 16.1290 16.1544 16.1798 16.2052 16.2306
0.640 16.2560 16.2814 16.3068 16.3322 16.3576 16.3830 16.4084 16.4338 16.4592 16.4846
0.650 16.5100 16.5354 16.5608 16.5862 16.6116 16.6370 16.6624 16.6878 16.7132 16.7386
0.660 16.7640 16.7894 16.8148 16.8402 16.8656 16.8910 16.9164 16.9418 16.9672 16.9926
0.670 17.0180 17.0434 17.0688 17.0942 17.1196 17.1450 17.1704 17.1958 17.2212 17.2466
0.680 17.2720 17.2974 17.3228 17.3482 17.3736 17.3990 17.4244 17.4498 17.4752 17.5006
0.690 17.5260 17.5514 17.5768 17.6022 17.6276 17.6530 17.6784 17.7038 17.7292 17.7546
0.700 17.7800 17.8054 17.8308 17.8562 17.8816 17.9070 17.9324 17.9578 17.9832 18.0086
0.710 18.0340 18.0594 18.0848 18.1102 18.1356 18.1610 18.1864 18.2118 18.2372 18.2626
0.720 18.2880 18.3134 18.3388 18.3642 18.3896 18.4150 18.4404 18.4658 18.4912 18.5166
0.730 18.5420 18.5674 18.5928 18.6182 18.6436 18.6690 18.6944 18.7198 18.7452 18.7706
0.740 18.7960 18.8214 18.8468 18.8722 18.8976 18.9230 18.9484 18.9738 18.9992 19.0246
0.750 19.0500 19.0754 19.1008 19.1262 19.1516 19.1770 19.2024 19.2278 19.2532 19.2786
0.760 19.3040 19.3294 19.3548 19.3802 19.4056 19.4310 19.4564 19.4818 19.5072 19.5326
0.770 19.5580 19.5834 19.6088 19.6342 19.6596 19.6850 19.7104 19.7358 19.7612 19.7866
0.780 19.8120 19.8374 19.8628 19.8882 19.9136 19.9390 19.9644 19.9898 20.0152 20.0406
0.790 20.0660 20.0914 20.1168 20.1422 20.1676 20.1930 20.2184 20.2438 20.2692 20.2946
0.800 20.3200 20.3454 20.3708 20.3962 20.4216 20.4470 20.4724 20.4978 20.5232 20.5486
0.810 20.5740 20.5994 20.6248 20.6502 20.6756 20.7010 20.7264 20.7518 20.7772 20.8026
0.820 20.8280 20.8534 20.8788 20.9042 20.9296 20.9550 20.9804 21.0058 21.0312 21.0566
0.830 21.0820 21.1074 21.1328 21.1582 21.1836 21.2090 21.2344 21.2598 21.2852 21.3106
0.840 21.3360 21.3614 21.3868 21.4122 21.4376 21.4630 21.4884 21.5138 21.5392 21.5646
0.850 21.5900 21.6154 21.6408 21.6662 21.6916 21.7170 21.7424 21.7678 21.7932 21.8186
0.860 21.8440 21.8694 21.8948 21.9202 21.9456 21.9710 21.9964 22.0218 22.0472 22.0726
0.870 22.0980 22.1234 22.1488 22.1742 22.1996 22.2250 22.2504 22.2758 22.3012 22.3266
0.880 22.3520 22.3774 22.4028 22.4282 22.4536 22.4790 22.5044 22.5298 22.5552 22.5806
0.890 22.6060 22.6314 22.6568 22.6822 22.7076 22.7330 22.7584 22.7838 22.8092 22.8346
0.900 22.8600 22.8854 22.9108 22.9362 22.9616 22.9870 23.0124 23.0378 23.0632 23.0886
0.910 23.1140 23.1394 23.1648 23.1902 23.2156 23.2410 23.2664 23.2918 23.3172 23.3426
0.920 23.3680 23.3934 23.4188 23.4442 23.4696 23.4950 23.5204 23.5458 23.5712 23.5966
0.930 23.6220 23.6474 23.6728 23.6982 23.7236 23.7490 23.7744 23.7998 23.8252 23.8506
0.940 23.8760 23.9014 23.9268 23.9522 23.9776 24.0030 24.0284 24.0538 24.0792 24.1046
0.950 24.1300 24.1554 24.1808 24.2062 24.2316 24.2570 24.2824 24.3078 24.3332 24.3586
0.960 24.3840 24.4094 24.4348 24.4602 24.4856 24.5110 24.5364 24.5618 24.5872 24.6126
0.970 24.6380 24.6634 24.6888 24.7142 24.7396 24.7650 24.7904 24.8158 24.8412 24.8666
0.980 24.8920 24.9174 24.9428 24.9682 24.9936 25.0190 25.0444 25.0698 25.0952 25.1206
0.990 25.1460 25.1714 25.1968 25.2222 25.2476 25.2730 25.2984 25.3238 25.3492 25.3746
1.000 25.4000 … … … … … … … … …
Use previous table to obtain whole inch equivalents to add to decimal equivalents above. All values
given in this table are exact; figures to the right of the last place figures are all zeros.
2536 CONVERSION TABLES

Millimeters to Inches
(Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly)
Millimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Inches
0 … 0.03937 0.07874 0.11811 0.15748 0.19685 0.23622 0.27559 0.31496 0.35433
10 0.39370 0.43307 0.47244 0.51181 0.55118 0.59055 0.62992 0.66929 0.70866 0.74803
20 0.78740 0.82677 0.86614 0.90551 0.94488 0.98425 1.02362 1.06299 1.10236 1.14173
30 1.18110 1.22047 1.25984 1.29921 1.33858 1.37795 1.41732 1.45669 1.49606 1.53543
40 1.57480 1.61417 1.65354 1.69291 1.73228 1.77165 1.81102 1.85039 1.88976 1.92913
50 1.96850 2.00787 2.04724 2.08661 2.12598 2.16535 2.20472 2.24409 2.28346 2.32283
60 2.36220 2.40157 2.44094 2.48031 2.51969 2.55906 2.59843 2.63780 2.67717 2.71654
70 2.75591 2.79528 2.83465 2.87402 2.91339 2.95276 2.99213 3.03150 3.07087 3.11024
80 3.14961 3.18898 3.22835 3.26772 3.30709 3.34646 3.38583 3.42520 3.46457 3.50394
90 3.54331 3.58268 3.62205 3.66142 3.70079 3.74016 3.77953 3.81890 3.85827 3.89764
100 3.93701 3.97638 4.01575 4.05512 4.09449 4.13386 4.17323 4.21260 4.25197 4.29134
110 4.33071 4.37008 4.40945 4.44882 4.48819 4.52756 4.56693 4.60630 4.64567 4.68504
120 4.72441 4.76378 4.80315 4.84252 4.88189 4.92126 4.96063 5.00000 5.03937 5.07874
130 5.11811 5.15748 5.19685 5.23622 5.27559 5.31496 5.35433 5.39370 5.43307 5.47244
140 5.51181 5.55118 5.59055 5.62992 5.66929 5.70866 5.74803 5.78740 5.82677 5.86614
150 5.90551 5.94488 5.98425 6.02362 6.06299 6.10236 6.14173 6.18110 6.22047 6.25984
160 6.29921 6.33858 6.37795 6.41732 6.45669 6.49606 6.53543 6.57480 6.61417 6.65354
170 6.69291 6.73228 6.77165 6.81102 6.85039 6.88976 6.92913 6.96850 7.00787 7.04724
180 7.08661 7.12598 7.16535 7.20472 7.24409 7.28346 7.32283 7.36220 7.40157 7.44094
190 7.48031 7.51969 7.55906 7.59843 7.63780 7.67717 7.71654 7.75591 7.79528 7.83465
200 7.87402 7.91339 7.95276 7.99213 8.03150 8.07087 8.11024 8.14961 8.18898 8.22835
210 8.26772 8.30709 8.34646 8.38583 8.42520 8.46457 8.50394 8.54331 8.58268 8.62205
220 8.66142 8.70079 8.74016 8.77953 8.81890 8.85827 8.89764 8.93701 8.97638 9.01575
230 9.05512 9.09449 9.13386 9.17323 9.21260 9.25197 9.29134 9.33071 9.37008 9.40945
240 9.44882 9.48819 9.52756 9.56693 9.60630 9.64567 9.68504 9.72441 9.76378 9.80315
250 9.84252 9.88189 9.92126 9.96063 10.0000 10.0394 10.0787 10.1181 10.1575 10.1969
260 10.2362 10.2756 10.3150 10.3543 10.3937 10.4331 10.4724 10.5118 10.5512 10.5906
270 10.6299 10.6693 10.7087 10.7480 10.7874 10.8268 10.8661 10.9055 10.9449 10.9843
280 11.0236 11.0630 11.1024 11.1417 11.1811 11.2205 11.2598 11.2992 11.3386 11.3780
290 11.4173 11.4567 11.4961 11.5354 11.5748 11.6142 11.6535 11.6929 11.7323 11.7717
300 11.8110 11.8504 11.8898 11.9291 11.9685 12.0079 12.0472 12.0866 12.1260 12.1654
310 12.2047 12.2441 12.2835 12.3228 12.3622 12.4016 12.4409 12.4803 12.5197 12.5591
320 12.5984 12.6378 12.6772 12.7165 12.7559 12.7953 12.8346 12.8740 12.9134 12.9528
330 12.9921 13.0315 13.0709 13.1102 13.1496 13.1890 13.2283 13.2677 13.3071 13.3465
340 13.3858 13.4252 13.4646 13.5039 13.5433 13.5827 13.6220 13.6614 13.7008 13.7402
350 13.7795 13.8189 13.8583 13.8976 13.9370 13.9764 14.0157 14.0551 14.0945 14.1339
360 14.1732 14.2126 14.2520 14.2913 14.3307 14.3701 14.4094 14.4488 14.4882 14.5276
370 14.5669 14.6063 14.6457 14.6850 14.7244 14.7638 14.8031 14.8425 14.8819 14.9213
380 14.9606 15.0000 15.0394 15.0787 15.1181 15.1575 15.1969 15.2362 15.2756 15.3150
390 15.3543 15.3937 15.4331 15.4724 15.5118 15.5512 15.5906 15.6299 15.6693 15.7087
400 15.7480 15.7874 15.8268 15.8661 15.9055 15.9449 15.9843 16.0236 16.0630 16.1024
410 16.1417 16.1811 16.2205 16.2598 16.2992 16.3386 16.3780 16.4173 16.4567 16.4961
420 16.5354 16.5748 16.6142 16.6535 16.6929 16.7323 16.7717 16.8110 16.8504 16.8898
430 16.9291 16.9685 17.0079 17.0472 17.0866 17.1260 17.1654 17.2047 17.2441 17.2835
440 17.3228 17.3622 17.4016 17.4409 17.4803 17.5197 17.5591 17.5984 17.6378 17.6772
450 17.7165 17.7559 17.7953 17.8346 17.8740 17.9134 17.9528 17.9921 18.0315 18.0709
460 18.1102 18.1496 18.1890 18.2283 18.2677 18.3071 18.3465 18.3858 18.4252 18.4646
470 18.5039 18.5433 18.5827 18.6220 18.6614 18.7008 18.7402 18.7795 18.8189 18.8583
480 18.8976 18.9370 18.9764 19.0157 19.0551 19.0945 19.1339 19.1732 19.2126 19.2520
490 19.2913 19.3307 19.3701 19.4094 19.4488 19.4882 19.5276 19.5669 19.6063 19.6457
 CONVERSION TABLES 2537

Millimeters to Inches (Continued)

(Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly)
Millimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Inches
500 19.6850 19.7244 19.7638 19.8031 19.8425 19.8819 19.9213 19.9606 20.0000 20.0394
510 20.0787 20.1181 20.1575 20.1969 20.2362 20.2756 20.3150 20.3543 20.3937 20.4331
520 20.4724 20.5118 20.5512 20.5906 20.6299 20.6693 20.7087 20.7480 20.7874 20.8268
530 20.8661 20.9055 20.9449 20.9843 21.0236 21.0630 21.1024 21.1417 21.1811 21.2205
540 21.2598 21.2992 21.3386 21.3780 21.4173 21.4567 21.4961 21.5354 21.5748 21.6142
550 21.6535 21.6929 21.7323 21.7717 21.8110 21.8504 21.8898 21.9291 21.9685 22.0079
560 22.0472 22.0866 22.1260 22.1654 22.2047 22.2441 22.2835 22.3228 22.3622 22.4016
570 22.4409 22.4803 22.5197 22.5591 22.5984 22.6378 22.6772 22.7165 22.7559 22.7953
580 22.8346 22.8740 22.9134 22.9528 22.9921 23.0315 23.0709 23.1102 23.1496 23.1890
590 23.2283 23.2677 23.3071 23.3465 23.3858 23.4252 23.4646 23.5039 23.5433 23.5827
600 23.6220 23.6614 23.7008 23.7402 23.7795 23.8189 23.8583 23.8976 23.9370 23.9764
610 24.0157 24.0551 24.0945 24.1339 24.1732 24.2126 24.2520 24.2913 24.3307 24.3701
620 24.4094 24.4488 24.4882 24.5276 24.5669 24.6063 24.6457 24.6850 24.7244 24.7638
630 24.8031 24.8425 24.8819 24.9213 24.9606 25.0000 25.0394 25.0787 25.1181 25.1575
640 25.1969 25.2362 25.2756 25.3150 25.3543 25.3937 25.4331 25.4724 25.5118 25.5512
650 25.5906 25.6299 25.6693 25.7087 25.7480 25.7874 25.8268 25.8661 25.9055 25.9449
660 25.9843 26.0236 26.0630 26.1024 26.1417 26.1811 26.2205 26.2598 26.2992 26.3386
670 26.3780 26.4173 26.4567 26.4961 26.5354 26.5748 26.6142 26.6535 26.6929 26.7323
680 26.7717 26.8110 26.8504 26.8898 26.9291 26.9685 27.0079 27.0472 27.0866 27.1260
690 27.1654 27.2047 27.2441 27.2835 27.3228 27.3622 27.4016 27.4409 27.4803 27.5197
700 27.5591 27.5984 27.6378 27.6772 27.7165 27.7559 27.7953 27.8346 27.8740 27.9134
710 27.9528 27.9921 28.0315 28.0709 28.1102 28.1496 28.1890 28.2283 28.2677 28.3071
720 28.3465 28.3858 28.4252 28.4646 28.5039 28.5433 28.5827 28.6220 28.6614 28.7008
730 28.7402 28.7795 28.8189 28.8583 28.8976 28.9370 28.9764 29.0157 29.0551 29.0945
740 29.1339 29.1732 29.2126 29.2520 29.2913 29.3307 29.3701 29.4094 29.4488 29.4882
750 29.5276 29.5669 29.6063 29.6457 29.6850 29.7244 29.7638 29.8031 29.8425 29.8819
760 29.9213 29.9606 30.0000 30.0394 30.0787 30.1181 30.1575 30.1969 30.2362 30.2756
770 30.3150 30.3543 30.3937 30.4331 30.4724 30.5118 30.5512 30.5906 30.6299 30.6693
780 30.7087 30.7480 30.7874 30.8268 30.8661 30.9055 30.949 30.9843 31.0236 31.0630
790 31.1024 31.1417 31.1811 31.2205 31.2598 31.2992 31.3386 31.3780 31.4173 31.4567
800 31.4961 31.5354 31.5748 31.6142 31.6535 31.6929 31.7323 31.7717 31.8110 31.8504
810 31.8898 31.9291 31.9685 32.0079 32.0472 32.0866 32.1260 32.1654 32.2047 32.2441
820 32.2835 32.3228 32.3622 32.4016 32.4409 32.4803 32.5197 32.5591 32.5984 32.6378
830 32.6772 32.7165 32.7559 32.7953 32.8346 32.8740 32.9134 32.9528 32.9921 33.0315
840 33.0709 33.1102 33.1496 33.1890 33.2283 33.2677 33.3071 33.3465 33.3858 33.4252
850 33.4646 33.5039 33.5433 33.5827 33.6220 33.6614 33.7008 33.7402 33.7795 33.8189
860 33.8583 33.8976 33.9370 33.9764 34.0157 34.0551 34.0945 34.1339 34.1732 34.2126
870 34.2520 34.2913 34.3307 34.3701 34.4094 34.4488 34.4882 34.5276 34.5669 34.6063
880 34.6457 34.6850 34.7244 34.7638 34.8031 34.8425 34.8819 34.9213 34.9606 35.0000
890 35.0394 35.0787 35.1181 35.1575 35.1969 35.2362 35.2756 35.3150 35.3543 35.3937
900 35.4331 35.4724 35.5118 35.5512 35.5906 35.6299 35.6693 35.7087 35.7480 35.7874
910 35.8268 35.8661 35.9055 35.9449 35.9843 36.0236 36.0630 36.1024 36.1417 36.1811
920 36.2205 36.2598 36.2992 36.3386 36.3780 36.4173 36.4567 36.4961 36.5354 36.5748
930 36.6142 36.6535 36.6929 36.7323 36.7717 36.8110 36.8504 36.8898 36.9291 36.9685
940 37.0079 37.0472 37.0866 37.1260 37.1654 37.2047 37.2441 37.2835 37.3228 37.3622
950 37.4016 37.409 37.4803 37.5197 37.5591 37.5984 37.6378 37.6772 37.7165 37.7559
960 37.7953 37.8346 37.8740 37.9134 37.9528 37.9921 38.0315 38.0709 38.1102 38.1496
970 38.1800 38.2283 38.2677 38.3071 38.3465 38.3858 38.4252 38.4646 38.5039 38.5433
980 38.5827 38.6220 38.6614 38.7008 38.7402 38.7795 38.8189 38.8583 38.8976 38.9370
990 38.9764 39.0157 39.0551 39.0945 39.1339 39.1732 39.2126 39.2520 39.2913 39.3307
1000 39.3701 … … … … … … … … …
2538 CONVERSION TABLES

Fractional Inch — Millimeter and Foot — Millimeter Conversation Tables

(Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly)
Fractional Inch to Millimeters
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
1⁄ 0.397 17⁄ 6.747 33⁄ 13.097 49⁄ 19.447
64 64 64 64
1⁄ 0.794 9⁄ 7.144 17⁄ 13.494 25⁄ 19.844
32 32 32 32
3⁄ 1.191 19⁄ 7.541 35⁄ 13.891 51⁄ 20.241
64 64 64 64
1⁄ 1.588 5⁄ 7.938 9⁄ 14.288 13⁄ 20.638
16 16 16 16
5⁄ 1.984 21⁄ 8.334 37⁄ 14.684 53⁄ 21.034
64 64 64 64
3⁄ 2.381 11⁄ 8.731 19⁄ 15.081 27⁄ 21.431
32 32 32 32
7⁄ 2.778 23⁄ 9.128 39⁄ 15.478 55⁄ 21.828
64 64 64 64
1⁄ 3.175 3⁄ 9.525 5⁄ 15.875 7⁄ 22.225
8 8 8 8
9⁄ 3.572 25⁄ 9.922 41⁄ 16.272 57⁄ 22.622
64 64 64 64
5⁄ 3.969 13⁄ 10.319 21⁄ 16.669 29⁄ 23.019
32 32 32 32
11⁄ 4.366 27⁄ 10.716 43⁄ 17.066 59⁄ 23.416
64 64 64 64
3⁄ 4.762 7⁄ 11.112 11⁄ 17.462 15⁄ 23.812
16 16 16 16
13⁄ 5.159 29⁄ 11.509 45⁄ 17.859 61⁄ 24.209
64 64 64 64
7⁄ 5.556 15⁄ 11.906 23⁄ 18.256 31⁄ 24.606
32 32 32 32
15⁄ 5.953 31⁄ 12.303 47⁄ 18.653 63⁄ 25.003
64 64 64 64
1⁄ 6.350 1⁄ 12.700 3⁄ 19.050 1 25.400
4 2 4

Inches to Millimeters
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
1 25.4 3 76.2 5 127.0 7 177.8 9 228.6 11 279.4
2 50.8 4 101.6 6 152.4 8 203.2 10 254.0 12 304.8
Feet to Millimeters
ft mm ft mm ft mm ft mm ft mm
100 30,480 10 3,048 1 304.8 0.1 30.48 0.01 3.048
200 60,960 20 6,096 2 609.6 0.2 60.96 0.02 6.096
300 91,440 30 9,144 3 914.4 0.3 91.44 0.03 9.144
400 121,920 40 12,192 4 1,219.2 0.4 121.92 0.04 12.192
500 152,400 50 15,240 5 1,524.0 0.5 152.400 0.05 15.240
600 182,880 60 18,288 6 1,828.8 0.6 182.88 0.06 18.288
700 213,360 70 21,336 7 2,133.6 0.7 213.36 0.07 21.336
800 243,840 80 24,384 8 2,438.4 0.8 243.84 0.08 24.384
900 274,320 90 27,432 9 2,743.2 0.9 274.32 0.09 27.432
1,000 304,800 100 30,480 10 3,048.0 1.0 304.80 0.10 30.480
Example 1: Find millimeter equivalent of 293 feet, 547⁄64 inches.
200 ft = 60,960. mm
90 ft = 27,432. mm
3 ft = 914.4 mm
5 in. = 127.0 mm
47⁄ in. = 18.653 mm
64

293 ft 547⁄64 in. = 89,452.053 mm

Example 2: Find millimeter equivalent of 71.86 feet.
70. ft = 21,336. mm
1. ft = 304.8 mm
.80 ft = 243.84 mm
.06 ft = 18.288 mm
71.86 ft = 21,902.928 mm
 CONVERSION TABLES 2539

Microinches to Micrometers (microns)

(Based on 1 microinch = 0.0254 micrometers, exactly)
Micro-
inches 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Micrometers (microns)
0 … 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.178 0.203 0.229
10 0.254 0.279 0.305 0.330 0.356 0.381 0.406 0.432 0.457 0.483
20 0.508 0.533 0.559 0.584 0.610 0.635 0.660 0.686 0.711 0.737
30 0.762 0.787 0.813 0.838 0.864 0.889 0.914 0.940 0.965 0.991
40 1.016 1.041 1.067 1.092 1.118 1.143 1.168 1.194 1.219 1.245
50 1.270 1.295 1.321 1.346 1.372 1.397 1.422 1.448 1.473 1.499
60 1.524 1.549 1.575 1.600 1.626 1.651 1.676 1.702 1.727 1.753
70 1.778 1.803 1.829 1.854 1.880 1.905 1.930 1.956 1.981 2.007
80 2.032 2.057 2.083 2.108 2.134 2.159 2.184 2.210 2.235 2.261
90 2.286 2.311 2.337 2.362 2.388 2.413 2.438 2.464 2.489 2.515
100 2.540 2.565 2.591 2.616 2.642 2.667 2.692 2.718 2.743 2.769
110 2.794 2.819 2.845 2.870 2.896 2.921 2.946 2.972 2.997 3.023
120 3.048 3.073 3.099 3.124 3.150 3.175 3.200 3.226 3.251 3.277
130 3.302 3.327 3.353 3.378 3.404 3.429 3.454 3.480 3.505 3.531
140 3.556 3.581 3.607 3.632 3.658 3.683 3.708 3.734 3.759 3.785
150 3.810 3.835 3.861 3.886 3.912 3.937 3.962 3.988 4.013 4.039
160 4.064 4.089 4.115 4.140 4.166 4.191 4.216 4.242 4.267 4.293
170 4.318 4.343 4.369 4.394 4.420 4.445 4.470 4.496 4.521 4.547
180 4.572 4.597 4.623 4.648 4.674 4.699 4.724 4.750 4.775 4.801
190 4.826 4.851 4.877 4.902 4.928 4.953 4.978 5.004 5.029 5.055
200 5.080 5.105 5.131 5.156 5.182 5.207 5.232 5.258 5.283 5.309
210 5.334 5.359 5.385 5.410 5.436 5.461 5.486 5.512 5.537 5.563
220 5.588 5.613 5.639 5.664 5.690 5.715 5.740 5.766 5.791 5.817
230 5.842 5.867 5.893 5.918 5.944 5.969 5.994 6.020 6.045 6.071
240 6.096 6.121 6.147 6.172 6.198 6.223 6.248 6.274 6.299 6.325
250 6.350 6.375 6.401 6.426 6.452 6.477 6.502 6.528 6.553 6.579
260 6.604 6.629 6.655 6.680 6.706 6.731 6.756 6.782 6.807 6.833
270 6.858 6.883 6.909 6.934 6.960 6.985 7.010 7.036 7.061 7.087
280 7.112 7.137 7.163 7.188 7.214 7.239 7.264 7.290 7.315 7.341
290 7.366 7.391 7.417 7.442 7.468 7.493 7.518 7.544 7.569 7.595

The following short table permits conversion of microinches to micrometers for ranges
higher than in the main table given above. Appropriate quantities chosen from both tables
are simply added to obtain the higher converted value:
µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm
300 7.620 900 22.860 1500 38.100 2100 53.340 2700 68.580
600 15.240 1200 30.480 1800 45.720 2400 60.960 3000 76.200
Example: Convert 1375 µin. to µm:
From above table: 1200 µin. = 30.480 µm
From main table: 175 µin. = 4.445 µm
1375 µin. = 34.925 µm
2540 CONVERSION TABLES

Micrometers (microns) to Microinches

(Based on 1 microinch = 0.0254 micrometers, exactly)
Micrometers
Microns 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Microinches
0 … 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.5
0.10 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.1 7.5
0.20 7.9 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.0 11.4
0.30 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.0 13.4 13.8 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.4
0.40 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.9 17.3 17.7 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.3
0.50 19.7 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.2
0.60 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.8 25.2 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.2
0.70 27.6 28.0 28.3 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.9 30.3 30.7 31.1
0.80 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.5 33.9 34.3 34.6 35.0
0.90 35.4 35.8 36.2 36.6 37.0 37.4 37.8 38.2 38.6 39.0
1.00 39.4 39.8 40.2 40.6 40.9 41.3 41.7 42.1 42.5 42.9
1.10 43.3 43.7 44.1 44.5 44.9 45.3 45.7 46.1 46.5 46.9
1.20 47.2 47.6 48.0 48.4 48.8 49.2 49.6 50.0 50.4 50.8
1.30 51.2 51.6 52.0 52.4 52.8 53.1 53.5 53.9 54.3 54.7
1.40 55.1 55.5 55.9 56.3 56.7 57.1 57.5 57.9 58.3 58.7
1.50 59.1 59.4 59.8 60.2 60.6 61.0 61.4 61.8 62.2 62.6
1.60 63.0 63.4 63.8 64.2 64.6 65.0 65.4 65.7 66.1 66.5
1.70 66.9 67.3 67.7 68.1 68.5 68.9 69.3 69.7 70.1 70.5
1.80 70.9 71.3 71.7 72.0 72.4 72.8 73.2 73.6 74.0 74.4
1.90 74.8 75.2 75.6 76.0 76.4 76.8 7.2 7.6 78.0 78.3
2.00 78.7 79.1 79.5 79.9 80.3 80.7 81.1 81.5 81.9 82.3
2.10 82.7 83.1 83.5 83.9 84.3 84.6 85.0 85.4 85.8 86.2
2.20 86.6 87.0 87.4 87.8 88.2 88.6 89.0 89.4 89.8 90.2
2.30 90.6 90.9 91.3 91.7 92.1 92.5 92.9 93.3 93.7 94.1
2.40 94.5 94.9 95.3 95.7 96.1 96.5 96.9 97.2 97.6 98.0
2.50 98.4 98.8 99.2 99.6 100.0 100.4 100.8 101.2 101.6 102.0
2.60 102.4 102.8 103.1 103.5 103.9 104.3 104.7 105.1 105.5 105.9
2.70 106.3 106.7 107.1 107.5 107.9 108.3 108.7 109.1 109.4 109.8
2.80 110.2 110.6 111.0 111.4 111.8 112.2 112.6 113.0 113.4 113.8
2.90 114.2 114.6 115.0 115.4 115.7 116.1 116.5 116.9 117.3 117.7
3.00 118.1 118.5 118.9 119.3 119.7 120.1 120.5 120.9 121.3 121.7
3.10 122.0 122.4 122.8 123.2 123.6 124.0 124.4 124.8 125.2 125.6
3.20 126.0 126.4 126.8 127.2 127.6 128.0 128.3 128.7 129.1 129.5
3.30 129.9 130.3 130.7 131.1 131.5 131.9 132.3 132.7 133.1 133.5
3.40 133.9 134.3 134.6 135.0 135.4 135.8 136.2 136.6 137.0 137.4
3.50 137.8 138.2 138.6 139.0 139.4 139.8 140.2 140.6 140.9 141.3
3.60 141.7 142.1 142.5 142.9 143.3 143.7 144.1 144.5 144.9 145.3
3.70 145.7 146.1 146.5 146.9 147.2 147.6 148.0 148.4 148.8 149.2
3.80 149.6 150.0 150.4 150.8 151.2 151.6 152.0 152.4 152.8 153.1
3.90 153.5 153.9 154.3 154.7 155.1 155.5 155.9 156.3 156.7 157.1
4.00 157.5 157.9 158.3 158.7 159.1 159.4 159.8 160.2 160.6 161.0
4.10 161.4 161.8 162.2 162.6 163.0 163.4 163.8 164.2 164.6 165.0
4.20 165.4 165.7 166.1 166.5 166.9 167.3 167.7 168.1 168.5 168.9
4.30 169.3 169.7 170.1 170.5 170.9 171.3 171.7 172.0 172.4 172.8
4.40 173.2 173.6 174.0 174.4 174.8 175.2 175.6 176.0 176.4 176.8
4.50 177.2 177.6 178.0 178.3 178.7 179.1 179.5 179.9 180.3 180.7
4.60 181.1 181.5 181.9 182.3 182.7 183.1 183.5 183.9 184.3 184.6
4.70 185.0 185.4 185.8 186.2 186.6 187.0 187.4 187.8 188.2 188.6
4.80 189.0 189.4 189.8 190.2 190.6 190.9 191.3 191.7 192.1 192.5
4.90 192.9 193.3 193.7 194.1 194.5 194.9 195.3 195.7 196.1 196.5
5.00 196.9 197.2 197.6 198.0 198.4 198.8 199.2 199.6 200.0 200.4

The table given below can be used with the preceding main table to obtain higher con-
verted values, simply by adding appropriate quantities chosen from each table:
µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin. µm µin.
10 393.7 20 787.4 30 1,181.1 40 1,574.8 50 1,968.5
15 590.6 25 984.3 35 1,378.0 45 1,771.7 55 2,165.4
Example: Convert 23.55 µm to µin.:
From above table: 20.00 µm = 787.4 µin.
From main table: 3.55 µm = 139.8 µin.
23.55 µm = 927.2 µin.
 CONVERSION TABLES 2541

Foot — Meter and Mile — Kilometer Conversion Tables

(Based on 1 foot = 0.3048 meter, exactly)
Feet to Meters
(1 ft = 0.3048 m, exactly)
feet meters feet meters feet meters feet meters feet meters

100 30.480 10 3.048 1 0.305 0.1 0.030 0.01 0.003

200 60.960 20 6.096 2 0.610 0.2 0.061 0.02 0.006
300 91.440 30 9.144 3 0.914 0.3 0.091 0.03 0.009
400 121.920 40 12.192 4 1.219 0.4 0.122 0.04 0.012
500 152.400 50 15.240 5 1.524 0.5 0.152 0.05 0.015
600 182.880 60 18.288 6 1.829 0.6 0.183 0.06 0.018
700 213.360 70 21.336 7 2.134 0.7 0.213 0.07 0.021
800 243.840 80 24.384 8 2.438 0.8 0.244 0.08 0.024
1,000 304.800 100 30.480 10 3.048 1.0 0.305 0.10 0.030
Meters to Feet
(1 m = 3.280840 ft)
meters feet meters feet meters feet meters feet meters feet

100 328.084 10 32.808 1 3.281 0.1 0.328 0.01 0.033

200 656.168 20 65.617 2 6.562 0.2 0.656 0.02 0.066
300 984.252 30 98.425 3 9.843 0.3 0.984 0.03 0.098
400 1,312.336 40 131.234 4 13.123 0.4 1.312 0.04 0.131
500 1,640.420 50 164.042 5 16.404 0.5 1.640 0.05 0.164
600 1,968.504 60 196.850 6 19.685 0.6 1.969 0.06 0.197
700 2,296.588 70 229.659 7 22.966 0.7 2.297 0.07 0.230
800 2,624.672 80 262.467 8 26.247 0.8 2.625 0.08 0.262
900 2,952.756 90 295.276 9 29.528 0.9 2.953 0.09 0.295
1,000 3,280.840 100 328.084 10 32.808 1.0 3.281 0.10 0.328
Miles to Kilometers
(1 mile = 1.609344 km, exactly)
miles km miles km miles km miles km miles km

1,000 1,609.34 100 160.93 10 16.09 1 1.61 0.1 0.16

2,000 3,218.69 200 321.87 20 32.19 2 3.22 0.2 0.32
3,000 4,828.03 300 482.80 30 48.28 3 4.83 0.3 0.48
4,000 6,437.38 400 643.74 40 64.37 4 6.44 0.4 0.64
5,000 8,046.72 500 804.67 50 80.47 5 8.05 0.5 0.80
6,000 9,656.06 600 965.61 60 96.56 6 9.66 0.6 0.97
7,000 11,265.41 700 1,126.54 70 112.65 7 11.27 0.7 1.13
8,000 12,874.75 800 1,287.48 80 128.75 8 12.87 0.8 1.29
9,000 14,484.10 900 1,448.41 90 144.84 9 14.48 0.9 1.45
10,000 16,093.44 1,000 1,609.34 100 160.93 10 16.09 1.0 1.61
Kilometers to Miles
(1 km = 0.6213712 mile)
km miles km miles km miles km miles km miles

1,000 621.37 100 62.14 10 6.21 1 0.62 0.1 0.06

2,000 1,242.74 200 124.27 20 12.43 2 1.24 0.2 0.12
3,000 1,864.11 300 186.41 30 18.64 3 1.86 0.3 0.19
4,000 2,485.48 400 248.55 40 24.85 4 2.49 0.4 0.25
5,000 3,106.86 500 310.69 50 31.07 5 3.11 0.5 0.31
6,000 3,728.23 600 372.82 60 37.28 6 3.73 0.6 0.37
7,000 4,349.60 700 434.96 70 43.50 7 4.35 0.7 0.43
8,000 4,970.97 800 497.10 80 49.71 8 4.97 0.8 0.50
9,000 5,592.34 900 559.23 90 55.92 9 5.59 0.9 0.56
10,000 6,213.71 1,000 621.37 100 62.14 10 6.21 1.0 0.62

Square Measure
1 square kilometer = 0.3861 square mile = 247.1 acres
1 hectare = 2.471 acres = 107,639 square feet
1 are = 0.0247 acre = 1076.4 square feet
1 square meter = 10.764 square feet = 1.196 square yards
1 square centimeter = 0.155 square inch
1 square millimeter = 0.00155 square inch
1 square mile = 2.5899 square kilometers
1 acre = 0.4047 hectare = 40.47 ares
1 square yard = 0.836 square meter
1 square foot = 0.0929 square meter = 929 square centimeters
1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters = 645.2 square millimeters
2542 CONVERSION TABLES

Square Inch — Square Centimeter and Square Foot — Square Meter

Conversion Tables
(Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly)
Square Inches to Square Centimeters
(1 in.2 = 6.4516 cm2, exactly)
in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2

100 645.16 10 64.52 1 6.45 0.1 0.65 0.01 0.06

200 1,290.32 20 129.03 2 12.90 0.2 1.29 0.02 0.13
300 1,935.48 30 193.55 3 19.35 0.3 1.94 0.03 0.19
400 2,580.64 40 258.06 4 25.81 0.4 2.58 0.04 0.26
500 3,225.80 50 322.58 5 32.26 0.5 3.23 0.05 0.32
600 30,870.96 60 387.10 6 38.71 0.6 3.87 0.06 0.39
700 4,516.12 70 451.61 7 45.16 0.7 4.52 0.07 0.45
800 5,161.28 80 516.13 8 51.61 0.8 5.16 0.08 0.52
900 5,806.44 90 580.64 9 58.06 0.9 5.81 0.09 0.58
1,000 6,451.60 100 645.16 10 64.52 1.0 6.45 0.10 0.65
Square Centimeters to Square Inches
2
(1 cm = 0.1550003 in. )2

cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 cm2 in.2

100 15.500 10 1.550 1 0.155 0.1 0.016 0.01 0.002

200 31,000 20 3.100 2 0.310 0.2 0.031 0.02 0.003
300 46.500 30 4.650 3 0.465 0.3 0.047 0.03 0.005
400 62.000 40 6.200 4 0.620 0.4 0.062 0.04 0.006
500 77.500 50 7.750 5 0.75 0.5 0.078 0.05 0.008
600 93.000 60 9.300 6 0.930 0.6 0.093 0.06 0.009
700 108.500 70 10.850 7 1.085 0.7 0.109 0.07 0.011
800 124.000 80 12.400 8 1.240 0.8 0.124 0.08 0.012
900 139.500 90 13.950 9 1.395 0.9 0.140 0.09 0.014
1,000 155.000 100 15.500 10 1.550 1.0 0.155 0.10 0.016
Square Feet to Square Meters
(1 ft2 = 0.09290304 m2, exactly)
ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2

1,000 92.903 100 9.290 10 0.929 1 0.093 0.1 0.009

2,000 185.806 200 18.581 20 1.858 2 0.186 0.2 0.019
3,000 278.709 300 27.871 30 2.787 3 0.279 0.3 0.028
4,000 371.612 400 37.161 40 3.716 4 0.372 0.4 0.037
5,000 464.515 500 46.452 50 4.645 5 0.465 0.5 0.046
6,000 557.418 600 55.742 60 5.574 6 0.557 0.6 0.056
7,000 650.321 700 65.032 70 6.503 7 0.650 0.7 0.065
8,000 743.224 800 74.322 80 7.432 8 0.743 0.8 0.074
9,000 836.127 900 83.613 90 8.361 9 0.836 0.9 0.084
10,000 929.030 1,000 92.903 100 9.290 10 0.929 1.0 0.093
Square Meters to Square Feet
(1 m2 = 10.76391 ft2)
m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft2

100 1,076.39 10 107.64 1 10.76 0.1 1.08 0.01 0.11

200 2,152.78 20 215.28 2 21.53 0.2 2.15 0.02 0.22
300 3,229.17 30 322.92 3 32.29 0.3 3.23 0.03 0.32
400 4,305.56 40 430.56 4 43.06 0.4 4.31 0.04 0.43
500 5,381.96 50 538.20 5 53.82 0.5 5.38 0.05 0.54
600 6,458.35 60 645.83 6 64.58 0.6 6.46 0.06 0.65
700 7,534.74 70 753.47 7 75.35 0.7 7.53 0.07 0.75
800 8,611.13 80 861.11 8 86.11 0.8 8.61 0.08 0.86
900 9,687.52 90 968.75 9 96.88 0.9 9.69 0.09 0.97
1,000 10,763.91 100 1,076.39 10 107.64 1.0 10.76 0.10 1.08

Cubic Measure
1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet = 1.308 cubic yards.
1 cubic meter = 264.2 U.S. gallons.
1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 cubic inch.
1 liter (cubic decimeter) = 0.0353 cubic foot = 61.023 cubic inches.
1 liter = 0.2642 U.S. gallon = 1.0567 U.S. quarts.
1 cubic yard = 0.7646 cubic meter.
1 cubic foot = 0.02832 cubic meter = 28.317 liters.
1 cubic inch = 16.38706 cubic centimeters.
1 U.S. gallon = 3.785 liters.
1 U.S. quart = 0.946 liter.
 CONVERSION TABLES 2543

Cubic Inch — Cubic Centimeter and Cubic Foot — Cubic Meter Conversion Tables
(Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly)
Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters
(1 in.3 = 16.38706 cm3)
in.3 cm3 in.3 cm3 in.3 cm3 in.3 cm3 in.3 cm3

100 1,638.71 10 163.87 1 16.39 0.1 1.64 0.01 0.16

200 3,277.41 20 327.74 2 32.77 0.2 3.28 0.02 0.33
300 4,916.12 30 491.61 3 49.16 0.3 4.92 0.03 0.49
400 6,554.82 40 655.48 4 65.55 0.4 6.55 0.04 0.66
500 8,193.53 50 819.35 5 81.94 0.5 8.19 0.05 0.82
600 9,832.24 60 983.22 6 98.32 0.6 9.83 0.06 0.98
700 11,470.94 70 1,147.09 7 114.71 0.7 11.47 0.07 1.15
800 13,109.65 80 1,310.96 8 131.10 0.8 13.11 0.08 1.31
900 14,748.35 90 1,474.84 9 147.48 0.9 14.75 0.09 1.47
1,000 16,387.06 100 1,638.71 10 163.87 1.0 16.39 0.10 1.64
Cubic Centimeres to Cubic Inches
3 3
(1 cm = 0.06102376 in. )
cm3 in.3 cm3 in3 cm3 in.3 cm3 in3 cm3 in3

1,000 61.024 100 6.102 10 0.610 1 0.061 0.1 0.006

2,000 122.048 200 12.205 20 1.220 2 0.122 0.2 0.012
3,000 183.071 300 18.307 30 1,831 3 0.183 0.3 0.018
4,000 244.095 400 24.410 40 2.441 4 0.244 0.4 0.024
5,000 305.119 500 30.512 50 3.051 5 0.305 0.5 0.031
6,000 366.143 600 36.614 60 3.661 6 0.366 0.6 0.037
7,000 427.166 700 42.717 70 4.272 7 0.427 0.7 0.043
8,000 488.190 800 48.819 80 4.882 8 0.488 0.8 0.049
9,000 549.214 900 54.921 90 5.492 9 0.549 0.9 0.055
10,000 610.238 1,000 61.024 100 6.102 10 0.610 1.0 0.061
Cubic Feet to Cubic Meters
(1 ft = 0.02831685 m3)
3

ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3

1,000 28.317 100 2.832 10 0.283 1 0.028 0.1 0.003

2,000 56.634 200 5.663 20 0.566 2 0.057 0.2 0.006
3,000 84.951 300 8.495 30 0.850 3 0.085 0.3 0.008
4,000 113.267 400 11.327 40 1.133 4 0.113 0.4 0.011
5,000 141.584 500 14.158 50 1.416 5 0.142 0.5 0.014
6,000 169.901 600 16.990 60 1.699 6 0.170 0.6 0.017
7,000 198.218 700 19.822 70 1.982 7 0.198 0.7 0.020
8,000 226.535 800 22.653 80 2.265 8 0.227 0.8 0.023
9,000 254.852 900 25.485 90 2.549 9 0.255 0.9 0.025
10,000 283.168 1,000 28.317 100 2.832 10 0.283 1.0 0.028
Cubic Meters to Cubic Feet
(1 m3 = 35.31466 ft3)
m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3 m3 ft3

100 3,531.47 10 353.15 1 35.31 0.1 3.53 0.01 0.35

200 7,062.93 20 706.29 2 70.63 0.2 7.06 0.02 0.71
300 10,594.40 30 1,059.44 3 105.94 0.3 10.59 0.03 1.06
400 14,125.86 40 4,412.59 4 141.26 0.4 14.13 0.04 1.41
500 17,657.33 50 1,756.73 5 176.57 0.5 17.66 0.05 1.77
600 21,188.80 60 2,118.88 6 211.89 0.6 21.19 0.06 2.12
700 24,720.26 70 2,472.03 7 247.20 0.7 24.72 0.07 2.47
800 28,251.73 80 2,825.17 8 282.52 0.8 28.25 0.08 2.83
900 31,783.19 90 3,178.32 9 317.83 0.9 31.78 0.09 3.18
1,000 35,314.66 100 3,531.47 10 353.15 1.0 35.311 0.10 3.53
2544 CONVERSION TABLES

Acre—Hectare and U.K. Gallon—Liter Conversion Tables

Acres to Hectares
(1 acre = 0.4046856 hectare)
acres 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
hectares
0 … 4.047 8.094 12.141 16.187 20.234 24.281 28.328 32.375 36.422
100 40.469 44.515 48.562 52.609 56.656 60.703 64.750 68.797 72.843 76.890
200 80.937 84.984 89.031 93.078 97.125 101.171 105.218 109.265 113.312 117.359
300 121.406 125.453 129.499 133.546 137.593 141.640 145.687 149.734 153.781 157.827
400 161.874 165.921 169.968 174.015 178.062 182.109 186.155 190.202 194.249 198.296
500 202.343 206.390 240.437 214.483 218.530 222.577 226.624 230.671 234.718 238.765
600 242.811 246.858 250.905 254.952 258.999 263.046 267.092 271.139 275.186 279.233
700 283.280 287.327 291.374 295.420 299.467 303.514 307.561 311.608 315.655 319.702
800 323.748 327.795 331.842 335.889 339.936 343.983 348.030 352.076 356.123 360.170
900 364.217 368.264 372.311 376.358 380.404 384.451 388.498 392.545 396.592 400.639
1000 404.686 … … … … … … … … …
Hectares to Acres
(1 hectare = 2.471054 acres)
hect-
ares 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
acres
0 … 24.71 49.42 74.13 98.84 123.55 148.26 172.97 197.68 222.39
100 247.11 271.82 296.53 321.24 345.95 370.66 395.37 420.08 444.79 469.50
200 494.21 518.92 543.63 568.34 593.05 617.76 642.47 667.18 691.90 716.61
300 741.32 766.03 790.74 815.45 840.16 864.87 889.58 914.29 939.00 963.71
400 988.42 1013.13 1037.84 1062.55 1087.26 1111.97 1136.68 1161.40 1186.11 1210.82
500 1235.53 1260.24 1284.95 1309.66 1334.37 1359.08 1383.79 1408.50 1433.21 1457.92
600 1482.63 1507.34 1532.05 1556.76 1581.47 1606.19 1630.90 1655.61 1680.32 1705.03
700 1729.74 1754.45 1779.16 1803.87 1828.58 1853.29 1878.00 1902.71 1927.42 1952.13
800 1976.84 2001.55 2026.26 2050.97 2075.69 2100.40 2125.11 2149.82 2174.53 2199.24
900 2223.95 2248.66 2273.37 2298.08 2322.79 2347.50 2372.21 2396.92 2421.63 2446.34
1000 2471.05 … … … … … … … … …
U.K. Gallons to Liters
(1 U.K. gallon = 4.546092 liters)
Imp. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
gals liters
0 … 4.546 9.092 13.638 18.184 22.730 27.277 31.823 36.369 40.915
10 45.461 50.007 54.553 59.099 63.645 68.191 72.737 77.284 81.830 86.376
20 90.922 95.468 100.014 104.560 109.106 113.652 118.198 122.744 127.291 131.837
30 136.383 140.929 145.475 150.021 154.567 159.113 163.659 168.205 172.751 177.298
40 181.844 186.390 190.936 195.482 200.028 204.574 209.120 213.666 218.212 222.759
50 227.305 231.851 236.397 240.943 245.489 250.035 254.581 259.127 263.673 268.219
60 272.766 277.312 281.858 286.404 290.950 295.496 300.042 304.588 309.134 313.680
70 318.226 322.773 327.319 331.865 336.411 340.957 345.503 350.049 354.595 359.141
80 363.687 368.233 372.780 377.326 381.872 386.418 390.964 395.510 400.056 404.602
90 409.148 413.694 418.240 422.787 427.333 431.879 436.425 440.971 445.517 450.063
100 454.609 459.155 463.701 468.247 472.794 477.340 481.886 486.432 490.978 495.524
Liters to U.K. Gallons
(1 liter = 0.2199692 U.K. gallons)
liters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Imperial gallons
0 … 0.220 0.440 0.660 0.880 1.100 1.320 1.540 1.760 1.980
10 2.200 2.420 2.640 2.860 3.080 3.300 3.520 3.739 3.959 4.179
20 4.399 4.619 4.839 5.059 5.279 5.499 5.719 5.939 6.159 6.379
30 6.599 6.819 7.039 7.259 7.479 7.699 7.919 8.139 8.359 8.579
40 8.799 9.019 9.239 9.459 9.679 9.899 10.119 10.339 10.559 10.778
50 10.998 11.218 11.438 11.658 11.878 12.098 12.318 12.538 12.758 12.978
60 13.198 13.418 13.638 13.858 14.078 14.298 14.518 14.738 14.958 15.178
70 15.398 15.618 15.838 16.058 16.278 16.498 16.718 16.938 17.158 17.378
80 17.598 17.818 18.037 18.257 18.477 18.697 18.917 19.137 19.357 19.577
90 19.797 20.017 20.237 20.457 20.677 20.897 21.117 21.337 21.557 21.777
100 21.997 22.217 22.437 22.657 22.877 23.097 23.317 23.537 23.757 23.977
 CONVERSION TABLES 2545

Cubic Foot—Liter and Gallon—Liter Conversion Tables

(Based on 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters)
Cubic Feet to Liters
(1 ft3 = 28.31685 liters)
ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters

100 2,831.68 10 283.17 1 28.32 0.1 2.83 0.01 0.28

200 5,663.37 20 566.34 2 56.63 0.2 5.66 0.02 0.57
300 8,495.06 30 849.51 3 84.95 0.3 8.50 0.03 0.85
400 11,326.74 40 1,132.67 4 113.27 0.4 11.33 0.04 1.13
500 14,158.42 50 1,415.84 5 141.58 0.5 14.16 0.05 1.42
600 16,990.11 60 1,699.01 6 169.90 0.6 16.99 0.06 1.70
700 19,821.80 70 1,982.18 7 198.22 0.7 19.82 0.07 1.98
800 22,653.48 80 2,263.35 8 226.53 0.8 22.65 0.08 2.27
900 25,485.16 90 2,548.52 9 254.85 0.9 25.49 0.09 2.55
1,000 28,316.85 100 2,831.68 10 283.17 1.0 28.32 0.10 2.83
Liters to Cubic Feet
(1 liter = 0.03531466 ft3)
liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3 liters ft3

1,000 35.315 100 3.531 10 0.353 1 0.035 0.1 0.004

2,000 70.629 200 7.063 20 0.706 2 0.071 0.2 0.007
3,000 105.944 300 10.594 30 1.059 3 0.106 0.3 0.011
4,000 141.259 400 14.126 40 1.413 4 0.141 0.4 0.014
5,000 176.573 500 17.657 50 1.766 5 0.177 0.5 0.018
6,000 211.888 600 21.189 60 2.119 6 0.212 0.6 0.021
7,000 247.203 700 24.720 70 2.472 7 0.247 0.7 0.025
8,000 282.517 800 28.252 80 2.825 8 0.283 0.8 0.028
9,000 317.832 900 31.783 90 3.178 9 0.318 0.9 0.032
10,000 353.147 1,000 35.315 100 3.531 10 0.353 1.0 0.035
U.S. Gallons to Liters
(1 U.S. gallon = 3.785412 liters)
gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters

1,000 3,785.41 100 378.54 10 37.85 1 3.79 0.1 0.38

2,000 7,570.82 200 757.08 20 75.71 2 7.57 0.2 0.76
3,000 11,356.24 300 1,135.62 30 113.56 3 11.36 0.3 1.14
4,000 15,141.65 400 1,514.16 40 151.42 4 15.14 0.4 1.51
5,000 18,927.06 500 1,892.71 50 189.27 5 18.93 0.5 1.89
6,000 22,712.47 600 2,271.25 60 227.12 6 22.71 0.6 2.27
7,000 26,497.88 700 2,649.79 70 264.98 7 26.50 0.7 2.65
8,000 30,283.30 800 3,028.33 80 302.83 8 30.28 0.8 3.03
9,000 34,068.71 900 3,406.87 90 340.69 9 34.07 0.9 3.41
10,000 37.854.12 1,000 3.785.41 100 378.54 10 37.85 1.0 3.79
Liters to U.S. Gallons
(1 liter = 0.2641720 U.S. gallon)
liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals

1,000 264.17 100 26.42 10 2.64 1 0.26 0.1 0.03

2,000 528.34 200 52.83 20 5.28 2 0.53 0.2 0.05
3,000 792.52 300 79.25 30 7.93 3 0.79 0.3 0.08
4,000 1,056.69 400 105.67 40 10.57 4 1.06 0.4 0.11
5,000 1,320.86 500 132.09 50 13.21 5 1.32 0.5 0.13
6,000 1,585.03 600 158.50 60 15.85 6 1.59 0.6 0.16
7,000 1,849.20 700 184.92 70 18.49 7 1.85 0.7 0.18
8,000 2,113.38 800 211.34 80 21.13 8 2.11 0.8 0.21
9,000 2,377.55 900 237.75 90 23.78 9 2.38 0.9 0.24
10,000 2,641.72 1,000 264.17 100 26.42 10 2.64 1.0 0.26
2546 CONVERSION TABLES

Weight
1 metric ton = 0.9842 ton (of 2240 pounds) = 2204.6 pounds.
1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds = 35.274 ounces avoirdupois.
1 gram = 0.03215 ounce troy = 0.03527 ounce avoirdupois.
1 gram = 15.432 grains.
1 ton (of 2240 pounds) = 1.016 metric ton = 1016 kilograms.
1 pound = 0.4536 kilogram = 453.6 grams.
1 ounce avoirdupois = 28.35 grams.
1 ounce troy = 31.103 grams.
1 grain = 0.0648 gram.
1 kilogram per square millimeter = 1422.32 pounds per square inch.
1 kilogram per square centimeter = 14.223 pounds per square inch.
1 kilogram-meter = 7.233 foot-pounds.
1 pound per square inch = 0.0703 kilogram per square centimeter.
1 calorie (kilogram calorie) = 3.968 Btu (British thermal unit).
Pound—Kilogram and Ounce—Gram Conversion Tables
Pounds to Kilograms (1 pound = 0.4535924 kilogram)
lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg
1,000 453.59 100 45.36 10 4.54 1 0.45 0.1 0.05
2,000 907.18 200 90.72 20 9.07 2 0.91 0.2 0.09
3,000 1,360.78 300 136.08 30 13.61 3 1.36 0.3 0.14
4,000 1,814.37 400 181.44 40 18.14 4 1.81 0.4 0.18
5,000 2,267.96 500 226.80 50 22.68 5 2.27 0.5 0.23
6,000 2,721.55 600 272.16 60 27.22 6 2.72 0.6 0.27
7,000 3,175.15 700 317.51 70 31.75 7 3.18 0.7 0.32
8,000 3,628.74 800 362.87 80 36.29 8 3.63 0.8 0.36
9,000 4,082.33 900 408.23 90 40.82 9 4.08 0.9 0.41
10,000 4,535.92 1,000 453.59 100 45.36 10 4.54 1.0 0.45
Kilograms to Pounds (1 kilogram = 2.204622 pounds)
kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb
1,000 2,204.62 100 220.46 10 22.05 1 2.20 0.1 0.22
2,000 4,409.24 200 440.92 20 44.09 2 4.41 0.2 0.44
3,000 6,613.87 300 661.39 30 66.14 3 6.61 0.3 0.66
4,000 8,818.49 400 881.85 40 88.18 4 8.82 0.4 0.88
5,000 11,023.11 500 1,102.31 50 110.23 5 11.02 0.5 1.10
6,000 13,227.73 600 1,322.77 60 132.28 6 13.23 0.6 1.32
7,000 15,432.35 700 1,543.24 70 154.32 7 15.43 0.7 1.54
8,000 17,636.98 800 1,763.70 80 176.37 8 17.64 0.8 1.76
9,000 19,841.60 900 1,984.16 90 198.42 9 19.84 0.9 1.98
10,000 22,046.22 1,000 2,204.62 100 220.46 10 22.05 1.0 2.20
Ounces to Grams (1 ounce = 28.34952 grams)
oz g oz g oz g oz g oz g
10 283.50 1 28.35 0.1 2.83 0.01 0.28 0.001 0.03
20 566.99 2 56.70 0.2 5.67 0.02 0.57 0.002 0.06
30 850.49 3 85.05 0.3 8.50 0.03 0.85 0.003 0.09
40 1,133.98 4 113.40 0.4 11.34 0.04 1.13 0.004 0.11
50 1,417.48 5 141.75 0.5 14.17 0.05 1.42 0.005 0.14
60 1,700.97 6 170.10 0.6 17.01 0.06 1.70 0.006 0.17
70 1,984.47 7 198.45 0.7 19.84 0.07 1.98 0.007 0.20
80 2,267.96 8 226.80 0.8 22.68 0.08 2.27 0.008 0.23
90 2,551.46 9 255.15 0.9 25.51 0.09 2.55 0.009 0.26
100 2,834.95 10 283.50 1.0 28.35 0.10 2.83 0.010 0.28
 CONVERSION TABLES 2547

Pound—Kilogram and Ounce—Gram Conversion Tables (Continued)

Grams to Ounces (1 gram = 0.03527397 ounce)
g oz g oz g oz g oz g oz
100 3.527 10 0.353 1 0.035 0.1 0.004 0.01 0.000
200 7.055 20 0.705 2 0.071 0.2 0.007 0.02 0.001
300 10.582 30 1.058 3 0.106 0.3 0.011 0.03 0.001
400 14.110 40 1.411 4 0.141 0.4 0.014 0.04 0.001
500 17.637 50 1.764 5 0.176 0.5 0.018 0.05 0.002
600 21.164 60 2.116 6 0.212 0.6 0.021 0.06 0.002
700 24.692 70 2.469 7 0.247 0.7 0.025 0.07 0.002
800 28.219 80 2.822 8 0.282 0.8 0.028 0.08 0.003
900 31.747 90 3.175 9 0.317 0.9 0.032 0.09 0.003
1,000 35.274 100 3.527 10 0.353 1.0 0.035 0.10 0.004

Pounds per Square Inch—Kilograms per Square Centimeter and Pounds per Square
Foot—Kilograms per Square Meter Conversion Tables
Pounds per Square Inch to Kilograms per Square Centimeter (1 lb/in.2 = 0.07030697 kg/cm2)
lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2
1,000 70.307 100 7.031 10 0.703 1 0.070 0.1 0.007
2,000 140.614 200 14.061 20 1.406 2 0.141 0.2 0.014
3,000 210.921 300 21.092 30 2.109 3 0.211 0.3 0.021
4,000 281.228 400 28.123 40 2.812 4 0.281 0.4 0.028
5,000 351.535 500 35.153 50 3.515 5 0.352 0.5 0.035
6,000 421.842 600 42.184 60 4.218 6 0.422 0.6 0.042
7,000 492.149 700 49.215 70 4.921 7 0.492 0.7 0.049
8,000 562.456 800 56.246 80 5.625 8 0.562 0.8 0.056
9,000 632.763 900 63.276 90 6.328 9 0.633 0.9 0.063
10,000 703.070 1,000 70.307 100 7.031 10 0.703 1.0 0.070
Kilogram per Square Centimeter to Pounds per Square Inch (1 kg/cm2 = 14.22334 lb/in.2)
kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2 kg/cm2 lb/in.2
100 1,422.33 10 142.23 1 14.22 0.1 1.42 0.01 0.14
200 2,844.67 20 284.47 2 28.45 0.2 2.84 0.02 0.28
300 4,267.00 30 426.70 3 42.67 0.3 4.27 0.03 0.43
400 5,689.34 40 568.93 4 56.89 0.4 5.69 0.04 0.57
500 7,111.67 50 711.17 5 71.12 0.5 7.11 0.05 0.71
600 8,534.00 60 853.40 6 85.34 0.6 8.53 0.06 0.85
700 9,956.34 70 995.63 7 99.56 0.7 9.96 0.07 1.00
800 11,378.67 80 1,137.87 8 113.79 0.8 11.38 0.08 1.14
900 12,801.01 90 1,280.10 9 128.01 0.9 12.80 0.09 1.28
1,000 14,223.34 100 1,422.33 10 142.23 1.0 14.22 0.10 1.42
Pounds per Square Foot to Kilograms per Square Meter (1 lb/ft2 = 4.882429 kg/m2)
lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2
1,000 4,882.43 100 488.24 10 48.82 1 4.88 0.1 0.49
2,000 9,764.86 200 976.49 20 97.65 2 9.76 0.2 0.98
3,000 14,647.29 300 1,464.73 30 146.47 3 14.65 0.3 1.46
4,000 19,529.72 400 1,952.97 40 195.30 4 19.53 0.4 1.95
5,000 24,412.14 500 2,441.21 50 244.12 5 24.41 0.5 2.44
6,000 29,294.57 600 2,929.46 60 292.95 6 29.29 0.6 2.93
7,000 34,177.00 700 3,417.70 70 341.77 7 34.18 0.7 3.42
8,000 39,059.43 800 3,905.94 80 390.59 8 39.06 0.8 3.91
9,000 43,941.86 900 4,394.19 90 439.42 9 43.94 0.9 4.39
10,000 48,824.28 10,000 4,882.43 100 488.24 10 48.82 1.0 4.88
2548 CONVERSION TABLES

Pounds per Square Inch—Kilograms per Square Centimeter and Pounds per Square
Foot—Kilograms per Square Meter Conversion Tables (Continued)
Kilograms per Square Meter to Pounds per Square Foot (1 kg/m2 = 0.2048161 lb/ft2)
kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2 kg/m2 lb/ft2
1,000 204.82 100 20.48 10 2.05 1 0.20 0.1 0.02
2,000 409.63 200 40.96 20 4.10 2 0.41 0.2 0.04
3,000 614.45 300 61.44 30 6.14 3 0.61 0.3 0.06
4,000 819.26 400 81.93 40 8.19 4 0.82 0.4 0.08
5,000 1,024.08 500 102.41 50 10.24 5 1.02 0.5 0.10
6,000 1,228.90 600 122.89 60 12.29 6 1.23 0.6 0.12
7,000 1,433.71 700 143.37 70 14.34 7 1.43 0.7 0.14
8,000 1,638.53 800 163.85 80 16.39 8 1.64 0.8 0.16
9,000 1,843.34 900 184.33 90 18.43 9 1.84 0.9 0.18
10,000 2,048.16 1,000 204.82 100 20.48 10 2.05 1.0 0.20

Pounds per Square Inch—Kilopscals Conversion Table

Pounds per Square Inch to Kilopascals
(1 lb/in2 = 6.894757 kPa)

lb/in.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
kilopascals
0 … 6.895 13.790 20.684 27.579 34.474 41.369 48.263 55.158 62.053
10 68.948 75.842 82.737 89.632 96.527 103.421 110.316 117.211 124.106 131.000
20 137.895 144.790 151.685 158.579 165.474 172.369 179.264 186.158 193.053 199.948
30 206.843 213.737 220.632 227.527 234.422 241.316 248.211 255.106 262.001 268.896
40 275.790 282.685 289.580 296.475 303.369 310.264 317.159 324.054 330.948 337.843
50 344.738 351.633 358.527 365.422 372.317 379.212 386.106 393.001 399.896 406.791
60 413.685 420.580 427.475 434.370 441.264 448.159 455.054 461.949 468.843 475.738
70 482.633 489.528 496.423 503.317 510.212 517.107 524.002 530.896 537.791 544.686
80 551.581 558.475 565.370 572.265 579.160 586.054 592.949 599.844 606.739 613.633
90 620.528 627.423 634.318 641.212 648.107 655.002 661.897 668.791 675.686 682.581
100 689.476 696.370 703.265 710.160 717.055 723.949 730.844 737.739 744.634 751.529
Kilopascals to Pounds Per Square Inch
(1 kPa = 0.1450377 lb/in2)
kPa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
lb/in.2
0 … 0.145 0.290 0.435 0.580 0.725 0.870 1.015 1.160 1.305
10 1.450 1.595 1.740 1.885 2.031 2.176 2.321 2.466 2.611 2.756
20 2.901 3.046 3.191 3.336 3.481 3.626 3.771 3.916 4.061 4.206
30 4.351 4.496 4.641 4.786 4.931 5.076 5.221 5.366 5.511 5.656
40 5.802 5.947 6.092 6.237 6.382 6.527 6.672 6.817 6.962 7.107
50 7.252 7.397 7.542 7.687 7.832 7.977 8.122 8.267 8.412 8.557
60 8.702 8.847 8.992 9.137 9.282 9.427 9.572 9.718 9.863 10.008
70 10.153 10.298 10.443 10.588 10.733 10.878 11.023 11.168 11.313 11.458
80 11.603 11.748 11.893 12.038 12.183 12.328 12.473 12.618 12.763 12.908
90 13.053 13.198 13.343 13.489 13.634 13.779 13.924 14.069 14.214 14.359
100 14.504 14.649 14.794 14.939 15.084 15.229 15.374 15.519 15.664 15.809
Note: 1 kilopascal = 1 kilonewton/meter2.
 CONVERSION TABLES 2549

Pounds per Cubic Inch—Grams per Cubic Centimeter and Pounds per Cubic
Foot—Kilograms per Cubic Meter Conversion Tables
Pounds per Cubic Inch to Grams per Cubic Centimeter
(1 lb/in.3 = 27.67990 g/cm3)
lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in3 g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3

100 2,767.99 10 276.80 1 27.68 0.1 2.77 0.01 0.28

200 5,535.98 20 553.60 2 55.36 0.2 5.54 0.02 0.55
300 8,303.97 30 830.40 3 83.04 0.3 8.30 0.03 0.83
400 11,071.96 40 1,107.20 4 110.72 0.4 11.07 0.04 1.11
500 13,839.95 50 1,384.00 5 138.40 0.5 13.84 0.05 1.38
600 16,607.94 60 1,660.79 6 166.08 0.6 16.61 0.06 1.66
700 19,375.93 70 1,937.59 7 193.76 0.7 19.38 0.07 1.94
800 22,143.92 80 2,214.39 8 221.44 0.8 22.14 0.08 2.21
900 24,911.91 90 2,491.19 9 249.12 0.9 24.91 0.09 2.49
1,000 27,679.90 100 2,767.99 10 276.80 1.0 27.68 0.10 2.77
Grams per Cubic Centimeter to Pounds per Cubic Inch
(1 g/cm3 = 0.03612730 lb/in.3)
g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 lb/in.3

1,000 36.127 100 3.613 10 0.361 1 0.036 0.1 0.004

2,000 72.255 200 7.225 20 0.723 2 0.072 0.2 0.007
3,000 108.382 300 10.838 30 1.084 3 0.108 0.3 0.011
4,000 144.509 400 14.451 40 1.445 4 0.145 0.4 0.014
5,000 180.636 500 18.064 50 1.806 5 0.181 0.5 0.018
6,000 216.764 600 21.676 60 2.168 6 0.217 0.6 0.022
7,000 252.891 700 25.289 70 2.529 7 0.253 0.7 0.025
8,000 289.018 800 28.902 80 2.890 8 0.289 0.8 0.029
9,000 325.146 900 32.515 90 3.251 9 0.325 0.9 0.033
10,000 361.273 1,000 36.127 100 3.613 10 0.361 1.0 0.036
Pounds per Cubic Foot to Kilograms per Cubic Meter
(1 lb/ft3 = 16.01846 kg/m3)
lb/lb/ft3 lb/kg/m3 lb/lb/ft3 lb/kg/m3 lb/lb/ft3 lb/kg/m3 lb/lb/ft3 lb/kg/m3 lb/lb/ft3 lb/kg/m3

100 1,601.85 10 160.18 1 16.02 0.1 1.60 0.01 0.16

200 3,203.69 20 320.37 2 32.04 0.2 3.20 0.02 0.32
300 4,805.54 30 480.55 3 48.06 0.3 4.81 0.03 0.48
400 6,407.38 40 640.74 4 64.07 0.4 6.41 0.04 0.64
500 8,009.23 50 800.92 5 80.09 0.5 8.01 0.05 0.80
600 9,611.08 60 961.11 6 96.11 0.6 9.61 0.06 0.96
700 11,212.92 70 1,121.29 7 112.13 0.7 11.21 0.07 1.12
800 12,814.77 80 1,281.48 8 128.15 0.8 12.81 0.08 1.28
900 14,416.61 90 1,441.66 9 144.17 0.9 14.42 0.09 1.44
1,000 16,018.46 100 1,601.85 10 160.18 1.0 16.02 0.10 1.60
Kilograms per Cubic Meter to Pounds per Cubic Foot
(1 kg/m3 =0.06242797 lb/ft3)
kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3

1,000 62.428 100 6.243 10 0.624 1 0.062 0.1 0.006

2,000 124.856 200 12.486 20 1.249 2 0.125 0.2 0.012
3,000 187.284 300 18.728 30 1.873 3 0.187 0.3 0.019
4,000 249.712 400 24.971 40 2.497 4 0.250 0.4 0.025
5,000 312.140 500 31.214 50 3.121 5 0.312 0.5 0.031
6,000 374.568 600 37.457 60 3.746 6 0.375 0.6 0.037
7,000 436.996 700 43.700 70 4.370 7 0.437 0.7 0.044
8,000 499.424 800 49.942 80 4.994 8 0.499 0.8 0.050
9,000 561.852 900 56.185 90 5.619 9 0.562 0.9 0.056
10,000 624.280 1,000 62.428 100 6.243 10 0.624 1.0 0.062
2550 CONVERSION TABLES

Pounds-force to Newtons Conversion Table

Pounds-Force to Newtons
(1 pound-force = 4.448222 newtons.)
lbf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
newtons
0 … 4.448 8.896 13.345 17.793 22.241 26.689 31.138 35.586 40.034
10 44.482 48.930 53.379 57.827 62.275 66.723 71.172 75.620 80.068 84.516
20 88.964 93.413 97.861 102.309 106.757 111.206 115.654 120.102 124.550 128.998
30 133.447 137.895 142.343 146.791 151.240 155.688 160.136 164.584 169.032 173.481
40 177.929 182.377 186.825 191.274 195.722 200.170 204.618 209.066 213.515 217.963
50 222.411 226.859 231.308 235.756 240.204 244.652 249.100 253.549 257.997 262.445
60 266.893 271.342 275.790 280.238 284.686 289.134 293.583 298.031 302.479 306.927
70 311.376 315.824 320.272 324.720 329.168 333.617 338.065 342.513 346.961 351.410
80 355.858 360.306 364.754 369.202 373.651 378.099 382.547 386.995 391.444 395.892
90 400.340 404.788 409.236 413.685 418.133 422.581 427.029 431.478 435.926 440.374
100 444.822 449.270 453.719 458.167 462.615 467.063 471.512 475.960 480.408 484.856
Newtons to Pounds-Force
(1 newton = 0.2248089 pound-force.)
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pounds-force
0 … 0.22481 0.44962 0.67443 0.89924 1.12404 1.34885 1.57366 1.79847 2.02328
10 2.24809 2.47290 2.69771 2.92252 3.14732 3.37213 3.59694 3.82175 4.04656 4.27137
20 4.49618 4.72099 4.94580 5.17060 5.39541 5.62022 5.84503 6.06984 6.29465 6.51946
30 6.74427 6.96908 7.19388 7.41869 7.64350 7.86831 8.09312 8.31793 8.54274 8.76755
40 8.99236 9.21716 9.44197 9.66678 9.89159 10.1164 10.3412 10.5660 10.7908 11.0156
50 11.2404 11.4653 11.6901 11.9149 12.1397 12.3645 12.5893 12.8141 13.0389 13.2637
60 13.4885 13.7133 13.9382 14.1630 14.3878 14.6126 14.8374 15.0622 15.2870 15.5118
70 15.7366 15.9614 16.1862 16.4110 16.6359 16.8607 17.0855 17.3103 17.5351 17.7599
80 17.9847 18.2095 18.4343 18.6591 18.8839 19.1088 19.3336 19.5584 19.7832 20.0080
90 20.2328 20.4576 20.6824 20.9072 21.1320 21.3568 21.5817 21.8065 22.0313 22.2561
100 22.4809 22.7057 22.9305 23.1553 23.3801 23.6049 23.8297 24.0546 24.2794 24.5042

Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters Conversion Table

Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters
(1 pound-force-inch = 0.1129848 newton-meter)
lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m

100 11.298 10 1.130 1 0.113 0.1 0.011 0.01 0.001

200 22.597 20 2.260 2 0.226 0.2 0.023 0.02 0.002
300 33.895 30 3.390 3 0.339 0.3 0.034 0.03 0.003
400 45.194 40 4.519 4 0.452 0.4 0.045 0.04 0.005
500 56.492 50 5.649 5 0.565 0.5 0.056 0.05 0.006
600 67.791 60 6.779 6 0.678 0.6 0.068 0.06 0.007
700 79.089 70 7.909 7 0.791 0.7 0.079 0.07 0.008
800 90.388 80 9.039 8 0.904 0.8 0.090 0.08 0.009
900 101.686 90 10.169 9 1.017 0.9 0.102 0.09 0.010
1000 112.985 100 11.298 10 1.130 1.0 0.113 0.10 0.011
 CONVERSION TABLES 2551

Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters Conversion Table (Continued)

Newton-Meters to Pound-Inches
(1 newton meter = 8.850748 pound-force-inches)
N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in. N·m lbf-in.

100 885.07 10 88.51 1 8.85 0.1 0.89 0.01 0.09

200 1770.15 20 177.01 2 17.70 0.2 1.77 0.02 0.18
300 2655.22 30 265.52 3 26.55 0.3 2.66 0.03 0.27
400 3540.30 40 354.03 4 35.40 0.4 3.54 0.04 0.35
500 4425.37 50 442.54 5 44.25 0.5 4.43 0.05 0.44
600 5310.45 60 531.04 6 53.10 0.6 5.31 0.06 0.53
700 6195.52 40 619.55 7 61.96 0.7 6.20 0.07 0.62
800 7080.60 80 708.06 8 70.81 0.8 7.08 0.08 0.71
900 7965.67 90 796.57 9 79.66 0.9 7.97 0.09 0.80
1000 8850.75 100 885.07 10 88.51 1.0 8.85 0.10 0.89

Power and Heat Equivalents

1 horsepower-hour = 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds = 2545 Btu

(British thermal units) = 2.64 pounds of water evaporated
at 212°F = 17 pounds of water raised from 62° to 212°F.
1 kilowatt-hour = 100 watt-hours = 1.34 horsepower-hour = 2,655,200 foot-
pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3415 Btu = 3.54 pounds of
water evaporated at 212°F = 22.8 pounds of water raised
from 62° to 212°F.
1 horsepower = 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatt = 33,000 foot-pounds per
minute = 550 foot-pounds per second = 2545 Btu per hour
= 42.4 Btu per minute = 0.71 Btu per second = 2.64 lbs. of
water evaporated per hour at 212°F.
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,654,200 foot-pounds
per hour = 44,200 foot-pounds per minute = 737 foot-
pounds per second = 3415 Btu per hour = 57 Btu per
minute = 0.95 Btu per second = 3.54 pounds of water
evaporated per hour at 212°F.
1 watt = 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horsepower = 0.001 kilowatt
= 3.42 Btu per hour = 44.22 foot-pounds per minute = 0.74
foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pound of water evapo-
rated per hour at 212°F.
1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1052 watt-seconds = 778 foot-pounds = 0.252 kilogram-
calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hour = 0.000393, horse-
power-hour = 0.00104 pound of water evaporated at
212°F.
1 foot-pound = 1.36 joules = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 Btu =
0.0000005 horsepower-hour.
1 joule = 1 watt-second = 0.00000078 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 Btu
= 0.74 foot-pound.
2552 CONVERSION TABLES

British Thermal Unit — Foot-Pound and Horsepower — Kilowatt

Conversion Tables
British Thermal Units to Foot-Pounds (1 Btu = 778.26 ft-lb)a
Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb

100 77,826 10 7,783 1 778 0.1 78 0.01 8

200 155,652 20 15,565 2 1,557 0.2 156 0.02 16
300 233,478 30 23,348 3 2,335 0.3 233 0.03 23
400 311,304 40 31,130 4 3,113 0.4 311 0.04 31
500 389,130 50 38,913 5 3,891 0.5 389 0.05 39
600 466,956 60 46,696 6 4,670 0.6 467 0.06 47
700 544,782 70 54,478 7 5,448 0.7 545 0.07 54
800 622,608 80 62,261 8 6,226 0.8 623 0.08 62
900 700,434 90 70,043 9 7,004 0.9 700 0.09 70
1,000 778,260 100 77,826 10 7,783 1.0 778 0.10 78
Foot-Pounds to British Thermal Units (1 ft-lb = 0.00128492 Btu)a
Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu Ft-lb Btu

10,000 12.849 1,000 1.285 100 0.128 10 0.013 1 0.001

20,000 25.698 2,000 2.570 200 0.257 20 0.026 2 0.003
30,000 38.548 3,000 3.855 300 0.385 30 0.039 3 0.004
40,000 51.397 4,000 5.140 400 0.514 40 0.051 4 0.005
50,000 64.246 5,000 6.425 500 0.642 50 0.064 5 0.006
60,000 77.095 6,000 7.710 600 0.771 60 0.077 6 0.008
70,000 89.944 7,000 8.994 700 0.899 70 0.090 7 0.009
80,000 102.794 8,000 10.279 800 1.028 80 0.103 8 0.010
90,000 115.643 9,000 11.564 900 1.156 90 0.116 9 0.012
100,000 128.492 10,000 12.849 1,000 1.285 100 0.128 10 0.013
Horsepower to Kilowatts (1 hp = 0.7456999 kW)b
hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW

1,000 745.7 100 74.6 10 7.5 1 0.7 0.1 0.07

2,000 1,491.4 200 149.1 20 14.9 2 1.5 0.2 0.15
3,000 2,237.1 300 223.7 30 22.4 3 2.2 0.3 0.22
4,000 2,982.8 400 298.3 40 29.8 4 3.0 0.4 0.30
5,000 3,728.5 500 372.8 50 37.3 5 3.7 0.5 0.37
6,000 4,474.2 600 447.4 60 44.7 6 4.5 0.6 0.45
7,000 5,219.9 700 522.0 70 52.2 7 5.2 0.7 0.52
8,000 5,965.6 800 596.6 80 59.7 8 6.0 0.8 0.60
9,000 6,711.3 900 671.1 90 67.1 9 6.7 0.9 0.67
10,000 7,457.0 1,000 745.7 100 74.6 10 7.5 1.0 0.75
Kilowatts to Horsepower (1 kW = 1.341022 hp)b
kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp

1,000 1,341.0 100 134.1 10 13.4 1 1.3 0.1 0.13

2,000 2,682.0 200 268.2 20 26.8 2 2.7 0.2 0.27
3,000 4,023.1 300 402.3 30 40.2 3 4.0 0.3 0.40
4,000 5,364.1 400 536.4 40 53.6 4 5.4 0.4 0.54
5,000 6,705.1 500 670.5 50 67.1 5 6.7 0.5 0.67
7,000 9,387.2 700 938.7 70 93.9 7 9.4 0.7 0.94
8,000 10,728.2 800 1,072.8 80 107.3 8 10.7 0.8 1.07
9,000 12,069.2 900 1,206.9 90 120.7 9 12.1 0.9 1.21
10,000 13,410.2 1,000 1,341.0 100 134.1 10 13.4 1.0 1.34
a Conversion factor defined by International Steam Table Conference, 1929.
b Based on 1 horsepower = 550 foot-pounds per second.
 CONVERSION TABLES 2553

British Thermal Unit — Kilojoule and Foot-Pound — Joule Conversion Tables

British Thermal Units to Kilojoules (1 Btu = 1055.056 joules.)
Btu 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
kilojoules
0 … 105.51 211.01 316.52 422.02 527.53 633.03 738.54 844.04 949.55
1000 1055.06 1160.56 1266.07 1371.57 1477.08 1582.58 1688.09 1793.60 1899.10 2004.61
2000 2110.11 2215.62 2321.12 2426.63 2532.13 2637.64 2743.15 2848.65 2954.16 3059.66
3000 3165.17 3270.67 3376.18 3481.68 3587.19 3692.70 3798.20 3903.71 4009.21 4114.72
4000 4220.22 4325.73 4431.24 4536.74 4642.25 4747.75 4853.26 4958.76 5064.27 5169.77
5000 5275.28 5380.79 5486.29 5591.80 5697.30 5802.81 5908.31 6013.82 6119.32 6224.83
6000 6330.34 6435.84 6541.35 6646.85 6752.36 6857.86 6963.37 7068.88 7174.38 7279.89
7000 7385.39 7490.90 7596.40 7701.91 7807.41 7912.92 8018.43 8123.93 8229.44 8334.94
8000 8440.45 8545.95 8651.46 8756.96 8862.47 8967.98 9073.48 9178.99 9284.49 9390.00
9000 9495.50 9601.01 9706.52 9812.02 9917.53 10023.0 10128.5 10234.0 10339.5 10445.1
10000 10550.6 … … … … … … … … …
Kilojoules to British Thermal Units (1 joule = 0.0009478170 Btu.)
kJ 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
British Thermal Units
0 … 94.78 189.56 284.35 379.13 473.91 568.69 663.47 758.25 853.04
1000 947.82 1042.60 1137.38 1232.16 1326.94 1421.73 1516.51 1611.29 1706.07 1800.85
2000 1895.63 1990.42 2085.20 2179.98 2274.76 2369.54 2464.32 2559.11 2653.89 2748.67
3000 2843.45 2938.23 3033.01 3127.80 3222.58 3317.36 3412.14 3506.92 3601.70 3696.49
4000 3791.27 3886.05 3980.83 4075.61 4170.39 4265.18 4359.96 4454.74 4549.52 4644.30
5000 4739.08 4833.87 4928.65 5023.43 5118.21 5212.99 5307.78 5402.56 5497.34 5592.12
6000 5686.90 5781.68 5876.47 5971.25 6066.03 6160.81 6255.59 6350.37 6445.16 6539.94
7000 6634.72 6729.50 6824.28 6919.06 7013.85 7108.63 7203.41 7298.19 7392.97 7487.75
8000 7582.54 7677.32 7772.10 7866.88 7961.66 8056.44 8151.23 8246.01 8340.79 8435.57
9000 8530.35 8625.13 8719.92 8814.70 8909.48 9004.26 9099.04 9193.82 9288.61 9383.39
10000 9478.17 … … … … … … … … …
Foot-Pounds to Joules (1 foot-pound = 1.355818 joules)
ft-lb 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
joules
0 … 1.356 2.712 4.067 5.423 6.779 8.135 9.491 10.847 12.202
10 13.558 14.914 16.270 17.626 18.981 20.337 21.693 23.049 24.405 25.761
20 27.116 28.472 29.828 31.184 32.540 33.895 35.251 36.607 37.963 39.319
30 40.675 42.030 43.386 44.742 46.098 47.454 48.809 50.165 51.521 52.877
40 54.233 55.589 56.944 58.300 59.656 61.012 62.368 63.723 65.079 66.435
50 67.791 69.147 70.503 71.858 73.214 74.570 75.926 77.282 78.637 79.993
60 81.349 82.705 84.061 85.417 86.772 88.128 89.484 90.840 92.196 93.551
70 94.907 96.263 97.619 98.975 100.331 101.686 103.042 104.398 105.754 107.110
80 108.465 109.821 111.177 112.533 113.889 115.245 116.600 117.956 119.312 120.668
90 122.024 123.379 124.735 126.091 127.447 128.803 130.159 131.514 132.870 134.226
100 135.582 136.938 138.293 139.649 141.005 142.361 143.717 145.073 146.428 147.784
Joules to Foot-Pounds (1 joule = 0.7375621 foot-pound)
J 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
foot-pounds
0 … 0.7376 1.4751 2.2127 2.9502 3.6878 4.4254 5.1629 5.9005 6.6381
10 7.3756 8.1132 8.8507 9.5883 10.3259 11.0634 11.8010 12.5386 13.2761 14.0137
20 14.7512 15.4888 16.2264 16.9639 17.7015 18.4391 19.1766 19.4142 20.6517 21.3893
30 22.1269 22.8644 23.6020 24.3395 25.0771 25.8147 26.5522 27.2898 28.0274 28.7649
40 29.5025 30.2400 30.9776 31.7152 32.4527 33.1903 33.9279 34.6654 35.4030 36.1405
50 36.8781 37.6157 38.3532 39.0908 39.8284 40.5659 41.3035 42.0410 42.7786 43.5162
60 44.2537 44.9913 45.7289 46.4664 47.2040 47.9415 48.6791 49.4167 50.1542 50.8918
70 51.6293 52.3669 53.1045 53.8420 54.5796 55.3172 56.0547 56.7923 57.5298 58.2674
80 59.0050 59.7425 60.4801 61.2177 61.9552 62.6928 63.4303 64.1679 64.9055 65.6430
90 66.3806 67.1182 67.8557 68.5933 69.3308 70.0684 70.8060 71.5435 72.2811 73.0186
100 73.7562 74.4938 75.2313 75.9689 76.7065 77.4440 78.1816 78.9191 79.6567 80.3943
2554 STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS

Greek Letters and Standard Abbreviations

The Greek letters are frequently used in mathematical expressions and formulas. The
Greek alphabet is given below.
A α Alpha H η Eta N ν Nu T τ Tau
B β Beta Θ ϑθ Theta Ξ ξ Xi ϒ υ Upsilon
Γ γ Gamma I ι Iota O o Omicron Φ φ Phi
∆ δ Delta K κ Kappa Π π Pi X χ Chi
E ε Epsilon Λ λ Lambda R ρ Rho Ψ ψ Psi
Z ζ Zeta M µ Mu Σ σς Sigma Ω ω Omega

American National Standard Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms

ANSI Y1.1-1972, (R 1984)
Absolute abs Decibel dB
Alternating current ac Degree deg or°
Ampere amp Degree Centigrade °C
Ampere-hour amp hr Degree Fahrenheit °F
Angstrom unit A Degree Kelvin K
Antilogarithm antilog Diameter dia
Arithmetical average aa Direct current dc
Atmosphere atm Dozen doz
Atomic weight at wt Dram dr
Avoirdupois avdp Efficiency eff
Barometer baro Electric elec
Board feet (feet board measure) fbm Electromotive force emf
Boiler pressure bopress Elevation el
Boiling point bp Engine eng
Brinell hardness number Bhn Engineer engr
British thermal unit Btu or B Engineering engrg
Bushel bu Equation eq
Calorie cal External ext
Candle cd Fluid fl
Center to center c to c Foot ft
Centimeter cm Foot-candle fc
Centimeter-gram-second (system) cgs Foot-Lambert fL or fl
Chemical chem Foot per minute fpm
Chemically pure cp Foot per second fps
Circular circ Foot-pound ft lb
Circular mil cmil Foot-pound-second (system) fps
Coefficient coef Free on board fob
Cologarithm colog Freezing point fp
Concentrate conc Frequency freq
Conductivity cndct Fusion point fnpt
Constant const Gallon gal
Cord cd Gallon per minute gpm
Cosecant csc Gallon per second gps
Cosine cos Grain gr
Cost, insurance, and freight cif Gram g
Cotangent ctn Greatest common divisor gcd
Counter electromotive force cemf
Cubic cu High pressure hp
Cubic centimeter cm3 or cc Horsepower hp
Cubic foot ft3 or cu ft Horsepower-hour hp hr
Cubic feet per second ft3 or cfs Hour h or hr
Cubic inch in3 or cu in Hyperbolic cosine cosh
Cubic meter m3 or cu m Hyperbolic sine sinh
Cubic millimeter mm3 or cumm Hyperbolic tangent tanh
Cubic yard yd3 or cu yd pound-force foot lbf · ft or lb ft
Current density cd pound-force inch lbf · in or lb in
Cylinder cyl Inch in
Indicated horsepower-hour iph Inch per second in/s or ips
 STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS 2555

American National Standard Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms

ANSI Y1.1-1972, (R 1984) (Continued)
Intermediate pressure ip Inch-pound in lb
Internal intl pound-force per square foot lbf/ft2 or psf
Kilovolt-ampere/hour KVA-h or pound-force per square inch lbf/in2 or psi
kVah
Kilowatt-hour meter kwhm pound per horsepower lb/hp or php
Latitude lat Power factor pf
Least common multiple lcm Quart qt
Liquid liq Reactive volt-ampere meter rva
Logarithm (common) log Revolution per minute r/min or rpm
Logarithm (natural) ln Revolution per second r/s or rps
Low pressure lp Root mean square rms
Lumen per watt lm/W or lpw Round rnd
Magnetomotive force mmf Secant sec
Mathematics (ical) math Second s or sec
Maximum max Sine sin
Mean effective pressure mep Specific gravity sp gr
Melting point mp Specific heat sp ht
Meter m Square sq
Meter-kilogram-second mks Square centimeter cm2 or sq cm
Microfarad µF Square foot ft2 or sq ft
Mile mi Square inch in2 or sq in
Mile per hour mi/h or mph Square kilometer km2 or sq km
Milliampere m/A Square root of mean square rms
Minimum min Standard std
Molecular weight mol wt Tangent tan
Molecule mo Temperature temp
National Electrical Code NEC Tensile strength ts
Ounce oz Versed sine vers
Ounce-inch oz in Volt V
Pennyweight dwt Watt W
Pint pt Watthour Wh
Potential pot Week wk
Potential difference pd Weight wt
Pound lb Yard yd
Alternative abbreviations conforming to the practice of the International Electrotechnical Commission.
Ampere A Kilovolt-ampere kVA Microfarad µF Milliampere mA
Ampere-hour Ah Kilowatt kW Microwatt µW Volt V
Coulomb C Milliampere mA Volt-ampere VA
Farad F Kilowatthour kWh Millifarad mF Volt-coulomb VC
Henry H Megawatt MW Millihenry mH Watt W
Joule J Megohm Mω Millivolt mV Watthour Wh
Kilovolt kV Microampere µA Ohm ω Volt VA

Only the most commonly used terms have been included. These forms are recommended for those
whose familiarity with the terms used makes possible a maximum of abbreviations. For others, less
contracted combinations made up from this list may be used. For example, the list gives the abbrevi-
ation of the term “feet per second” as “fps.” To some, however, ft per sec will be more easily under-
stood.
Abbreviations should be used sparingly and only where their meaning will be clear. If
there is any doubt, then spell out the term or unit of measurement.
The following points are good practice when preparing engineering documentation.
Terms denoting units of measurement should be abbreviated in text only when preceded by
the amounts indicated in numerals: “several inches,” “one inch,” “12 in.” A sentence
should not begin with a numeral followed by an abbreviation. The use of conventional
signs for abbreviations in text should be avoided: use “lb,” not “#” or “in,” not″.
Symbols for the chemical elements are listed in the table on page 363.