CHAPTER 1. a property called temperature.

Most commonly temperature is used to refer

to how hot or cold something is,
but the real sciency definition of temperature
is that it's a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles in a system.
I've got a system and I'm filling it
with little individual particles.
If we think about this microscopically
each little particle in the system
is moving in some way whether in rotation
or in a straight line, or curving,
or by kind of a combination of these means.
All of these little particles are moving.
The energy of motion is called the kinetic energy.
All of these moving particles have kinetic energy.
The faster those little particles are moving,
the greater their kinetic energy.
If each of those little particles in the system
has greater kinetic energy,
that means the system as a whole
has a larger amount of total energy,
and we would say that it has a greater temperature
because, again, temperature is a measure
of the average kinetic energy of those particles.
Because knowing the amount of energy in a system
can be really useful in chemistry and in physics,
we've developed temperature scales
to help us quantify or measure the amount of
this value, this value of energy.
The three scales most widely used are
the Kelvin scale, the Celsius scale,
and the Fahrenheit scale.
For all of these scales I'm going to draw
a little thermometer,
one for Kelvin.
Then we have a thermometer for Celsius,
and then another thermometer for the Fahrenheit scale.
The two scales used most in the physical sciences
are probably the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale.
As a point of comparison here on these thermometers,
the freezing point of water occurs
at zero degrees Celsius.
We have zero degrees Celsius.
That's where water freezes.
Then the boiling point of water occurs
at 100 degrees Celsius.
So the boiling point of water occurs
at 100 degrees Celsius.
That's where water turns into steam.
I'm going to write H20 here real quick
just so we don't get confused
that we're talking about the freezing
and boiling point of water.
Now when we use the Kelvin scale,
we find that water's freezing point
is 273.15 Kelvin.
Then we find that water boils at 373.15 Kelvin.
They differ fundamentally in the zero point.
The Celsius and Kelvin scales differ
in the zero points that they use,
but between water's freezing point,
and water's boiling point,
we have a span of 100 temperature units
for both scales.
So although they differ in the zero points that they use.
They use the same size unit,
or the same magnitude of unit
to measure the temperature.
Converting then between the two scales
only really requires that we make an adjustment
for the two different zero points.
This is what I mean.
If we want to know the temperature in Kelvin,
all we need to do is take the temperature
in Celsius and add 273.15 degree units to it.
If we want to know the temperature in Kelvin
for the freezing point of water,
we take the temperature in Celsius
which would be zero,
and we add 273.15 units to it,
and that would give us 273.15 Kelvin.
Now if we want to flip that,
and if we want to find the temperature in Celsius
from Kelvin,
all we have to do is take the Kelvin figure
and subtract 273.15 to it,
or subtract 273.15 from it, excuse me.
We would see that 373.15 Kelvin minus 273.15
would give us 100 degrees Celsius.
Just as another example, let's convert
300 Kelvin to Celsius.
To start, since we're looking for Celsius,
we'll take that Kelvin value,
and we'll subtract 273.15 from it.
That's going to give us 26.85 Celsius.
So 26.85 degrees Celsius is the same thing
as 300 Kelvin.
I just want to point out really quickly
that I'm only using the degree symbol here
for Celsius,
and I'm doing that intentionally.
We don't need this symbol with Kelvin scale
because instead of calling the temperature units degrees,
we just call them Kelvin.
The only thing we need is an uppercase K.
Now converting between the Celsius
and Fahrenheit scales is a little bit more complicated.
You see in Fahrenheit, water freezes
at 32 degrees Fahrenheit,
and water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
This give us a span between the freezing point
and the boiling point of water of 180 degree units.
We're going to need to consider two
different adjustments here;
one for degree size because the units
have a different magnitude,
and the same value, or the same span
of temperature is 100 units in Celsius
and 180 units in Fahrenheit.
We're also going to need to account for
the two different zero points,
zero degrees Celsius for freezing,
and 32 degrees Fahrenheit for the freezing
point of water.
First we can say that 180 degrees Fahrenheit
is equal to 100 degrees Celsius.
Again, we can say this because both of these
magnitudes refer to the same change in total energy.
If we write this as a ratio,
we have 180 over 100 which just reduces down
to nine over five.
So the ratio of Fahrenheit to Celsius
is nine to five.
Now we need to think about the two different
zero points.
Because 32 degrees Fahrenheit is equal
to zero degrees Celsius,
we can find the Celsius temperature
if we take the temperature in Fahrenheit
and we subtract 32 degrees from it.
This makes sense because 32 degrees Fahrenheit
minus 32 degrees Fahrenheit would give us
zero degrees Celsius.
Now we just need to apply the unit ratio,
so just like any dimensional analysis problem,
we need to cancel out the degrees Fahrenheit.
If we put the degrees Fahrenheit on the bottom here,
so nine degrees Fahrenheit,
we can cancel out the Fahrenheit
leaving us with just degrees Celsius.
To find the temperature in Celsius,
we take the temperature in Fahrenheit
subtract 32 from it,
and multiply it by a ratio of five to nine.
Then we can also manipulate this formula
if we want to start with Celsius.
All we have to do is solve
for the temperature in Fahrenheit.
To start we would divide both sides
by five over nine,
or that's the same thing as multiplying
by the reciprocal.
Then to finish it off, we would just add 32,
so plus 32 is equal to the temperature in Fahrenheit.
Now if we want to start with temperature in Celsius,
we can move to temperature in Fahrenheit,
or we could start with temperature in Fahrenheit
and move to temperature in Celsius.
To practice this let's go from Celsius
to Fahrenheit.
It turns out that these temperature scales
actually cross paths at a temperature
which is kind of a fun fact.
If we plug in negative 40,
let's go from negative 40 degrees Celsius
to Fahrenheit.
We'll find that TF is equal to negative 40
times nine-fifths plus 32.
We can reduce this term here,
so five and negative forty reduces to negative eight.
So negative eight times nine plus 32.
That's negative 72 plus 32.
So the temperature in Fahrenheit
would equal negative 40 as well.
So negative 40 degrees Celsius
is the same thing as saying
negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
That's kind of just a fun fact.
And another observation from this little factoid
is that Celsius and Fahrenheit scales
can both have negative or positive values.
We see that both can be at negative 40.
These can both have negative values.
That's actually a point where they differ
from the Kelvin scale.
The Kelvin scale can only have a positive value.
It turns out that the absolute coldest temperature
is zero Kelvin.
So zero Kelvin is absolute zero.
The reason we can't get any colder
is that at this point, no particles would have
any kinetic energy.
That means no motion at all.
We said that temperature is a measure
of the kinetic energy,
and the coldest that you can get is
no kinetic energy whatsoever.
It turns out that the laws of physics
specifically the uncertainty principle
just don't allow for this.
We can get close like within a billionth of a Kelvin,
but we can't get all the way there.
Because Kelvin scale always has a positive value,
it becomes a little handier in various formulas,
so to use as the standard, the SI unit for temperature.
I'll show you in future videos why absolute zero
happens at negative 273.15 degrees Celsius,
but I'm starting to run out of time in this one
so I'm going to have to save it for later.
I'll talk about that with Charles's Law in the future.
CHAPTER 2. hi welcome to this video I will come you

all to my channel all about mechanical

engineering for today's video the topic
of discussion is concept of temperature
zeroth law of thermodynamics and
measurement of temperature in today's
video we'll try to understand what is
temperature
what are various temperature scales what
is zeroth law of thermodynamics
what is thermometry and thermometer
thermometric substance and thermometric
property and the last point will be
temperature measuring devices so let us
start what is temperature we all know
and we are familiar with this word
temperature and we can judge the
temperature of a given body whether it
is having higher value or a lower value
as compared to the surroundings as
discussed in previous video we also know
it is a thermodynamic property but the
question is what is the definition of
temperature so temperature is defined as
the degree of hotness or coldness of any
body relative to the state of observer
is called as temperature now what it
means let us understand consider the
following examples the first example
heated metal rod placed in surrounding
now when you are heating a metal rod the
amount of heat supplied is responsible
for the amount of temperature available
with that metal rod the more heat you
supply the more is the amount of
temperature so due to heat supplied the
temperature of the rod is more than
surrounding hence degree of hotness is
termed as temperature now consider
another example Ice Cube taken out of
refrigerator as we're working of a
refrigerator it is a device which
consumes power and absorbs heat from a
low temperature body and supplies it to
a high temperature body means it removes
heat from the bodies which are kept
inside so you
to removal of heat in a refrigerator the
temperature of Ice Cube is less than
surrounding hence degree of coldness is
termed as temperature so in the first
case we are dealing with degree of
hotness in second case we are dealing
with degree of coldness and that's why
as per definition you have both words in
de cluded that is degree of hotness or
coldness of any body relative to the
state of observer here state of observer
means the amount of temperature
available with the observer it is
thermodynamic property and it is a
potential indicator when you are saying
it is a property then property indicates
the state of a system so temperature
helps you identifying the state of a
system whether your system is having
more temperature less temperature or is
it in thermal equilibrium with the
surrounding once he have a property then
there should be a method to measure it
so the question is how to measure the
temperature so in 17th century around
17th century a German instrument maker
mr. Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit came up
with an idea of instrument called a
thermometer and he gave the a
thermometer so the liquid and glass type
of thermometer which we used for
clinical purpose today or domestic
purpose is given for the first time by
Fahrenheit
now once you have a thermometer they
should be a scale so there are four
scales the first scale is Celsius scale
it was given by a Swedish astronomer mr.
Anders Celsius and there are two points
used to define the scale first his lower
fixed point at is zero degree Celsius
and upper fixed point as 100 degree
Celsius so here the two points are
defined using water as a substance he
has zero degree Celsius corresponds to
ice point of water and 100 degree
Celsius corresponds to a steam point of
water means this scale has a dependency
on a substance this scale from zero
degree Celsius to 100 degree Celsius is
divided into hundred parts and each part
represents one degree Celsius
it should also be noted that earlier
name of this scale was centigrade scale
later on it was renamed as Celsius scale
another two point scale we have is a
Fahrenheit scale which was given by
German instrument maker mr. geo TLD
Fahrenheit the same person who gave
thermometer as an instrument for the
first time this scale is also having two
points versus lower fixed point that is
32 degree Fahrenheit and upper fixed
point as 212 from 32 degree Fahrenheit
to 212 degree Fahrenheit you have 180
parts so this scale is divided into 180
parts hence each part represents one
degree Fahrenheit the third scale which
comes into picture is Kelvin scale it
was given by Lord Kelvin and it is
denoted by K naught a degree K because
degree symbol was officially dropped
it is also called as absolute scale and
it is a single point scale so it is
depending on the unwind and the
relationship between Kelvin and degree
Celsius is given as temperature in
Kelvin equals to temperature in degree
Celsius plus 273 point one five another
single point scale is called as Rankine
scale which was given by William Rankine
and it is denoted by R it is also single
point scale and it is related to
Fahrenheit scale using temperature and
ranking equals to temperature in
Fahrenheit plus four fifty nine point
six seven so these are all fourth
temperature scales which we use for our
measurement of temperature then zeroth
law of thermodynamics before going to
the statement of zeroth law of
thermodynamics let us study some
interesting facts about it it was given
by mr. RH Fowler in 1931 it should be
noted that first in second law of
thermodynamics were framed around 1850
that is earlier than zeroth law but
still it was named as zeroth law of
thermodynamics and not as third law of
thermodynamics the question is why the
answer is it precedes first and second
law of thermodynamics means it comes
before first and second law and hence it
was named as zeroth law of
thermodynamics not as third law now the
statement of zeroth mathematics it says
when two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body separately
then they are in thermal equilibrium
with each other that is if you have one
body ate another body be and third body
see and body a is in thermal equilibrium
with be having same temperature and
separately this a is having thermal
equilibrium with C then these two bodies
will be having same temperature as per
zeroth law of
now the explanation what we are trying
to do we have three bodies this is the
first body and it is in thermal
equilibrium with second body and it is
in thermal equilibrium with third body
so this is used to compare and pressure
of this P and C so exactly this is our
thermo meter this is our surrounding
this is our system when you are not
using thermometer to measure temperature
of system thermo meter is already in
contact with sounding so it indicates
the temperature available at the
surrounding when you are using
thermometer you are making physical
contact with the system then it
indicates the amount of temperature
available with the system so you are
using this device this body for
comparing temperature of surrounding and
system and this is all about zeroth law
of thermodynamics now thermometry as per
definition the science which deals with
temperature and its measurement is
called as thermometry the thermometer as
per definition the instrument which
measures temperature of any body by
making physical contact with that body
is called as thermometer it is used for
measuring ordinary temperature means it
is used for measuring
normal temperature ranges then pyrometer
it is another device which is used for
temperature measurement so what is the
difference the definition is given as
the instrument which measures
temperature of any body without making
physical contact with that body is
called a spirometer here for thermometer
physical contact is necessary but for a
pyrometer physical contact is not
available you don't make any physical
contact so it is favorable to use a
parameter for high temperature
measurement because of very high
temperatures physical contact is not
possible and that's why parameters are
used used in place of thermometers
now thermometric substance and
thermometric property considering
example you have a liquid in glass type
of thermometer this thermometer
in which you have a glass tube and
inside you have a substance this
substance which we are using is mercury
so the substance which is present that
is working substance in my system this
thermometer is thermoelectric substance
mercury is termed as the mimetic
substance of this substance what
characteristic we are using to study the
temperature to obtain the temperature so
if you are making contact of this
thermometer with the system because of
higher amount of temperature the height
of the liquid in this cube increases so
the length is changing this change in
length is corresponding to change in
temperature so the amount of temperature
available will be proportional to change
in length so this characteristic that is
length is termed as thermometric
property means we are trying to study
temperature with the help of length so
length is termed as thermometric
property now various temperature
measuring devices first one is expansion
thermometers which are sub classified
into two types first is liquid in glass
thermometer and second is bi-metal
thermometer here thermometric property
is expansion which is used to study
temperature second one pressure
thermometers which are sub classified
into three types versus vapor pressure
thermometer second is liquid filled
thermometer and third is gas filled
thermometer here in all these three sub
classification here pressure is the
thermometric property used to study
temperature the third one is
thermocouple thermometers what is
thermocouple the junction of two
dissimilar metals is called as
thermocouple and it is capable of
measuring temperature and that's why you
have
thermocouple thermometer the fourth one
is resistance thermometer means you're
using electrical resistance as a
property that is a thermometric property
to study temperature then 5th and 6th
deals with pyro meters that is radiation
pyrometer and optical parameters this
will be used for measuring high
temperatures and the basic sensing
element used in parameters is
thermocouple again so this was all about
concept of temperature zeroth law of
thermodynamics and measuring devices
hope you have enjoyed this session thank
you for watching this video for more
updates please like and subscribe our
Channel
CHAPTER 3. Profesor Dave disini, ayo bahas soal Kalor

Kita semua
tahu dengan konsep kalor dan
dapat menjelaskan sensasi
panas atau dingin, tetapi memahami
apa itu sebenarnya panas (kalor) dan temperatur
harus dari level molekul
yang susah-susah gampang
Meskipun demikian, kita harus
mempelajari dari dasar sebagai awalan untuk belajar tentang termodinamika. Jadi mari pelajari
konsep abstrak ini. Kita mulai dari temperatur, seperti temperatur di luar hari ini. Mungkin
panas, itu mungkin dingin, tetapi dalam sains kita ingin/harus mengukur semua hal yang
sebelumnya kita nyatakan sebagai sesuatu yang panas atau dingin yang tentu saja tidak cukup.
Kita ingin sebutan panas atau dingin itu dinyatakan dengan angka. Tapi apapun itu, Apakah
sebenarnya yang diukur dari temperatur? Temperatur adalah ukuran dari jumlah energi panas
yang tersedia untuk bekerja pada sebuah sistem dan panas tersebut terkait dengan energi kinetik
rata-rata atom dan molekul dalam sistem tersebut. Kita tahu bahwa energi kinetik yang lebih
besar berarti objek akan bergerak lebih cepat dan ini berlaku pada molekul-molekul di atmosfer
hanyakarena merupakan objek makroskopik, jadi temperatur yang lebih tinggi berarti lebih
cepat partikel bergerak. Energi kinetik dari gerak didistribusikan di antara gerakan translasi atau
gerakan sisi ke sisi gerakan rotasi atau gerakan berputar dan gerakan vibrasi, di mana ikatan
kovalen molekul melengkuk dan meregang. Panas (kalor) akan mengalir dari benda panas ke
benda yang dingin karena saat partikel sedang bergerak, partikel akan memberikan energi
kinetiknya ke partikel lain melalui peristiwa tumbukan. Ini akan terus terjadi hingga seluruh
sistem memiliki temperatur yang sama, dalam keadaan yang disebut keseimbangan termal.
Beginilah bagaimana thermometer mengukur temperatur. Kalor dari lingkungan akan berkontak
dengan termometer dan mengalir ke dalam cairan termometer yang menyebabkan atom-atom
menjadi meningkat energi kinetiknya dan kolom termometer akan naik hingga terjadi
keseimbangan termal dengan lingkungan sehingga memungkinkan kita untuk membaca
temperature di salah satu unit buatan manusia (skala termometer). Kita harus ingat bahwa
semua benda akan memuai dengan temperatur yang lebih tinggi sekalipun itu berwujud, padat,
cairan, atau gas. Fenomena ini disebut ekspansi termal. Energi ditransfer sebagai kalor dalam
berbagai macam proses. Ketika sebuah tabrakan terjadi umumnya menghasilkan kalor. Gesekan
bisa menghasilkan kalor seperti saat menggosokan dua telapak tangan untuk menghasilkan
panas. Dalam setiap kasus kita mempertimbangkan energy kinetik partikel dan transfer energi
ke partikel lain sebagai definisi kalor dan perpindahan energi sebagai kalor. Oleh karena itu
kalor merupakan bentuk energi yang sedang berpindah, dan diukur dalam joule sama seperti
jenis energi lain. Selanjutnya transfer energi kalor akan selalu mengubah temperatur sebuah
benda, karena kalor akan selalu mengalir dari temperatur yang lebih tinggi ke temperatur yang
yang lebih rendah hingga keseimbangan termal tercapai. Inilah sebabnya mengapa benda panas
terasa panas dan benda dingin terasa dingin, seperti secangkir kopi panas, yang lebih panas dari
tangan anda akan mentransfer kalor ke tangan anda saat sepotong es yang dingin, yang lebih
dingin dari tanganmu, akan menyebabkan panas berpindah dari tangan anda dan masuk ke
dalam es. Kejadian-kejadian ini menghasilkan sensasi panas dan sensasi dingin yang kita
rasakan di dalam diri kita di kehidupan sehari-hari. Sekarang kita lebih baik dalam memahami
kalor dan temperatur