ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B.

CUDERA - COMPILER

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Overview

Most of the foodstuffs that we consume every day such as sugar, fats,
starch, vinegar, etc are basically organic compounds. Even though the organic
compounds have been known to man since prehistoric times, their study
practically began from the eighteenth century! The term “organic compound”
was coined by Berzelius in 1807.
Organic Chemistry has enormous economic significance as outlined by
Lopez et al. (2011) “its topics are interwoven into physical, life, and applied
science courses. Thus a poor foundation can have long-term detrimental
effects on future STEM performance, and potentially pose a barrier to the
formation of strong STEM workforce” (p.133). As a subject, Organic Chemistry
can cause confusion and difficulty for novice learners.

Objective

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

1. Describe the difference between inorganic and organic compounds.
2. Explain the basic concepts of organic compounds.

LESSON NO. 1 OVERVIEW OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Pre discussion
Have you wondered why organic chemistry is part of your curriculum? Do
you have any feelings of fears that the course is a bit difficult. Johnstone (2010)
listed organic chemistry as one of nine areas of chemistry that were
established as difficult forty years earlier in 1971. Much literature over the
years (Childs & Sheehan, 2009; Johnstone, 2006) has consistently identified
organic as an area of difficulty. Almost all of the main topics in introductory
organic chemistry have been identified as difficult by learners in previous
research; just some of these are listed here:
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

 Drawing and representation of organic compounds (Johnstone, 2006)

 Isomerism (Taagepera & Noori, 2000)
 Properties of organic compounds (Anderson & Bodner, 2008)
 Aromaticity (Rushton, Hardy, Gwaltney, & Lewis, 2008)
 State Classification of organic compounds (Domin, Al-Masum, &
Mensah, 2008)
 Reaction types and mechanism (Ferguson & Bodner, 2008)

These studies indicate that there is a persistent problem with how OC is

being taught and highlights the urgent need for change. This raises the
question of whether those teaching and learning OC are aware of and
understand why these difficulties are enduring. This is now a challenged for
you pre-service teachers who will be soon teaching the course to your
students.

What to expect?
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Differentiate Inorganic and organic compounds.
2. Cite the history and development of Organic Chemistry.
3. Understand the properties of organic compounds

Lesson Outline

Inorganic versus Organic Chemistry

The distinction between organic and inorganic compounds dates back

some two hundred years. Those occurring in organic nature, in living things
like plants and animals, were called organic, while those existing in the
mineral kingdom, non-living sources were called inorganic.
The division between the two field had, at the outset, a certain scientific
justification, since inorganic chemistry had to deal with the comparatively
simple problem of explaining the chemical transformations in dead matter,
while organic chemistry dealt with the much more complex problem of the
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

processes in living organisms.

While the original definitions of the two branches have changed somewhat
as new facts have been discovered, yet this essential difference still exists,
that inorganic chemistry has to do with the relatively simpler, organic with
more complex problems. If we arrange the exact sciences in the order of
increasing complications of the problems dealt with, we shall have inorganic
chemistry more closely allied to physics and organic chemistry to biology
(Jones, 1898).

Difference between organic and inorganic compounds

Furthermore, inorganic and organic compound varies with the type of
bonds. Organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds, while
inorganic compounds are held together by ionic bonds. Table 1 discusses the
properties of typical organic and inorganic compounds.

Table 1. Properties of typical organic and inorganic compounds

Examples of organic and inorganic compounds

Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These include
nucleic acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and hydrocarbon fuels. All
organic molecules contain carbon, nearly all contain hydrogen, and many also
contain oxygen.
Inorganic compounds include salts, metals, substances made from single
elements and any other compounds that don't contain carbon bonded to
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

hydrogen. Some inorganic molecules do, in fact, contain carbon. Examples of

inorganic compounds are table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl), carbon dioxide
(CO2), diamond (pure carbon), silver, and sulfur.

History and Development of Organic Chemistry

The following discussions is based on the book of Hrvoj Vančik (2014).

We will explore the historical development of organic chemistry as a way to
fully understand the course and its significance as well as appreciate the
people behind the concepts of organic that we are studying right now.
Timeline Significant Development
1784 More than 200 years ago, in 1784, T. Bergman used the
term organic chemistry for the first time.
Start of the 19th Jön Jacob Berzelius developed the method for the
century systematic elemental analysis of organic substances. He
observed that all organic substances produce carbon
dioxide and water upon combustion. By accurately
measuring the masses of these products he calculated the
percentages of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in organic
compounds. The most important conclusion was that all
organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen.
Accordingly, organic chemistry could also be called
the chemistry of carbon compounds.
1828 The discovery that an organic compound could be
prepared from inorganic starting material. Friedrich
Wöhler successfully prepared urea, the organic
compound, by heating the inorganic salt ammonium
cyanate. Before this discovery, organic substances were
thought to be exclusively derived from living organisms.
2nd Half of 19th August Kekulé, Archibald Couper and independently
Century Aleksandr Butlerov discovered the most important
property of carbon: the mutual binding of carbon atoms
into chains, branched chains and ring structures. This
discovery has been extended with the knowledge that
carbon atoms can be connected by stable single, double
and triple bonds.

Last quarter of Only two allotropic (ability to exist in different forms)

19th century modifications of carbon were known, graphite and
diamond . From the viewpoint of structural organic
chemistry, structures of graphite and diamond represent
basic structural patterns by which carbon atoms can be
interconnected.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

In graphite, every carbon is surrounded by three

neighboring carbon atoms in such a way that all four
atoms lie in the same plane. In contrast, the carbon
atoms in diamond are arranged in the three-dimensional
array where every atom is surrounded by four neighbors,
which are configured in tetrahedral geometry.
These two motifs, tetrahedral and planar trigonal,
respectively, represent basic structural patterns of organic
molecules. Linear binding of atoms is also possible for
organic molecules, but allotropic modification of carbon
with such structure has not been observed yet.

1985 In the intergalactic space there are stars which are in the
last phase of their development and which produce a lot of
elemental carbon by eruptions. Harold Kroto and his
collaborators Richard Smalley and Robert Curl have
investigated in detail the nature of such intergalactic
carbon. The result of their research has been the
discovery of a new allotropic modification of carbon in
which atoms form structures resembling a ball. By
measuring the relative molecular masses of such
ball-molecules and simulating the interstellar conditions in
the laboratory, Kroto, Smalley and Curl have found that
these molecules mostly consist of 60 carbon atom clusters
distributed as pentagonal and hexagonal structures.
There are 12 pentagons surrounded by hexagons. Since
the proposed structure resembles some works of art,
especially the architecture constructed by the architect
Richard Buckminster Fuller, this C 60 molecule has
been named fullerene . In subsequent research a series
of similar ball-like structures was discovered, some of
which contain tubular structures of carbon atoms. These
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

molecules have dimensions on the nanometer scale and

have intriguing properties which are interesting for use in
the sophisticated technology of novel materials and
electronics. The discovery of fullerenes represents the
beginning of the new era of nanotechnology.

Properties of Organic Compounds

Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties,
composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition
contain carbon. It is a specific discipline within the subject of chemistry.
Basically, it is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is
singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other
chemical element. Its diversity is based on its general characteristics as
follows:
 Can be isolated as well as prepared in laboratory
 Comprise almost 90% of all known compounds.
 Mostly built up of only three elements- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Other elements like halogen, nitrogen as well as phosphorous are also
present but to a lesser extent.
 Carbon atoms can form complex structures, such as long chains,
branched chains, rings, chiral compounds (having a particular
“handedness”), complex 3D shapes, etc.
 Because of this variety in bonding and complexity, carbon atoms can
form a tremendous variety of compounds. More than 16,000,000
organic compounds are known, as opposed to about 600,000 inorganic
compounds.
 Their properties are decided by certain active atom or group of atoms
known as the functional group.
 They are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

 They are combustible in nature

 Chemical reactions involving organic compounds proceed at slower
rates.

Characteristics due to Presence of Covalent Bonds

Figure 1. Covalent bonds in organic compounds

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron

pairs between atoms that in turn results in a balance of attractive and
repulsive forces between the atoms. The presence of a covalent bond renders
certain characteristics to the organic compounds. These include:
 Low melting points and boiling points in comparison to the inorganic
compounds.
 Organic acids and bases are less stronger and thus they have a limited
dissociation in an aqueous medium.
 They exhibit the phenomenon of isomerism in which a single molecular
formula represents several organic compounds differing in physical and
chemical properties.
 They are volatile in nature.

The Carbon Chains

Each carbon atom can form four bonds, either to other carbon atoms, or to
different atoms (such as H, O, N, S, P, etc.)
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Carbon atoms form four bonds to other things, but sometimes those
bonds are multiple bonds (double or triple bonds):

Isomers
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulae but different
structural formulae (or arrangement of atoms). They have the same number
of each type of atom but may have different physical and chemical properties.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Applications of Organic Chemistry

What would the world be like without the fruits of organic chemistry? First,
it would be necessary to take away all the various forms of rubber, vitamins,
cloth, and paper made from organically based compounds. Aspirins and all
types of other drugs; preservatives that keep food from spoiling; perfumes and
toiletries; dyes and flavorings—all these things would have to go as well.

Synthetic fibers such as nylon—used in everything from toothbrushes to

parachutes—would be out of the picture if it were not for the enormous
progress made by organic chemistry. The same is true of plastics or polymers
in general, which have literally hundreds upon hundreds of applications.
Indeed, it is virtually impossible for a person in twenty-first century to spend an
entire day without coming into contact with at least one, and more likely
dozens, of plastic products. Car parts, toys, computer housings, Velcro
fasteners, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plumbing pipes, and many more fixtures of
modern life are all made possible by plastics and polymers.

Then there is the vast array of petrochemicals that power modern

civilization. Best-known among these is gasoline, but there is also coal, still
one of the most significant fuels used in electrical power plants, as well as
natural gas and various other forms of oil used either directly or indirectly in
providing heat, light, and electric power to homes. But the influence of
petrochemicals extends far beyond their applications for fuel. For instance, the
roofing materials and tar that (quite literally) keep a roof over people's heads,
protecting them from sun and rain, are the product of petrochemicals—and
ultimately, of organic chemistry.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Summary
There is distinct difference between the inorganic and organic chemistry,
the former deals with compounds without carbon and the latter studies
compounds with carbon. Organic compound was introduced more than 200
years that further leads to its development such as the discovery of more
organic compounds. Organic compounds have their unique properties which is
associated with the characteristics of carbon. Carbon is capable of forming
covalent bonds with other substances creating a single, double or triple bonds.
Isomerism also exists in organic compounds. Undeniably, organic compounds
are greatly important which is associated with its vast application.

Assessment
1. Identify the organic and inorganic molecules. Encircle the organic
molecules and put a box to the chemical formula of inorganic molecules.

2. What element serves as the foundation for the organic compounds? Why?
3. Answer the question below. Expound your answer
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

4. Can you figure out living in this world without carbon compounds? Justify
your answer.

Enrichment
1. Carbon exists in several allotrope, in which one or more forms of an
element that exist in the same physical state. The difference is in the way that
atoms are arranged or held together and each allotrope may have different
physical or chemical properties to another allotrope. Read the figure below
showing the different characteristics of the carbon allotrope. Make a Hugot
line of the four allotropes of carbon based on given descriptions in the table.

Allotropes of Carbon
Allotrope Type of Bonding/ Physical Explanation of each Uses of the
particulars of structure Properties physical property allotrope
Diamond Giant covalent bonding 1. Hard 1. Due to strong Drill bits: the
where each carbon 2. Doesn’t conduct covalent bonds hardest natural
makes 4 bonds in a electricity 2. No delocalized substance that
tetrahedral 3. High melting electrons or exists
arrangement and boiling points charged particles
3. Strong covalent
bonds needs lots of
energy to breaks
Graphite Giant covalent bonding 1. Soft and 1. Layers are free to 1. Lubricating
but each carbon only slippery move over each
makes 3 bonds, 2. Conducts other
creating sheets and electricity/heat 2. Delocalised
carbon atoms are 3. High melting electron is able to
arranged in hexagons point carry charge
3. Strong covalent
bonds need lots of
energy to breaks
Graphene As graphite, but only 1 1. Light 1. Only 1 layer 1 and 2: used in
atom thick, so it is a 2D 2. Strong 2. Strong covalent composite
compound 3. Conducts bonds materials, e.g.
electricity 3. Delocalised tennis rackets
4. Transparent eletron can carry 5. Used in
charge electronics
4. Made of a 2D
sheet of atoms
Fullerenes Molecules of carbon 1. Large surface 1. Carbon atoms are 1. Catalyst can be
shaped like tubes or area joined together but attached
spheres. Carbon atoms 2. Nanotubes: spaced out 2. a. Tennis racket
are arranged in a) High tensile 2. a. Strong covalent frames
hexagons, pentagons strength and not bonds b. used in
or heptagons much weight b. Only 3 bonds on electronics
Nanotubes: ratio b) Conduct each carbon so a 3. Can be used as
between length and electricity delocalized electron cages to deliver
diameter is very high can carry charge medicines to only
the target area
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/new-gcse-allotropes-of-carbon-differentiated-table-11949710
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Lesson No. 2 - Exploration of Organic Compounds

Pre discussion

Have you heard of an edible insect? The T’boli ethnolinguistic groups

residing in Lake Sebu, South Cotabato shared that they consumed the
Odonate larvae of the Family Libellulidae (Cudera et al., 2020). This custom of
eating dragonfly larvae was also documented in many places of Yunnan. The
larvae contain protein, fat, amino acids and microelements. Protein is the most
abundant comprising 58.92% (Feng et al., 2001). Protein is an organic
compound, generally made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. The
functional groups of the organic compounds in the amino acids, the building
blocks of proteins include amine and the methyl group.

Figure 2. Dragonfly larvae: A. Kmimi of Family Libellulidae; B. Ogong El of

Family Aeshnidae

What to expect?
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Discuss the classification of organic compounds.
2. Differentiate the structural formula in writing organic compounds.
3. Describe the various functional groups and classes of organic
compounds.
4. Compare and contrast the different groups and classes of organic
compounds.

Lesson Outline
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Classification of Organic Compounds

Depending upon the arrangement of carbon atoms in their structure,
organic compounds are broadly categorized into
 Acyclic or Open Chain compounds
 Cyclic or Closed Chain compounds
The following diagram will give you a clear idea about the classification
of organic compounds:

Figure 3. Classification of Organic Compounds

Acyclic or Open Chain Compounds

The carbon atoms are present in the form of an open chain. This chain
may either be a straight chain or a branched chain. These were initially known
as Aliphatic compounds because the compounds of this class were derived
from either animal or vegetable fats
 Straight Chain Compounds: The carbon skeleton is in the form of a
straight chain. Examples:
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

 Branched Chain Compounds: The carbon skeleton is in the form of a

branched chain. Examples: Isobutylene

Cyclic or Closed Chain Compounds

They are marked by the presence of one or more closed chains or ring of
atoms in their structure. Depending on whether there is a presence of any other
atom apart from carbon in the constitution of the ring, they are further classified
as:
 Homocyclic or Carbocyclic Compounds
 Heterocyclic Compounds

Homocyclic or Carbocyclic Compounds

The rings in these compounds are entirely made up of carbon atoms. No
other atom is present in the ring skeleton. These can be further divided into two
sub-classes:
 Alicyclic Compounds
 Aromatic Compounds

Alicyclic Compounds
Their name is attributed to their resemblance to aliphatic compounds in
their properties. Three or more atoms of the element carbon are linked together
in a ring. The bonds between pairs of adjacent atoms are single bond or some
may be double or triple bonds. The examples of this category include
cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Aromatic Compounds
These are cyclic unsaturated compounds. They derive their name from
the Greek word Aroma which means “fragrant smell” since most of these
compounds bear a pleasant smell. These are further classified into two types:
 Benzenoid Aromatic Compounds: They are characterized by the
presence of one or more fused or isolated benzene rings as well as
their derivatives in their structure. Depending upon the number of
benzene rings that are fused together in their structure, they can be
further classified as Monocyclic, Bicyclic, Tricyclic.
 Non-Benzenoid aromatic Compounds: They are characterized by
the presence of a single benzene ring to which other groups are
attached.

Bicyclic and Tricyclic Compounds

These are characterized by the presence of two or more rings in their
structure. Examples include Naphthalene, Phenanthrene as well as
Anthracene.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Non-Benzenoid Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds that contain other highly unsaturated rings in place
of the benzene ring are called non-benzenoid aromatic compounds. Examples
include

Heterocyclic Compounds
When one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur,
boron, silicon etc, are present in the ring such compounds are known as
heterocyclic compounds.

 Alicyclic heterocyclic compounds: Aliphatic heterocyclic compounds

that contain one or more heteroatoms in their rings are called
alicyclic heterocyclic compounds.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

 Aromatic heterocyclic compounds: Aromatic heterocyclic

compounds that contain one or more heteroatoms in their ring skeleton
are called aromatic heterocyclic compounds.

Drawing the Organic Structure

1. Expanded Structural Formulas - in expanded structural formulas (Lewis

formulas, Lewis structures), all atoms and bonds are shown:

2. Condensed Structural Formulas - in condensed structural formulas, only

specific bonds are shown; this is useful in reducing the number of C—H
bonds that must be drawn.

3. Line
Draw
ings -
in
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

line drawings (line-angle formulas, skeletal structures, stick figures), bonds

are represented by lines; everywhere two lines meet or a line begins or
ends is a C atom. H’s on C’s are not shown (except for emphasis); H’s on
other atoms must be shown.

Classes and Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

Organic molecules are often organized by structures called functional

groups, which are characteristic arrangement of atoms which define many of
the physical and chemical properties of a class of organic compounds.
Remember that molecules with the same functional group tend to share similar
chemical and physical properties.
Figure 4 describes the five (5) classes of organic compounds showing
their functional groups, examples, common name and common suffix.

Hydrocarbons
The first family listed in Figure 4 is the hydrocarbons. These include
alkanes, with the general molecular formula CnH2n+2 where n is an integer;
alkenes, represented by CnH2n; alkynes, represented by CnH2n−2; and
arenes.

Halogen containing compounds

Halogen-substituted alkanes, alkenes, and arenes form a second major
family of organic compounds, which include the alkyl halides and the aryl
halides.

Oxygen-containing organic compounds

Oxygen-containing organic compounds, a third family, may be divided into
two main types: those that contain at least one C–O bond, which include
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

alcohols, phenols (derivatives of benzene), and ethers, and those that contain
a carbonyl group (C=O), which include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic
acids.

Carboxylic acid derivatives

Carboxylic acid derivatives, the fourth family listed, are compounds in
which the OH of the –CO2H functional group is replaced by either an alkoxy
(–OR) group, producing an ester, or by an amido (–NRR′, where R and R′ can
be H and/or alkyl groups), forming an amide.
Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
Nitrogen-containing organic compounds, the fifth family, include amines;
nitriles, which have a C≡N bond; and nitro compounds, which contain the
–NO2 group.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Figure 4. Major Classes of Organic Compounds

Summary
Organic compounds are classified depending on their of carbon atoms
in their structure, namely: Acyclic or Open Chain compounds and Cyclic or
Closed Chain compounds. In drawing the organic structure, you can consider
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

the expanded structural formula, condensed structural formula and line

drawings. The classes of organic compounds are organized based on their
functional groups. There are five major classes of organic compounds namely
hydrocarbon, halogen containing compounds, oxygen containing compounds,
carboxylic acid derivatives and nitrogen containing compounds.

Assessment

1. Can two substances have the same systematic name and be different
compounds? Justify your answer.

2. Is a carbon–carbon multiple bond considered a functional group? Why?

3. Draw an acceptable condensed structures and line drawings associated

with the following expanded structural formulas.

4. Draw an acceptable expanded structure and line drawing for the molecule

5. Living things are composed of the different types of organic compounds

namely carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid and lipids. Look for two
examples of each of these macromolecules and write their expanded
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

structural formula. Identify the functional groups present and give the
functions of these macromolecules.
Enrichment

1. Look for videos online that discuss the strategies on how to familiarize the
structures of the functional group. Post it in the group chat and let two of your
classmates comment on the video. Make a screenshot of the video and your
classmate’s comment. Insert the snapshot in the word document and write
your insights about techniques in familiarizing the functional groups.

Reference

Alkanes. Retrieved: October 16, 2020. Alkanes. https://www.angelo.edu/

faculty/kboudrea/index_2353/Chapter_01_2SPP.pdf

Classification of Organic Compounds. Date Retrieved: September 28, 2020.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/organic-chemistry/classification-
organic-compounds/

Cudera, R.B., Razon, B.C., Millondaga, K.J.I. (2020). Cultural and ecological
significance of Odonata (Insecta) to the T'boli of Lake Sebu, Mindanao,
Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 2536-2554.

General Introduction to Organic Compound. Date Retrieved: September 28,

2020. https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/organic-chemistry/
general-introduction-organic-compounds/.

Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds. Date Retrieved:

September 28, 2020. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_(Averill_and_Eldredge)/24%3A
_Organic_Compounds/24.1%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Classes_of_O
rganic_Compounds

Anderson, T. L., & Bodner, G. M. (2008). What can we do about 'Parker'? A

case study of a good student who didn't 'get' organic chemistry. Chemistry
Education Research and Practice, 9, 93-101.

Childs, P. E., & Sheehan, M. (2009). What's difficult about chemistry? An Irish
perspective. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 10, 204-218.

Domin, D. S., Al-Masum, M., & Mensah, J. (2008). Students' categorizations of

organic compounds. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 9,
114-121.
ORGANIC CHEMISTY / RIZALYN B. CUDERA - COMPILER

Ferguson, R., & Bodner, G. M. (2008). Making sense of the arrow-pushing

formalism among chemistry majors enrolled in Organic Chemistry.
Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 9, 102-113.

Hydrocarbons. Date Retrieved: October 14, 2020.

https://byjus.com/jee/hydrocarbons/

Johnstone, A. H. (2010). You can't get there from here. Journal of Chemical
Education, 87(7), 22-29.

Johnstone, A. H. (2006). Chemical Education Research in Glasgow in

perspective. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 7(2), 49-63

Jones, H.C. (1898). On the Incresing Importance of In-Organic Chemistry. 8:

209, 927-932

Organic Chemistry - Real-life Applications. Date Retrieved: October 13, 2020.

http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-3-Phys
ics-Vol-1/Organic-Chemistry-Real-life-applications.html#ixzz6aljqlihj

Rushton, G. T., Hardy, R. C., Gwaltney, K. P., & Lewis, S. E. (2008). Alternative
conceptions of Organic Chemistry topics among fourth year chemistry
students. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 9, 122-130.

Taagepera, M., & Noori, S. (2000). Mapping students' thinking patterns in

learning Organic Chemistry by the use of Knowledge Space Theory.
Journal of Chemical Education, 77(9), 1224-1229.

Vančik, H. (2014). Basic Organic Chemistry for the Life Sciences. Springer
International Publishing Switzerland