V. SRIDEVI* et al.

ISSN: 2250–3676
[IJESAT] INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE & ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Volume-2, Issue-5, 1491 – 1499

A REVIEW ON INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

V.Sridevi1, Musalaiah.Modi2, M.V.V.Chandana Lakshmi3, L.kesavarao4

1
Associate professor, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, A.P, India, vellurusridevi@yahoo.co.in
2
M.Tech, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, A.P, India, modi422@gmail.com
3
Associate professor, Dept of chemical Engineering, Andhra University, A.P, India,mahantilakshmi@yahoo.com
4
M.Tech, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, A.P, India, kesu.rao@gmail.com

Abstract
Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM) has become an acute problem due to enhanced economic activities and rapid
urbanization. Solid waste, which is a consequence of day-to-day activity of human kind, needs to be managed properly. We face
problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. Increased attention has been given by the government in recent
years to handle this problem in a safe and hygienic manner. Most cities do not collect the totality of wastes generated, and of the
wastes collected, only a fraction receives proper disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes
represent a source of water, land and air pollution, and pose risks to human health and the environment. Solid waste management is
characterized by inefficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. An integrated
planning and capacity building is required backed by financial support to control the situation. Life cycle assessment, categorization,
recycling and reduction in all types of wastes and proper land filling are required. This paper proposes a discussion about solid waste
types, their Impact on Human Health and the Environment, structure of integrated solid waste and Solid Waste Policy.

Keywords: Integrated Solid waste management, Types, Impact on Human Health, and Solid Waste Policy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. INTRODUCTION effective waste management with the constraints that are faced
by local municipalities or national governments. The
Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM) constitutes a identification of waste management as integral to sustainable
serious problem in many Third World cities. Most cities do urban development is increasingly recognized by the
not collect the totality of wastes generated, and of the wastes international aid and development community. The United
collected, only a fraction receives proper disposal. The Nations Conference on Environment and Development
insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid stressed that „...solid waste production should be minimized,
wastes represent a source of water, land and air pollution, and reuse and recycling, maximized, environmentally sound waste
pose risks to human health and the environment. Over the next disposal and treatment promoted and waste service coverage
several decades, globalization, rapid urbanization and extended‟.
economic growth in the developing world tend to further
deteriorate this situation. Solid waste management may be
defined as the discipline associated with the control of
2. DEFINITION AND TYPES OF MUNICIPAL
generation, storage, collection, transfer transport, processing, SOLID WASTE
and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accordance
with the best principles of public health, economics, Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to the materials discarded
engineering, conservations, and that is also responsive to in the urban areas, for which municipalities are usually held
public attitudes [1]. responsible for collection, transport and final disposal. MSW
encompasses household refuse, institutional wastes, street
The nature and operation of solid waste management varies sweepings, commercial wastes, as well as construction and
significantly from nation to nation. Distinctions such as these demolition debris. In developing countries, MSW also
are not limited to the national scale however, and can be seen contains varying amounts of industrial wastes from small
at the city and neighborhood level. Regardless of scale, these industries, as well as dead animals, and fecal matter [2].
differences are to some extent attributable to prevailing socio-
economic, financial, legal and political variables at that level. Municipal solid waste (MSW): Also called urban solid
There is a clear requirement to reconcile the need for more waste, and is a waste type that includes predominantly

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household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the wastes, ashes,

addition of commercial wastes, construction and demolition Special wastes
debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets collected by Commercial Stores, hotels, Paper,
a municipality within a given area. They are in either solid or restaurants, cardboard,
semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous Markets, office plastics, wood,
wastes. MSW can be broadly categorized into five broad buildings, Etc. food Wastes,
categories as- glass, metals,
special wastes,
• Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste Hazardous
(vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits), paper (can also be wastes.
recycled). Institutional Schools, hospitals, Paper,
• Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, prisons, cardboard,
certain plastics, etc. Government plastics, wood,
• Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, centers. food Wastes,
debris. glass, metals,
• Composite wastes: waste clothing, tetra packs and waste special wastes,
plastics such as toys. Hazardous
• domestic hazardous waste (also called "household wastes
hazardous waste") &toxic waste: medication, e-waste, paints, Constructio New construction Wood, steel,
chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer n and sites, Road repair, concrete, dirt,
and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. Sources of Demolition renovation Sites, etc.
waste, waste generators& solid waste contents can be demolition of
tabulated as bellow (Table-I) [3]-[8]. Buildings
Municipal Street cleaning, Street
Source Typical waste Solid waste services Landscaping, parks, sweepings;
generators contents Beaches, other landscape and
Residential Single and Food wastes, recreational Areas, tree
multifamily paper, water and Trimmings;
Dwellings cardboard, Wastewater general wastes
plastics, treatment Plants. from parks,
Textiles, yard Beaches, and
wastes, wood, other
Glass, metals, recreational
ashes, special areas; Sludge.
wastes(e.g., Process Heavy and light Industrial
Bulky items, (Manufactur Manufacturing, process
consumer ing, etc.) refineries, Chemical wastes, scrap
electronics, plants, power Materials, off-
Batteries, oil, Plants, mineral specification
tires), and extraction And products, Slay
household processing. tailings
Hazardous Agriculture Crops, orchards, Spoiled food
wastes. vineyards, Dairies, wastes,
Industrial Light and heavy Housekeeping feedlots, farms. agricultural
Manufacturing, wastes, Wastes,
fabrication, packaging, hazardous
Construction sites, food wastes (e.g.,
power and chemical Wastes, Pesticides).
plants. construction Table-I: Sources of Solid waste contents and typical waste
and demolition generators.
Materials,
hazardous

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3. GLOBALIZATION, GENERATION OF Mosquitoes spread disease, including malaria and

dengue.
WASTES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN c. Rats find shelter and food in waste dumps. Rats
HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT consume and spoil food, spread disease, damage
electrical cables and other materials and inflict
A positive correlation tends to exist between a community‟s unpleasant bites.
income and the amount of solid wastes generated. Wealthier
individuals consume more than lower-income ones, which 3.1.2. Chronic diseases:
results in a higher waste generation rate for the former. The
processes of accelerated population growth and urbanization  Hepatotoxicity
translate into a greater volume of wastes generated. Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-
Globalization can promote economic growth, a desirable driven liver damage. The liver plays a central role in
outcome. However, this economic growth –in addition to transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to
population increase and urbanization– will seriously strain the toxicity from these agents.
municipal resources to deal with a booming amount of wastes.  Nephrotoxicity
Higher incomes and economic growth also tend to have an Nephrotoxicity (from Greek: nephros, "kidney") is a
impact on the composition of wastes. Wealthier individuals poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic
consume more packaged products, which results in a higher chemicals and medication, on the kidney. There are
percentage of inorganic materials –metals, plastics, glass, various forms of toxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be
textiles, and so on– in the waste stream. Higher volumes of confused with the fact that some medications have a
wastes and a changing composition have a profound impact on predominantly renal excretion and need their dose
waste management practices. It also points out the policy adjusted for the decreased renal function (e.g. heparin).
changes that developing countries need to make. More wastes  Pulmonary toxicity
being generated and with a higher content of inorganic Pulmonary toxicity is the medical name for side effects
materials could have a significant impact on human health and on the lungs.Most cases of pulmonary toxicity are causes
the environment. If those additional wastes resulting from of chemical compounds and particulate matter.
population and economic growth are not collected, treated and  Neurotoxicity
disposed of properly, health and environment in Third World Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or
cities will further deteriorate [2]. artifical toxic substances, which are called neurotoxins,
alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a
3.1. Human Health Impacts: way as to cause damage to nervous tissue. This can
eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that
The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts
include the population in areas where there is no proper waste of the nervous system. Symptoms may appear
disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste immediately after exposure or be delayed. They may
workers; and workers in facilities producing toxic and include limb weakness or numbness, loss of memory,
infectious material. Other high-risk group includes population vision, and/or intellect, headache, cognitive and
living close to a waste dump and those, whose water supply behavioral problems and sexual dysfunction. Individuals
has become contaminated either due to waste dumping or with certain disorders may be especially vulnerable to
leakage from landfill sites. neurotoxins.
 Immunotoxicity
3.1.1. Infections: An immunotoxin is a chemical that can cause immune
 Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact system malfunction (immunotoxicity) with exposure.
with waste, and from infected wounds. When the immune system function is suppressed
 Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to (immunosuppression) there is an increased susceptibility
infected dust, especially during landfill operations. to infectious diseases and cancers. Immunotoxins can
also cause autoimmune disease, where an overactive
 Different diseases that results from the vector borne
immune system attacks the bodies‟ cells.
disease
Chronic diseases will happen if the leachate that
a. Flies breed in some constituents of solid wastes, and
containing heavy metals contaminate our water source
flies are very effective vectors that spread disease.
supply and indirectly it will affect the human food chain
b. Mosquitoes breed in blocked drains and in rainwater
[25]-[28].
that is retained in discarded cans, tyres and other objects.

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4. COLLECTION AND STORAGE Karachi, 40percent in Yangoon, and 50 percent in Cairo, And
disposal receives less attention as much as 90percent of the
 Littering on the project site should be prohibited. MSW collected in Asian cities end up in open dumps. In areas
 To prevent clogging of the storm drainage system, litter that lack refuse collection –usually low-income communities–
and debris removal from drainage grates, trash racks, and residents tend to either dump their garbage at the nearest
ditch lines should be a priority. vacant lot, public space, creek, river, or simply burn it in their
 Trash receptacles should be provided in the contractor‟s backyards. Uncollected waste may accumulate on the streets
yard, field trailer areas, and at locations where workers and clog drains when it rains, which may cause flooding.
congregate for lunch and break periods. Wastes can also be carried away by runoff water to rivers,
 Litter from work areas within the construction limits of lakes and seas, affecting those ecosystems.
the project site should be collected and placed in
watertight dumpsters at least weekly, regardless of Open dumping of solid wastes generates various
whether the litter was generated by the contractor, the environmental and health hazards. The decomposition of
public, or others. Collected litter and debris should not be organic materials produces methane, which can cause fire and
placed in or next to drain inlets, storm water drainage explosions, and contributes to global warming. The biological
systems, or watercourses. and chemical processes that occur in open dumps produce
 Dumpsters of sufficient size and number should be strong leachates, which pollute surface and ground water.
provided to contain the solid waste generated by the Fires periodically break out in open dumps, generating smoke
project. and contributing to air pollution. Fires at open dumps often
 Full dumpsters should be removed from the project site start spontaneously by the methane and heat generated by
and the contents should be disposed of by the trash biological decomposition. Dump managers in some cities
hauling contractor. deliberately set periodic fires at the dumps in order to reduce
 Construction debris and waste should be removed from the volume of the wastes, which allows more wastes to be
the site biweekly or more frequently as needed. disposed there and thus extends the life of the dumps. Human
 Construction material visible to the public should be scavengers may also cause intentional fires, since metals are
stored or stacked in an orderly manner. easier to spot and recover among the ashes after the fires than
 Storm water run-on should be prevented from contacting among piles of mixed wastes. Food leftovers and kitchen
stored solid waste through the use of berms, dikes, or wastes attract birds, rats, flies and other animals to the dumps.
other temporary diversion structures or through the use Animals feeding at the dumps may transmit diseases to
of measures to elevate waste from site surfaces. humans living in the vicinity. Biodegradation of organic
 Solid waste storage areas should be located at least 50 ft materials may take decades, which may limit the future use of
from drainage facilities and watercourses and should not the land on which open dumps are located [2].
be located in areas prone to flooding.
 Except during fair weather, construction and highway 6. IMPORTANCE OF WASTE REDUCTION:
planting waste not stored in watertight dumpsters should In the affluent countries, the main motivations for waste
be securely covered from wind and rain by covering the reduction are frequently related to the high cost and scarcity of
waste with tarps or plastic. sites for landfills, and the environmental degradation caused
 Segregate potentially hazardous waste from non- by toxic materials in the deposited wastes. The same
hazardous construction site waste. considerations apply to large metropolitan areas in developing
 Make sure that toxic liquid wastes (used oils, solvents, countries that are surrounded by other populous jurisdictions.
and paints) and chemicals (acids, pesticides, additives, The places that currently do not have significant disposal
curing compounds) are not disposed of in dumpsters pressures can still benefit from encouraging waste reduction.
designated for construction debris [14]-[18]. Their solid waste departments, already over burdened, cannot
afford to spend more money and effort on the greater
5. CURRENT PROBLEMS: quantities of wastes that will inevitably be produced as
consumption levels rise and urban wastes change. Solid waste
Collecting, transporting and disposing of MSW represent a
managers in developing countries tend to pay little attention to
large expenditure for Third World cities. Waste management
the topic of reducing non-organic wastes because the wastes
usually accounts for 30-50 percent of municipal operational
they collect are between 50% to 90% organics, dirt and ashes.
budgets. Despite these high expenses, cities collect only 50-80
These municipal wastes, however, are amenable to
percent of the refuse generated. In India, for instance, about 50
composting or digestion, provided they contain very low
percent of the refuse generated is collected, 33 percent in

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levels of synthetic materials. Solid waste departments thus 8. SOLID WASTE POLICY: THE NEED FOR AN
have an interest in promoting diversion of synthetic
recyclables from the waste stream. Each household generates INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
garbage or waste day in and day out. Items that are no longer APPROACH:
needed or do not have any further use for fall in the category
of waste and we tend to throw them away. There are different In order to handle growing volumes of wastes, the proper
types of solid waste depending on their source. In today‟s policies need to be enacted and implemented. In the developed
polluted world, learning the correct methods of handling the world the approach to waste management regarded as the most
waste generated has become essential. As the cities are compatible with an environmentally sustainable development
growing in size and in problems such as the generation of is called “Integrated Waste Management.” This approach
plastic waste, various municipal waste treatment and disposal consists of a hierarchical and coordinated set of actions that
methods are now being used to try and resolve these problems reduces pollution, seeks to maximize recovery of reusable and
[19]-[24]. recyclable materials, and protects human health and the
environment. Integrated Waste Management aims to be
7. INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE socially desirable, economically viable and environmentally
sound. The Integrated Waste Management approach, however,
MANAGEMENT? should be adapted to the local conditions when implemented
in Third World cities. Integrated Waste Management has the
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is a
following structure:
comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and
disposal program. An effective ISWM system considers how
to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most 8.1. Waste Prevention:
effectively protect human health and the environment. ISWM Waste prevention is given the highest priority in Integrated
involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then Waste Management. This is a preventive action that seeks to
selecting and combining the most appropriate waste reduce the amount of waste that individuals, businesses and
management activities for those conditions. The major ISWM other organizations generate. By not creating waste, fewer
activities are waste prevention, recycling and composting, and collection vehicles and a fewer number of refuse collectors
combustion and disposal in properly designed, constructed, would be needed; fewer and smaller waste handling facilities
and managed landfills (Fig.I). Each of these activities requires would be required, and it would extend the life of the landfills.
careful planning, financing, collection, and transport, all of Society as a whole would be benefited from a successful
which are discussed in this. ISWM is defined as the selection implementation of a waste prevention program.
and application of appropriate techniques, technologies, and There are several ways in which waste generation can be
management programs to achieve specific waste management prevented:
objectives and goals. Understanding the inter-relationships  By enacting public policies that discourage the
among various waste activities makes it possible to create an production, sale and consumption of products containing
ISWM plan where individual components complement one unnecessary packaging material
another. The unep international environmental technology  By enacting public policies that discourage the
centre (1996) describes the importance of viewing Solid waste production, sale and consumption of disposable products
management from an integrated approach [9]-[13].
 By enacting public policies that encourage the
production, sale and consumption of reusable or
recyclable products
 By enacting public policies that encourage the
production, sale and consumption of long-lasting
products (which do not have to be discarded often)
 By enacting public policies that promote the
consumption of large-size products. The amount of
packaging material –plastics, glass or metal– needed to
contain a kilogram or liter of a product decreases as the
size of a product increases. In other words, larger bottles
and containers require less material per unit of product
than smaller ones. When they are discarded, it results in
Fig. I: The major ISWM activities.

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less waste that needs to be collected, transported and engage in reuse can have a significant and positive economic
disposed of and environmental impact [2].
 By enacting public policies that encourage the
production, sale and consumption of repairable products 8.3. Recycling:
(that do not have to be discarded when they malfunction)
 By minimizing the weight of products. Public policies After the reuse of materials and products, recycling comes
could encourage the production, sale and consumption of next in the Integrated Waste Management hierarchy.
light-weight products (which, when discarded, would Recycling is the recovery of materials for melting them, re-
result in a reduction of the weight of the waste to be pulping them and reincorporating them as raw materials. It is
collected, transported and disposed of)[2] technically feasible to recycle a large amount of materials,
such as plastics, wood, metals, glass, textiles, paper,
cardboard, rubber, ceramics, and leather. Besides technical
8.2. Reuse: feasibility and know how, demand determines the types and
Once the waste prevention program has been implemented, the amounts of materials that are recycled in a particular region.
next priority in an Integrated Waste Management approach is Areas with a diversified economy and industrial base usually
promoting the reuse of products and materials. Reuse consists demand more different types of raw materials that can be
in the recovery of items to be used again, perhaps after some recycled. It provides an income to the scavengers who recover
cleaning and refurbishing. Reusing materials and products recyclable materials. Factories that consume recyclable
saves energy and water, reduces pollution, and lessens materials can be built for a fraction of the cost of building
society‟s consumption of natural resources compared to the plants that consume virgin materials. Recycling saves energy,
use of single-use products and materials. Reuse of materials water, and generates less pollution than obtaining virgin raw
and products is regarded as more socially desirable than materials, which translates into lower operating costs.
recycling the same materials. Cardboard boxes that are used Recycling also reduces the amount of wastes that need to be
for shipping products, for example, can be folded and sent collected, transported and disposed of, and extends the life of
back to the manufacturer to be reused for shipping the same or disposal facilities, which saves money to the municipalities.
other products. Cardboard boxes can also be recycled at paper Recycling can result in a more competitive economy and a
mills, but in order to recycle the boxes water and energy are cleaner environment, and can contribute to a more sustainable
required. Paper recycling also generates sludge in the process, development. Recycling can be conducted in a number of
which need to be disposed of. Beverage bottles –soda or beer ways. In the developed world, municipalities have created
bottles– can be disposable, returnable (reusable) or recyclable. recycling programs, which usually involve separation of
Reusable bottles have the lowest environmental impact of the recyclable materials at the source of generation. In this type of
three, while disposable bottles require the most energy, water programs, individuals and businesses separate their recyclable
and generate the largest amount of waste and pollution. materials in a different container and before they are mixed
Products, such as office furniture and appliances, can also be with the rest of their garbage.
reused. Some private companies, such as Dow Chemical, have
created programs by which products no longer needed in a The materials commonly separated at the source include
particular location can be sent to another plant within the same metals, glass, paper and plastics. The cleaner and the more
company where they can be reused. If the materials / products homogeneous a material is, the higher the price industry is
are not needed within the company, they can be sold to willing to pay for it. Therefore, source separation is preferable
another. Thus, a reuse program not only saves money, but it to salvaging materials from mixed wastes. “Materials
can also be a source of revenue for the companies that Recovery Facilities” (MRF‟s) have been used in some
implement them. Reuse can be profitable for the companies developed countries. MRF‟s are plants where recyclables are
that engage in it: Xerox implemented a cardboard box reuse recovered sorted and processed for sale to industry. MRF‟s
program that saved them money by not having to buy new can either process source-separated recyclables from a
boxes for its shipments of products, parts and components. recycling program, or mixed wastes the way they are collected
Therefore, reuse of products and materials can prevent from residential and other sources. MRF‟s typically use
pollution, reduce waste, and improve industrial and economic different types of magnetic and pneumatic equipment, as well
competitiveness. Even though private companies have created as conveyor belts and human sorters to classify the recyclable
reuse programs on their own, if public policies existed to materials. In the developing world, municipalities usually lack
promote it, reuse could dramatically increase. Public policies recycling programs. That does not mean, however, that
that provide incentives for businesses and individuals to recycling does not exist. Informal recycling is common
throughout Africa, Asia and Latin America. Scavengers carry

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out the bulk of recycling of municipal wastes. Scavengers composting is difficult to conduct. Market waste, however,
salvage recyclable materials on the streets, before collection usually contains a high percentage of organic matter, since it is
crews arrive, at communal refuse dumpsters, at illegal open composed, to a large extent, of discarded produce.
dumps, as well as at municipal open dumps and landfills, The
structural causes of scavenging are under development, Market waste could be recovered and composted at a
poverty, unemployment, the lack of a safety net for the poor, relatively low cost. Hotels should also be encouraged to create
as well as industrial demand for inexpensive raw materials. recycling and composting programs, and to institute source
These factors are likely to continue to exist in India. separation activities into inorganic and organic wastes. In this
Therefore, a public policy that supports scavenging activities way, all organic materials could be composted. Hotels would
would be humane, as well as make social, economic, and also benefit from a greener image, which they could use in
environmental sense. Support for scavenging activities could their marketing campaigns. Hotels would publicize their
take the form of: commitment and efforts in environmental protection. It would
 Legalization of scavenging activities. National legislation be a win-win situation for hotels, the economy and the
could recognize the social, economic and environmental environment. There are several composting technologies and
impact of scavenging by legalizing this activity equipment. In-vessel composting is the most sophisticated and
 National legislation could promote recycling activities in expensive method, but it has the advantages that it can be
the country conducted in small space, and the process is faster. In-vessel
 Actively supporting the formation of scavenger micro- composting takes place in an enclosed structure (reactor) and
enterprises, scavenger cooperatives and public- private consumes electricity. Therefore, in-vessel composting entails
partnerships. National legislation and guidelines would high construction and operating costs. Windrow composting is
greatly facilitate scavenger efforts to organize themselves the least expensive option and may be more appropriate to the
 Allowing, from a legal and institutional point of view, socioeconomic and climate conditions prevalent in many
community-based refuse collection to exist and function Third World cities. In windrow composting, the organic
 Allowing community-based organizations to obtain loans material is arranged into long piles that are turned periodically
in order to provide waste management services to aerate them and to prevent the development of anaerobic
conditions. The windrow method takes advantage of the solar
 Microcredit has demonstrated in several countries that
energy and therefore uses little energy, maintaining costs low.
can be an effective tool for creating jobs and reducing
Temperature, moisture and PH in the compost piles must be
poverty. Microcredit schemes could be created to provide
monitored to ensure that composting occurs under optimal
loans to potential refuse collectors for purchasing
conditions. The windrow composting method is labor-
locally-made collection vehicles [2].
intensive and can thus create jobs for unskilled workers. This
composting method requires an open space, preferably over a
8.4. Composting: paved surface with a slight downward slope and ditch to
Composting is the process of aerobic biological decomposition collect any excess runoff water. Since organic matter usually
of organic materials under controlled conditions of contains high moisture content, evaporation and
temperature, humidity and PH so that the result is a soil decomposition can reduce the weight of the material by about
conditioner that can be used in landscaping, agriculture and 50%. Composting also prevents pollution and extends the life
horticultural projects. Considering the high proportion of of landfills. It is socially desirable to divert as much organic
organic matter in the waste generated in Third World cities matter from the landfills as possible, if it can be done at a low
(typically over 30%), composting can be an option to reduce cost [2].
the amount of wastes that are land filled, thus extending their
lifespan. When composting is conducted under controlled 8.5. Incineration:
conditions, it does not generate odors and does not attract flies
or other animals. Composting recycles nutrients by returning In an Integrated Waste Management approach, incineration
them back to the soil. In developing countries, experience with occupies the next to last priority, after waste prevention, reuse,
composting of mixed municipal solid wastes has been largely recycling and composting have been undertaken. Incineration
negative. When inorganic materials –such as plastics and is the burning of wastes under controlled conditions, usually
metals– are mixed in with organic matter, they are considered carried out in an enclosed structure. Incineration may include
contaminants and the quality of the compost is lower. The energy recovery. Wastes generated in developing countries,
lower the content of inorganic materials that enters the however, usually do not allow energy recovery, due to their
process, the higher the quality of the resulting compost. high moisture and high content of organic matter. Experience
Source separation of organic matter at residences for with incineration in developing countries has been mostly

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negative. Incinerators built in Africa, Asia and Latin America CONCLUSION:

did not function as promised. In Lagos, Nigeria, incinerators
were built at a cost of U.S. $ 10 million. The moisture content MSWM in the Third World is unsatisfactory. The improper
of wastes was so high that fuel had to be added to maintain management of solid wastes represents a source of air, land
combustion, which increased costs significantly. The and water pollution, and poses risks to human health and the
incinerators never operated normally, one was abandoned and environment. Despite considerable expenses, the situation
the other turned into a community center. Similar experiences tends to further deteriorate due to the rapid growth of cities
have been observed in India, Mexico, the Philippines, likely to occur over the next few decades. Globalization is
Indonesia, and Turkey. Therefore, incineration of MSW is likely to boost economic growth in the developing world,
likely to fail in many Third World cities [2]. which would increase the amount of wastes that need To be
collected, transported and disposed of, further straining Third
World cities. Conventional solutions to MSWM in the Third
8.6. Sanitary Land filling: World often rely in high-tech, high-cost, Bureaucratic, and
Final disposal of wastes at sanitary landfills is given the centralized alternatives. Conventional solutions usually do not
lowest priority in an Integrated Waste Management approach. consider the Profound differences between First and Third
A sanitary landfill is a facility designed specifically for the World conditions, resulting in less than optimum Outcomes.
final disposal of wastes that minimizes the risks to human Conventional solutions frequently involve the transfer of
health and the environment associated with solid wastes. MSWM technology from industrialized to developing
Sanitary landfills commonly include one, two or three countries. International development banks and bilateral
different liners at the bottom and sides of the disposal area, in development agencies tend to favor this transfer of
order to prevent leachates from polluting nearby surface technology. The experience on the use of advanced technology
waters or aquifers. Liners also prevent the underground in developing countries, however, has been largely negative.
movement of methane. Waste arriving at landfills is Compactor trucks, incinerators, in vessel Composting, and
compacted and then covered with a layer of earth, usually materials recovery facilities tend to be inappropriate to the
every day. This prevents animals from having access to the conditions prevalent in developing countries. The transfer of
organic matter to feed. Sanitary landfills may also include technology and successful models for waste management in
other pollution control measures, such as collection and Third World cities should be examined. An analysis of best
treatment of leachate, and venting or flaring of methane. It is practices and lessons learned in order to promote South-South
possible to produce electricity by burning the methane that transfer of technology and waste management methods should
landfills generate. Disposing of all municipal wastes collected be conducted.
at landfills is not desirable from a social, economic and
environmental point of view. Sanitary landfills require REFERENCES:
significant investments and they often present political
obstacles for their construction, due to local opposition. [1] Globalization, Development, and Municipal Solid Waste
Residents who live near a proposed landfill may oppose its Management in Third World Cities, Martin Medina El Colegio
construction. This opposition is termed “Not in my backyard” de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Mexico.
or NIMBY syndrome. Extending the life of landfills and [2] Globalization, development, and municipal solid waste
diverting as much as possible by waste prevention, reuse, Management in third world cities
recycling and composting can make economic sense. Martin medina
Diverting materials from landfills can also create jobs, reduce El colegio de la frontera norte, tijuana, mexico
poverty, improve economic competitiveness, reduce pollution [3] http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/estdir/pub/msw/
and conserve natural resources. Sanitary landfills are [4] http://www.cpcb.nic.in
necessary for final disposal of the wastes that could not be [5] http://www.mcgm.gov.in/
prevented, reused, recycled or composted. Ideally, sanitary [6] http://edugreen.teri.res.in/
landfills should be used primarily for non -reusable, non- [7] Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rule,
recyclable and non-compostable residues. Sanitary landfills 2000:
constitute a dramatic improvement over disposal of wastes in [8] State of Environment Report- Ministry of Environment &
open dumps. Sanitary landfills greatly reduce pollution and Forest 2009
risks to human health and the environment compared to open [9] United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA530-
dumping [2]. F-02-026a (5306W)
[10] Solid Waste and Emergency Response
May 2002
[11] www.epa.gov/globalwarming

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V. SRIDEVI* et al. ISSN: 2250–3676
[IJESAT] INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE & ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Volume-2, Issue-5, 1491 – 1499

[12] tchobanoglous et al. (1993) Dr. M.V.V Chandana Lakshmi,

[13] The unep international environmental technology centre Associate professor, Department of
(1996) Chemical Engineering, Andhra university,
[14]California Storm water BMP Handbook Construction Visakhapatnam. She has 5 years of
January-2003 www.cabmphandbooks.com experience in teaching and has 25
[15] Processes, Procedures and Methods to Control Pollution International and National journals. Her
Resulting from All Construction research interests are biodegradation and
Activity, 430/9-73-007, USEPA, 1973. environmental pollution. She has attended
[16] Storm water Quality Handbooks - Construction Site Best 20 conferences and workshops.
Management Practices (BMPs) Manual,
[17] State of California Department of Transportation
L.kesavarao,M.Tech Chemical Engg.,
(Caltrans), November 2000.
Department of Chemical Engineering,
[18] Storm water Management for Construction Activities;
Andhra University ,Visakhpatnam. His
Developing Pollution Prevention Plans
research interests environmental pollution
and Best Management Practice, EPA 832-R-92005; USEPA,
and its control.
April 1992.
[19] Solid Waste Management
Principles and Terminologies Prakriti, Centre for Management
Studies, Dibrugarh University as part of the National
[20] Environment Awareness Campaign, 2006 – 07 for
distribution through its website http://cmsdu.org
[21] http://edugreen.teri.res.in
[22] http://www.unep.org
[23] http://solid.gov.bb
[24] http://epa.gov
[25]Waste - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
[26]Health impacts of solid waste.mht
[27]Solid waste management.mht (SKAT)
[28]Integrated Solid Waste Management (Engineering
Principles And Management Issues), McGraw-Hill, Inc.
(1993)

BIOGRAPHIES:
Musalaiah.modi, M.Tech Chemical Engg.,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Andhra University ,Visakhpatnam. His
research interests environmental pollution
and its control

Dr.V.Sridevi, Associate professor,

Department of Chemical Engineering,
Andhra university, Visakhapatnam. She has
12 years of experience in teaching and has
30 International and National journals. Her
research interests are biodegradation and
environmental pollution. She has attended
20 conferences and workshops and got an credit of prestigious
author from OMICS publications.

IJESAT | Sep-Oct 2012

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