WMSU-ISMP-GU-001.

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Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016

Matter
How are materials classified?
Lesson (3)

Introduction.

The materials we see around us are very varied. They differ in many ways like color,
consistency and texture. Scientists, especially chemists, have found that a very good way of
studying many different things is to classify them based on certain characteristics.

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you can;
1. describe the states of matter.
2. define physical, chemical, extrinsic and intrinsic property.
3. identify the physical, chemical, extrinsic and intrinsic properties of matter
4. differentiate physical change from a chemical change.
_________________________________________________________________________
Topics/outline
1. States of matter
2.Properties of matter
3. Changes of matter

Try this!

1. Give examples of physical and chemical properties of coconut oil.

2. Explain the difference between physical and chemical properties.

3. List down some properties that are classified under intensive or extensive
properties.

Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

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Think ahead!

What kind of change (physical or

Indicate
chemical) does each process below
physical or chemical change
undergo?
1. formation of clouds
2. corrosion of galvanized iron
3. fermentation of grapes
4. drying of clothes
5. tanning of leather
6. melting of sugar
7. making hardboiled egg
8. ripening of papaya
9. melting of ice cream
10. making ice candy

Read and Ponder!

1. States or Phases of Matter:

Matter exists in any of four physical states or phases, namely, solid, liquid, gas and
plasma. Most commonly, we find matter in one of the first three phases, although many of
them can exist in all four phases depending on the conditions. Sometimes, a substance has
different name for each of the phases it exists in, such as water, ice and water vapor. Sometimes,
it has the same name but symbols are used along with its name or formula to indicate the phase
it is in. These symbols are
(s) for solid: NaCl ( s)
(l) for liquid: HCl(l)
(g) for gas: H2 (g)
(aq) for aqueous, or in water solution: KBr(aq)

Solids consist of molecules held together in fixed positions by strong forces of

attraction. The molecules can vibrate but cannot move out of position. If they are subjected to
intense heat, the molecules may be able to break loose from the strong forces, as in melting.
This is the reason why solids have definite sizes and shapes.

Liquids, on the other hand, consist of molecules which are held together by forces of
attraction which are not as strong as those in solids. Thus, the molecules can move about. This
is the reason why liquids have definite volumes but no definite shapes.

As for gases, these consist of molecules that can move constantly and freely in all
directions. The forces of attraction are not strong. These molecules may have come from liquids
or solids and have acquired enough energy to overcome the molecular forces of attraction.
Thus, gases have neither definite volume nor shape.

Plasma is actually a gas at a very high temperature but the particles carry electrical
charges.

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2. PROPERTIES OF MATTER.

The term matter, material and substance are often used in day –to- day conversation or
readings. Material is a general term for whatever things are made of. Thus paper, wood, cloth,
plastic, oil, and metals are referred to as materials. The word matter as used in science refers
to all things that occupy space have mass. The term chemical substance or pure substance or
simply substance in chemistry also has a specific meaning so that not all that we see around us
can be called a chemical substance.

A chemical substance like water, sodium chloride (table sugar), copper (in electrical
wires), sucrose) table sugar) or oxygen (in air) has a definite set of properties. The properties
of a given substance are the same for all samples of that substance. Whatever their source.
Whether it is sucrose that comes from sugarcane grown in Tarlac or Bacolod or South America
or from sugar beets in the United States, its properties are the same – white, crystalline, melts
at 1850C, density of 1.59 g/ml, sweet tasting, very soluble in water, burns to a black char,
ferments to produce alcohol and acetic acid (for vinegar) and many others. Sodium chloride is
also white, crystalline and very soluble in water, but it has a greater density at 2.17 g/ml and is
not acted upon by yeast to undergo fermentation. Similarities and differences in properties
among substances form the basis for their classification.

The properties of matter can be classified as physical or chemical. For example, coconut
oil extracted from coconut meat is slightly yellowish in color, viscous and solidifies when put
in a cold place. These properties, called physical properties, can be observed without the
substance changing into substances.

One important physical property of a substance is its physical state at a given

temperature. A substance may be either a solid, liquid or gas. Solids have a definite volume
and a definite shape. Liquids have the ability to flow and take the shape of the container. Gases
always fill up the container, giving it no definite size or shape.

Substances can exist in different states. For example, water is liquid at room
temperature, about 300C, but it is a solid below 00C. oxygen is a gas at room temperature but,
at very low temperatures (below -1830C), it is a liquid and, at even lower temperatures (below
-2180C), it is a solid. Copper is a solid at room temperature; it melts into liquid at 108.30C. and
boils at 25670C.

When coconut oil is left exposed to air, it will turn rancid after some time. Some
substances in the oil change into other substances as a result of interaction with oxygen in the
air. The turning rancid of the oil, which involves the transformation of a substance into another
substance, is a chemical property of the oil. A chemical property can be observed only when a
substance changes into a new substance. Gasoline easily burns with the oxygen in air.
Substances similar to gasoline are said to be flammable. Flammability is the ability of a
substance to burn in the presence of oxygen. Another example is the property of coco shell to
be made into charcoal by a process called carbonization.

Color, melting point and density are properties that do not depend on the amount of
the substance. These are intensive properties of substances. On the other hand, length, volume
and mass are examples of extensive properties. These properties change when the amount of
the substance changes. To distinguish between intensive and extensive properties of matter, try
to answer the activity given below.

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3. CHANGES IN MATTER.

Matter can undergo either physical or chemical change. Physical change occurs when
a substance changes its appearance without changing its composition. The transformation of
ice to water at 00C and from water to steam at 1000C is a physical change. The process of
changing from one physical state to another is known as phase change. One type of physical
change.
A chemical change is also known as a chemical reaction. It occurs when a substance
is transformed into another substance with a totally different composition and properties. A
chemical change is always accompanied by the formation of a new substance. Coconut oil
becomes rancid when exposed to air because new substances are formed. Thus, the oil has
undergone a chemical change or a chemical reaction. Another example is the rusting of iron.
Iron combines with oxygen to form rust, or iron (111) oxide.

In some instances, it is difficult to determine if a certain process is a chemical change.

The following evidences can be used to help you determine if a chemical change has occurred.
1. The process involves the production of heat and light, e.g. burning of wood.
2. a gaseous product is evolved, e. g., oxygen in the photosynthesis of plants.
3. a precipitate is formed, e. g., curdling of milk
4. Mechanical energy, or electrical energy is produced, e. g., dynamite explosion
and battery usage

See if you can do this!

Answer the following briefly:

1. Below is a short description of the element tungsten (W) . What physical properties and
chemical properties of the element are mentioned?

Tungsten has the highest melting point among the elements. It melts at 34100C and boils
at 56600C. Due to its extremely high melting point, tungsten is used as a filament in electric
lamps. Its density is 19.3 g/cm3 at 250C. In its pure form, tungsten is steel gray to white in
color. It can combine with oxygen in air especially at high temperatures to form tungstic
oxide. The metal is commercially obtained by the reaction of tungstic oxide with hydrogen
or carbon.

2. You are about to open a can of corned beef for breakfast one morning when suddenly
you notice that it has a bulge on its upper lid. What do you think is causing it? What
kind of change does it signify? What does it say about the food inside the can?

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Activity 1
Physical Properties of Matter
Objective: To distinguish between intensive and extensive properties of matter.
Materials: a long candle (diameter of about 1.5 cm), sharp razor blade or small knife, 3 iron
nails of different sizes, ruler, 2 graduated cylinders (one 10- ml and one 100 –ml),
platform balance, or any small weighing scale, stick.
Procedure: Note- As you perform the procedure, write down your observations right away.

OBSERVATIONS.

A.
1. Cut the candle into 3 parts of different lengths.
2. measure the length of each in centimeters.
3. determine the mass of each candle piece using a weighing scale.
4. determine the volume of each by water displacement (figure above) using the 50ml or 100
ml graduated cylinder. See to it that the entire candle is under water. If the candle floats,
push it down with a stick see figure above.
5.Record your observations in a table similar to the one below.

Sample Color Length Volume(ml) Mass (g) Density

(cm) (g/ml)
Candle1
Candle2
Candle3
Nail 1
Nail 2
Nail 3

6.Find the density using formula:

D=M/V where M= mass in grams

V= volume in milliliters
D= density in g/ml
B.
Repeat procedure A-2 to 6 using iron nails of different sizes instead of candle. Note: Use a
10-ml cylinder for this. The length of the nails must not be more than 7 centimeters.

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OBSERVATIONS/DISCUSSION:
Answer the following questions based on the table above
1. a. What properties are common to all three pieces of
candle?
b. Do these properties change when the amount of
matter(ex.candle) changes?
2. a. Which properties differ among the 3 pieces of
candle?
b. Do these properties change when the amount of
matter (ex. Candle) change?
3. a. What properties are common to all nails used in this
activity?
b. Do these properties change when the amount of
matter changes?
4. a. Which properties differ among the 3 nails?
b. Do these properties change when the amount of
matter changes?
5. Are the properties constant to candle also constant to
nail? These are called INTENSIVE PROPERTIES.
6. Are the properties which are different among the 3
sizes of candles the same as the properties which are
different among the 3 sizes of nails? These are called
EXTENSIVE PROPETIES.

CONGRATULATIONS!! For a job well done.

APPENDIX

For better understanding of the topics discussed please refer yourself to the following learning
resources.
Enrichment Video Materials
1. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/classification-of-matter/
2.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_for_C
hanging_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/01%3A_Chemistry/1.07%3A_Classification_of_Matt
er
3.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_(OpenST
AX)/01%3A_Essential_Ideas/1.2%3A_Phases_and_Classification_of_Matter
4. http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_chemphys.ht

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